I.

Phonology (eyt nYache)

 .k4 Ta...ight

c.nsona.ts and seni_v.ue1s

TaDzrshrj AJt rlyach€ Dtale.r,
nants: /b r d r s q f s z ! , x .. n r I
vovcls / !i x /. tabl€ 2 sh.us rhc place alu
manncr.i arti-
.u1at1.n trf ilre ab.ve_renti.Ded sEgneris.
rhe dta.rttica /t/ a.d/.! /./ lar be added ro
rne abov€-ncitl.hed s€erents. /:/
n.st .f
t€lse segncht tl:tene.al t. !rcdu.ed vt-eil
ral c.unterpart. TnE lnrenslrJ ,.d sspi.a.lon
acte.lstic .r th! icnse segnen|s gi,e then a syrlaat. qualltJ
.. inar /b./, i.r exanple, is heard as l.bbl (except ,rhen
-lrececed by a !.,ier / a i v). ArL 1ax segne..s have tense
.ounterparts .\..pN r.r h/ a,J /^/.
f\etless /./ js nanlfested in r,. uays:
. : .: 11 /:?1?
+\:/
(bl as labrarization fo. rhe ba.k seenehts
-t ", (oro.".: I y :: -
." : ,, i r .

Tire f.1i.vinJ ts a. tnvent.ry.r a1l

segrenrs a!.1 their n.dtfleC ..urre.parbs:
dd: rd:: : t,tt:J:tjE: I t:qq: fi
z z: '. 1: | >: r. , -. n n, r'r, r t,
c h u !J: y r: "/ "t
a\d rarery /\ \/.
The rerns rsed in Tabte 2 are he.€ eaplai.ed in tcfls
.r the arir.ula1,.rs that help pf.ducc the
These ar€ r.11.ried by -pxplanat1.hs.f ihe
r.1.eless, td, ard tlat.
!ilabial: r. rer trp a.d ,!pe. 1rt
Iabi.-d€nra1: 1.!e. ti!
!d.ta:L: apea .i irigue
Arveolar: aFex .]] tongue and a1re.1ar rlds€
,q1!e:-pa1rt.1: oFFr rr roneuo a.d r..nt pa.t.r palat.
 Phcncl-cgY

l'Jc se

ni I
eclar
I1I LrSs
-^

nY1rlr
FI-"-
TTnnar
vt,}/e4 T.i
!'-t n UvuIa

T rr.rar
uvrYv:
T.i
s+l- n

En-i
!y,Ltj!v
ryl rf v i-tt
v sv
c

lJcrIJlr^

Diagrant cf the Organs cf SPeech

-3-
 A Course cken Tamazight

rr'l
":'
Fric. vo.
Nasal
Iateral

Semi-Vowe1

Table 2: Tamazight Consonants and Semi-Vorrels

Palglal: tongue blade and Palate
Pcst palatal: tongue blade and back of nalate
Velar: tongue dorsum and velum
Uvular: tcngue dorsum and uvula
Pharyngeal: root of the tongue and pharynx (constrlctlon)
Glottal: Prcduced ln the lar1mx bY constrletlon of the two
vocal cords
Vciced (vd): during the produetion of voieed' sound's the vocal
cords are closed
volceless (vt): durlng the productlon of voiceless sounds the
vocal cords are open
Isx: a speech sound. produeed with littIe muscular tenslon ln the
speech organsi €.8. /b/
Tense: a speech sound prcduced with great muscular tenslon ln
the speech organsi e.g. /Vt/
Flat: a speech sound produeed by presslng the blade of the tongue
agalnst the palate so that the artieulation ls velarlzed
rather than dental; €.$. /t/

Prcnunciation Drills
The exarnples ctted here illustrate the occurrence of the
varlous ccnsonants and seml-vowels mentloned above' TJI addltton
to belng pronunciation drl}ls they are meant to show the opposltion
t:rat/pLain and./or tense,/lax for any partlcular segment ' /ry T h " /
8,re grcuped at the end beeause they do not have tense counterparts'
1. b/b t
bab owner
b:as his father
labas flne
la b:as ula mays neither hls father nor his mother
aba1l old
ab:a father

2, t/t z

l-salt he asked htm

-5-
 lsa1t: he asked her
tftl she ro11ed
datft:1 she is rolling
turlft popcorn
tararit: vomiting

3. f,/+.
talb to demand
t:alab
o
request
stat:u
ta
a seive
4.
tafunast cow
talb
.a to demand
tarbat: girl
tanbarEt: congratulatlons
nt1 to hide
w,
sEat:u
aa
a selve
Sm lt to cheat
v.
E].mst:
a
a comb
5. d/d t
da here
dlu gol
lbda he began
id:a he went
ardam demclishing
ard: am demolisher
bd: to stand up
6, t/*,
dmn to guarantee
d:amn guarantor
tf9: she took breakfast
datfd:r she is taklng breakfast

-u-
 Phonolo

lsfd he wiped
isfd: he wiped it (*. )

nl. a/I
bdu to begln
bdu to share
:T X
UID to massage
91*
to oppress
fr:d to change money
frd to sweep
a Pronunciation DriIl
tad:art a house
ibdr he mentioned
daybd : r he mentions
anbdu we w111 share
danbd:u we share
tabarda saddle (for mule )
tarnd:ut : woman
r1 . ve corn
d:alb learned man in the vlllage
fadna proper name (f. )
#A.u she llved
d:aZin stew
idawa he cured
trb:a she taught
idrus it is little
dayt:fras he attacks
rlnrrf .ertc he shakes
iEm:t : he cheated him
nfsrt : we spread lt (f. )

tr t'|.
9.
/I</ is a lax palatal voiceless fricatlve mainly in
theenvj-ronment of /szAi' rlmn/. /t<:/ts
a tense post palatal volceless stop.

-7-
 irkm lt (m. ) bolled
dayrk:m it ts bolllng
ks to tend sheep
k:s to take out
Rrz *a
wv n-l nrrnl-'
yrvq6rr

k:r to get up
ab:k to be lost
E rk: rlnrr}"
uvuv tv ln
\lr.
\
/

10. k/kz
/k/ Ls a labialized 1ax post palatal volceless
fricative mai-nly in the environment of / s z 3 t
rLnn/
/kr/ is a labiallzed tense volceless post palatal
ston.

lkumit dagger
1k:n:aE notebook
kul:
a
all
Ttt every, each

11. k/k a
k:/k:
lnLn to enter
fn:i you (m.p. ) suu;.
kmz to scratch
E :k: doubt (" )
q.k.v. sugar
nt ir' we got up
nk:n1 I^t6

L2. e/e:
/e/ is a lax post palatal volced fricative (mainty
1n the environment of /s z's 2 r I m n /). /g:/
is a tense post palatal voiced stop.

a
 i-- rcrm
o"_ he lnsulted
darrrcr.m he insults
nm('r we harvested
danmg:r we harvest
ion
*o* he dtd
ag:a he is

13. e/e:
/g/ Ls labialized lax post palatal volced frica-
a
firra /in the environment of /s z i i' r L n n /)
/et/ is a labialized tense post palatal voiced stop.
azgu wind
a

ag:a a burden
a'l sam
(,,SIUlGIlr
^ lake
asg:as year
a

amgr sickle
46.u
^d./l even
targa canal
a
tirr^cr.Jn canals

14. e/q - er/gl

iga he did
targa canal
ag:a he is
ag:a a burden
dayt :g:a he does
dayt :g:a he kneads
urt :g id you will not do
urt:g:d you wi}l not knead

r>. q/qi

1qr:a he confessed

-t)-
 A Course ln oken Tamazi

iq:la he frled
thl:qnt you (f .p. ) dressed up
tq:dnt you (f .p. ) burnt

L6. g/gt
iqm: r he gambled
asq:n vyv o
Yrafn
a

12
rl. qt/gl

nlq:rt we shook it (r. ) off

n:q:rt silver
18. Pronunciation Drill
judge
to cut grass
a glass
you
wait I
we w111 take you (*.p. ) back
me too
she kneaded
evenlng
in-1aw
coffee
to close
the market
you shook off
silver
they (f. ) gambled
rope
she dld
canal
he is
burden

*J"0-
 amksa shepherd
Ek:a to doubt
lk:a he vlsited
fdr a.!
eat !

r:bad Rabat
ia,"o you lived
lwaldin the parents
fadma proper name (f. )
a

d:aZin stew
r,r* meat
"t
19. t/t:
tnfd she threw
datnf :d she is throwing
fa to yawn
f:u to dawn
fru to pay debts
f:r to hide
af to find
af: to be blown

2A, s/s:
in:as he told him
as: day
tfsr she spread
datfs:r she is spreadlng
sus to shake off
s:udm to kiss

2L. ?/?,
?bT
to be patlent
lbT patience
?
t"l+" she blew her nose
datns:d she is blowlng her nose

-t1-
 A Course i-n Spoken Tamazight

22, ,/?
sI:m to greet
:T,f to change money
fsd to spoll
q:9 to go toward
frs to attack
lrl to fold

23. z/z:
izrlt he left hlm
Lz:rit he made him pass
z,T to pluck
zrb to hurry
zdrn to collect wood
z inz to sell

24. ?/2,
zd to weave
7rv to mllk
7: to vlsit holy places
z :aL:
aa
prayl
trzm
aa
she opened
datrz:m she i-s opening

25. z/". - zt/z:

tzur she is fat
t?"7 she vislted holy places
bz:r she depilated
t?tu she milked

'to.
^/
v
s/t!s :
Eal to buy grain
E:ar to share
ln51 he stepped on
daynS:I he steps on

- La-
 ln:aE he told You
'rc:. horn

27 . 'z/Z:
v
anzaT sharpening
i) anL tar carpenter
arLam throwing stones at
ath tam one who throws stones at
zna to be strong
t1 . af
a.J to recover

28. Pronunciation Dri11

5a some
5an some of
5 : rZrn wi-ndow
1zil he is nlce
i-zi a fly
trz to embrolder
t:rz embroiderlng
s : init a tray
IAOAS fine
chew
f crr melt
f c . rn to e:cplain
-LD.lr he knows
barah:a enough
tamazl-rt country
ws:a to advlse
wsir to be old
ams to paint
8.VrZ to take, to hold
rsu to be dirtY
rsu to be quiet
vtu to hope

- 1?-
 A Course in oken Tamazieht

tzu to look for

4fr1
to happen
q.1I
to make the bed
sfu to be clean
DUU
a
to smel1
a.V.1r
?
to plant
29. x/xz
ixali tc my uncle
i v.nrri he is mean to me
xulf to be different
v.nnf
J!.stlv they (f. ) are mean
max t;hy?
hTAX:A all right
I
5u. Y/Yz
aVtrl
st q4 tc go baek
abaY :us mnnlrorr
-i
II ^-,,
uD^ he burnt
m. 1/
I to be wet
t**e1
^'r to think

31. Pronunciation Dri1l

xdm to work
xdrny I vrork
f:y to go out
rr.f to kill
mslxir good eveni-ng
I wrrrlv* vegetables
t",*"Eiyt sack
lxnZ it srnells bad
axd:am 'l nl.rnrar (^ \
\.,^. ./
r,rlax l,ihy?
wax:a o "l 'l
srA Fi 16rr
tr trl-\ +v

ayfiim bread

r lr
- -Lri-
 Phonology

iyE; at he cheated him

iYE: at: he cheait,d. lrer
d.aytr dbay he dyes
abd: af dyer
Ek: ay r d.oubted
ix; a he is mean

abx: an black
xtrlfn they (m) are different

32. m/mr,

ma what?
I11: & mat nn *h ar

t1'ms she covered

datym: s sho is covorins
axdr am laborer (ur)

&III: like

33. n/nz
ini say!
urin: i he did not say
T7" to be patient
naf we find (aorist)
nzay *n
vv rf rSrr
i a'l^+I

34. t/tz
adrbal woSn out cl-oth
idrbal; worn out eLnth s

-15-
 A Course in oken Tamazi

1a no
1:
?)rxd:
m he is 'working
Xr
DJ- to spend. a day
s1; to hear

tr' 1
)2. L/ /1Lz
v1 a^
4raD: enough
+a
-r_L: i)
aa
to pay
Iaz
aa hunger
r i aJ D_L: tII response to the11ot

^/
Jo. - /:
L/L - Lt/Lz
aa

Laz hunger
Aq*v] vi\r
qs :-rr4 she is nrnning
rra 1
^l^
J a_L a d,IL
a let us go
1; alxd:m he is working
1..*.rrq-l -n respon se to the11o t

1.7 /-
)1. ^LlL..

nfrfrQr
w.{6r!er 'larrn*a-
'

ingmar; hun ters

1 ?r'1
to want
ir: a he won
Iar to givo back
r:tl to win

*L@*
 Phonolo

rR
)v.
n /nL
^aa/ a

nArr
JUU
.a to bl-e ss
1". dt
blessing
7..a ar!
+ Zn
na*i onao
}/svrvrrvv

TZn to be patient
aa

*vprXrxu
aa she combed
datEr, aa
d she combs

I
<q nln
J/. L/L

forl
to look for
TZn to be patient
aa

r.dm
to demolish
.r Ar:
aa to bless

40. Pronunciaticn Drill

mq-l vi r
r.rv+r!4I
good evening
brrm to turn
[A/I l8,
Srandmother
m1h
to accompany
1a1al no l

,1

nftun d.lman response to tgood ni glrr t

1; ayhn: iks goodbye
13 aybark: fikr nay God bless you (*.
,1^
r v: .:
J-
". )
God
AfrT41r
rubbing
Ami - t\t
one \ryho rubs
rAm
d,emoli shins

- 17-
 r: dtn debri s

Yal:ah let us go
lgayt; s1:EItr ha rvaa*c
ve vtJ

Yawl Lrr
lru!rJnrrr ttu}/* t
i

1/Tr
to read
-;.
t+v
.a to slauglrter
m3r to be v'ret

41. \/+, (mainly i-n Arabic borrowings )

d.ayt: rhal he moves
tarh3 a1-r, nomad ( f )

Lblt investigation
tbh: t she investigated
a

l*1 to flood
"b? to sr-l.cc eed

+1. s (rnalnly in Arabic bomovrings )

eawn to he1p
ebd to adore, worship
iebd he adores
bed to be far
xdr to deceive

+J. n (mainty in Arabic borrowings )

ha here is, are
hAn
rr wrr to demoli sh
dnn
qlu r
to yub ointment

<JiJ-
% Phonolosv

Yal: atr Iet us go

L t,
++. Pronunciatlon Drill
e i6a
propor nane (f)
cli proper nane (m)
lbhimt beast
lqrhwa
coffee
Xne
to collect
ls i1 a boy
l"*T to be present
thmdul: ah thanks to Gcd, fine
*r?" proper name (n)
raca
to see
hdu
to offer a present
fhm
to understanc.
ne aJIl
yes (in response to someone
calling)
shu
to be healthy
nhmdirb: i
aa thanks to God, fine
lbuk;uma
the government
aZu;ue
the gathering
rayd
go back I
*T'* to screarn
Iq; as ida tradition
riinaa
holy war
1fq, ih learned. man
l-+b
to play
1: eb
playing

-'la-
 A Course oken Tamazieht

*E'* Be pollte! (behave )

v-
sh_at Hcw many? How much?
*rE ,U* thal How are you ? (m.s. )
s; alihin the saint s
at

aZr;uh a wound
student
"q*"7
a+ sk: ri a sol-di er
le ib shame
iZiO. to console
oT* to invite
f d.I to repair
*bT to measure, rveiglr

)+5, w/w,
ixwa it is empty
8JCW3 &11 thief
Z 7T{3"Q7 design
dayt; Z1v3 &e; he designs
WEX3 9, r11
w4! *iatrr*
rr6r!u

)+6. T/y,
YaJ.: ah let us go
Vr ih yes

t,n
+[. Pronunciation Dr111-

e aycl Go back!
l-?rusayn Lahouclne - proper name (*)

- cw'
 Phonology

ar:yal Rlal (curreney unlt )

]: aYhn: ik: good bye (ns)
walayn: i but
awal speech
5a w larnral some talk
tamgu!: inw my wlfe
awd to reach
an: aV to see
ayt House (family = group of related
people )

[8.
, x^
.' Y
l
( rare labial-ized counterpa.rts of lax /x/ and. /y/ . Whenever
/7/ or /y/ occurs tho native speakor can freely substitute /*ry/

1Ts IYS: cheating

yzrf - yztf tal-1
axm! aS - &XIt: E S share-cropper I

il
i

4g. Pronunclatj.on Drll}

lcbar moasuring, weigfuing
b: as hi s father
isalt r ho asked her
iy6: at he cheated him
?f ru nilk
d&nfd: r we aro taklng lunch (or breakfast)
trkm it (f ) boiLect
LYk-z he troaded
agt a ho is

-21-
 ar:yaI RLal (eumency unlt )

]: aYhn: ikr good bye (ms)

walayn: i .}.rr *

awal speeeh
5a w la'wal some talk
tamgu!,: inw ny wlfe
awA to reach
*, "U
to see
ayt House (famlty = group of related
people )

[8. T, y
(rare - labialized counterparts of rax /x/ ana /r/ . whenever
/7/ ot /y/ oc"urs the native speaker can freoly substituto /x,f/
1IS - 1y6: cheating
yzLt - yzLf tal-1
AJil!.IaS - &Ftl; O,S share-cropper
4g. Pronunclation Drill
lsbar measuring, weiglring
b: as hi s father
isal-t r ho asked her
iY6: at he eheated him
?.f ;u m].l.K

danfd r r we are taking lunch (or breakfast)

trkm it (f) boiLed
Lrkz he treaded
ag: a ho is

-21-
 ed.: b to tortuzo
XW: ll to steal
qT,T to deelde
9*,7 to ga^mb1e
wrT to go back
Ez zT to butcher
zgr to miss
irgrn ho insu.l-ted
tEFT she praised
iknz he scratched
nkrz wo pl-ouglred

2. Vowels
Tamazlght has three vowels: / Iu a / (see labte 3).
Allophones of the three vowels are shovm ln fable 4. The
marking conventlon shown 1n lable 4 ts to be und.erstood as
fol-lows:
[+ ] denotes the presence of a parttcular feature (u.g.
[+ front I or [ + hlgh ] ) for a certaln segment.

Front Central- Back

Htgh 1 u

Iow a

fable 3 - lamazlght Vowels

alt
- t\-
 1 1 l, € u uro a @ a

Front + f+ +

+ +
Centralized
Back + ++ +

High + + +

LCWered ++ ++
+ + +
Low

Tabte 4 - Tamazight Vcwel Allcphones

as in Ergllsh ttbeatrt, tteattt,

ttfeettt
a

does not commonlY occur in &lgllsh

I as in l}tglish ttbittt, ttf ittt
F similar to the lnitlal vowel part of
the Brgllsh word.s trelghttt, "acett
as in Brglish 'rfoodttrttboottt, ttsuett
u as in hglish ttbooktt, ttwoodtt
o roughly as ln Srgllsh "coat"
& as in Brgllsh ttsattt, tthat ", ttrat rl
dces nct commonly occur tn Errgltsh but
ttcuttt
corresponds roughly to vowel in
ttfathertt
corresponds roughly to the ftigllsh vowel ln

_?_5-
 A Ccurse in Spoken Eanezlght

Henceforth the following notations w111 be used:

g=/bftds zEEueq/
n =/ h h + w y
t" =/ I r m n /
X=CrHrandL
Y, x = / r x /
X = C: H, L, yt and x
V=/aIu/
DLacrltics /./ alr:td / z/ may be added. and thus glve, for example,
/C/ and /!:/ representing /l/ arra /tt/ respectively.
Ilr the formulation of phonologleal rules the followlng
conventlons are used:

A-' B A Ls rewrltten as (or repLaced by) B

(A)B or B(A) A ts optlonally present, B ls

obllgatorily present
1^ I Elther A or B occurs ln this posltion
L" /
A A is rewrltten as B before C
A -rB/ A ls rewrltten as B after C
-)B/c
Vowel Allcphones (# denotes word bcundary, .€,.9, /-a#/ and /#a-/

/td
means final and lni.tial /a/ respectively)

1. /t/ 1 [i]

- Lr)-
 Phonology

itl to exlst
ini to say
iri to want
arid to be washed
sdid to be thin
wsir to be old
tiqbilin *ni 1' ac

a t.
/t/'? f \
txt
r. r

id: a he went
tdr id you wont
1 t.o it (n) is
tssid you (s) made the bed
Q: is to te11 stories
lqtist a story

/i/

d.: iqs
{::;J
/'#rl
tru-- to burst out
ryiv bo sma11
smid to be cold
 A Course in Spoken Tarnazlght

Eain to bo short
tik r it cutting grass
iqm: r ho gambled

zwLY to bo red
bxin to bo black
iyla it is exponsivo
ixl-a it is ruinsd
tiqrb:a dj el-1abas

It
.-J-. /i/ [ iY] lt
/.
is r frhi he made me happy

isr fhml he rnade mo undorstand

isetrri trra made me l-ate

5. /t/4

umsY I painted
usiy I carrled
rrfiw I found
1u1iy I was born
id"rus it (m) is little
if s rus it (m) is liglrt
Lgztul ho is short
ilum he blamed
luerT re sp ect

- ll)-
 [:;]

i*oT he turned
at r bdud you (s) wil-l share
u?dr I stretched
iyu s it is burnt
i:m1f it is different
adimyur he wi1.l grow up
lxudrt vegetables

7. /u/ -1 [uw] x(:)

/
bdu to begin
bnu to build
deu to pra-v for
dru to go

f:u to dawn

kru to cut grass

-2q-
r
I

! A Course in Spoken Tamazight

(o
X
/"/4 lel
)'
X(r ) )
I
lx ( .l
J

azn to send
af to find
AT to empty
4sr to tie
hasb to cuunt
safr to travol
sal- to ask
na.zy 7A
uv f a 4h+
r!tirru

E: ar to share
harz to forbid
aq.sakr so1ldi-ty

n
/a/ rr;t / X(, )

da here
1a
LA to yalvn
hn, a to be peaceful
trr, a to tickle
sqsa to ask

- 30-
 hadr to be presont
talb to demand
XS: & to be necessarY
ead: r to moet
ibda he ehareC

3. $trrcture of Words ln famazlght

P4onqJ-"ogical
It /X/ is followed by /il wLthout an intervenLne /V/,
there ls a predictable transitlon. Transitlon between /X/ and
/Xl ts heard as Vocalic and is represented here by a superscrlpt
schwa [ " ] to shcw that it is a phcnetlc element (schwa occurs
ttabouttr or as the
as the first speech sound formation in Eeglish
last speech sclurd formation in Elglish "sof&"). Thus a word
such as /tr7y/ "I was happytt is phonetically l#fa*ay#l
ccnsisting of two syllables. [" ] 1s rea]ized as [I] before
front consonants (".g. / A t a... ,/)and as [e ] before back
consonants (e.g. / k x... /). It is also heard as voiced before
voiced ccnsonants (e.g./b g... /) otd as voj-celess before volceless
ccnsonants (".g. / t t .../).

rules governing the predictablllty cf [o ]

The may Ue

stated as follows:

-l
r
I
I

A Ccurse in Spoken Tamazight

1. /#x(,)#/+ t#'x(,)#l /e/ lea

L 6J
I tto bo, to dot
/E/ I Cl tto givet
/e, / ro- r t to kneadt
/1<, / I ta. I I to passt

2
/ #x x(t)#/
i#x?rc (,)#l/ x" is not /!: / ilnF I to 1aug1r t
"l / sr/ [ 5e1] to sp:nd a dayt
r

/bdr / [bed,I tto stand upr

ens to
L /n, / ] t spend the
l:rur;'\/^is )
I
lnec I
ni eht I

L"1sJ tto grt Crcss:dr

.A
/L, /
-a
L1"sl

I
/ #xttxB# /-l l#e xt t' x*#l ["f ,""] tto 6ii.e r
/t zY/ L"f:"yJ ?to go outt
L 1:-mi rto spinr
r"- I 1
/ L zTL/

/ #x,.xzx"# /
t#n x?x" #t / XrX"
-t
are
""r["
(H)
I Lxd"rnl tto workt
/aar/ r -, O
Ido Y"1
1
Ito dyet
A
/xas / ixd"s l tto deceivet
/zer /
. O^ t
LZe 1j tto get ma6t

ie
{:r:;:";:-'h k] / nd.m/
r 9.
-s
Lndmj
inoaem l
1
t to demolisht

ft1:ol- / L
"hb'11 Ito become siL1yt
lhobe1]
- ?l-
 Phonolory
onrerr I I to snifft
/"\/ l
tobacco
Irrorer,. ]
ooaet tto repairt
/* at/ I ]

[ *oaet ]
(' )
*"-" /**r/ ] t to guarantee t
t #xr& z*"t
/ =
l; J /fhtn /
I d.emen

Irerrem] I to und.erstandl
/rru / ^e
[f'r-h] tto be happyt

5. / #x'x:x"xsl /->trulx,p"#l /fs*/ Ifesrer] rto spreadt

ed
/sa zd,/ i sen, J r to l-ean against r

[xom,
em] r to thinkr
/xmrtn/
e1] | to appoint as
/wkzl./ [wek,
roDrosontative t

postulaticn of the phonetlc element shown above, i.€. P Jt

The
supports the transcrlptlcn of the units of thls book where
three (or rnore) non-voeallc segments appear next to eaeh other:
€,g.1 /tb:rrnt/ ttyou (fp) turnedfr which 1s here represented
phonetlcally as [tb.er :omont J .
words wlth the stmeture xvx, vl(x, or xv conslst of one
syllab}ei €.g. , /sa|/ t'to ask", /-stb/ ttto become whl-te-haLredrr,
ttto takett, /ta/ t'to yawntt.
f*um/ ttto swlmt', /at/ ttto fLndtt, /an7/
Words conslsting of vowels and consonants follow the same nrles
shown abovet €,g. , /dat:hadar/ ttshe ls presenttt ls phonetlcalLy
trto meettt
[datrolra$af] 1.e. conslsts of three syllables; f a*:T/
has two syllables [eadr"fJ. Note that /t:/ and /dt/ are not
represented as f t:] and f at1 *s ls stated above slnce they
are preeedeci. by a vowel,

-33-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazlght

4. Stress
Word stress ls a non-contrastlve feature.
in Tamazight
The occurrence of word stress is predlctable: primary stress
faIls on the last vowel of the word (i.e. /v/ or [ " ] ).

Examples:

/ saL/
t a- I
I to askt
t to helpr
/+ 6wn /
a /
tw-
/ sJ< za/ t to doubtt
t to rinset
/s:-i:_/
/edn/ t to swimt

/e*4 / t to taket
/ef / t to findr

/rdr / t to returnt

/aatt/ tto beginf

I -. a
/ adLntY /
/
I I w111 sayl
/naaw*/ tvre cured.r

/ffatAd/ tyou (s) woke upt

/tsLt/ tho askedt
t- -,
/ daYL zrladaT /
I
f he is presentt

to words that phonemically

The above statement applles
do not contain a voweL /Y/. As stated above, /vaz/ ts
phonettcally lbed:], /tr\/ is phonetically tfraFl ar.td /fszt/
is phonetlcally [fosler]. fn these cases, word prlmary stress
ls on the I n ] or the last syllable.

alt
- 5+-
 Phono].ogy

Examples:

/bd". / Itea: ] tto stand upt

/ts / It"s] tto dressl
I

t6ru l I
I
/t zr/ ^l
f"f.er. I rto hidol '

/t+/ trr4r l Ito be happyr

/ndr / Fn"a"" l Ito moanl
a

/fszr/ Ifostor] Ito oxplainl

/ttstrnt / I tofes,
erdnt ] tyou (fp) oxplaine6t

5. Revlew Dri1l

m{!ba welcome
mTbba ael-i welcome Aly
is:frhi Lre made mo happy
is:frhi nuha l6rha made ne happy
1se1,s1 he maCe me late
iset:ri ssid. Sald rnade me late
sbahlxir good morning
sbahlxir ahd:u good mornlng, Haddcu
safi fini shed
W8jK!, a, all rig!.t
tfs: rnt you (fp) oxplained
tbm:1nt you (fp) finishod
tbflant you (fp) diviCed
tfhnnt you (fp) u-nderstood
krznt they (f ) plowed

-35-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazight

5i<rnt the..y (f
) prai sed
tqm: rnt you (fp) gambleC
bra my father
dat : d:unt they (f ) are goi ng
id,q tre wen t
is irl:a mrha? Dld Muha go?
la. uri {: i. No, he did not gc.
a/.1|a
!) . ! !
t
rd.q
!u.e. Yes, he went.
mani rnrrha? Where is l,firha?
"i^.g
^/?r
q.1rat.
v . qa . . He went tc the market
izl .q vr oi.ic He went to his auntts.
i d . a. vr ta.d . a.rt nrrn: i s. He went to his unclets house.
i d . s. vr ta.d. a.rt He went tc hls cousinrs house.
nnun: i-s nf m3 is
mani rh:u ? Where is Rehho?
u.rs: inY. I dontt know.
td:a fadma Tr igra^n. Fadma went tc the fields.
q.n^/
"...1
ilmnz.i+f I speak Berber.
urs: inT tafransist. I donrt speak French,
s;ny itasrabt. I speak Arabie.
i-s:n itatrabt. He speaks Arabic.
ts: n itmaziyt She speaks Berber.
is ts:nd itmaziyt? Do you speak Berber?
ivra Ei'vi uxlas: . Some, a little.

- in-
6. Iabcratory Exercises
These exerclses are cn tapein the language laboratory.
Fcr each palr of words glven, choose the word in which the
required sound fcr that exercise ls heard and write the
corresponding number fcr the word chosen. For example,
if an exercise calls fcr distinguishing a tense frcm a
ncn-tense (tax) sound, the student should designate which of
the two words contains the tense sound and write the letter
cf that word, €.g.j
l-a bab
I-b b:as
The correct answer is l-b.

A. Distingulsh between tense and lax sounds, writing down the

number of the word ccntaining the tense sound.

B. Distingulsh between velarized and non-velarized sounds

writing down the number of the word contalning the
velari-zed sound.

tt Dlstlnguish between lablalj-zed and non-labialized sounds,

writing dom the number of the words containi-ng the lablallaed
scund.

D. Write down the numbers cf the words which contain the sound /k/.

fi
Write dcirrn the numbers of the words whlch ccntain the sowtd /g/.

-T{ -
 A Course ln Spoken TamazlEht
I

I. Write down the numbers of the words containing the sound /n/.

G. Write down the numbers of the words containing the sound /x/.

?T
If. write down the numbers of the words that contain the sound. /h/,

I. Write the numbers cf the words eontaining the sound /y/.

J. Write the numbers of the words containing the sotmd, /+ /.

-.)
- JU-
 Unlt I
1.1 Greetlngs
s :a1amucllk:um Hello. (to a man bY a man)
cltk:ums :alam R. (R = response to) Hello.
.re**
1:ahlcawn He1lo. (to or by a woman)
1:ays1:m R. Hello
t* t( l+

sbahlxlr Good mornlng.

aa
sbahlxir R. Good mornlng.
aa
r***
mslxlr Good evenlng.
mslxlr . R. Good evenlng.

Such greetlngs, borrowed f rorn Arabic, as the above could also

be shown as:
s:alamu clikum Hello
e 11kum s:alam Hel1o

1:ah le arnnr He11o

1," ysl:rn Hell-o

sbah
ra
lxir Good morning
ms lxir Good evening

where:
s:alam peace ft Arablc )
e1lkum with (on) you (.a".
l lah Sod (.at. )
eawn to help
1c?,wh he helped
s1:m to greet
1sl:m (-> /vsL:n/ he greeted
after vowel)
sbah morning (.Ar. )
rxl-r good (<Ar. )
mg' evenlng &Ar. )

i
Irr
I

I
 A Course in Spohen Tamazlght
ris ylman Gocd nlght" (to m.s. or
f .s- )
mun dlman R. to the above
NS to spend the night
v 'in
III

lman na.e np

mun to accompany
rl wi-th, and
nsat ylman Good night. (to m.p. )
nsint ylman Good night. (to f .p. )
tmunm dlman . R. (to m.p. )
tmunnt dlman R. (to r.p. )
XtTtF
1 :ayhn :1k: Goodbye. (to m.s.
tamanll:ah R. Goodbye.
hn:a to give poace
I:a1m:ik:m Goodbye. (to f,s. )
I :ayhn : ik :n Goodbye. (to m.p. )
i :ayrrn : ik :nt Goodbye. (to f .p. )
**lf
mab iga thal ? How are you (*.s. \c
ma? what ?

to you (*.s. )
to do
.!
.L54
-^ he or it (m. ) dLd
thal (* )
a
the weather
rnam iga thal ? Hcw are you (r.s. )t
mas iga thal ? How is he/s]ne?
malin iga thal ? How are you (m.p. )f
maknt rga ir,ar ? How are you (r.p. )f
masniga thal ? How are they (*. )t
a

masnt 1ga thal ? How are they (f. )?

labas Fine.
thrndul:ah , Fine.
labas thmdul:ah Flne.
nhmd
a.
lrb:i Fine.
labas nhrnd irb : i tas :ac ta , Fine.

-.i.za-
 Unlt I

hmd to praise
nhmd we Praise
rt;i God
irb:1 to God
1:afr God
tas :ar ta this hour (now)
tF +& lp

may tenid ? How are you (*.f .s. )?

enU to undergo
tenl-d you (s. ) undergo
may ? what ?
mag:cna (.*"y iena)
? How is he?
Note tl-y# + #t-/-> /-et-/
may tena ? How j"s she?
may tenam ? Ilow are You (*.P- )f
may tenant ? Ilaw are You (f .P. )t
may cnan 2 How are theY (*. )t
may enant ? How are theY (f. )?
labas tsnid lxir . Fine. (to m.f.s.)
labas tcnam lxir Fine. (to m.P. )
labas tenant rxir . Fine. (to r.P')
' *rr*
mab tga s:aht ? How are you '(m's. )?
s:aht (f ) health
mam tga s:aht ? How are you (f.s. )?
mas tga s:ant ? Hot^I is he/she?
ma?Jn tga s:aht ? How are you (*.p. )?
rnaJmt tga s:aht ? How are you (f .p. )t
masn tga s:aht ? How are they (*, )Z
masnt tga' s :airt ? How are they (f. )?
labas Fine.
labas nhmd irb:i Fine.
thmdul:ah I'}ne
*t(t6
labas yufE 2 How are you (*. )f
YUT &t, to

Ira
- +-)-
 A Ccurse ln SPoken Tanrazight

labas Yurm ? How are you (f . )?

labas Yrrtt ? Hcw is he,/she ?

labas yurY ? How are we?

labas Yurun ? Hcw are you (*,p. )?
labas Yurknt ? How are you (r.p. )?
labas yrr"u" ? Hot,l are they (t. )t
labas yuisnt ? How are they (f. )?
thrndul : ah Fine.
l+)tx
yak: labas ? are you (*.".P. 'tr
How
yak: - Yab question introducer.
yam labas ? How are you (r.".P. )?
nhmd irb:i Fine
**.*
bixtr ? How are You?
(Are you flne?)
labas bixir urlaxir Flne. Fine.
tf l+ J+

may t+nid dubrid ? , How T'tas your triP? (t.f .s. )

may what
d and , with
ubrid (<abrid) (*. ) road
may tcnam dubrid ? How was your trlP (r.p. )?
rnaY t*nant dubrid ? How was your trlP (r.p.)t
labas tenid lxir Fine.
*)eJ+
lwaEun labas ? How ls the familY?
mani lwasun id: labas How is the familY?
ltvasun children
r^rh a no ?
mani
id. question Particle
labas adYifEisal lxir Fine.
vif
t-
on
pronomial afflx 'yout (*.s. ) obJect
sal to ask
ad- future tense Particle

-44-
 Unit I

adYifEisal he wj'll
ask about you
NOTE: Such verbal structures as the above are here shown as one
word.
.r+ * l&

manlhn kul: ld: labas ? How are You (m. ) all?

-ts you (4..p. ) (oUi. )
-knt you (r.p. ) (oni.)
-ful: all
labas nhmd i-rb l1 . Fine.
l+ .lt )t

nlsmn5 ? What is Your name? (rn.s. )

lsm name
mlsminw ? What is my name?
mismn! ? What is your name (m.s. )?
misrnn:m ? What is your name (f.s. )?
mlsmns ? What is his/her name?
mlsmn:y ? What are our names?
migmn:un : What are your names (m.P')?
mismn:knt ? What are your nanes (f'P. )t
misrnnsn ? What are their names? (*')
mlsrnnsnt ? What are their names (f')?
muha ProPer name (*- )
fadma ProPer name (f. )
*rFx
ma zy teid ? Where are You from?
zy from
o
o to be, to do
tgld you are
mazyg\ ? Where am I from ?
ma zy tgid ? Where are you (m.f .s' ) from?
ma zy iga ? Where is he from?
ma zy tga ? Where is she from?
ma zy nga ? Where are we from?
ma zy tgam ? Where are you (*.P. ) from?
ma zy tgant ? Where are you (f .p. ) from?
ma uy gan ? Where are they (m. ) from?
ma zy gant ? Where are they (f. ) from?

- tt)_
 A Course in Snoken Tamazlsht

zy ayt (y:as v
From the tribe of Ayt Ayaehe.
zy ayt hdid:u From the tribe of Ayt Hdidou.
zy ayt mgil: From the trlbe of Ayt l4gui1-d.
zy ayt ihya From the tribe of Ayt Yahia.
71r m9e? From Egypt.
rrr l*r.r*mrrwri
tr !v
h From Morocco.
ztr frqnc From France.
v\r raa I i k.on From America.
n srelr arr tf,-
cri Y' I arn an Arab.
arumy ay giY I am a Chrlstlan (nr-rropean ).
ens'l m ev t)-
oi.,' | I am a Moslem.
amaci ^," err orl
cri t/ Ir am a Berber.
g tn ho
vvt ir dn
O uv

oi
o*l ^r Iam
ay who, that
JF J+ .'I
me r-rr ioi rl t 'irlhere
are you from?
qtr qvl
*./"'J.uv cnr..aE I am frcm the tribe
of Ayt Ayache.
mat :a y q* Which villagp?
ayt bniB:u Fr"om the village of
Ben Ichou.
mat:a
ivrm
-t -'.,
(m
\.,.. xli;:-.
*te+$
metr *zAvd' 2 Where do you live?
I
ayt bniS:u In the village of
Ben Ichou.
zdY to llve
tzdyd you lived
''F +F *
5ha1 ylcmrn5 ? old are you?
Hol'r
tlatin cam Thlrty years.
+5rin ram Twenty years.
lemrinw rbca wtlatin *am I am thirty-four years
n'l
VtV. A

Yuri xrcsa wxnsin fam T am fifty-flve years

old.

- l+5-
 Unlt I

shal how many, how nuch

l'mr age
-nE' your (of you)
tlatin thlrty
cam year (occurs onlY ln the 91vi-
lon*etit of thirty years old'retc.)
*inw my
four
lbea
w- and
yuri I have
**"* five
xmsin ftfty
*te*
lstiwld 7 Are You marrj-ed?
y:ih , lw$ I am married.
la , uriwarY sa I am not married.
aw1 to marry
is yes or no questton lntroducer
v'ih
J.
yes
ln
l-
no
iwly I arn marrled
ur- negati-ve particle
Ea some
)t tF l+

lsyurB lwaEun ? Do you have children?

isvuSE Ea l:waEun ? Do you have some
children ?
is yes or no question lntroducer
yuri you have
lwaEun children
Ea some
ba 1:waBun some children (lj-t. some of
(<sa + n + lwaEun) children )

la , url:in Ea }:waEun No, I do not have

children.
tli to be
1:ln they are
ur- negative partlcle
lrz-
 A Course in Spoken Tamazight

y:ih Yuri yul 1e il YesrThaveaboy.

yun one (*. ) (yur -' WL/-L-)
ls 11 boy
yu1 le 11 one boy ( yun lo il- )
y:lh Tull yut trbat: Yes, Ihaveagirl.
yut one (f.)
tarbat : (> trnat : ) girl (in construct wiih numeral )
y :lh yu:f yu1 1+ il dyut trbat: . Yes, f have a boy and
a gir1.
y:ih yull sl yElr:an Yoq T herro two boys.
sin two (*. )
iEir:an boys
sln iEir:an------> siyEr:an
y rlh yuri- snat ntEir:atln Yes, I have two girls.
snat two (f .)
n of
tiEir:atln--
y:ih n6uTi Erad lbir:an . Yes, f have three
boys.
y:1h TuIi Erat: ntEir:atin . Yes, I have three girls.
Erad three (*. )
Erat: three (f. )
{f te .*

mismnsnt ? What are their names (f.p. )c

fadma r cl'sa , d.mimuna three proper names.
ShaI yle mrnsnt 2 How old are they?
fadma yurs tse snln , Fadma is nine years old.
c l-sa yuTs sb+ snin , Aisha is seven years old.
mimuna yurs xms snln Mlmuna 1s flve years old.
Turs he has, she has
tso a nlne
sbe a seven
xmga five
snin years
*tFx
mrhba Welcome. (said by a host),
irhbas lxlr R. (to m.s.)

- /rB*
 Unit I

irhbam lxir a
to f.s.
irhbawn lxir to m.p.
irhbaknt lxir t? t'o '
* .tf tF

sah:a . Thank you.

bIa azmr-r Donr t rnention it.
uras gaY azml-L Donrt mentlon lt.
bla without
aZmil favor
ur- negative particle
-a*s to you (*... )
o
f to be, to do.
rriqr
o*l r did.
{* 'tt t(

I:a yZe ] lbarak:a a thank you expresston

sald to your host after
tea or a rneal.
igaB s:aht
.a
R. (to m.s. )
lbarak:a blessi-ng
to be, to do
)
iga he dld
-E to you
s:aht health
i qam s :aht to (f.s. )
igawn s:aht to (*.p. )
i qaknt'" ,*f,t to (r.p. )
*Je*
haEaE a restricted thank You
expression sald for ex-
ample when someone Pours
water for You to wash Your
hands before or after
dinner,
czk:l:ah Dontt mention it.
haEaS to (*.s. )
haEam to (r. *. )
fraBawn to (*,p. )
nalaknt to (r.p. )
.t6 t+ *

-49-
 A Course ln Spoken Tarnazlght

tanbarEt Congratulations.
tanbarEt O* *t ,:-* Congratulatlons on the
boy.
tanbarEt t:ad:art r Congratulations on the
house.
tanbarSt t :a er:lmt . Congratulations on the
girl.
tanbar-Et t:afunast Congratulatlons on the
cow.
d (here )=en
/d/---> /t/ (assirnilatlon to foltowtng /t/)
tf ,+ J+
samhi Excuse me.
, samh to forglve
MA

samhi Exeuse me,

samhas Excuse himr/her.
*"*h*o
,.** I Excuse us.
samhasn . Excuse them, (*. )
samhasnt Excuse them. (f . )
.,e J+ {e

bl:yas s:lam lmuha Greet lfuha for ne.

b1:y to make reach
-as to hlm
s :lam peace - greeting
.i
to
elina welik: s:lam . R. (to the above )
tFt(*
lbI: yadd husa s :lam llusa greets you.
ibt: y he greets
-ad to you
proximi-ty partlcle
clina weLik: s:lam R. (to the above )
**re
1a No.
1ala1 No.
uhu No.
rr. i l,r
J.LLt res.

- 50-
 Unlt I

rFam Yes, ln response t'o some-

one caIlI-ng your name.
TF tE IT

nEae 1:ah If God wlIls.

t6 lt lF

wax:a All rlght.

t+ t+ tt
b+rak:a Enough.
Jf 9e J+

safi Flnishede o.k.e all rlght.

tf lt tF

1.2. Grammar, Dri 11s, Addltlonal Phrases and Expresslons.

A. mism inw What 1s my name?
mism nE what is your (*.*. ) name?
roi srn n:m What ls your (f .t. ) narne?
mlsm ns What is his,/her name?

mism N:T What are our names?

mlsm n;ulL What are your (*.p. )
names ?

mlsm n:knt What are your (f .p. )

names ?
misrn nsn What are thelr (m.
names ?
mism nsnt What are their (f.
names ?

Some Prooer
+ Names
male 3 eli female: fadma
mufa e i5a
eq:a rabha
husa :..szLza
hd:u yamna
lhusayn mlmuna
nbarB had la
rh:u zh.ra
rnlmun sf iy:a
IOaSr-r h-.-i

-61-
 A Course tn Spohen Tarnazisht

hmidan qi:u
hmad rqiy:a

C. mazy tgld ? Where are you from?

zy ayt ey:a3 I am from the tribe of
Ayt Ayache.
mat:a yyrn Ifhlch village ?
ayt bn15lu From the vitlage of
Ichou.

D. Tle Vlllages tryt Compose AU:L Ayache

ayt llus:an
ayt tula5
ayt ctna wcll
ayt hadl
tabn elsat:
ayt rrbe
ayt bn r11
ayt cl1 wel:a
ayt el1 wyusf
d:rfa
ayt umvar
ayt sidi **l
ayt wldn
iq : lciSm
ayt bnib lu
ayt hmad
bud: rr
tabnsl:at:
tat:h:ant
uxaZ:a
bu n:has
ayt sidi buwmusa

E. yuri si yBir:an t:rbat: T have two boys and

A glrl.
yufl snat ntBir:atln dl"il I have two cri rl q. qnd
u boy.
-52'
 Unit I

I have
^rr r r]l you (*.s. ) have
vrr 7'm you (r.r. ) nave
Tuls he,/she has

Yu: we have
Turun you (*.p. ) frave
Yurknt you (r.p. ) rrave
Tursn they (rn. ) have
" -rr rcnf. they (f.)rrave

llI.
f

one yun yut

two sin snat

three Erad Erat:

s.
boy le i1 iEir:an
oi rl tarbat: tiBir:atin

Notice:
a. d---> t/-t (--=t: ) and, toget?rer with
e.g, leil + d+ tarbat: -- >}eil t:rbat:
b. yun + lei1 --- zYrl leil
c. sin + ibir:an ---> slYBir:an
d. n=of
e, trbat: and tblrlatln are apocopated formg of the
nouns tarbat: and tiblrlatin to whlch we wilL refer
as "Construct State of the Noun"
f. snat+n+ti-sir:atin

-53-
 Er nusa Yurs sbe snin
$usa is seven years o1d.
(lfusa has seven years ).

Numerals (E - ro)
tlata (rlt ) 3
rbea (rl* ; 4
xmsa (xms ) 5
sE:a (st: ) 6
.7
sbe a (sbe ) ,

tmanya (tron ) I
ES9 A (ts* ; n
Y
e Era (ebr) tn
IV

The forms 1n parentheses are the ones used before

ryearsr : e.g.r in the construct ?four /snrn/
years oldf /rb snLn/.

G. amalik:ani ay giy I am an Ameri_can.

(American who I am).

m, s. f.s.
1 Berber amazly tamazi"lt iyn
imaz tLmaziyin
2 Arab ac rab tae yabt ae Sabn tac rabin
3 Moslem anslm tanslmt inslmn tinslmln
4 America amalik:ani tamallk:aniyt imal-ik:anl-lrn timalik:a.n
5European arumy tarymlt igumin +.i
UA
6 Jew uday tudayt udayn tudavln

Notlce:
a. b to be, to dc
h ay who
y + 1 --->g or g:
ay lga --->ag:a he is, whom he is
may iga --->mag:a what is he? What ls it (*)t
may i+ na --->mag:c na How is he? (Llt: What does he
undergo ?)

r_ Jt
- )'i-
 Unit I

maytenid --->may tenid How are You? (s. )

fNotice that /mag:sna/ is transcribed as one
word whereas /nay tenid,/ appears as two words ]
d. giT Iam
tgid you (s ) are
iga he i-s
tga she is

nga we are
u6.r,ilr you are (*.p. )
tgant you are (f .p. \
gan they are (*)
6aLL v they are (f )

H. Sqbstitution Drllls
1. misrnns ? What is his name?
rrhisrr usi-ng "my, your (*.". )t
Substitute in the posltlon of
their (* ), her, thelr (r), your (f .s, )".

1. may te nam ? How are you (rn'P. )?

Substitute the position of "ry. (*.p. )" using "he,
1n
they (*), you (f.p.), they (f)".
labas tenam lxir I am fine. (to m.p. )
Supply the same response as said to m.s., f.s., f.p.

4. mam tga s:aht ? How are You (f.s. )?

Substitute in the position of "you (f .*. )r' using "he,
they (*), she, you (*.*. ), you (f .p. ), they (f ), you
(m.p. )"'

q nsat ylman . Good night. (to m.P.

Substitute dlrecting the greeting to f.s., ft.s.r f.P.

1:ayhn: ik:m (to f.s. )

Goodbye.
Substitute directlng the greetlng to m.p., m.s., f.P.

-5i-
 ,A Course in Snoken famazight

7, ma,zy tgid ? Where are you (m.s. ) from?

Substitute in (*.s. )tt using ttl, he,
the posltion of ttyou
w€., they (*), you (f .". ), you (*.p. ), they (f ), she,
you (f .p . )tt ,

8. aerab ay giy . I (m. ) am an Arab.

Substltute ln the positlon of "I (m)tt uslng "he, w€r
they (f ), you (m.p. ), she, they (m. )ryou (f .p. )"
maklng the necessary changes.

9. yu:l snat ntEir:atin dlc11 I have two glrls and a

Eoy.
Substitute ln the position of "I" ustrng "we, you (*.s. ),
she, you (f . s. )tt .

10. Bfrat ylemrns ? How o1d is he?

xms snin (tl" is) five years (ord).
Substltute in the positlon of five ln the second sentenee
usi"ng ttsix, ten, four, eight, seventt.

11. amalik:ani ay giy . I am an American.

Substitute ln the Positlon of ttAmericant' uslng ttArab,
Berber, European (m. and f . ) for the third person plural
maklng the necessary changes.

12. bhal l:wabun ay rulb How many ehlldren do you

have ?
Tufi snat ntbtr:attn I have two glr1s.
Substttute ln the Posttion of the numeral ln the above
response using ttfour, three, five, sixo one, elght".

13. lblifamd husa s:lam i{usa greets you (f .s. ),

Forrn the followlng sentences:
Husagreets you (f.p. )' Fadma greets you (*. s. ),
I{usa greets you (m.p. ), Fadma greets thern (f ), Fh,dma greets
you (n.p. ), Husa greets them (*. ), Fb,dma greets you (r.p. ).

-)o-
 Unlt I

1.3. Revlew Conversatlons

A. husa- s :alamuc lik:um acli- .
c li- e lik:ums :alam

husa- maE iga thal ?

c }i- labas lhmdul:ah . maE 1ga thal ?
husa- labas nhmdirb:l . mani lwaEun id: labas
e li- labas ahusa adflfg isal lxlr
husa- vak: Iabas Yunrn kul : ?
eli- labas ahusa .
husa- iwa 1:aYhn:ik:
c11- tamanil:ah .

hmldan- mismnF ?

muha- muha we1:a

hrnldan- tgid amuha
rxa?,y
v'
?

mufra- zy ayt ry:as

hmidan- mat:a yyrm ?
rnufra- ayt sidl buwmusa
(1
fadma- mismn:m ?

cida- ciSa
fadma- Ifrat ylemrn:m ?

clda' eHrln eam

fadma- istiwld 2
115a- y: ih
fadma- is yurn 5a I:waiun 1
+i5a- y:ih r yuri si Y5ir:an
fadma- mazy tgid 7
e15a- zy ayt ihya
fadrna- mat:a yyrn ?
siSa- masu .

D. rnilnuna- iwa mrhba , rn1|ba .

noars- irhbam lxir .

mimuna- manl lwadun 1d: labas ?

noars- labas adYlfrn lsal lxlr amlmuna

-57 -
 _4_Qaqf$e ln Spoken Tamazieht

mimuna- tanbar5t: t:ad:art

nbar5- I:a ybark:fik:m .

1.4 Sentences for Praetlce

(a) CooO morning, rabha. (b) CooA mornlng, cida. (a ) How

are you? (b) I'ine. (a) How is the famlly? (b ) Fine.
(c ) uerto. (a ) Heno.
) tnrat is your name? (d) George.
(c
(c) Oo you have ehildren? (d) Yes, I have two boys and a
girI. (") llhere are you from? (d) I am an Ameriean.

(e) Good evening. (f ) Good evening. (e ) How are you all?

(f) Fine. (") Congratulations on the new house. (f) Thank
you.

(g) Herro, (h) Hello. (g) wnat 1s your name? (h) uarte.
(g ) Where are you f rorn? (h ) I am f rom France. (g ) po
you have chlldren? (h) Yes, I have two boys. (g) Wfrat are
their names? (h) Michel and Jean. (e) How old are they?
(n) Uienef is 7 years o1d and Jean is 5 years o1d (e) Gooa-
bye. (h) Goodbye.

(i) are you? (j ) Fine. (i) How is the famlly? (j) Flne.
How
(i) What is her name? (referring to another girl). (j) PaAma.
(1) Where is she fromt (; ) Sfre is from Benl }4gu11d. (1)
How old is she? (j ) She is P.

(k) He1Io. (1) Hetto. (k) wrrat is your name? (1) Fadma.
(X) Wirere are you from? (1) t am from Egypt. (k) Are you
rnarrled? (1) No. I am not married. (k) Good.bye, (1) Oood-
bye.

(*) Good evening. (n) gooo evening. (m) ttow are you all?
(ri) Fine. (m) Congratulatlons on the new born baby. (")
Thank you, (m) ttranh you (after having tea). (n) Don't
mention it. (*) Good night. (n) qooO nlght.
->o-
 Unlt I

1.5 Supply the mlssing responses ln the following conversations.

A. mufa- s:alarnuellk:un ,
husa-
mufa- ma3 1ga thal ?

husa-
mufa- manl lwadun id: labas ?

husa-
rnufa- 1wa 1:ayhn:ik: .
husa-

B. fadma- sbahlxlr
ciEa-
fadma- mam iga thal ?
s15a-
fadma- tanbarEt: daer:im r
e ita-
C. cli- may tenid dubrid
stranger-
c11- mazy tgid ?
stranger-
e1i- is yurE Ea l:waEun ?

stranger
e 11- -sfrat ?

stranger
e li- -shal y1e mrns ?

stranger-
c Ii- mlsmn-s ?

stranger-
cli- lwa mrhba mrhba
stranger-
stranger- 1r* y2e 1 lbarak:a
" 11-
stranger- iwa 1:a ynh:ik: .
f 11-

-5',)-
 A Ccurse in ken Tamazlght

D. cli- 1:ahi eawn

mimuna-
c1i- labas ?

mimuna-
f 11- mani lwaBun id: labas ?

mlmuna-
\ II- ibl:yamd se id s :lam
mimuna-
( li-
mimuna-

- ou-
 UN1E E

2.L s:uq: nbumya

Ivlarket Day in .Fournia.
muha

SOanIXl1. afJ.t- Good morning, Aly.

2- vocative partlcle
*1i
sbahlxir may t cnld ? Good morning. How are
at
you ?
muha

labas , tsnid ixlr Fine, thank you.

ma5 tga s:aht ? How are you?
1l
(t_ I
labas , lhmdul:ah Fine, thank ycu.
rnani lwa5un id: Iabas ? How is your family?
nuha

labas , adyif$isal lxir ac1l . Fi-ne.

manikn kul: id: labas i How are you all?
.]i
labas nhmd irb:i . Fine.
ma datz:nzad dnia dats:aYd ? What are you selling
and what are you
buying?
z 2nz to sell
datz:nzad you are selling (*. s. )
sY to buy
dats:ayd you buy (*.u. )
muha

iuiyd Ea Srrnndi dEa w:1:i . I brought some grain

and some sheep.
lEg: may t:iwid ? And what did you bring?
!e, you (*.*. )
l_ and (utterance lnitial )
awy tn h'v.'i n o

lwiyd I brought
imndi (* ) grain
u1:i (f) sheep (p )
tixsi (f ) sheep (s )

-{)-L-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazl-ght

t:1wid (>d+tiwid ) you (s. ) rrought (nearer)

1i
f .LJ.

lwlyd snat nteZ:lylr' I brought two calves.

mag:a s:uq: l:ma1 ? How is the sheep
market ?

snat tvro (f )
ta*Z :1yt (f ) calf
tLst:iyln calves
ag:a he 1s (r/e/ 'to be, to dof
/ay :-ga ---2agiaf
s :uq: (m ) the market
n--->Ll---#L nf

lmal sheep
1:maI of sheep (>/nLnaL/)
muha

lwa 5wi uxlas: , So sor

ma3a wlymndl f?11 . but that of the grain
1s good.
mag :a wLyzyar: ? How is the cow market?
lwa here: rwelll
6wl little
U^, W and
maia but
1211 (*) good, nice
Lzyar: (m) cattle (p )
azyr (* ) ox (")
sli
lwa urix:l , It is not bad.
ur_ negative particle (prefixed
to verbs )
ix:a he 1s bad.
muha
,.
lstfdrd
taa
mad tsuld ? Have you eaten or not?
fdr to take breakfast, to, lunch
*;; ar
tsuld you (s ) have not yet

- l)a-
 Unit 2

el1
suly , imiin:a riT add.:uY No, I am Just golng
to eat.
suly I have not yet
lm5in:a just about
raY I wanted
d:u to go
d: iy I went
ad- future preflx
add:uy I w111 go
* tG .t(
muha

ag :n :k: suly altu M€, too. (I have not

had breakfast, either)
nga im5li vr eq:a Ide (can ) go (and ) eat
mS trid at :d:ud at Akkars lf you want
to.
ag:d also (ag : d n :k--->ag :n :k: )
nk: I
l_msJ.l lunch
rr to
mB if
trid you wanted
ad- future partlcle
atr d:ud fi ad+t+d:u+d ) you (*.". ) will go
e11
mand:yid s q:a ? Which Akka is it?
mand:yld which (one of )?
muha
q q:a nayt qs :u Akka of the family of
Qssu.
oli
wax:a A1I r1ght.
muha

ya1:ah , Let us go.

-nn-
 A Ccurgejn Spoken Tamazi-ght

2.2 Additlonal Sentences, Phrases and Vocabulary.

A.
1. as : 1:xmis ag:an s :uq: nbumya
Thrtrsdarr ig the mafket dav !rrin !vuLrIIg.
Rnr:mia.
2. as : I :arbe ag:an s :uq: nayt *y:aE
Wednesday is the market day in Ayt Aya.che.
3. as: 1:hd ag:an s :uq: nmidlt
Sunday is the market day in Midelt.

B. mat:a laswaq: n:a yr dat:d:ud ?

What markets do you go to?

mat:a what, which
laswaq2 (*) markets (p)
n:a which
d:u to go
da- present tense, progressive particle
dat : d :ud you go
-dantsw:aq bumya, dantsw:aq: aylalu ntsrdan, dantsw:aq:
kruln, dantsw:aq: midlt, tunfiyt, lg?1, iwa laswaq: n:ay
iqr:bn nitni aya

We go to the markets in Boumia, etc, markets which are

near us.
CLi . d
u'r.Y to go tc the rnarket
dantsw:aq we go to the market
rr . n^/ which to us
to be near
inn.hn thev arc near
niini ihorr 1m \
\"'./
aya this is
(underlined words are names of places where markets are held )

(1
mag:an s ..rr^.
uY . nhrrmrro
rrv urrrJ q 9. When 1s the marhet day
in Boumia?
.9g. 'l . {-nqrrn
+. vr.sJr. Monday
AS: 1 : tlata Tuesday
qq.
1:arb c I{ednesday

- 54-
 Unit 2

as : 1:xmls fhursday
as: 1:iimu a k'f1 flt\r

as: ns :bt Saturday

as : 1:hd Sunday
, Note: may igan----->mag:an
as: + n + Itnayn --->/as z Lztnayn/

D. may tsyid ? What dld you buy?

9tlu corn
irdn wheat
tlmzin barley
ibawn beans
1e ds lentils
thimz nh'i alr noe e
9O.7".
sb.r. flour, farina
sugar
"i4,"
atay taa

n.Qnre mint
lq:hwa coffee
Ig:avz-lbitrun kerosene
g:ar:u ci-garettes
lrrn.id matehes
I vrrq r cucumberg
xiz:u carrots
tal:f :1n turnip
matiEa tomatoes
batata potatoes
azalim onions
t:uma garlic
'l .trtrrr4
4.uvJ\ green beans
lk:rm cabbage
t.qn, <n trfe
vsY psJ squash
t,li".,"rn ealiflower
tiflflt green pepper
z : itun olives
t :f :ah apples
-vg qnvi nnf
Irosmas qyrrvvv
 A Course in Spoken Tamazlsht

lbrquq: plums
lbanan bananas
z:nbue oranges
s:itrun lemons
r.m.An pomegranates
rOff grapes
z:blb raisi-ns
buewlda pears
lxux peaches
aft : ix melon
d:1:ah watermelon
tlgni dates
tamnt honey
bz'ead
"rT*
ay:u! fhl1b milk
udi butter
z:tt oil
rice
tisnt cq'1 *

libzar black pepper

v.
s :ailr)l-y : a red pepper
1k:amun eumin
tiglay (*9. taglayt) eggs
aksum meat
lful-:usn chickens
aslm (pf . islman) fish
iEdif (pr. i$difn) nrg
s:abun soap
ldu3a sandals
iburksn shoes
atf :as Iong shirt
r: st turban
s : rwal trougers
lq:amiZa shirt
taqb lut djellaba
azn:.ar cloak, cape

-66-
 Unit 2

E. nafr td:id Where are you golng?

ma what
Yr to
td:1d you go
d:iy Tr s:uq: f am golng to the
market.
d:1y yr sarl . I am going to the
mountaln.
d:ty yr t.'vbalut : I am golng to the
spring.
d:iy tisirt I am golng to the
mill.
d:iy p' tad:art I arn golng to the
house.
d:1y yr tnzglda I arn going to the
nosque.
d:iy yr r:bad I am going to Rabat,
d:iy s aFiSl- I am golng to the
rlver.
d:iy s igran I am going to the
fields.
d:iy s gl I am going to the
wel1.
d:ly s lnurar I am going to the
threshing grou.nds.
d:i nr S amzil I arn going to the
blacksmith.
d:i y s ahldus. f am going to the
dance.

Notlce: The preposition trtorr ts /yr/ before consonants and /s/

before vowels. The conventlon adopted here is to transcrlbe pre-
positions such as / W/ separate from the nouns that fcIlow them,
whereas preposl-tlons such as /s/ are transeribed wl_thout space
before followj-ng nouns !
e . g. / yy eari/ | to the mountains t

and /sasif/ Ito the riverr

rn the above examples /s/ Ls followed by a space before the noun
just to illustrate the grammatLcal point in question.

_67-
F. Introducing the Numerals I - 3
I. The Berber Numerals (f-3)
yun one (*)
yut one (f )
sin two (* )
snat two (f )
Srad three (*)
Srat: f l.rr oo /f
\* \,/
2. fne eranic Numerals (1-3)
wahd one
tnayn two
tlata three
Note:
a) The Arabic numerals are used only for countlng in order
without naming things (tney are lnvarlable ). The Berber
numerals are used elsewhere "
h\ /tLata/ "three" aopears in apocated form in the construc-
tion /ttt snin,/ t'three years " in response to elther "How
old is he?" or "How long were you in Spaln?". It is also
possible to render the same notj-on uslng the Berber numerals
,fsrad 1sg:asn,/ "three Yearst'.
c ) The Arabic dual of the noun /ean/ "year" appears in the
Berber usage /* amayn/ "two years " which is an alternative
of /sin isg:asn/ t'two Years".
d) Thus we have aS an answer to "How old is he?" the follow-

Arabic Loan Berber

asg:as one year

c amaJm sin isg:asn two years

tlt snin -srad i-sg:asn three years

\r. Ashing a native how he (or she ) says a particular word 1n

'[1avhor.
vvr
!u! .

a) mlsm "...." strnaziyt ? How do you say ". .. " ln Berber?

-6'3-
 unl-E e

b ) mism uya stmazLyt ? What do you call "this " in

Berber ?
c) mlsm uyin: strnaziyt ? What do you call "that" in
Berber?
d) eawd roay tn:id Repeat again (repeat what
you sald ffi.s.r f.s. )
e) cawd sah:a Repeat, please.
f ) urfhirqr may tn:id I donf t understand what you
are saying.
g) slwl E:wi Ewi sah:a Speak slowly, please.

H. yal:ah. . . . Let us (general )

k:ray.... 1et us (dual m. )
k:ram.... let us (dual f . )
k:ratay.... let us (*.p. )
k:rntay.... let us (f.p. )
k:r to stand up, get up
yal:ah answ atay . Let us drink tea.
ya1:ah ffi"tE- d:eam I€t us 6ff-douscous.
yal:ah a.T'tnawy s:k:r Let us ffiing sugar.
k:ray and:u yr s:ue: Let us go to the market.
klrntaY +nd:u yr tad:art Let us go home.

I. Sa some
n- of
Ba nt:f :ah some apples (Iit: some of apples)
/-n/ shows the following changes:
-n --->-1 before t - Ea 1:h11b (tIa ntftlib) rsome
milkf '
-n --->-w: before a - Ea w:atay (>Ea natay) rsome
tea t
-n --->-w before u - Ea w:di (>Ea nudl) 'some
buttert
Notlce : (/w/+/u/-- /w:/)
-n --->-y before i- - Ea yful:usn (>Ea niful:usn)
I some ehickent
( the 1 usually elid.es in this case )
-n ---2-rl elsewhere Ean z:nbuc rsome oranqest
Examples:
k:ray ad:nawy Ea nt:fah . r,et us go and bring some apples
(dua1 m. ).
*6#*
 k:ram ad:nawy Ba 1:hlib . Let us go and bring
some mllk (dual f . )
k:ratay ad:nawy Ea nn:cnae Let us go and bring
some mlnt ('.p.).
k: rntay ad:nawy Ea w:atay Let us go and bri-ng
some tea (r.p.).

2.3 Practlce Drills

A. Ilse /yalzah/ to form the following sentences:
Let us Orint Uea. Let us drlnk coffee.
Let us dri-nk rnilk. Let us eat apples.
Let us eat couscous. Let us eat bread.
Let us eat butter. Let us eat oranges.
Let us eat pears. Let us eat melon.
Let us eat apricots. Let us eat plums.
Let us eat bananas. Let us eat meat.
Let us bring sugar. Ie t us bring oi1.
l,et us bring soap. Let us bring kerosene.
Let us bring eggs. Let us go to the market.
Let us go to the well. Let us go to the ri-ver.
Let us go to the mlll. Let us go to the sPring.
Let us go to the mosque. Let us go to Midelt.
Let us go to Rabat. Let us go to the house.
Let us go to the fields. Let us go to the threshing
grounds.
B. Use the verb /k:v/ to form the following gentences:
Let us (r.d, ) go and brlng some apples.
Let us (f .d, ) go and bring some tea.
Let us (r.p, ) go and brlng some milh,
Let us (*.p. ) go and bring some sugar.
Let us (f .p.) go and brlng some soap.
Let us (n.d. ) go ana bring some o11.
Let us (f .p. ) go and brlng some meat.
Let us (f .d. ) go and bring some Kerosene.
Let us (*.d. ) go and bring some onions.
Let us (f .d, ) go and bring some oranges.
Let us (*.d. ) go and bring some eggs.
Let us (r.p. ) go and bring some butter.
-70-
 Unit 2

Let us {*.p. ) So and bring some c€uscous.

Let us (*.d. ) go and bring scme chicken.
Let us (m.d. ) go and bring soloe bread.

C. Enat ylemrns ? How old is he?

Answer: He is two years old.
Substitute: threeo four, oner fiverten, six, nine, eight,
seven.

D. mag:an s:uq: nmidlt ? When is the rnarket day ln

lrlld.elt ?

as: l:hd , Sunday.

Substltute: Elresday, Friday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Saturday.

E. ma datz:nzad ? l,,lhat do you seI1?

- dazinzaf s:k:r . I sell sugar.
Answer using the followlng:
butter, grapes, rlce, cucumbers, pears, oiI, watermelon, tea,
sugar, green mint, caullflower, turnip, corn, wheato lentils,
coffee, kerosene, cigarettes, squash, potatoes, onlons, caruots,
tomatoes, garli-c, raisins, peaches, melon, green pepper, €Bgsr
meat, sa1t, cumin, chickens, soap, red peppers, fish, bread,
oranges, honey, barley, flour, beans, chick peas, bananas,
green beans, cabbage, squash, apples, olives, pomegranates,
mi1k, dates.

F. Supply the mlsslng responses Ln the following conversation.

mimuna - sbahlxlr a fadma fadma -
mimwra - mam iga thal ? l'adma
mimuna - ma datz tnzad dma dats:a1d ? fadma
mlmuna - ma"g:a s :uq: imndi ? fadma -
mi-muna - mani muha ? fadma -
mlmuna - mayr td:id dyi ? fadma
(/ari7 "now" ) '
mlmuna - l:ayhn:ik:m fadma -

-71 -
 A Course in Spoken Tamgaigbt

G. Translate into Berber:

r 1) Did you eat yet? 1) I bought sone cucumbers, some turnips,
sone tomatoes, some onlons, and some bananas. 3 ) Hotnl is the
family? 4) How is the sheep market? 5) So so. 6) It is
nct bad. 7) Let us go to the market. B) Where are you
going? 9) I am going to the mountaj-n. 10) t am going home.
11) You are goi-ng to the market. 12) Thursday is the market
dnrr
se., i n Rnrrp6ig.

H. Translate into ft'rglish.

(fnis exercise is on tape ln the language lab).

-"(P-
 Unit 3

3.1 wllyam dayt:k:a aYt <Y':ad

Wllliam Visits AYt AYache
A. Ietroduction
1. wllyam amd:ak:1 nmuha . William is l'6;ha?s frlend.
and:ak: l (* ) friend
tamd :ak:1t (f ) friend
1md;uk:al. (*) friends
tirad:uk:a1 (f ) f riend.s
2. wl1yam j-mum dmuha ad:k:in l4uha takes William wlth him
ayt uxamns . to visit his familY.
mun to accompany
A
u qn
$r^9,
d r"ri th

imun he accornpanied
k. to visit
ad:k:in they (m) will visit
ayt uxam fanily
_ns hls
taxamt tent
J. wilyam dayxd:m dlhuk:uma Williarn works for the U.S.
nmaliklan yr:bad Government in Rabat.
xdm to wcrk
da- present tense stem
xd:m VH of /xdn/ (see Grammatical Notes 3.2)
thuk:uma the governrnent
malik:an Anerica
v in
t.
t! mufa imyus:an dwllyam l'firha net William in Rabat.
yr: bad
inqrus:an (reciprocal ) he knows, he got acquainted with
ls:n he knows
5. wllyam is:n itmaziyt . !trllIiam speaks Berber.
is:n he lmerv (he 1"nows )
is:n i (+language ) he speaks a language
tamazi-yt Berber language
tmaziy t construct state (after preposition )
a,maz:r{ (*. s. ) Berber (person).
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazlght

tamaziyt (f.s. ) Berber (person)

lmaziyn (m.p. ) Berbers
timazlfin (r.p. ) Berbers
B. Ccnversation
husa Muhars father
fadrna ltluha t s mother.
muha the son
vr !rJi ,'o
,^ri qrrr- the guest
husa
axsurtuhilm ? Aren't you (*.p. )
tlred ?

axs a wishful form

wh1 to be tired
tunrm you (*.p. ) are tired
rrv*rrhi "l m
you (*.p. ) are not tlred
muha

nk: bcda unrhily Sa I myself arn not tlred.

iEg: awllyam , axsurtuhlld ? How about you, W1111am?
nk: I
be da first of all (frere: rnyself )
rrh'l
*,^.Y^, I am tired
B; some
wilyam
irra Ewi wxlas:
ta
Just a Iittle.
U rW' and
xlas: enough
husa
iwa kZmad: , k?mad: Come in, come ln.
mism 1:e 11 beda ? llhat ls the name of
the boy?
kLm to enter
h?mat come j-n (you rn.p. )
k?mad z (< /khnat +. d/ where /-d-/ ls a partlcle of
proximity )
you come in (*.p. ) (toward
speaker )
lq i1 boy (here: young man)

- (+-
olt
 Unit 3

misrn nlsil ---- mlsrn 1;c il

muha

wilyam Wi111am.
husa
mrhba , mrhba , mrhba trrlelcome, William
a. "*ffi*
a of, with (to)
wilyam
irhbaE lxir Thank you.
husa
a

&m:tad:artnb aya yourself at

l'{ake home.
thmdul:ah , kXmad: Come ln.
am: like
tad:art house
-nH your (rn,s. )
aya this is
husa (calling his wife )
fadma r Fb.dma.
fadma

fl c&lll Yes.
husa
t zutd: iq3u5n o han Prepare the tea pot
lwa5un lwdnd and the glasses. The
boys did come.
w?a tc be ready
wv!
z iuzcl prepare (causative form =
make ready)
vWr
z 2una"i prepare (wlth /-d-/
partiele of proximity)
iq:EuFn teapot and glasses
han here are
lwaFun the boys (frere: young men )
awd
,
to reach
t-wc.n they reached
iwOnO they arrlved (wlth the pro-
xlmity partlcle /-d-/
 A Ccurse in Spoken Tamazl-sht

fadma
hat l:an uZdn yas kZmad: . - They are ready. Just
come in.
hat here
i1i to be
1:an they are
wZdn -uZdn they are ready
Yas just
husa
ignwan waman mad sul: ? Has the water boiled
or not (yet ) ?
is- questlon partiele cf the
"Do-wirl" typ.
nw to boil
nwan they bolled (vrater is plural
l-n Eeroerr\
J

aman water
rnad or not
sul: they are not yet ( suln)
fadma
_-:_
d:an cllhal Tas an:a xf f,:uzaom By the time you get
ready it will be bo11ing.
d:an they went (refers to water=
it is about to)
clihaI alrnost
an:a xf when ("* soon as )
t:uzadm you (*.p. ) are (w111 be)
ready
muha

m:a , &d:ud at:sl:md xf Mother, conle and say

lcil , hatin is:n itnaziyt hello to the young man.
He does speak Berber.
m.9 mother
A .rr tc go
ad:ud to corne
ql .m /yf \ to greet (o", )
at:s1:rod you rniill greet ( ad+t-sl:m-d)
hatin emphatic form. Here the whole
ohrase means rhe does speak
.-
*lv'/6*
Berbert .
 fadma

1:ahisawn , mism 1:ciI Hello, trhat is the

ttboYts" narne?
muha

wilyam William.
fadma

may tcnid ld: labas ? How are you?

r,r{ 'l rrq m
vv r 4J qrrr

labas adamlg rb:i lxir Fine, thank You.

ad- future particle
qm to you (r.s. )
o to do, to be
ir he does (here: "God" )
rb:1 God
fadma

iwa mrhband , hatin anbYi Welcome. You are

axatar ay yr:T t:gid great guest.
anbyi (* ) guest
tanbyiwt (f ) guest
inbyawn (*) guests
tinbyawin (f ) guests
axaLar (*) great, blg
taxatart (f) great, big
ixatar: (m.p. ) great, big
tixatarln (r.P. ) great, big
ay +^

s*f Y to us (we have )

s | +-\
(r \>v/ proximity particle
+^t
u6IuA you (s. ) are
wllyam
i-rhbam lxir r &il: tad:artlnw Thank you. I feel at
aya thmdul:ah home here.
.em. like
-lnw mlne
aya this
-77-
iwa ms' nwan waman , awid If the water is bol1-
0,flel11 i f atay ing, then glve it to
me to make tea.
mg if
nwan they boiled (water p. )
awld you brlng
a,d- (---tu- ) future particle (see gramma-
tlca1 notes )
n em:f we will make tea, we wil1 fill
up
fadma
mand :l;run ag : t cm:ar : Who is golng to make
tea ?
mand:15run who, (which one of you m.p. )
ag! who (relative )
t : cm:ar habitual form (VH) of / n:r/
t :cm:ar: partielple forrn
husa
Easd s:lnlt Lwllyam adlem:r Give the tray to
WlL11am to make tea.
Easd give him
s:lnlt (f) the tray
w11yam
la ,yas em:r bg;n: it Noo you just prepare
nk: urs :tn1 . the tea yourself, I
do not know (frow to ).
Yas Just
bg rn: it you yourself
s!n to know
s:nY' I knew
urs liny I do not know
nk: I
nk:n lit I myself
husa
wax !a , bismil :ah In the of God.
name
bisrnll:ah fhis 1s sald before starting
something, eg, eatlng, drink-
ing, stepping into a house
-Q
 Unit J

than yours, worklng

in the ftetd early
1n the mornlng or pay-
ing money, etc.
wilyam
walayn:i 1k:as aya Ohl What an excellent
g1ass.
urdZin swiy atay am: wa ! I never drank (such
good) tea tihe this.
wala5m : i here = Ohl What an excellent.
(can rnean Oh! What a terrlbl-e)
lk:as the glass
aya this
urdZi,n never
swiy I drank
atay tea
wa (*) this
ta (f) this
husa

lsdats :am atay ytmazirtn:un Do people drink tea

mad uhu ? in your countrY or not?
sw to drink
is- question introducer
(interrogatlve rnode prefix )
dats:am you (*.p. ) drlnk
tamazirt country
-n:un yours
mad or
uhu no
wilyam
y:ih , dans:a atay , wa1a5m:i Yes, they drink tea,
urid: am: wa . but tt ls not llke this.
dans la we drink
urid: not
urid am: ta not like this one (f)
muha

tn:i-di urdats:am yas Iq rhwa . &rt you told me that

(in Ameriea ) people
drink (only-nothing
-'79-
 A flot'rse. ip Spoken Samazight
but ) coffee.
ini to say
*n.iA
vrr . Iu you said
]-n.iAi
vrr. !q! you told me
dats:am you (ro.p. ) drink
laS just, only, nothing but
wi-1yam
y:ih , walayn:i e d :an win :a Yes, but there are
days:an atay many people who drink
tea.
waIa1m : i but
ed:an thev Artr nllmprous
ed:u to be abundant
r,rin:a those (*)
tin:a those (f )
days:an Lh err ri v'i n k

3.2 Grammatical Notes

The Verbx
In Tamazight there are two stems for each verb:
(" ) Simple Verb Stem (V) which is translated here as the
htglish inflnitive and is ldentical wlth second person singular
imperative. Thus: sl:m I to greetr

sl:m 'greet I (you s. ) t

(v) is the form under which a verb form is l-isted in the di-cticnary
(an ideal dictj-onary of Taraazight ).
(b) Habitual Verb Stem (\ru) wnich j-s derived from (V) ny
certain rules. (VH) of /sL:m/ Ls /tzsl-:am/ ,trYtich can be trans-
l-ated as an energetic imperative 'Do greetl (yol.t s. )'(more fre-
quently 'get in the habit of greetlng'). (irT{) of /xdw/ ys /xd":n/.
Certain tenses and nodes can be formed from (V), others frcra
(VIf). The imperative, the aorist of narration, the past tense
(in affirmatlve, negative, interrogatlve and negative-lnterrogatlve

For more information on The Verb and other grammatical cate-

gories consult: A Short EETe?e66e Gramr,lar of .lpqken g3gaz:g$_
by Ernest T. Abd"Af:T6Esin:-

iln
 Unit 3

modes), the future tense (affirmative and interrogative "Will"

type modes ), and the past participle are derived from (v). From
(VH) the following structures can be derived: energetic imperative'
negative imperative, interrogative future - QW (question word) typet
negative future, the present tense (ln affirmative, negative, in-
terr.cgative, and negative-interrogative modes) and tire present and
future ParticiPles.

Thg Inperative
The Imperative is fornned by adding the following suffixes to
(v), {fmC = Person, Number, Gender )
Inperative /-P N G///
2 s rnrf /-grf/
?pm /-at#/
2pr / -nt#/

Thus, from /sL:n/ 'to greetf we d.erive the following imperatives:

sl:m Greetl (You s')
sl:mat Greet ! (You m'P' )
sl:mnt Greet I (You f 'P' )
Notice:
(") a simple verb stern (v) ending /-uit'/ ar /-ylt'/ wr-LL have
the suffix /-Vat/ (rather than /-at/ ) for imperati-ve of second
oerson masculine plural (/-p tl G#/): e-9.'
d:u to gc
d:u GoI (You s')
d:uyat Gc I (You rn'P ' )
d:unt Go I (You f 'P ' )

ini Eo say
ini SaYl (Ycu s. )
iniyat SaYl (You m'P. )
inint SaYl (You f.P')
(b) A Simp1e Verb Sten (V) end.ing tn /-vl// changes its
/-vil/ to /-L-/ :-n /-ertlnco,i,// imperative: e.8.:
asy Tc carry

- cl_L-
 asy Carryl (you s. )
asyat Caruyl (you m.p. )
aslnt Carry! (you f .p. )
Person Number Gender Afflxes (/-PNG-/
)
Ttrere is only oNE paradign expressing person, Number, an.
Gender (/'pNe-/) attached to either (v) or
1wr1 ro" tr,* rorma-
tlon of the dlfferent tenses and their modes (which are achleved
by the prefixatlon of dlfferent particles. ).
/-pNg-/ affixes
(for (V)r(VH) - all tenses and modes)
I
you +A
su

he I

she +
we n
you (tn.p. ) tn
you (r.p. ) tnt
they (*)
they (f) .nt
Notice:
(") Ist person s. sufflx /*r/--->/qt/ tt (v) ends In /*r/
zdY to dwell
zdq: I dwelt
(b ) Jrd person m. s. preflx Is h-/ before consonant
and /y- /
before vowels
s1:m to greet (V)
lsl lm he greeted

an:ay to see (V)

yan:ay he saw
(") Jrd person m.p, sufflx /-n/ --->/r/ n (V) has final
/-r/ or ---->/-t/ lf (v) has flnal /-L/.
.*orT to rnake tea
em:r; € o m:rn) they (rn ) made tea, they (m ) firreO
Q^
-VC'
 sli1 to rinse
s1il : (< s1iln ) they (*) rinsed

Aorist of Narration
(The Aorlst is a dependent form, i.e. utterance non-inlt1alt
that can mean past, present, future or even imperatlve dependlng
on the tense of the inltial verb. )
The conjugated (V) is called the Aoris! of Narratlon whleh ls
sirnply any (V) + ,/-pmg-/ affLxes. Thus /sann/ 'to forglver:
/-p N c-/
1 s mrf ly
2 s mrf t lsamn
lsamn l0
?cm
Js i [samn I

3sf t lsamrr I

1 p mf 7r samh
I
't p tlr
+ samh
lm
2 p f L
U samh
lnt
3 v m samh
ln
J n
.Y f samrr
[nt
Affirmative F\rture
/ad-/ is the future particle. The future is formed by pre-
fixation of the future particle /ad'/ to the Aorlst of Narratlon
(i.". (v) + PNG Affixes)
Thus: ttsl:mtt to greet
/-P N G-/
1s mrf ao
lsr:m lv
2s mrf at : lsI :m ld
3s m aoi
lsr:m I
3s I at: lsl:ml

I p ffirf an
"1'*
at: sr:m I
z !., m
lm
z L' f at: s1:m ln
3 p m ad sr:m
ln
3 p I ad s1:m
ln
- oJ-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazight

Notice :
(*) /-d-/ of the future particle /aa-7---> /-t-/ before
another /t-/ (i.". if (V) has initial /t-/ this cccurs
with 2 s..o 3 f .s., 2 m.p.o 2 f.p.
(A) /-a-/ oi the future particLe /ad.-/ drops before /n-/
of lst person plural.
Likewise the present tense is formed r^iith the same /-PNG-,/
added to (WI) and present tense prefix /da-/ i €.g.,
s1:ro to greet (V)
t:s1:am (VH) of sl:m

/ -r N \a -,/
I rrr, r /1^
T
It:sr:am
2 s mf dat : sl:am d
[b
3 m ucJ : sr :am /l
fb
S f dat
fb:sl:am
l_ v mf dan : s1 :am
2 p m dat : sI :am m

2 p I dat . el .,qm n*

3 p m da :s1 :am n
3 p f da 1:am n*

Drl1ls
Conjugate the following verbs in all /-PNG-/ in
(a ) the imperative
(t ) tire Aorist
fe)
\" / ttre frrtrrre
1r Meaning
<1 .m /vf \ to greet
eawn (i ) to help
ns (y) (y") to spend the night
mlrn
lrrqrr /.f
\*
\
/ to accompany
:?b (* ) to welcome
zdv (v ) to dwel1
qemh fi\.,/\ to fnroi rre

-[-]4*
 7.Y\7_ to se1l
f n lrv'i ncr
awy
X:U to be bad
r*T to eat
ini to say
A.rr to go
k: to visit
xdm (y ) (v') to work
kZm (v ) (rr ) (xr ) to enter
to prePare
u*9 to arrive
em:r to make tea
ri
" /i\- \/ to glve
SW to drlnk
sw:q to shop

B. yal:ah answ ataY Let us drink Eea.

k: ray and:u fr s :uq: T^AU .,a
LC Lrtr l^ A
\rrr. u. ) go to the market.
Given:
sw to drink (V)
tE to eat (V)
sY to buy (v)
d:u to so (v)
Form the followirg sentences:
Let us drink coffee.
Let us buY soaP.
Let us eat meat.
Let us buY bananas.
Let us (f.d. ) go to the mountaln.
Let us (r.P. ) go to the rlver.
Let us eat bread.
Let us buY tea.
Let us (*.d. ) go to'the mogque.
Let us (*.P. i eo to the threshing grounds.

r: m:a , &d :ud at : sl :md Mother, come and say hello

xf lci} . to the young man (in order
to say hello. ..)
 Notlce: ad:ud = comel imperatlve /-v"xu#/ + at:sl:rnd =
future /-pZNs-/
arnuha ar li d:uyat lvluha and A1y, come and say
at:sl:mm xf lcil hello to the young man.
Notice: d:uyat pZNoG* imperative, and at :sl :mm-PzNpGm- future.

Form the following sentences:

1. come in and have runch: (s. ) (ccme l-n order to have lunch)
2. Gc and work! (*.p. )
3. Come ln and make tea (s. )l
4. Come in and greet the guestl (f .p. )
5. Go and work! (s. )
6. Come in and. greet the young manl (m,p. )
7. Go and help Alil (u. )
B. Enter to greet Williaml (s. )
9. Go to the market and bring (some) grainl (m.p. )
10. Come and eat bread and butterl (f.p. )

D. Translate into Berber:

l. f wt1I drink tea.
2. She will eat meat.
3. We w111 visit Rabat.
4. They (r, ) wi-1l enter.
5. We w111 greet the guest.
6. They (m. ) lrlll work.
7. He will greet the young nan.
B. r will help the young nan.
9. She will acconpany Muha.
10. trrle will take lunch here.

E. Translate into Berber:

1. Aly is lvftrhars frlend.,
2, Fadma is M.rhars friend.
3. AIy and Fb,d-rna are trfr:hats friends.
4. Mimuna is l\fiihat s f riend.
5. Mimuna and Fadma are lvluhats friends.
6. l4uha met Mimuna in Midett.
-85-

E
 7 . lfuha works in Rabat.
B. l4lmuna works in Midelt.
g. l{uha took }dlmuna with him to vislt the family in Rabat '
10. Mimuna speaks Arabie.
11. l,tuha speaks Berber.
1,2. He speaks Berber and Arabic.
13, She sPeaks onlY Berber.
14. Ilusa greeted Mj-muna.
15. She greeted Ki-muna.
Translate lnto B'tglish :
This exercise is on tape in the language lab.
G. Translate lnto &rglish :
This exercise is on tape ln the language lab.
ll a Translate lnto llrglish:
This exercise in on tape in the language lab'
I.
l_.yal:ah answ lq:hwa
2. ya1:ah ant; d:e am
3.
Substltute for the underlined words from the following 11st
using a suitable word that agrees with the verb of the sample sen-
tence. Form flve sentenees based on each of the above sentences.
I*st: I

1. z :1tun 11. taybalut: I

2. aman L2, e:nbue

I
4
||

3. s :uq: 13. Ttl:

4. t:f :ah 14. atay
5. aY:u 15. ayfum
6. tad:art --
IO. rnr10
7. aksum L7. sianun
8. atay sn: enar 18. 19:ayz
9. aslf 19. tmzgida
v
10, lmimai 20, l-q:amiza

-vl
!
 Unlt 4

4. f imaziln dlq:asidansn
Berber Tradittons
husa
\ You sPeak (verY good)
walaSm:i ts:nd
i.tmazi.Yt awllYam o
Berber, William.
mani yastrb:ad ? Where did You learn tt?
walayn:i oh! - but
ts:nd you know (Past used to exPress
a ract )
rnani where
as 1t
(mani as --> mani Yas ) where to it
rb:a to learn
trb:ad you learned
wilyam
yllk:ul Ymallk:an At school ln Amerlca.
1ik:ul school
malik:an Ameri-ca
husa

max ?
whv?
wllyam
t lafad adlslnY In order to be able to
mas sawaly lYmazlYn , speak to the Berbers and
salxtn xf taeiStnsn , ask them about the waY
dlq racidansn . they live and (know) tfrelr
customs
'
t:afad ln order to
adisiny know (future)
m8, what
mas with what
sawalY I speak
sal (*r ) ask (about, on )
salxtn (>salytn) I ask them
taeiEt life
-nsn their (* )
1q:a" ida custon, hablt

_ot-
 A Course ln Spoken Tannazight

husa
nk:ni inslmn ay nga We are Moslems and be_
thmdul:ah . dant:amn lieve in God and in
srb:1 dwawalns His words. people here
md;n da urdas:an
do not drlnk, nor do
5:rab ula dat :qm:ar: . they gamble, Even ciga_
ag:d g:ar:u iga f *if
a
rettes are considered
+lihal kul:Jl dayd.:zai-.a lrutbt
t'al . bad, Almost everybody
prays the Friday prayer.
nk:ni we
ay who, that
nga hre are
i
ann to belleve, trust
I

dant:amn we believe (present )

awal speech, talk
-ne his (of hlm)
md;n people
da
here
din.
uall.
there
SW
to drink
das:an they drink (present )
J: rab alcohollc drinks
?* :: to ganrble
dat :qm
aa
:ar: (a/d.at :qm iarn/ \ They gamble (present)
ur,.. ula nei-ther_nor
ag:d even
g:ar:u cigarettes (*)
iga he ls, lt (m. ) is
I eib shame, shameful
elihal almost
ku1 : Ei all, everybody, everythlng
i:a:r: to pray (s.f. )
t:za1:a .a VH (Habitual Form) ot /7 :al- /
:
dayd zzal:a ft dait :zal ---
. . . . a /) he prays (present )
lxutbt a. Friday Prayer

_ct o_
 Unlt 4

wlIyam
lrtndan
aa
? lsdatt:azumn How about Ramadan?
mad uhu ? Do you fast or not?
azum to fast (V)
t:azum vI{ (itatitual Form)
datt:azunn they (m. ) fast j"t
husa
I

y:lh s eg:d twaEun

a
Yes, even klds twelve
ntnacBrla eam dat:auumn years old fast.
ag:d
a
even
lwaEun chlldren
tnari: twelve
fam year
dat:azumn they fast
wilyam
y:lh ! lyad:ay Oh: (is trrat so? )
yay 3a Ea r R& d.ast;g:am And when you have a
sick person what do
you do?
t- end (sentence inltlal or
utterance )
ad:ay when
yay Ea 5a someone is slek
ay to reach
yaf it reached
$a sornethlng, somebody
t lg:a WT ot /g/ rto be, to dot
husa
dadnq:ar id:alb He call the rellglous
adasyaru , teacher to write.
(lmplted ls the word
amulet )
Y: to call (v)
q:aT VH of / :/ 'to call'
dadnq:ar we call (pres. with proxl-
mlty partlcle /-d-/)
d:alb religlous teacher

-o'l -
 A Course in Spcken Tamazlght

aru wrote (here: write an amulet )

yaru he wrote
wilyam
is d.atE:uZuynt tir:a nd:a1b Does the writing of
the shelkh eure him?
Y.,,
a.J to be cured (V)
2 zuLy Causative (SV)
z:uluy Habitual of the Causative (SVH)
tlr:a the writing (Noun from
/aru/ 'to write t )
husa
am: yism r:b:1 Sure.
am: like
1sm name
rb:1 God
r:b:1 (>nrb :i ) of God
wilyam
ma dat:g:am i-tmTrlwln ? What do you do for
marrlages ?
ma what ?

dat :g:am you (p1. ) do

I
tamyra (f. ) wedding
tlm-riwln
t.
weddings
tmvriwin Construct State (CS) of
/tlm^frLwIn/. Here the CS
oecurs because the noun
follows the prepos:-tion /L/
rfor, tor.
husa

ad:ay yawg 1c11 xf yiwl , When the young man

dasnt:xtar tarbat: n:as lt :1*Zlbn reaches the age of
marriage, we choose
dant:awy s:k:r , t:ignl o dlhn:a a glrl whom we thlnk
w111 please hi-rn. Then
nd:u at:ns:utr ilahlns t we take sugar and dates
mi qlb: , dat:d:un lcil , and henna and go and
t:rbat: , dlahlnsn yl lblru ask the glrlfs hand
from her parents. If
ade$cn . tamyra slxfns , they agree then the
dat:nttg:a ys:lf ad:ay nsy;f boy and the glrl and
the parents go to the
 Unlt 4
j.ce
ot'f ( o
to register. Tlre wed-
ding itself takes
plaee in summer after
we harvest the erops.

ad:ay when
**9 to reach
yawg he reaches
] st1 the youth
iwl marriage
*l"l to choose
n:a who
it : i ezlbn roleasinsr present Parti-
lipre (ilseii with /nza/)
dant:awy we take
e.k.r' sugar
treni dates
thn:a henna
zl .rr to gc
s:utr to ask for (V)
at:ns :utr we ask for her
lahlns her parents, familY
qb1: p qbln ) they accept
dat :d:un they go
lbiru office
yl lbtru (tyr ro]-ru j to the offlce (citY' town,
village hall where Offielal
Certiiicates are issued.)
+^
yr (->yr/-#t-
q9* to register a marriage
adqdcn in order to reglster the
mamiage
tar,tyra the wedding
si-xfns itself {>/Lxt/ fheadr which
refers io fselft ).
dat:nt rg:a we do it (f.)
s:if summer

fr:f to harvest the summer

crops
nsy:f we harvest the summer
crops

-93-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazight

4.2 Story Based on Unlt 3 and Unlt 4

:an muha dwilyam yr:bad n:ay Zmcn . wilyam

im1rus
dayxd:m dlhuk:uma nmallk:an yrtbad . yun was: .r yawy mula
wilyam sayt ey:ab ad,:k:in sayt uxamns fusa , b:as nmuha ,
ifTl l:iy asisiwl wilyam stmazlyt . yas anla diwdn , iy1g
husa ifadma at:i:uZO tqSuIn , ts:nw aman . 1:1y swan atay ,
ieZbas iwilyam bz:af . day in:asn ymalik:an urdastan atay sn!enar
1:iy isal husa wilyam many irb:a ltmaziYt , day in:as
wilyam yllklul ymalik:an , I:iy tisal max , in:as t:afad adylsin
mas 1sawa1 iymaziyn o isaltn xf taciItnsn , dlq:asldansn
day in:as husa , md:n ytmazlrt inslmn ay gan , urdas:an 5:rab ,
u1a dat:qmiar: . 1:1y tlsal madat:g:an ad:ay yay 5a 5a ; tn:as
husa dadq:ar: id:a1b adasyaru . day isalt altu xf tmyriwin .
in:as ?y"t , &d:ay yawd lsil xf yiwl o dast:xtar: ayt uxamns
tarbat: n:as it:i+Xibn , dat:awin s:k:r , t:igni , dlhn:a ,
d:un at:s:utr: ilahlns , mE qbl; , Ori,O,rn lril , t:rbat: ,
dlahlnsn yl lbiru adqdcn . tamyra sixfl"rs datlt:g:an ys:if .

n:ay where (conjunction)

(n:a + y twhich ist )
imc to meet
alfy to take
k. to visit, to Pass bY
fl? to be happy
f .irr when (conjunction)
siwl to speak
y&S &n:a as soon as
r"9 to aruive
yt to call
irl* he called (+ prox. )
bz.af much (a 1ot )
day then
1ni to say
tamazirt country
sa1 to ask
ad:ay when (conJunctlon )

-94-
 Unit 4

altu again
Vl lbiru (>fr fniru I to the Clty HaII Office

4.3. Grammatlcal Notes s!q-!r1ft

4.3. I Interrogative
(for cn thls subject, see: A short Refer-
'encemore informatlon
Grammar df Tarnazight )

Questlon _I,tlg_rclg:
may ? who ?

mag:ns ("*ry i*q) who ls (m. )?

(tit" 'to be related tot )
ma? what ?

mat:a ? what, which?

mi? who, what?
mani ? where?
maYr ? where ?
mllni ? when?
rnani- luq : t when?
milan ? whose ?

mimS ? how?
Ehal ? how many? how much?
max ? why?
max al:1y ? why.... ?

win ml whose (obJect ls (*))

tin mi whose? (obJect is (f))

\ 4.3.2 Dlil-ls
A. Answer the following questlons (based on Unlts I and 4):
1) mag:ms wilYarn ?
2) manl VZme wllYam dmuha ?
J ) mayr d:an ?
4) lsls:n wilyam itmazlYt ?
I ) mani Yasirb:a ?
6) max ?
7) max a1:iy ifT? husa ?
B) 1s dat:azumn imazlYn ?

-95-
 9) ma dat:g:an imazlYn adlay yaf Ea Ea ?
fO ) isdatZ :uZuynt tlr:a nd:alb ?
11) ma dat:g:an lmaziyn ltmyriwln ?
12) mihai a dat:sy:afn lmaziyn ?
13) lsdas:an atay sn:cnae ymalik:an ?
14) rnay dayxd:m wllyam ?
15) max a1:iy ylwy mufa wllyam sayt ey:a5 ?

16 ) max al liy iyra muba imaYs ?

1.7) lsleZb watay lwlyarn ?
18) isdas:an imaziyn 3:rab ?
19 ) isdat :qm;ar: lnnaziyn ?
20) m1lmi ay dat:g:an lmaziyn tlmyrlwln ?
p,
Answer the following general questions:
I ) mayr id:a s1i ?
2) mism wask:a ?
3) tstrid 1q:hwa ?
4) mani 1uq:t ay dlt;eayad d:alb ?

5) milan lwa5una ?
6) mim5 dat:g:ad iwatay ?

7) aya 2
Erral
B) max aI:ly ld:a rnuha sayt +y:a5 ?

9) id: lgrnb aya ?

1O) milmi ag:t:d:u muha yr tmsgida 2

c. id:a yr s :uq:
mufa
mafr ld:a rnufa ?
For each of the following sentenees form a question.

1) w11yam amd;ak:1 nmuha ag:a

2) wllyam dayxd:m yr:bad .
3) t:afad adlkr yr eli
4) la , riy &man o

5) lxux dz;nbuc
5) win eli
7) dat:g:an lmazlyn timlriwin ys:lf
B) rbeln ryal

-tr6-
 Unit 4

9 ) tsrud dumnasf
10) wifyam dmuha dhusa ag:swan ataY
D. Translate into Berber
1) WiIIiam learned Berber at school in America.
2) John is AlYrs frj-end.
3) John visited the village of Ayt Ben lchou.
4) In America people do not drink mint tea.
5) Aly and Fadroa and their families went to register the
marriage.

11 Translate into ftrglish:

(fnis exercise is on tape in the language lab).

F. Listen to the story on tape in the language lab and answer

the questions.

-97 -
5.L Kinship Terms
A. lZd: grandfather (tena of reference )
b :ahl:u my grandfather (term of address )
fa mo fa
nan:a my grandrnother fa mo mo
r rn:ahl :u
b:a my father
m:a my mother
B. Fbtherts Family
f m.i my uncle fa br
f +.i
V.! my aunt fa sl
mm:ls n+rn:i my cousin (") fa br so
il:is n+m:i my cousin (f) fa br da
mm:is nst :i my cousin (*) fa si so
il:is nct:i my cousin (f) fa si da
mm:ls nsm:1s nb:a my fatherrs cousin
cm:is nb:a my fatherrs uncle fa fa br
(\ Mgther's Famlly
xali my uncle mo br
xalti rny aunt mo sj-
mm:is nxall my cousi-n (*) mo br so
i1:ls nxali my cousin (f) no br da
mm:is nxalti my cousin mo sl so
iI:is nxalti my cousin mo si da
et:ls nmia my mother?s paternal aunt mo fa si

D. yrfta / (pr ) my brother

ut:ma / (pr ) my sister
mm:i my son
i1.i my daughter
mm:is nut :rna my nephew si so
i 'l . 'i c nlrme mv ni eee br da
argazinw my husband
tamd:ut :inw my wi-fe
mm:is nil:i my grandson da so
lwaBun nil:i rny grandchlldren
mm:is nmm:i my 6irandchild so so

-99-
 - A Cc*urse ln SPoken Tarnp,ziEht -

lwaEun nram:1 my grandchlldren

adg:a1 (*. *. ) in-law (*) wi br
wi sl
wi- fa
wi mo
uncle, etc. wi mo
Thls terra expresses the relation between man and all the(ma1e)
members of hts wifets famlly and vlce versa except for the
relation between wife and husbandrs family (See E and F below).
tadg:a1t fem. of above term
adg:a1inw mY in-law (*)
t"$$:altinw mY in-law (f)
j-dulan 1n-1aws (*.P. )
tldultn ln-1aws (r.P. )

E, the wife in relation to her husband t s family (terms of Jeterelce )

ar,ryaI hu fa
tanalart hu mo
alus hu br
talust hu si

F. The wlfe when calling them _[teq*s__of address)

cI[:1 muha
a
Uncle Mchammed for hu fa
xaltl e lba Aunt Aisha for hu mo
c'li A1y for hu br
fadma trbdma for hu sl

5.2 Conversations
A. wilyam
mat :a tad:artin: m:sln Whose house 1s that
3:ra'zm lzgzawn ? over there wtth the
two green windows?
mat:a what
-ln: that
m: (f) of (=mother of, that (r. ) or)
bu (*) of (=father ofr that (m. ) or)

- 100-
 Unlt 5

E:rZm (*) window

E:raEm (p ) windcws
azgza (*. ". ) blue,/green
Lzgzat^rn (p ) blue/green

muha
j
tin cm:1 . yas :-mEin:a t:ibna . It is my unclers. He
just bullt it.
tln (f ) it ls of
Yas Just
imEin:a just
bnu to build
lbna he built
ibnat: he builr lt (f )
Notice: Pronominal affixes are movable particles. Here /tt-/ is
preverbal because of the conjunction.
wilyam
winmj- iy : isin : g :mi 1 :bab ? Whose horse is in
front of the door?
win that of
winmi whose
'irr.i q horse
imi mouth
y + imi---)g:mi in front of, at the entrance
(r,it: in the mouth of )
lbab door
n + lbab --i1:bab of the door
muha

lrln mm:is nem:i It is my cousinrs. I€t

yal:ah and:u sigran us go (ln order to )
adaBsns ty igrann :y . show you our flelds.
igrin: axatar yI:ant tmzln That big fleld where
wln urgaz nut:ma , wan: there is barley belongs
tamans yl:an yirdn wln cm:1s to my ststerrs husband,
nb:a . wan: urln:as that one near 1t where
yuril:l walu wln b las there ls wheat belongs
ntmdut: nJrma . to ny fatherts uncle,
*101-
 A Course in Spcken Tanazlght
that cne where there
is ncthing (planteo )
belongs to the father
of my brotherrs wife.
to (p""p. ) netore nouns that
have initial vowels.
inr
!e)r field
lgran fields
I

sne t to show
sn+ ty I showed
-n:"r our (pronominal affix)
axatar (*.*. ) big
taxatart (f.*. big
ili to be in
l:ant there are (f )
tlmzin barley
avSaz husband (man)
wan: that one
tama besides
ns him/it (*) (of it, m.f , )
irdn ivheat (p )
win is of (berongs to )
urin:as ?rorrnnrl i J-

nntl,ri
rrv vrr!r nrL-
c
t'a1u
p. wilyam
rna^,r id:a b:aE ? Where did your father
I
on2
c".

rnaYr where
id:a he rvent
'l.r.q mrr fq thoz.
muha

id:a ad:yawY Yun uhuli He went to bring a

sheep.
q
eurtrl rr.n l^ttl
e"!,t he will take
n proximlty particle
ahuli sheep (*), ram
wilyam
nay tira What does he want i-t
for?

-ro2-

L
 Unit 5

ira he wanted
- +(,- it (* ).
muha

adaslrrrs In order to ki1l lt.

YT? to slaughter
wllyam
max ? why?
muha

isurts :ind lq:arida irnazlyn Donrt you know the

ayn:a tga ? ad:ay yursn Berbel s custom? When
did:u unbyi zy tmazirt ibcdn they have a guest frorn
dasvr : sn itmrrvust .
i. r
a far country they kill
l. r.
a sheep for hlm.
ts:nd you knew
ayn:a how
ad:ay vlhen (conJunctlon )
bcd to be far
lbcdn far (which.is far)-past particlple
danrf : Sn
lr .
they kltl
tanyrust slaughter anlmal, sacrlfice
wllyam
s:ny . walalrn:i urgiy Ea wnbyl . I know. But I am not
tad :artinw aya thmdul :ah a guest. Thls ls my
house.
lsin to know
s:nY I know
walayn:i but
ur- negative partlcle
tad:art the house
aya this is
muha

url1:1 F:k . There is no doubt (about

wa,laytn;i anbyi i+z :an that). But you are a
ay tgld . great guest.
il:a there is
5k:a to doubt

-1n?-
 A Course in Spoken Tamazight

B:k doubt (N. )

er.a to be dear
ie z :an great, dear, who is dear
(participle )
t\r that
J-.oi d you are

q
-/.-).
? 'ln.'icql-
4\4.!vqv Stories (Story Telling )
rzl!\4 n .ae
ij s
'
i rl.q imaziyn urdat:q:isn thdiyat yas aI:drnt til:as ,
clahq: 1:at:inin mE dat:q:isn thdiyat swas: , urdayt:izil unbdu
thdiyta yq:ist: hm:u em:is nmuha ytad:art 1:baEir argaz
nut:mas mnuha n:a sndiyran l:iy iga ymnsi xf wilyam
yrsn itmyrust gn E:wi t:utliwin , dd:v,raZn uksum , dwiyful:usn
oiqr""ivr, .r9:*am' . iwa y+Zbas wutli ywiiyam bz:af cad
id b :ahl :u nmuha o deq :a c r0: is nb :as nmuha ,
ihadra aa
cm : j_ s$
. a

dmimun xalis nmuha , dhd:u mm:is nem:ls r:nuha , dfadma tamd:ut:

t. '
nrm:is nmuha , deJEa yl:is net:is nrnuha , OtntBi" y*u, ,r**hu ,
cirabha wt:mas nmuha , dmd:n Yadnin

lq:ist ntEir:atin db :ansnt

in:aB il:a ]run urgaz .yurw snat ntEir:at1n day tm:t
mayt:snt , q:imnt yas yr taEna . yun l{as: , tn:as iwrgazns
"y*" zltnt" . day iBasnt b:ansnt tadut: tabx:ant t:umlilt '
in :asnt "tabr :Eant dz : int : al ; tg tumlilt , turnlilt dz : int : af :
tg tabr:3ant" . day d:unt saybalu d:aw n+ari day in:asnt
"dz:i.nt . hay:i d:iy ad:b:io tifg:ayin" . 1d:u nt:a ycq:d
1run wat:ar:u yr saxlidZ , arik:at uzwu at :ar:u art : inlnt "11 :a
baba r,uvi:b :y tifg:ayin" .
e.'l:iw Em:lnf
@!.rJ
DrrI .lflv t
rl .rrnt',..r"
u.qrrv : I ad^aar , afnt:n: WalU . r'aydnd:
samazir afind: walu . arsmut:urnt Ea yblriBn adgint taxamt al:iy
t:gant afnt yun ikzin . k:u tadg:at: da'rursntdlt:d:u yizn .
day arasit:ini ykzinn:a "gaw qaw urt:t:ad tirbatina mahd 1:iy" .
day yut ytEirlatinn:a tga tah5rut: , day t','l: iykzin t
day id:ud ,rursnt yizm itbtnt
q:is to tell stories, narrate
t:q:is habituat fcrm of /qzts/

r nit
- -LW'r-
 thd.iyt (f .". ) story
thdlyat (f .p. ) stories
a1: unt11
dr to go down
drnt they (f ) went down
iir ,"" (r.p. ) darkness
lahq:
<, because
1 :a- (*/ -aa- / )
present tense Prefix
inl to say
i.ini Habltual form ot /inI/
Ac. day
swas: during daytlrne
j-zLL to be good
T.2r--ZIL Habitual form of /tzLL/
anOAu' crop
n:a who
-asn to them (*)
;T
to call
i; ran partlciple: called (here=.
invited )
imnsi dinner
Note 1: initial /#L-/ of a noun following a word ending ln a
vowel e.g, /-a#/ (".e., /te*/ ) will be transcribed as /#y-/.
This also applies to verbs having /#t'/. See Note 2 below.
xf for (o*)
," rs to slaughter
E:wi roast
tutliwin liver and fat kebab
d:aZin stew
d:waZn different stew dishes
*iyf.rl ,.rur, (>winiful :usn ) of chicken
aq srl : a blg plate
iq:sriyn (m.p. ) platters
y'; Zbas Q /Lehbas/ ) it (m. ) pleased him
Note 2: $ee Note 1 above (/-a#/ + /fL-/ *-2/-a y-/)
bz :af e ad very mucn
YwllYam (>,/iwilYan/ ) to Tdilliam
here the vowel is /-i#/ whereas ln the prevlous exarnples it is /-a#/
- 105-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazight

See Notes 1 and 2 above (vowel # + lfu- --->vowe1 -y-/

yaF other
yadnln others
yl:is (< /rL zs/ ) hls daughter
See Notes I and 2 above
wt:mas his sister
Note 3: 7-a#/ /#r-/ --*/-a w-/ (not a very common occurrence)
].n:as he told you
111 to be
il:a there was
arw to give birth to
day and, then
m.f
rrt . v to die
q:im to stay
Yr with (at )
talna here: step-mother (usually -
second wi-fe or co-wlfe
LL to lcse
yas zltnt Get rid of theml (f . )
s to give
tadut: wool
abx:an (m. ) blach
umlll (*, ) vihlte
abr:San black
rlq . to beat
d:aw under
hay:1 Here I am
b:y to cut
tafg:ayt a small piece of wool
cQ:d to tie
ycq;d (. /t*q:d/ after a vowel ) he tied
at :ar:u a can
axlidZ tree
w:t to beat
k:at V.H. of /wtt/ to beat
arik:at he started to beat
at- lnchoatlve preflx, denotes
rstarting an actionr
- t()n-
 Unlt 5

azwu the wind

ar^t,:inlnt they said (thought )

*6vaT Place
Tr ad Yar to a place (grammaticallY
this should'be /sad"Yar/)
af to flnd
smut:r to collect
ablelE a plece of old cloth, rag
iblsl$n rags
adgint in order to make, ihat theY (f )
may make
lkzin small dog, PUPPY
k:u every, each
Y vrrs:^b i n cr
orron
tadg:at : v

izm lion
tb to eat
tt:a VH of /ti;/ to eat
urt:t:ad do not eat
mahd: so long as
1:ly I am (here ), I exist
tahyu!! (f. ctazy, fool
uly"g (*. ) er&zy, fool

5,4 tas :act Tirne (terting Tlme )

Ehal tas :ac t ? What time ls lt now?
lwhda Itrs one otclock.
z iuz Itrs two orclock.
t :lata Ttrs three orclock.
r:bca Itts four otclock.
lxmsa Ttts fi-ve olclock.
s :t:a Itts six orclock.
s:bea Itrs seven orclock.
t:mnya Itts elght orclock.
t:sea * f,;g*ud Itts nine otclock.
lrEra Itts ten orclock.
thdac E ftrs eleven orclock.
t :na* B Itrs twelve orclock.

- 107-
 A Course in oken famazlght

t:lata r^tns : It's 3:3O.

* t:1ata dumnasf
Note: /u-/ before ,ro,rn =tandt (<Arabic ). Also notlce lfu-/--->
/llw-/ lf it is preceded by /-a///. (wot a very common oceurence).
t:saud uns: Itts 9:3O
- t:s sud duranasf
s;t:a wrbc Itts 6:15.
t :mnya wrb e Tt's B:15.
s:t:a q,i, rbe ft's 5 :45.
leEra w*Era'
.a
Itrs 10:1O.
thdaeE uxmsa Itrs 11:05.
s :be a wc Brin It I s 7:20.
a
- s:bea wtulut
t:nasb uxmsa It's 12 rO5 .
lwhda vre Brin ftf s 1:2O.
*lwhda wtulut
2:uh uxmsa weErin \tt s 2:2J.
r;be a uxmsa rrreErln It? s 4:25.
r:bca q:1: xmsa Itr s 3:55 .
leEra q:1: xmsa wsErln Ttrs 9 t35.
s :bea q:1 : sbrin It's 6:40.
t s:hea. o:l . tUIUt
t:s+ud q:1: eErln Itts B:40.
.c^rrd n.1
+ fv.p1*u Y_rr.
. tUIUt
t :nrnya q:1: cEra It's 7:50.
t:seud q:1: *Sra It' s B :50.
r:bea yir rcmsa It t s 3:55.
2:uL q:3-: xmsa Tf.tqv 1.qq
1.J).

r;bca nilan ftts 4:00 sharp.

s:t:a niEan Itfs 6:OO sharp.
t:mnya wt? t ns:bah Itts B:30 a.m.
t:mnya t ng:id It's B:30 F.m,
"r:
t:nacE ng:id Itr s midnight.
t :1ata nd:g lat: Itrs J:O0 p.m.

- _LU5-
5,5 Months of the Year
n:ayr JanuarY
kbraYr February
mals lrlarch
lbr11 April
may:u l4ay

YunYuh June
Yulyuz JUIY
yubt August
Etanblr Septer*ber
Epnl October
n:wanblr November
d:uZanblr December

-
yn:ayr in JanuarY
ymay:u in I4aY

5.6 Drills
A. Efrat tas:aet ? What time is 1t?
t:seud dumnasf It s 9:3o.
I

Answer the above questions uslng:

1:15 , 2t2J, B:05, 6 *5, J:3or 5:oo sharp, 4:55 o 11:2o, 10:11'
!:10, 223a, 7:2o, 4225, 6:35, B:00, 2100 p'ril', 9:3o p'rl'1
10:30 a.m. o L2:00 noon, !2:35t 622o, 12:O0 midnight' 4:4O'
2-:55t jz4o, B:15, Tt35r 7:30 a.m., B:30 p'm', 4ta5'

m1lmi ag:d:a muha Yr frans When did Muha go to France?

y Trdt In August.

Substitute ln the Positlon of /yu-st'/ uging: Februaryo Deeem-

ber, March, November, MaY, July, April, January, Octobert
September, June

C. tad:art ne m i i aya Thls is unclers house.

my
tad:art ncm:i ayin: That 1s unelers house'
my
tad:rwin nrmri aya These are mY unclers houses.
tad:rwin nem:i ayin: Those are my unclefg houses.

- 109-
 Substitute fcr house-houses using the nouns in the following
list. Form four sentences for each noun based on the above
sentences.
List
taxamt (tixamin ) tent
i sr /i ctv,on ) field
asklu (isk1a ) tree
tagmart (tiyal:in) mare
iy:is (1y:san) horse (*)
far:at (tiydn) goats
ahuli (l-huliyn ) ram
tixsi (uf :i ) F1^lA

tafunast (tifunasin ) cow

t\.rlrrrl 1{^nro'1 \ d nnlrorr

asrdun (isroan ) mule

tlr^r f I
I rlr,ftn a \
I dos (* )
ti.ydit (iiycan ) dos (f )
muE : (imaE :un ) cat (* )
timis :ut (timaS :win ) cat (f )
lbhimt (lbhaym) beast
aful:us (iful:usn ) cock
taful :ust (tifuf :usin ) hen
aful :us w:aman duck
f i Crrl .rren rrr remqn \

vrw! \!u uav! / turkey (* )

tabibit: turkey (f )
It rnuha mm: is ncrn : i" ag:a ltuha is my cous j-n (fa br so).
fadma il:is nem:i ay tga Fadma is my cousin (fa br da).

Substitute for the rvord cousin in the sentences above using:

mn hv c^
vv t fa br, mo br da, fa, flor sor si, mo br,
mn c'i Aa mo fa, br, si so: fa fa , mo mo, br da, si da,
l-rr e^
"", frt si so.
"v t
fe si fa Si da, my in-law (r), my in-law (f ),
I]I\J {|^
Ic. ^-i
bJI mo mo br, fa fa si, fn f.:r hr cn

- 110-
 Unit !

F Translate into Berber:

L Where i-s I'fuha?
2. He went to bring some aPPles.
3. Once there was a man vrho had two bcys.
4. l'lhen they (f ) finished they went to l4idelt.
5. Berbers do not tell stories before sunset '
6. William li}<ed the fcod very nuch.
7. Lbashi-r, Muhats brotlrer-in-1aw, invited many people to a
di-nner in honor of William.
R Akka, Muhars paternal uncle, I{ammu, Ir'tr,rhars maternal uncle,
and Aysha, lviuhats maternal aunt and nany other people were
present.
9. Whose horse is that?
10, Whose hcuse is that with the tvro green windows?

- :t -'l -1. -
 Unlt 6
O.I Sofa -tal-k after Dinner I
muha

milmi ay t:qayd: ? When did You come bach?

milrni when
eayd to return
tcayd: (>teaYdd ) ycu returned
t:cayd: (>Oteayd: ) you returned (here )
hd:u
eaydTd zik; as:a . I came back early
todaY.
zLk.: early
r e .t todaY
nbarb

an:aYrE an:a t;Zuro l:iYn: g:nurar , I saw You from the

threshing grounds when
you were coming back'
an:ay to see
9n .2\f^.
*.,.*., T
I saw
Y you (*. )
-s ".
qn.2 when
zoT to ccme back
t :Znro (<dtZbrd ) ycu came back towards me
-Fn lra
ili
''l .irrn. I was there (with /'n:/
particle of 'rernoteness )
! . !l rr . .

g:nurar (/-V#+lit-/ --> -g: ) in the threshing grounds

muha

nani
llrdllrJ tr .zdmd
*u.avr-ru e lnlhere did you bring
wood from?
t.r'l.r o vo
rnani
mqn i tr where from
zdm to collect wood
t : zdmd" (< dtzd-nto ) \rnlr r.o'l Ieeted wcod.
hd:u
arTvar n.av
,..*.) dnzdm nl<:inik: Frorn the Place where
u, tt r" you and I gct it the
other daY.
uyuf the place
Ita-
 A Course ln Spoken TamaAight

n:ay ln whlch
.l particle of prcximity
nzdm we brought wood
nlr.inilz. you (m.s. ) and I (I anO you)
as :n:a the other day
muha

icd:a uk;id dis : There is much wocd

fhano
ied:a there is much, it is
abundant
sd:u to be abundant
(mainly infl-ected for third
l.
person )
aksid wood
nl c . there
hd.rr

may tgid as:a 3 What did you do today?

muha

s:usly inbar5 , f took Nbarshrs crops

tfaryas Jrun was: .
to the threshtng grounds.
I owed him cne day.
s :as to take crops frcm the field
to the threshing ground
tfay
aa
tc owe
)run was: (<yun nas: ) cne day
nbarE
raay dat :g:a tagmartnS ask:a What are you going to
ahd:u ? do wlth your mare to-
morrow, Hedcu ?
tagmart m2 faa

hrl .rr
rru .u

datsrwat 1<rq:a . max She is threshlng grains

for Al<ka. Why?
srut to thresh
datsrvrat she is threshing grains
nbard
riy adis:sruty . I want to use it to
thresh rny crops.

- 11/t-
 UN}E O

p'i'
.-I (< /:r:/\
\
I v;ant
srut to thresh
r qu
^^^-,r+^.
GUD Y
I lvil1 thresh
-is:- rfith it
hd:u
i--
rog tirrd at:g:anicl. aI: If you want to wait
until the daY after
adizri-wasli:a tomorrow (then You
witl get it).
LI!D
'1
I
('.Artll\4r4J
- '
to wait
aL ztr:anid (cad-Ftg :anid ) you l{ill wait
ar.
'
until
nbarJ
adraca r::5 u:'ufiy ga yagn ItIl trY to find" one.
If I do not find anY,
adg :aniY ead.. Itll have tc wait.
ra fa to see, lcok for
at to find
-r A+'t h^+ finrl
rr-nrr-ft-i
sr\^4+l
n/ I U1U rrv I

cad here: "then"

hd:u
ma dat:g:ac ash:a amuha ? l,lhat are you doing i

tomorrow, Mrha? il

dq{-.r.qri
skv.a,.Lls l<c\
\ o/
you are doing l:

rouha

d.qf..d.ulr
uqv.v.sl Yr
lr niClt I I 1t go to t,tide"l t.
dat : d:uY Irll go
hA.rr

max ? I,thy?
muha
a

'riFi
Irf,!
d.orrI For a case in the
court.
Xf ^n / / ]nafnre nouns
vtL

xf rouha on l4uha
wif
I -*
l-\n
vLL /
/ hefarp" nyonouns
Y*

-i -a.i
.yrr r on rne
 A Course i-n Spoken Tamazlght

fi
l!t
fa
D on him
n
rO
11
to sue
rl
\r. .^,r#
\uv l-^ \ ra2 ea
\r. /
hd.rr

E]-n mt_ '! i',Ihcse ? ( Ccncerning

lAihat, who ? )
tin (f . ) of (belcngi-ng to )
win (") of
1r1 i- I^ihat, v,Iho
muha

nn .t ,' ni. .. .1"'^

uuD n.i,l
\ I\f \,11
Aa fought, Said and
tr'Ie
t{aman as I, the cther day cver
I^Iater.
n:a Y tc fight
wanan watpr f nonqtrrrnt ct.eie
u vq uv \/

hd:u
nax ? is tsr:.l d: qrtn:a urtatdrn : il- ? lihy? Isnrt that case
settled yet?
sul not yet
-n .2 that
crn .l to finish
urta- nct yet
rnuha

tsul altu . as :n:a , n ..rN9V Not yet. The cther

i xs :a adhad.r: E :hud
cay they told us that
the witnesses nust be
ready.
t sul a,r-iu- it (r... ) is not yet
n.tn they said
n ranaY i.ho'tr fnld rrc
i.zq .r i f. i s nA.,Fqqr
'*--*-n v
naOr
a .a
to be pr€sent
E 'qhd i,f itness
E:hud !,ritnesses
hrl .rr

[14 6 :hadr' : i;rrsYin:un ? i,Jhc was present when

rr^r1 fnrrah{-
rvqSrrv O
Jvu I

- -!- -i-i:)-
 unat o

may whc
hadr to be Present
*ug tttuo": ("'rnay ihadrn ) Notice : /|nad,r:/ ts past participle
iyrnn fi* ,r.rrt (to) at Your (*,P1) fieht
muha
a

ihadr thusaSm naytr q:a dlbasar ' A1- HusaYncf the familY
a of Akka and al Bashir'
iwa d:if adgnY t:afad adk:ry I am going to sleeP
Ewi zLk.t in order to get uP
earlY.
nsat ylman . Gcod Night.
of-\
c__
to sleep
adgny Irll sleeP
k:r t'o get uP

swl- a little
nbarE

ag:n:k: d:iY adgnY ' I{e too, I ani going to

mun dlman . sleeP. Good night.
hd:u
:--
iwa q:irnat Evri , st :awll Oht StaY f oY a litt'le
iwa anbarE , q:isaY Yut 1:q:ist whi1e. Nubarsh tell
nEha iwllyam adis:Yd . one of the stori-es of
Jeha for l,l:-lliam.
q: im to staY
t:alvil slovl
st:ai,ril slowly
s:yd to listen
nbarb
*i.,,uE i1 :a ?ira in:aB ik:r isyad tadn:art ' in:aE id:uti
s,.:brid ir,": t:adid:Zmae dEa yinias "bs:ha tad"v,r zart ai,ha ".
6. vr !u . , . .

,., ,uu "l :ay+1i3; ? ,?* ". icalrcl ii{: xf yun yadn in :as
rr1
;aye tilr: : tlt j-n;ai
"bs :ha ta$w :art aZha ". in :as "'

xThis story i-s one of a series of Jeha stories ccll-ected on

f.rno i n the fiel-d in the spring af 7967. The j-nfortnai'it for
this series is a 42 year old native speaker of Tamazlght'

-1i-{-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazight
al :iy dylr^rd ;run in:as fibs
:ha tadvr:art alha ,,. in:aE
iw:t: ,iyrfast: sa:mfuf , ,",a, , if"f*"t, ,un,*rr-
.
ln:aE in:as "max al:iy itgid aya atha ?, in:aH in:as
"$ri t:r deiya6 yr s:rtan . n:i.yai bs:ha tad.w:art aiha
,
tk:rd tyrfd.it : i-wq:mu r " ln:as d:und rn: sducand yl rmhk:ama
,
d:und , in:aS aI :iy dlvrdn g, lmalik: , in :aB in :as ,r,*
"1 :aybarkf ik : asi.di trnatit< : , nk : in n : iyas bs :ha zZha
.r.)
isyad tadw:art , ik : r in: tiyis sa:mfuf . ,' ln :ai in
:as
"max aZha a1:iy tugid aya ? lsuri-d : hiuma yifd
? in:a5
urgaz bs :ha tad.w:art , tk :rd tyrfdast : I ,, in :a6 in :as
Lwa z:aI:aT xf rb :i- dn:bi asi.d.na ". in:ai in:as
1:ahmsl:rerik:
an :bi ". j-n :as treallrd. ' ''
s :alat cl n :abi ,, . i_n :as
',,.
"l :ahmsal:ie11k, uru"rrl r*r,
aa
i':as rrawday tazal:-.t: xf
n :bi ". in :ad 1 :ly in :a amiis :
, in :ai 1z ef 1ma1ik : ,
ilr.r. -L
rr\ , i^.^X
rrr ;as
ik : r xf Ik :rsi , in :as "iwa barak :a xlas : i
.aa
is nr:; ia n:a t :inid mad fas I :ahmsl:i clik: arasul:ah ?,,
in :ad in :as " j.lva . aJm :a axf *rrrr" tad.w:art uy,
," .
i +d :bi. bs :ha tad.vr:art . bs :ha tadw:art , iy z ef y
yrf last: " ^r:
Vocabular.v:
tadw:art tripe
abrid uay, road
q:brid on the way
( y abrld. --> y ubrid -->g:brid) Llt. rln the street,
Zme
to meet
t:Zmc -*d:Xmae VH of Enr t tc meet I
1 :adid:Zma6 whenever he meets (nearer)
dEa and (with) somebody
bs:ha congratulatlons
- t- l-o-
 Unit 6

l eawd he repeated (again )

Yrf to throvt at
ivrfast I he threw lt (r) at
a;<nfuf face (derogatorY usage )

aq:mu mouth, face

m:sduca recipro-causative of
(d u tto suet)
un:a that one
hSuma shame
is urld: is it not...? (Isntt there..?)
amdis: like that (tirus )
-/.
b
+r to be mad at soaeone
barak:a enough
Stop it
a

barak:a
.aa
xlas : !

alm:a axf asYrf Y that is whY (whieh on to

him) I threw at him
+d.:b to torture.

6.2. Grammatlcal Notes and Drills

I
1. 1a1wan ( sg : /f :w/ ) Colors I

(") aml:al * umll1 (*) white

taml:alt - tumlilt (f ) whlte
abx:an (*) black
tabx:ant (f ) black
azgza (*) green/blue
tazgzawt (f) green/blue
azgiay (* ) red
tazgzaYf, (f ) red
awray (* ) ye11ow
tawraYt (f) yellow
aq:hwi (* ) brown
taq:hwiyt (f ) brown

w
'
(0 ) mlnfs ,.ami lq
Ega fq.Gru!&q What is the color of
n:a tsyid ? the shirt you bought?
mimE how is? what is?
tsyid you bought
(c ) yuri taob:ut tumlilt I have a white djellaba,
a tf)
 A Course in Spoken Tanazlght
(d) mimJ iga s:rwal What is the eolor of
n:a ysl.a ? the trousers that he
bought ?
(u)VurE t:r1k:u azgza You have a green (brue )
sweater.
(f ) mat:a l:un n:a trid ? What color do you want?
6.2 Expressing the idea of "f have a headache t' in Berber
fn Berber the above idea comes as:
Literally: "It (m) ktlled me the head. "
inyayl yxf
inya it (m) killed
me (o. obJ )
ixf head

Coniugatiol of verb nY tto ki1l' - Past tense (Past Tense form

denoting action at the present time )
_-t
-I
I kiIled
tnyid you killed
inya he killed
tn fa she kllled
nnr1 a we ktlled
trrlam you (*.p. ) kil-led
tnf ant yon (r.p. ) killed
nYan they (m) kirled
nyant they (f ) killed

Pronouns as tDirect Object of the Verbr

i nr/n rri He killed ll1€.
inya 5 He killed you (m. s. )
lnya gm He killed you (r.". \
infa + He killed hin

lnTa +. Ite k1lled her.

inya yaY HE K]-IICd us.
inya kn He kllled you (*. p. )
inya knt He killed you (f .p. \)
inYa +n
vLt He kllled them (*)
inya tnt He killed them (f )

'Lav-
 Unit 6

in pyi yxf I have a headache.

in1at ixf He has a headaehe.
inYat: ixf She has a headache.
Some Nouns to be used in thls context:
ixf (*) head
eye
9i9,(f)
al:n (r.p. )
eyes
amz:uY (m) ear
imZ:an: ears
tlgnzar (f ) nose
an$uJ (*) lip
anJuJn llps
tu^rmst (f )
tooth
tuymas teeth
tadawt (f )
baek
ul (*) heart (refers
'stomach to
)
: (m )
ld.mar chest
adar (*) leg, foot
idar: legs, feet
afus (* ) hand, arm
ifas:n hands, arms

Also connected with the verb /nf / tto hi1lt are the following
expressions: tI am hungryr and tI am thlrstyr'
Note:
Laz hunger
.a
fad thirst
e .8.
trt^gayl laz I am hungrY
inyat fad He is thirstY

Translate:
1) $he has a headache.
2) His back hurts.
3) I have a toothache.
4) Her eyes hurt.
5) {Y hands hurt.
- ICL'
 A Course ln Spoken fanrazight
6) His ear hurts him,
T) W 1eg hurts me.
B) Your eye hurts.
9) His legs hurt.
10) I have a stomach ache,
11) He is hungry.
12) We are thtrsty.
13) I am hungry.
14) She is thirsty.
15) He has a headache.

6.4, Translate
1) Once Jeha bought a djellaba and he passed by a person
who told him "Congratulations on the djellabar Jeha.tf
2) Jeha passed by another man who told him "congraturations
on the dJe1laba, Jeha. "
3 ) Jeha was mad; he hlt htm.
4) This man said t'I'11 sue you at the court of law before
the king.
5) The king sald to Jeha, "Why did you d.o that? Arenrt
you ashamed of yourself?"
6) Jeha told him, "f got mad when he said congratulatlons
on the djellaba.r $o I hit hlm.rl

5.5. Translate:
1) ln:aE 11:a Jrun urgaz igmns husa Iz:nz Erat: ntfunasln
iem:1s n:a uraslxl:lsn . '
2) lzef husa , ld:a yr tad:art 1:malik: t:afad adideu
e m:1s
3) 1:iy lbda husa arlsawal llmalik; , in:as l_malik:
Itbarak;a *f"r: ahusa d.:u yrd iem:l! ,,.
.aa..a
,
4) 1n:as Imalik: lemlis nhusa I'max al:Iy tn:aym ?,,
5) in:as em:i-s nhusa rrmaitic: "uryurl Ea r :flus dy.l asid.i
lmal1k: ".

- !c(''
 Unit 7
7.L Sofa Talk after Dinner II
bas:u
mag:a s :uq: as:a ? How was the market to-
day?
is icm:r uhu ?
mad Was it full or not?
mag:a (<*"y iga ) what is, how is?
iem:r it (*) ls fu1l (was ful1)
mad uhu or not?
lmstafa
i-em:r . max al:iy It was full. Why?
urtsw:iq:d ? Haventt you gone to
the market?
bas:u
q: imiy ads :uy Ban d.v,n I stayed to watez' the
corn.
q: im to stay
sw to drink
s:w causative: give a d.rink or
i!r uvir !5qaofc vv.

qs:u
isur tZmie d dhinad nayt c li ? Have you met Ahmed
4..+ n 1i, a
^+
ur JlJ u JrrJ :
I

{
l)
'li

lmstafa
J-
an:a;n1t nt:a urassiwly . max I saw him but I did
not talk to hirn. tilhy? ril
I
an:ay to see r{

an:a5/Y I saw
an : alnf t I saw hlm
qs:u
itfari tflus . nga s:uq;a
5a1 He owes me som€ money.
anzms , nt:a urd:iy
v Weagreed tc meet thls
market but I did not go.
lruT to owe
nt:a hrrt

lmstafa
rnr it:n;1d adasinly aditntidis- Had you told me, I

-1 2?-
 A Course in Spoken Tarnazlght

mastz :nzid ? would have talked to

him. What did you selI
him?
rn7. if (for pest or impossible or
contrary to fact. )
m< if (for pres. or probable
or possible )
ini to teIl
ln.id
vlr . ru
rr^11 ca i A

nr i # .n . i rl if you had said it (m) to

ma

+^+
- UI I U them (f ,p. ) (refers to money,
r^rhieh'is f-n- \
L.Y.l

a o.r_ s ha lri I I cri rro

acI]-f,nrl_(11s he will give them (r.p. )

(= money) to me.
lo.nof
vb.LlaLv A \rnrr cnl rl
qs :u
7. :nziyas yut +2:l-yt I sold him a calf
.rrn.r
. qY .u
rrzvivr last market.
a+2 zL calf (*. t. )
'iglz.irrn
'
u.LJL. 0.F.
taeZ:iyt I rDr
i ^E
+uJ\ .'i n
a .r -i!J:rr fn

AL J to pass
izrin (past partlciple ) the one
that passed.
bas:u
Ehal ? How much?
qs:u
i"lf qlsf v.rre'l 3000 ryals.
lmstafa
is datZ:uZudm itmyra mad tsulm ? Are you getting ready
for the wedding or not?
i,:u?a to get ready
mad tsulrn or you are (irave ) not ?

r nlt
- -La-a-
 Unit 7

qs:u
iwa nd:a elina1 Yes. We are almcst
readY.
cIihal almost
bas:u
ma dayt:awl: 7 is getting married?
Who
dayt rawl: (<daYt:awln ) present part. of /awl/
fis getting marriedt.
q"_r"
dant:awl imuhan:y . (our) Ir{uha.
_n:Y our
bas ru
y:ih I ma dast:awlm Is that so? l{hose
glrl is he going tc
marry ?

dast:awlm you (*.p. ) arrange r*arriage

for him,
qs:u
fadma nayt unbar5 Fadma of AYt Nbarsh.
at
max isurt:zrid
aa
2 IlThy? Haventt You heard?
ZT tc hear about
bas:u
I4 , al: dyi tibdr lmstfa . No, I onlY heard it
when Mr:.stafa mentioned
:!
It/.
qt. until
lrrlr to mention
ibdrt he mentioned it
lmustafa
ha nbar5 id:ad adayyini
a
Here cornes Nbarsh lvho
yut f :q:ist . will te1I us a story,
qrlc^xrJni*.^*
guq
IJ'
he will te1l us
wi
""J
I vam
'

ls ts:nd iSa 1:q:ist yadn Nbarsh, do you know

nZha anbar5 ? another Jeha story?
nbarH
y:ih . ed:ant Yes, T know many.
- | ,),\-
 A Course in Spoken Tamazight

viit-yam
ivra , q:'i say yui Then tell us cne.
nbarS
in:ad in:as cliy Zha , in:ad ik:r , in:ad yun vlas : ,
in:ad in:as lmalii.,, ii*, :a alha ri^1 aditcbrd Shal ag:l:an
yd :unit " . i rn;a in :aJ il< : r fha , in :ad in :as "yal :ah
anf :y ^1r br':a ." in:ad f :.,e1 . in:ad t:ayt:,:bar sya
i ebi' sa , i.,alvo irbr sa al : iy ir'rh} , in :aS yuriO yut
+-,'l+
Lgust in.oX q-n*.i*.^i
,rt]:as rr1-.'itr.oi ert.ik.sf. , q'l .'
*-.Iy
tO :a g :aEal . in :aE in:as ' ivla han am:as nd lunit aya "
in :as "irna3 in :a.n arn:a s nd :unrt aya at'ha ?tt in :as "asidj-
an):asns aya . al: mE uriturrrind , a:u ebr 5g: at :an:ayd
j-ci : an:as n"acl. urj-d,: aril:as ".

' v ].K:t: Zrra ctiy in:aE yut l:rrrrt in:aE id:ud yr

r_n:as
lrnalik: s :bah in:aI nt :a ykirnd Yulls in:aB in:as 'rs :b :hna
la

cl l:ah ak]na I cir:g: udnmH zy yif i : " in:aE id:ucl al :

i:ni l- :r,r"k:arna , 'in:aS iyz 1run uniur at : iy tiyza n :a
aaa
sit:amz ixfns in:a! ig i"i-lts ixf . in:ai l:a dit:d:u
Sa yar'i Zira iga an5is: ici:u yrul u.n:a did:an . in:ag aI:iy
il,;ht:-n:at in:as ilwazlr ai,,td:i raca as:a urdid:i Yr ltnhk:ama
ag:cl yun nbnad.m I ixst :a at :sig:ro. urin: at :an:ayO rnag z|van rt

'
ln:asv ar:yrl
. ^ .
, yafd. Zha ri-:a yufs ixf g:hfur . in:aE
,- -Y ,,-,
"awra
at :an :ayd Zha mag :a ir . in :aE iyras i" ,"s "mat :a wya aZha ? t'
in:as "il,ra asid.i t:n:idi dr:g:i ucl-ran3 , hayi yziy ahfur ,
f:ry ixfinvl ". ' '

Y:Sangle-ry.:
*-.Y agar-n
i w<.n must (ft is necessary)
.-Y I want
fbr to measure, weigh
a c .1
\4o
.2-Y1
. s .\^.. there is (<ay il:an twhich
is' )

- T:ZO_
 Unit 7

d:unit the world

f:y to go
br:a outside
sya this way
qA the other way
wh1 to get tlred
asy to carry
yasid he brought, carried nearer
(Aorist )
tgust peg
k:at \rH of /wtt/ 'to hit I
art :ik:at he hit it, he started
hitting it
g:aEaI (<y aEal ) in the earth
arn:as middle
irnaE (and) who to you...?
al: until
al:iy until or when
arnn believe
uriturcind you do not believe me

at:an:ayd you will see

Imrt tlme
sb :hna cl 1:ah Mor. Ar.=why did we see
aaa
your face first thing in
the morning?
sr .5. hide I
udm face
zy yifl from me
Yz to dig
ahfur a hole
amz to catch
ixf head
diks in it
yay to go baek
af to find
rwl to rrrn away
awd: ! say! oh you! heyl
bnadm person
 A Course 1n SPcken Tamazlght
qi rr . r to look arcund
,.rtit, over there
at :an:ayd \r.'r1r trco\ rrill qeA
i.I"* \"c/
lyu J-n hannan

LZya i t hnnnancrl
rrs f ri hc f-rrrnd lnaq -nar )
drr > to thrust into
rrtrfc he put it
awra
*i arl'2
I - *"
e he cailed him
mat:a wya ? tr,Ihat is this?
tn : idi JUU ^^-iA
DArU
4^
UU *a
Llrs

7,2 Translate
1) The kin$ wanted Jeha to measure tile l^Iorld.
2) Jeha measured here and there.
3 ) l{hen Jeha got tired he pounded. a peg into the grouno
and said it nas the roiddle of the wcrld.
4) Jeha said- tc the krng, "If you Ccnrt believe rie, go anc
measure it yourself. "
hl
The king sar-d to Jeha, "Go, get }cst".
6\ Jeha dug a hole.
7\
tJ He hid his head- in the hole,
A1 l"trlrenever sorneone came and found- Jeha in this state, he
lilould run.
a) The hing said that not even a single person came to
rn\ Jeha iold the minister "The king told F,1e to hide my f ace tt.

7.3 Translate
Oee d.ay the lting said to Jeha, "I i,,lant you to measure the
world" " Jeha i,,rent out and startecl measuring here and there
until he got tired and pounded a peg into the ground.. Then
he said. to the king, "Here is the mlddle cf the earth, rny
1ord. " The lring said to him, "i',j'no told you that this is the
middle of the lrrorld, Jeha?" Jeha said to the king, ''If 1'3s
do not believe me, go and measure it yourself and see whether
this ls the midd"le of the world or not."
r ofl
'L-\)-
 Unit 7

7.4 Translate
one morning Jeha went to see the king at the court of
law. The hing shouted at him, "Go hide your facel (go, get
lost )'t. Jeha went out and dug a hole j-n front of the door
of the court and hid his head in it' l'Ihenever someone eame
and found Jeha 1n this state, he would run away. The hing and
his minister stayeC in the court of lavr until they got tired'
The king said to the minister, "Not even a single perscn came
to the court toclay. Go and see l';hat happened. " The minister
went out and salr Jeha lrith his head in the hole. He aslled
him "I,,lhat is this, Jeha?" Jeha said to hirn, "Ttre hj-ng tcld
me to hide ray face and here I dug a hole and hid my head. "

Translate:
1) in:a3 11:a 1nll lmalili . in :aE id:a Yr yun urgaz
1n:aB in:as ixs:aB at:Yzd Jrun l.Alanu al:tafd aman

2) ln:aB id:a urgazaYr bT:a ibd.a atLg:az , (r4:az/ LS vH

of /yz/)o arLq:az, ariq zaz aL:iy iwhl yaf lg:ayz .
?\ iwa icl:a, vl lrnallk in:as I'asidi- lmalik ur1:ln Ea w:aman
Jl

dln: ."

4 ) in:ai in:as lmalik 'rrnax aliiy urtyzld 2',

5
JJ \ 'in :as i7 r'aza "yzi..y asidi lroalik walayn:i umfiY fas
tt.
lg:ayz

6) in:aE ifrh lmalik: bz:af cad . i$as bz :af 1:f lus

 Unit B
B.f Sofa Talk after Dinner III
s eid
walayn:i ihma was:a Ohl Tt's hct todaY.
hmu to be hot
-t+ //*\ -i^ !-a1-
ihma It/ \llr/ ID Lrvv

fq:a
o.a tsyus tafust n : j-t It (trre sun ) burns.
YUS
to burn
sYus cause to burn
tafuSt the sun
n.i f lndeed
s,ci.d
tafuFt ntgnaw aya Thls is the heat of
the sun before the
storm.
tignut storm (f.s. )
tlgnaw storm (pl ), thunderstorms
fq:a
Ea ysignaw urdhir: altu Clouds have not appear-
ed yet.
islgnu cloud
isignaw clouds
tht to appear
urdhir: they (m ) dI-d not appear
seid
ag:d idlrl am61 ay tga It was the same yes- I
terday,
ag:d also
amEl like this (the same )
ay tga tt
.i^
(f. )(refers to the sun)
rq:a
may 51n:tumz idl:1 Where were you when
it rained yesterday?
may where
tumz$in: she caught you there
li+.- ,.ainad \
\*
Seid
tumzin: g:igran . i5g: ? I was in the f{p] rls
and you?
- | -\ l-
 tumzin: It (f . ) caught rne there
g:1gran in the fields
cq:a
d:{ :lrdy . yas nk:
ads lwdyn; I went to wash mY
asif , bdunt tgnaw , day clothes and as I
+aydyd qbl adiw:t unzar . reached the rlver,
the storm began' Then
I came back before
rain felI.
s:ird to wash
j-wdwn:
.l
I reached there
bdunt they (f ) began (storms )
+aydyd I returned here
qbl before
adlw:t it wtll hit
allza,t rain
s+id
ts tsl:1d ltgnaw Do you hear the storm?
s1: to hear
tsl : id you heard
cQ:a
sl:iYasnt I heard 1t fhere : them
lr.: i
Seid
1x:a thal . maia lnrf uYa Bad weather. AnYhow
aq:raf dutfl ntgrst this ls better than
!
the cold snow of vrinter.
x:u to be bad, to be near
ix:a it ls bad (f )
lx:a thal itts bad weather
thal weather, state
a

lzLL
t.
thal nice weather
maEa but
af to be good
yuf it ls better
uya /2aya/ this
aq:raf the cold
 Unit B

atfl snow
ta.grst wlnter
Lre.
yal:ah qbl adaYtamz . Let us go before
it rains. (l,it : be-
fore it catches us).
muha

han nbarE id;ad zY bumYa Here comes Nbarsh from

yas q:irnat urin:i 5a Boumia. StaY. It is
*n?*l adiw:t not golng to raln.
han here
urin :1 j-t does not say (It
does not intend. Refers
to the future).
husa

is ts:nd nbar5 awilYam ? Willlam, do You know

nt:a ag:an r:aYS llZamaea Nbarsh? He is the Presl-
lq;arawiYa nbumYa dent of the village
council in Boumia.
q.n to know
nt:a he
r:ays president (head)
iZu***u lq:arawiYa the village councll
wilyam
\,.i1-\
J allr .| ri^t
LL r.t..qe'lv Is that so! I would
xf ]Zamaea lq:arawiYa tike to ask him about
nbumya the village council
in Boumia.
nbarE

s :alamuelik:um . He11o.
r11 | .

cli-k:ums :alam . He11o.

husa

s:i nbar$ maY tcnid ? Nbarsh, how are You?

ists :nd wilyam amd:ak:1 Do you know Wi11iarn,
nmuha ? lfuhaf s f riend?
 A Ccurg,e Tqmaz ighj
-i4--Spcken
nbarts
s.i wi lvam mav tcnid labas ? How are you lrlilliam?
wilYara
thmdul:ah . .,L
-'l-abas nbar6 Fine. I would like Ycu
rLf aciaYtsilvlcl iwi xf to tell me something
lzarnaea Iq :arat',liYa nbumYa about the vi1.lage
council of Boumia.
nbarS
jyn"anog
l_4dliIG\ q 1^ .al
!!4
o1.ri rr.a nhttmVa
.e.1 qtv:J ? The village corincil
of Boumia?
-l
r^ri
vY ! !J
rrqm
qrrr

rr . i l-r
J.llr
nbarl
iwa IZaraziea lq :aral^Iiya The village council cf
nbuinya labas diks Boumia is good. We
1:atxd:rn , uranbed work with auth-
l_cca-]-

tt:afq nt:at ds:ulta oritiesl we have meet-

Ir,ahl : iya , t :ant :g :a ings in whiclr we dis-
.list,iZmae r I :ant:g:a cuss the wcrk together.
nras l-xclnnt n:axf nrntafaq We study the Problems
kul-:Bi 1:and.r:s lxdrnt of the tribe and the
Y\za'( j-xs :an , n:ayt :hm:an good cf the region. If
taq:bi-It . lnslahat we want to build some*
ntmaztrt , msnra'ang thing either we build
Eal-:haHt l:bni , it through the village
I :antqr:ar ama at :nbnu council or througit the
zy Ll.ama+a lq:arawiYa National Promotion
arna at:nbnu zY linraS Agency. There is no
Lwat:ani- . ama tn:a disagreement between
igan thait 1:fn:i.Yin the members cf the ccuncil
I:at,tiq":ar hma at:f :Y or between us and the
at :nbnu nk:ni l1ltY local authorities. As
lZarLa ran : y !1rt urdlhs for the funds for the
nnrrnai I r^ra rret ^-.^"dI^
ag:d .yut tha3t numxllaf ,rv ovJ ErlUu6ir

unmb ed la nk:ni la s lulta money from the market

lmahl : iya 1 :anxc1 ,r,t i,gs in*it place. We bullt public
*t3Lt-
 Unit B

n:axf nmtafaq kul :n:Y bathrooms, a coffee

iwa dlhait rr" :r.rq: , 1 :anlkiam ehop, shops from whieh
v
lf1us ys:uq: . lxir adadnd :imae . we g€t mone5r.
t :anikiam is :nddq: luq:tn:a
an:& ns :utr nyd: nqr:r: at: j-dns:ufY aa
1:at:ldns:uf\rY , 1 :adiksnxd:m
lmslaha yadnin . am: 5an trg:in .
u,g ,o ih*,u*- mi nra at rnbnu ,
'h"t
nbna yu1 thm:am . asg:asa nbna
1q:hwa , nbna tihuna , isul
altu , thaHt nia nra lmslaha
l:antqr:ar at:nxd.m zy dlks' .
aa
xdm to work
1:a- (-da- ) present tense prefix
t..afrt
v.lj4a4 f.n ATJTA-P

s:ulta lmah1 : iya

aa
local authorities
llstlimae *liZtimar m^a{-.i
LlrcE vrr16
-^

n:axf on whlch
m{-.qfn
..rv.g4\4 reci-procal form of /t zaf q/
"to
?t .
"
agree
KUI : St- everybody, everything
Or" to study
hm:a to concern
taq:bilt the tribe
lmslahat (p ) the tribe
nra we v,lant
l-nasE thing
fUni fvrrv
ho hrri 1 Ai na
vs!ruJr16

.'}r.T to decide
**u. . .ama. .. either...or...
llncaE ]wat:ani "National Promotion Agencyt'
tn:a igan it is (tnat which is p.p. )
I fn.irrin
*r.. . +J rrr technicians
hma in order to
nk:ni- lta

amxllaf disagreenent
Ia- lt-{-
\ , narlt"r
rrvurr vr n?Ah
yr v1I. /\ and
^v

- l<-r-
 kul:n: Y all of us
trrad't ns:uq: as far as the market ls
concerned
lx1r many
s :nduq: box
Iuq:t time
s:utr to ask
a\ ?.
rr I u .
*n rn arlF
VqV
9V 6V

c.rrf^' cause to get out

am: 1i-ke
f-Jr-cr.in canals
targa canal
thm:am bathroom
tahanut: shop
tlhuna shops
wllyam
isdatxd:m: yas YbumYa Dces it serve only
mad ytq:bi1ln nbr:a Boumia or the trlbes
nhr
r^v4!rrir
r mrrq
e
e outside Boumia?
nbarS
la o ku1 : H:. yn :awahi t No, every region.
)'n:awahi ku1 : Hi .
wilyam
kul:5i ? Everyplace ?

nbarH
n:awahln:Y kul-:El r &h:a lrumz A11 the regions under
lmahk :aman :y I :at :nxd :m . the authority of Boumla.
kut:it an:a tumz 1[4maean:f , We deal with problems
,
an:a tumz .v
lZamaea 1q:arawiya , ln Boumia and outside
1:ant ,q,* t**laha
aa
mf :Ei 1t, such as irrlgation
un:a yr i1:a Ea , wax:a il:a problerns and other
ys:antr da 1:fj-laz , thast problerns related tc
ns :antr da ylfilaZ ,1 :at :nxd:m agrlculture.
t-
whdut: thast nbr:a diY am: trg:in
ay y'lrsn igan lmuhim:a . Ean
* rIJVal{-
 Untt B

tybula , Ean tha5t n:a lgan

tin lflaha , 3af thaHt
aynt:mcawan... ... .r. id:1ha3t
ng:ulu 1:bnl dvran: Ylf itaX Ys :antr
elahq: Eal tha5t lrnuhim:a ns:""tr
ta
1:at:nt:g:a .... .'. ...
n:ahi-ya /n lawahi , PL/ reglon
an:a yum: that which he takes
knhh:ama the court (frere refers
to power, d,uthorlty)
s rantr the center
da here
lfilaZ the village
whdut: alone (by ltse1f ) fern.
a
whdut alone (* )
dir agaln
lmuhirn:a the irnportance, resPonslbllitY
ta,ybalut : (sg ) spring
tiybul (pr ) springs
tin that of (f ) l

lflaha agriculture lr
fi
ffle &W&Ir reciprocal of /eawn/ tto F:
19,

help I 'r'
r
iri.- but (whether, b€ it... )
Ouestion introducer for
It,
t,
r
norninal sentences and cer- F'
tain verbal struetures. fr
fiF,
ng:ulu we say (tetts say) ( Ar. ) lr

wan: that
wilyam
imd:na n:a y1:an yl-zamae a r And the people in this
zy da t zy bumya , mad l:an eouncll, are they from
wj_n:a did:an zy tq:bllin Bournla or from tribes
rrn dni n ? OUtSide ?

win:a those
nbars-
la , l:an uy tq:bill.n , No, they are from (other)
elahe: da ybumya tribes, I am the only
uril : i ^fas nk : ag :1 :an one from Boumla.
wl1Yam

"ras dg :n : it ? 0n1y you!

nbarJ
walalm:i 1:an shdacd There are 11 members,
k:u taq:bilt 1:adiks dit:d:u one representing
]run , ylli frly r:aysn:T . each trlbe. I,'Ie have
1:ant:/m s ad:ay yi"li liXtimac . a president and we
1:ant :g:a listidea , 1:at:g:a meet regularlY.
s :ulta knahliya , 1:at:g:a
| .a a

listid ea , l:at :inl yt :arix

w:ayflan , g:as: lr:aYflan
ad:td:urn hat i^-lrun listi/mae .
1 :ant :Zma* r &0:a anqr : r a]m :a
yl:an yd:... YlrnizaniY:a Yd:
ylhaBt n:ay it :hm:an '
1:ant :g:a llstiErnas , ad:aY
nfd la , nd:u , k:u3a ld:u
ibrdanns
k:u every
1ra | 'r there is
listidea calling
t:arix the date
r,r.arrf'I
yI
'sJ
r
qn
fl4rr such and euch
y+as : --> y+lJas : -->g :as : in the day
I
"n
d .
*' or
lrnizanly:a the budget
fd .n to finish
t:ula each one
abrid l;ey
ibrdan ways

x) Translate
1\
It is cold today.
2) It is hot today
The sun is hot (burns ) '
r afi-
 Unit B

4) This is ihe heat of tire sun before the stofin'

5) It was the same (like this ) yesterday'
6t Yesterday I rrras in the fields and it rained'
T) T went to visit my uncle and when I was ccmi-ng back, it
rained.
8) The storm began and T came back before the rain 1'e11.

9) Do ycu hear the storn?

10 ) fhis is better than the cold snow of winter'
11) Nbarsh, do you know Williaro, }h.rhars friend?
12) I^lilliam, Nbarsh is the president of the village council'
13) Nbarshr I would like to ask you about the village council'
l/i) I'Ie work with local authorities.
15)We hold meetings and study the r-iorh that concerns us.
16 ) {'fe do the wor}i on which vre all- agree '
1-.T) If there is something to be built, rve see whether rve
build 1t through the village council cr the National Pro-
motion AgencY.
13) Tl:ere is no disagreement betrieen the local authorities
and the rnembers of tire councll.
19) We get mcney frorn the market place.
20 ) We bullt a nublic bathroonr'
21
-1
)l This vear r,le rvill build a coffee-shcp'
22) l,'le i'Iil1 build 16 shoPs.
2l) There are eleven members, one representing every trj-be.
'[,lhen there is a meeting, we cal-l
eLl ) 6e have a president.
the rnembers. trnle set a date (such arrl snch a day).
25) After the nteeti-ng everycne goes his way.
n^
b.J 'l'ransrare
1) ff*;;;;ravry:a tl:a Yurs lxdmt bz:af +lann,:
nbumya
datxd":m bumya dn:awahi kul:!i
2) ihma thal idl:i rtalayn:i j-zil -l-hal as:a
3 ) lZamac an :y at :bnu st :ae! nthanut : dyut I : qhwa c11"u i-
thm:am d:'ut ntnzgirla da
41
') io:rf lhal idl:i maEa uriwiti unzar
r t .e

5) id:a ral,'s Yl lltima+ adisilvl xf inrnyi nayteli da;rt mu'nnd

xi' war0an.
 A Course L4 S?oken famazi.ght

5) adlzntrasik:a mi ihma thal and:u nk: dmuha ucq:a sasj-f

anfum
7) mI dhr: isignaw , adiw:t unzar
S ) ix :a ir,ul s : imanaya (s : rmana iweekt ) .
9) lsts:nd 15a lq:isat nZha mad uhu ?
10 ) s :nylas lyut 1c, : ist nl,ia , wala;m :1 sny ibz :af 1 :q llsat
. rr.e
{t
dn'i
ssr.+rr n
a
tl) muha r ffiR:is ncm:is nsli r &B:an r:ays 1:Zamaea
a

lq:arany la nbunqra ,
12) *11 n:a lgan mm:is ncrn:is nmuha iga r;ays 1:Zamaea
Iq:arawy:a nbumya
a
lJ) thma thal as:a i ag:d idl:i
t am61 ag:a walayn:i idhri
uAfqg"i lt"f ask:a '. '
t4 ) Oatsyrs tafugt y?:if bz :af cad"
15) dayk:at unzar bz:af ytgrst ,
qr\
16) urin:i adiw:t unzar elahq: uril:ln Ba yslgnaw .
1?) sl c1i , istsr*a *,rtra mm:is nxalis l:baiir ?

- 140-
 Unit 9

9 .1 wilYam Ys :uq : naYt eY:aS '

I,trillianl Goes t9. tlre Market in Ayt Ayache
wilyam
:ut:a How much is this dJellaba?
lnat taqb ?

taqb:ut: djel1-aba
hm:u

Sbs my !a . 700 (ria1s)

wilyam
Too much. SaY something
bz:af ayn:a . ini
reasonable '
Ea w:awal 1;6+q:ul
atrral talk (" )
Ea w:awal (<Ea nawal) sornething
1pe q ;uI reasonable
hm:u

SAWI :
You sPeak.
wi1.yam

tlt rn:':a wxmsin 35o (rials )

hm:u

la , urtsl:ik No. Not accePtable'

c] .k to be accePtable, to be
reascnable (for Price )
wilyam
v
iwa un:as ieEbn As You like lt.
un:a that
Yr
o7h to please
isZbn past particiPle
hm:u

st: my:a wransin 650(rials ).

wilyaro
'lJaa hz..a.f I * fi
1:ayhnik No. This is too much
t vu .s' ^ri for me. GoodbYe.
vif on/ before Pronouns
hm:u

ad:ud bcda I ini Ean Come. SaY a reasonable

t :aman n:a Ysl :kn . price,
- 141=-
 A Course in Sooken Tamazleht

t:aman prlce
n;a which
isl:lin past participle of /sL:k/
wilyarn

fb* my:a 4oo (rlals )

hm:u
t.

ir,ra c awd. irvi Come on, go up a little

bit.
wilyam
z'bemy:a wcErin ar^ral ang:aru (rials is
4ZO
final word.)
ny

allg:aru last (*.r, )

hm:u
v.
.,ral .ah 1.arrr1-l .I rnrr-o.: sa ya0n All right. If he were
a

urt:it:awy sql: mn st: my:at someboc$r. else, I would

rrrn -l
a not have gi-ven it to
him for less than 60O
rials.
rblh to galn, to succeed
rnri d . if (rt were )
da yadn somebody else
4r v . ifr v .or,nr
rryf .srrJ he r,ri11 not tal<e it (f . )
al
'1.*.
. less
rnn than
9.2 wllyam id:a sahidus
'lnlilliam Goes to 6; "hidus" Dance.
nbard
ID dat:d;ud sahidus tadg:at: Are you going to the
de,nce this evening?
ahidus danee
f-ndcr.n'r. erren i ncr
{!q;A

nax I r_s 1I :a sa whidus ? I{hy? Is there any

danee ?

nbarJ
il:a Yes, (there is ).
f Jln
- ,L'i ta-
 Unit P

9n.s
.1.s

ymi Where ?

nbarE
yayt umTaf In the village of
AYt Umghar.
f q.:a
nk: b+da Ia rtv* ry ri + tt
vYI Vaf |
I mYself have not heard
maE tln:an of it. Who told You?
z,T to see, know of
wrtzrlv fcurtzirv
\ ... ) I didntt know of it
aa
i-n ran partlciple of /Lni/
nbarS
rnuha nayt hm:u Ihrha Hmmu
ta
?q:a
lsdayt :d !u bas :u Is Bassu going?
nbarE
max ? isnn:a and:u bla Are we gcing to
Why?
anE ;adn:q ? go vrithout our Poet ?
ini to say (nere: intend )
i-snn:a do we plan to
bla without
anS:ad poet
..Q !&
is iga Ia nt:lawt tuZAit: Did he cornPose a nelll
mad uhu ? poem or not?
t:lawt poem
uzcll-o (ra ) new
tuidit: (< tuzf,idt) (f ) new
nbarE
eniy ar iga 5a I guess he did.
cnl^1 I thinh, I guess'
ar- iha
VIIS
tV t/hora '\

rq:a
ha bas :u id:ad Here comes Bassu.
bas;u
s:alamuelikum Hello.

- t+a-
 .** A Course ln Spoken T?raazight*
lzrr'l
r!4&. .

r llk:ums:alam . Hel-Io "

husa
abas:u q:isay 3a yzlan iwllyam Bassu, sing sone songs
adis :yd , elahq: nra at:nawy so that William can
sahidus tadg:at: . hear you because we
will take hi,r to the
dance this evenlng.
bas:u
wax:a yTg i5a l:waiun All right. Call some
aday c,Awn : . kids to help us.
t-
^lT to call
latA
rrl
to call (+ proximity)
husa
i--
asli ! ahd.:u I albaiir ! Aly, Hddu, Lbashir,
amimun ! ad:uyad: I l4inrun, cone here.
bas:u
ists:nn it:lawt rrn kiu yun Do you know the song
datnyal:a ?" of t'k:u 3run datnyal:a'r?
Iwasun
y:ih , t:1awt lzil: aya Yes. Thls is a nice song.
1211: particlple of /tzIL/
(is nice ) '
bas:u
ya1 :ah , ad? ad lawlY lk:aman?a A11 rlght. Let me get
my violin first.
ad7, let me
lk:arnanZa violin
t:lawt , The Song.
yalt: ayaa , aJrmanw k:u yun datnyal:a .

(
I (") hayaE tlhm:amln y tad:art ayasy:ad
t)
(b) ti-n:a iwaffn afus urid: a,m: tin iq:Imir;
L

(*) atalxatmt lgam arrn'rul at:d:ud

^{'
z{ (b)
"9"*
al:1y tiwd af\.rs iwn:a uris:in: lxir

- 144-
 rlnt
vrr&v
f. Q
J _

yak: vocative
ayma oh my brother
k:u yrrn everyone
datnyal:a he cries
al: to cry
tn them (refers to tears )

hayaE here are

tahm:amt (r.t') pigeon
tihm:amln pigeons
asy:ad hunter
tin:a those (f )
walf to get accustomed to
afus hand
urid:
am: ltke
tln that of (f )
iq:Emir I roeks
talxatmt ring
igam to you (f) he dld
adad finger
at
avrnul iraportance
at :d:u you will go

al:ly until
awd to reach
a
iwi-n:a to those (*)
isin to know
uris:in he did not know
wilyam
t:lawt iiil: aYa , This ls a ntce song.
sl:i^6as Y lida ea r I heard it on the radio.
abas:u ! j-niYaf Bassu, would You slng
ttahl,:unw awra rl t'ah1 :unw awratt for us?

sl: to listen
sl:LYas I listened to 1t
lida sa brcadcastlng, radio
statton
tniya Y tell
-1/l-5-
 A Course ln Spoken famazight

ahl:unw oh darllng!
awra! nnma I

THE SONG IS O}i TAPE TN TIIE I.ANSJAGE I,ABORATORY

Translate
o?'i
A. are the trousers?
I'Iow rauch
B. 2|0 ryals.
A. fhat is too much.
B. How nruch do you rrrant to pay?
A. 1OO rya1s.
B. No. Not acceptable. Say somethlng reasonable.
A. 11O ryal-s.
B. No.
A. As you like it.
B. l8o ryals
A. No. This is too much for me. Goodbye.
B. Come. Say a reasonable price,
A. 1-20 ryals,
B. Go up a little bit.
A. 125 ryals is my final word.
B. A11 right.

9 ,2.
,3
A. Are you going to the dance tomorrow?
B. Is there a dance?
A. Yes.
B. Is our poet going?
A. Yes.
B. Dld ire compose & new poem or not?
A. Yes,
B. Ir11 go.

9.3.3. Translate
A. Snat 'l .rrre r. e

B, *Sra w:ar:lYal :

-l,-
- 11-!o-
 Unit 9

A. c brl yut 1:k: j-lu ,

B. ya,s ayam ixs:an alal:a ('madamt )
A. zayd.l ('to iadt ) yu1 1k:11u nmati5a . mshal b+da lmatj.Ba ?

B. xasa wcErin .
A. ztaL; xf n:bl . inl ia w:awal 1;slcqul
1l
B. iwa . ini Ern:
A. iwa Sg i a,gtz:nza,n I k ay iztntzan)
B. cbrin w:ar:yal alal:e ' awa] l:mequl aya .
A, 1wa nnstacE r^r:ar:yal ; awal ang:aru .
B. lni bcda istrld 3a Xadni-n ?
A, y:ih rlY Ea nl:ubya rnEta l:ubYa brda ?
B. cEra w:ar:ya1:
A. Et ttata kilu nl:ubya .
B. wax:a alal:a

9.3.4. Translate
1. lfilyam adid.:u sahidus tadg:ai: ' adimun nt:a dmuha elahq:
loIbas uhldus fz:af . '
a

2. urdlln isl: wilyam it:lawta

3, 1s1: wilyam lt:lawta Yr:ad1ru t
4. urwur:$Dll:i unS:ad .
I

5, cEbnas izlan lwlyam bz:af cad l:iyasn is:Yd .

6. 1n:as wilyam inruha "riy anmun sahidus tt.
'
7. lmun muha Awlfyarn sahidus .
B. inrad u"nH:ad iIa l:wagun adas rafin:
g. ylwid un3:ad lkamanXans .

't )r "z
 Unit 1O

Unit 10: tawad-a nwilYam zY aYt eY:ab

Williarn Leaves AYt AYaehe '
ruilyaro
hatin ursxiY add:uY
lr,',ra I wish I could stay
frir^1 bz:af surhab n:a more' I enJoyed your
y1igam kul:n:un hospltaltty very muc"h.
d:u to go
tawada going, deParture
sxu to be generous
rhb to welccme
a rhab lde ICOme

teami- You (*'P' ) oro to rne

n 'A
1r.s rritsam
J *vcl4
rvhich you (*'p' ) dld tc
tuc

husa

iwa uraE ngi aEmil . am: You are very vrel-

tadartni aYa lhmd-ul:ah . corne'
wilyam
icZli ',,lutBin:un bz:af sad I llked your food
ixs :a aditinim rnirn! clat:g:am very much' f would
irrrsnwin:un , t:afad adassnetY like to take the
itmd:ut : inror . TeciPes f or mY wif e '
cZb to like
fnnA
r vvu
utsl
aditj-nim You (*'P' ) wifl tel1 rne

mt_ms how?
s:ni^i to cook (causative of /nw/)
asnwi cooklng
t:afad in oroer to
net to show
snet causative
husa

wax:a . afadma , amimuna , A11 right. Fatma'

aL+ zLza ad :und: . ira wilyam Mimuna, If aziza corne '
'
ak:ntisal . amuha I Q:im yr wilyam Williarn wants to ask
tiav : i dv'i ad : e aydv you some questicns-. - .
iWuna, staYwith llilliam;
I will be back soon.

- | Lt l-
t

i|
 A Course in Spoken Tamazlght

lr.nf
rL.arv ycu (r.p. obj. )
q: im stay
dri now
fadma, mlrnuna, lsziza
1:ahicawn Hellc.
trt'i 'l rre m

I .arrq.'l .m Hello.
muha

axalti mimuna , in:arn vrgaza Aunt Mimuna', this man

ixs:am adastlnid mirnE vlants to know the re-
dat:g:ad id:e am cipe for the cousccus.
mlmuna
wax:a . 1 :adnt: a.gm aman AIl right, vre bring
zg:anu . ns:ird tazlaft , from the well, clean
ns:ird lbrma o ns:ird the pots and put rneat,
asksu r ogr aksum r hgu azallm onions, and vegetables
iwa ngrtn . ad:ay yisls , to cook. Then we ro11
1:adnt:asy s:mida , 1:at:ng:ar semoulina ln flour and
ytzlaft , art :nft :1 swag: r: sift them in a sieve
n:a lmydn , umnbrd ad:ay t:nftl (with large hcles ),
1:at :nsak:a ibusy:ar then in another sieve
1:asnt:ini buh:rfu . nasy (with smalter hcles).
ikurayn n:a ixata.r: , nrrnitn Then we put them to
g:swL , neawdas diy ybuhrara , cook. When it is steaned
nasi-t sumaq :an . l:al.ng :a' iiy for the fi_rst time, we
amzwaru , nalsas wis:in , take it out and then
wis:irad , nel:b nafn: han put it back. We dc this
aksum inwa , lxudrt tnwa . ngr three times. By then
imryan , nsx:nt swuei nsrt
. | 2 -'-'--LLv , rrb the raeat is cocked. We
yt:bsil , ns :utid , ngrt xf tahe the semcullna and
t:bla . un:a yran lmeilq:a put some butter on it,
yt5is: , un:a yran afus itdis: and we put sauce on it.
Ccuscous is then read.y
to eat, You can eat wlth
a spoon lf you vrant or
with your hand.
agm to brlng water
1:a- * da- present tense particle
- 150-
 Ijnit 10

anu well
s:ird tc wash
tazlaft large wcoden or cl-aY Plate
lbrma ( =taqduht )
pct
asksu top part of the cousccus
pot
tt'Y. tc thrcvr (t"rere : tc Put )
asis tc be warmecl (vrate r cnIY)
yisls Aorust of asis
s:mida serncul ina
lr rnl I
ft1
f+,-l habitual form (rm) o:f' /fLL/
f 'l arrv
9$.f..

t,u which
nYd tc grind (verY fine )
inydn past ParticiPle
urnnb qd and after
1 :at :nsak :a- dat :nsak :a I,re pass it
k. to pass
l

sik: causa,tive of /x:/

qi orre
busy:ar rll

I :asnt : ini (<ini )

to say il

rmi tc ntix l

nrmitn vre rnix them(f ) i

isvri straw Platter

amaq:an sieve with snall holes l1

n .Y1 to clcse
Hab . f orrn of /nw / to cook
| t
, ,tyrrU,u
aly go up (ily N of acticn )
c Yrq to put
ats ,/11sawn/ -PL. tc bring the couscous from
the pot and Put it back.
The ncun cf action ts /:-ls/,
So. cousccus is ccoited in
thiee /vLsaum/.
fa nhonk
ql:b
af to find
nafn: l,.re find. there (Acrist )

1rl
 A Course ln Spoken faraazight

inwa lt ls cooked
nw to be cooked n
f
$
{ m?^ran sauee
** rr', to warm ccuscous t^llth
melted butter
t:bsll plate
s:w to water, to lrrigate
ns:utid we water 1t (*) (nearer)
t:bla table
yran /<iran/ p,p. to want
1mei1q:a spoon

muna

at-czLza , tn:am urgaz Leazlza. He would llke

rnirn5 adat:g:ad lwTrurn . to know hcw you make
bread,
l ozizaa
ad:ay nra ang aYrum ufdir If we want to bake un-
1:adnt:asy almslr , nasid leavened bread we knead
bus :y:ar amaq:an , ns :lf :t t tire flour. We heat the
iwa ngrtld ytzlaft , ng:it , pan and we cook the
ngr buwyrum arit:hmu , ngas bread on it, after
inyan , ngras iki:idn . iwa puttlng some butter
asi,yd almsl-r , asifO udi ytzlaft , on it. When it ls
1:at :tdhany al : dhny , t :1xt : , cooked I put butter
srsxt: I lwa asiyd dly yut yadnin , on it agaln and itrs
dhnxt: , t:1xt: , al:t:nt1x kul: ) ready to be eaten.
iwa aryr:f y arg:arY ybuwfrum , If I want to make
arn:nway , asiyd udi d1T r gxt leavened bread, I
g:un t:bsl1 yadn axatar tn:a have to use yeast,
dk:sy . gxt: g:udl al: stnuy and instead of a pan,
y$m:1y , asipsntld em:ryasnd I use the oven. After
ai/r:af s$f :u nd:un , i-wa art:t:an this the stew is ready
1wa id: ad:ay nra dlY ang win txmirt , and rnle eat it with
1:ans :ifif sbusy:ar g:lmsir , the bread.
nasld taxmirt ,ng;: ytzlaft r ogr
arnan . lwa arnt :g:a al: nisin is
_1q2-

I
 Unit 1O

lg:a , ngas tisnt , nad?t

ytzlaft al: im:tn o ndl:e t
dly xf t:bla . nawit safr:an t
ns:nutld , ns :nu d:waz Yd:aZin
nvd: t :awa , iwa nasid arnt:t:a

ufdlr unleavened bread

almsir tanned sheeP skin
nasid we carry (Aortst )
s:if: to stft
buwvrum elay traY
inyan. trlpod, trivet
al: until
t:1 to ro11
vrf to knead (ftatten bread)
OT to throw
g:ar Hab. form of /gr/
gxt, * -x-/
/-gyt/ also /-^(singular I put lt
as first Person
inflectlve
axatar big
k:s to take out
5m:1 to finlsh
asl^psntid I carry lt to them
e m lry&Snd I f111 for them
ayr:af pitcher
aY:u mllk
ay:u nd:un shimraedmllk
art:t:an then theY eat
win that of
taxmlrt yeast
6. to knead,
arnt :g:a we start kneading
nisin we know
1s that
tisnt salt
adZ to let
lmtn it ralsed
 A Course ln Spoken lb,mazlght
dl: e
ta
to knead (ftatten bread )
afr:an oven
O:waz stew
d:aZ1n stew or clay oot ln whlch
stew is eooked
nyd: or
t:awa metal pot
muha

m:a I mim3 dat :g:ad id:aZln

a
Mother', how do you nre-
ad:ay tlrid at:nsbd ? pare stew?
nsb to make stew
fadma

ad:ay riy ad.nsbf L:at:g:aY When I want to cook stew,

z:it r BT tisnt r 8y 1lbzar I put some oil, salt,
gr1{:awn1y:a , b:1Yes azalim' black pepper, red pepper
gxt adlq:la . ad:ay iq:la , ' yn:iY in. Then I chop onlons
inwa , srmy lxudrt t ET lbst: and fry themo when done
q:lay batata , nyd: gyas yas lxudrt I peel vegetables and
yadn a1: lnw , k : sxt , ns :nud fry potatoesr or Just
aTrum safi . any other vegetables,
aa
llhen done, I take lt
out and eat 1t with
bread.
b:y to cut
q :1a to fry
srm to peel
wilyam
walayn:1 eZbni ieban: I Ilke your motherfs
nmayE bz:af . mlsm uya ? clothes very much. tr{hat
do you call thls? (polnt-
ing to somethlng she wears).
muha

mada1:asnt tutmin What do vromen wea.r around

ytmazirt da ? here ?
mada what
ls *
^, ns (fru: ,/f s :a ns !a4 to wear
tiwtmi-n wonen
tutrnln women (construct state).
- - I.
- | h.!-

I
 Unit 10

fadma

dans:ant ytmazLtt s:ufit:ma r They wear their under-

lslntyifs t:lamir butmg:rt: r shirt and a couple of
lsint t:fina yifs , gnt LLzar robes and they wear a
yifs , hz:mnt slhzam . belt'
s:uflt:ma und'ershirt (for men or women)
t:Samir longrclosed robe worn under
other clothes.
tamg:rt: collar
LLzar sari-1lke robe
t:fina a robe, ope,l ln front'
worn over /ErsAmrv/
/t:Samir/ and. /t:ttna/ go together as a two-piece
ensemble of whlch /t:ftna/ 1s the cuter part and
is usuallY transParent.
hz,:m to wear a belt
itt*r* a decorated belt
muha

tlq:fadn , isdatnl:asn da And do you wear caftans

rnad uhu q here or not ?
lq:fdan kaftan (deeorative robe)
lq:fadn kaftans
fadma
_-:_
dal:asnt lqlfadn , lsint They wear the caftan
yifs t:flna , and a t'tfina" cn it'
muha

t:fina xf lq:fdan t Tflna on the caftan?

fadma

y:ih . Yes.
muha

mat:a lmudaya diY 7 what klnd of fashion

ls this?
fashlon
|mu$a
fadraa

lwa an:a dat:g:an ' un:a That is what they dc.

-l5q-
 .*_*A. Course ln Spoken Tanaql.Sht

yran dayt:g:a t:fina y ifs t There are those who llke to

un:4, yran dayl:sa Yas 1q:fdan put a tfina on it, and there
are those who cnly wear a
caftan.
muha

ima dal :asnt tiq:b :a And what do they wear,

mad tlmlzar ? djellabas or timlzar?
tamj.zart cape-like coat wraPPed
aa
around shoulders and tled
in front.
fadma

m-sd: tamdint da1:asnt If they are frora the citY

t1q:b :a , mEd: br:a they wear djellabas. If
timizarln they are from rural areas
tttimj-zarlntt.
they wear
muha
---:
ltimizar latntt:g:ant Do they make thelr own
"timizarin t' themselves ?
a.
iyxfawnnsnt ?
ixfawn (p1. of /ixt/) head.s (here: self )
iyxfawnnsnt for themselves
fadma
_:__
y:1h , 1:atnt zd:ant Yes. TheY weave them
iyxfavrnnsnt, ymsnt :nt thenselves and wear them.
Yms to cover
ymsnt:nt they (f) eover thernselves
with them (f. )
.A
arU to weave
muha

nyd: datnts :aYnt Ys :uq: ? Or do they buY them ln

the rnarket ?
fadma

1:ant tin:a uris:1n: at:zd , There are those who do

' '' not know how to
l rat:ts :ay Ys :uq: . weaYet
a,nd they buY them 1n the
market.
uris :ln : participle (teg. ) ot /tstn/
t to knowr
 Unit 1O
read:
{gte: GrammaticallY the sentence should
1:ant tin:a uris:in: atntzdnt 1:atnts :alnt Ys :uq:
muha

itlmazifin.y br:a da YurY r Do Berber women here

wear ve1ls or not?
aa
isdat:g:ant 1:tam mad uhu ?
ybr:a da lnt5Y irere ln our rural area
1:tam veil (covering face below
eyes )
fadma

tn:a yran dat:g:a 1:tarn ?here are those who

tn:a yran dat:d:u amdis: . wear veils and there
are those who dontt.
iran who want (ParticlPle )

amdis: like that

muha

wala;m:i yurY g;y-rman. ... But in our vi11ages...,

iYrman (Pf . of iYrm) villages
fadna
yurT g:yrman 1a Yas amBi In our villages we do
ys
at
:uq: ' Ytmdtnt . not wear veils. We wear
them onlY when we go to
the market or to the
citY.
Yas amii just like thls
muha
----:-*
iyburksn , dat :g:ant tq:aEr How about shoes? Do
iyburksn mad Yas iburksn they wear socks with
arnbis: , mad dat:d:unt shoes or not? Do theY
slhfa , mad nra dat :g:ant ? go bare-footed or what
do theY do?
lburksn shoes
i!J trlrrr
vur r1r cn
tLprr and the shoes (how about
the shoes? )
tq
a-
:asr socks
thfa bare-footed
fadma

1:ant tin :a yt :g:an tq:aEr , There are those who

1:ant tin:a yt:grtt *, iburksn wear socks and there

-1 \7-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazlght
arnsis : those who do not.
('va" ) just
muha

:a yt :d:un slhfa 7 Are there women who go

bare-footed?
lllnt they (f ) are (Aorist )
Note: This sentence is a contlnuation of the ldea mentioned
in the orevlous sentence.
fadma

llint tln:a yt:d:un slhfa Yes, there are lots

lwa ed:ant cad of
them.
11lnt See above note.
muha
-:
lyxf ? tlstbnlyin mad lknbaE mad.. . ? lnlhat do you wear on
your head?
1xf head
tasbniyt head eover for women
tlsbniyln plural of ,/tasbnLYt/
aknbuE scarf (decorated )
.v
rKnoas p1ural of laknbuf/
fadma

1:ant tin:a yt:as:an tisbnlyln t There are women who wear

snat ntsbnlyin , tas:tnt sues:ab up to twc head covers
tl:a tn:a yt:g:an Yas lfurara . and tie them with a
band, and there are
those who only wear
scarves.
A'S: to tie
tas:a VT{ of /as / z

ac s :ab band (goes over the tasbnlyt )

lfurara scarf (slrnple )
muha
a

ad:ay thl :q: tmd:ut: ma datls :a ? When the woman dresses

mrna , &d:ay ytlt 6a 1.3ei-d up what does she wear?
nyd: Ea ntmyra nyd: Ea nyd: ba , Let us say when she goes
ma datls:a ? mag:an lenayt to a feast or a wedding
n:it 2 or thls or that, what
does she wear?
- f ).J-
 Unit 1O

}.r1tq3 to dress uP (ror women)

mrna that 1s, let us say
lcid feast
nyd: cr
nyd: Ea nyd: Ea or this or that
lcnayt to be well-dressed
n:lt indeed (trere: "ProPer" )
fadma

lenayt , l:atls:a s:ufit:ma , To be really dressed up

tls ylfs t:Eamir , t1s i:fina a ?Ioman wears her under-
vi fs - f,rr vi fs lizar , tyms
t vb I &-
shirt, a tshamlr, a
arnizar , tls tlsbnlyin snat tfina and a sari. She
suqs:ab nyd: tabuq:st nyd: Puts her coat on and
tabuq:st nyd: asfl , tg tixrsin two head covers and
nn:q:rt . ' a

:":3"3"";;".:?i**fi5.
sllver earrings.
lizar a kind of sari
tabuq:st a silk decorated cord
asfl a colcrful, decorated- cord
tixrsin earrings
n:q rrt silver
muha

urid: d:hb ? Arenrt the earrlngs

rnade of eold?
d:hb gold
fadma

iwa is iFns d:hb yury ? Well, gold is not pre-

br:a urll:l . velent here.
3n+ to be prevalent
muha

uril:i ? lwa irnas dat:as:a 0h, it is not. llow does

J-Lzar ? she tle her sarl ?
lmas and with what
as : to ti-e
fadma
l:at:ynts sts6nas nn:g:rt She ties it vrith silver
nlns.
 A Course in Tamazight

YNS to pin
tasyrrst a pin
tisynas ninc
srrl^^
filul ta

1:at :g:a aq layn 2 Does she wear beads?

aq:ayn beads
fadma

1 :at :g:a aq:ayn t

tr.ih
J.rrr Yes, she does.
muha

dml ? tg tazuL\ e And what else? Does

a.
she wear eYe make-up?
dmi And what else?
tazult eye make-up
fadma

tg tazult , tS lmswak Yes, she wears eye make-

lfp, She also cleans her
teeth.
lmswak oartleular bark used for
cleaning teeth (nut-tree bark)
muha

dlhn:a ? How about henna?

thn:a henna
fadma

thn la dty , el: -sawr*r, i She wears henna gome

urdat:t:g:a &s:n:a ytlsa other day before the day

thwayE on which she i-s dressed
rth

muha
j
lyzriran ? about face decoration?
How
izrlrl face decoratlon - painting
lzrlran face decorations
fadma
J_
1:ant tin:a tnlt:g:an Yes, there are those
who wear them,
tnit:g:an they (f ) do them
husa
:-
s :alarnuc l1k:um He1lc.
- -LOU_
 Unlt 1O

kul:
clik :ums :alam warhmatul :ah He1Io.
wilyam
iwa I :ayhn : ik :um tas :a eta e
GoodbYe norv. If anY of
un:a n:tgra diYun Yr r:bad ha you comes to Rabat, here
ladrisanw is my address.
of'
o_
to throw
tgra she throws
diyun among you
ladrtsa address
husa

1-:ayhn : ik : . al : dan tas :a et Gcodbye. We hoPe to

yadn see you some other time.

I : ayhn : ik awii-Yam Goodbye, lliIliam.

10.2.1. Translate
1) ifrh husa surhab n:as gan idulanns
. av.
2) urisiib wutll ihman
i)
J/
snctas thm:u mim3 adat:gant 1d;aZln
4) tsirt watay sne:nas bz;af ead
5) aman n:a dnt:agm zg:anu dat:iq:rifn bz:af ead
5) riy adislny mim$ dat:gam iwy'tlmn:un t:afad adsns't1r i-wt:ma .
7) urdat : t :an tnd :n d :aZin stm* iiqa
8) ad:ay rly adnsby daylt:xs:a ultsum dlxudrt d5:awny:a dlibzar
t : isnt
9) isdals:ant twtmin tlqb:a ybr:a TurY ?
10) m:a5 lsts'nd at:zt: timizarin ?
'Yu
11) 1a , dat : s :aq, ,rq: .
LZ) ad:ay tili Ea ntmlra dat:hl:aq.: tmt:ut:
'
, tls isban:
uZaidn , tg izriran , ti tazutt , tg lmswak
13) tn:ayi ut:ma urdat:ga thn,, *": i:rrn . mE tra at:g
. .a

thn:a datt:g:a dat (before ) f :f rn

14) in:as muha iwilyarn "Ei ladrisanF t:afad adn:yurld:uY
yr r:bad ".
aa
15 ) isyurun tga tqb lut: lmuda mad uhu ?

- IOJ-
 A Course ln Spoken TamaziEht
15 ) urdazd:ant tv.rtmtn tiq:b :a da
AT) urdat:d:u slhfa ltgrst elahe: dayt:111 uq:raf .
18 ) ibr:a yu:y uri:at:g:ant twtmin 1 :tam ?
'
19) mag:anlenayt tlxrsin nn:q:rt mad tln d:hb ?
20) mat:a wksurtr n:ai it:efibn wi wfunas rcad wl whull mad wl...?
j.O.2 .2. Translate
1) I liked the tea very much.
2) I llked your food very much.
3) I roould like to take your reclpes for my sister.
4) Tell me how to make couscous so that I ean give the re-
cipe to my mother.
5) I wish I could stay longer,
6) I enjoyed your hospltality very much.
7) Mother, this man wants to know the recipe for the
eouscous so that he may show it to his wife,
B) When we uant to make couscous, we bring water from the
weII, we wash the plate, we wash the pot, we trash the top
part of the couscous pot, we put meat and onicns in the pot
to cook and when the water ls warm, we ro11 semolina wlth
flour in the plate and then we pass them through a sieve
with blg holes. We put the big pellets tn a straw pLatter.
Then we pass thern again tn a s j-eve with srnall holes. When
the couscous is coohed three timeso we check and find that
the meat i-s cooked and that the vegetables are cooked, We
nix the couscous wlth melted butter and put lt ln a platter.
We put it on the table. There are those who eat it with
thelr hands and there are those who eat lt with a spoon.
9) Change the above passage so that the speaker ls first oerson
10 ) Aunt Fadma, this rnan wants you to tell hl-m how to rnake
bread.
11 ) When I want to bake unleavened bread, f brlng a pI-ece of
tanned sheep skin. Then I sift the flour through the
sieve. f knead 1t and set some wood on ftre to heat the
pan on the trlpod. I take butter and put lt in the ptate
and knead everythlng very we1l. Then I cut 1t and put 1t
on the pan. When it 1s cooked T put butter on lt agaln.
Here the bread ls baked.

t(a
- | l)/-
 Unit 1O

I want to bake leavened bread I si-ft flour and

trfhen
put 1t in a plate and put in yeast and water and knead
them we11. Then I put some salt in it and 1et it stay
until it rlses and then flatten lt on the table and bake
lt in the oven,
12 ) Change the above passage so that the speaker ls first
person plural.
13 ) Mcther, how do you prepare stew?
14 ) When I want to cook stew, I chop onions and fry them in
oil, then I peel vegetables and put them ln the pot. Then
I add tomatoes and potatoes and the meat to them and cook
it on the fire untll lt is done and that 1s it.
15) I like your motherts clothes very much. What do you call
this in Berber?
16) l4other, what do women wear around here?
TT) fhey wear an undershlrt, a two-plece robe and a belt.
18) Do they $Iear caftans here or not?
19 i There are those who wear cafta.ns and there are those who
wear a tfina.
20) Do women xrear djellabas or capes?
2L) If they are from the clty they wear djellabas, but lf
they are from the rural areas they we&r the capes.
22) Do they weave their own capes?
23) Some wornen weave their own capes. If they do not know how
to weave, they buy them in the market.
2l+) Mother, do Berbev women wear veils ln the rural areas?
25) We wear thern only when we go to the market or to the city.
26) Do women lrear socks with thelr shoes?
27 ) There are those who wear only shoes and those who liear socks
with their shces and those r,vho go bare-focted.
28) I^lhat do women wear on thej-r heads?
29) T\uo head covers tled with a band or Just a searf.
30) irlhen a woman dresses uo, let us say for a feast or a
wed.ding, what does she wear?
31) She wears the undershlrt, a two-piece long robe and a sari.
Then she puts on two head covers and a band JT a colorful
cord over them, She wears silver earrlngs and nlns her
-L53_
 A Course in Spoken fb,rnazlght
sarl wlth silver plns and wears beads and make-up and
cleans her teeth.
32) How about henna?
33 ) She wears henna on a day before the day on whieh she
dresses up,

- 1Cf.! -
 Unit 11
Review
11.1 lq:iFI n-zlla
-zha
in:a's il:a bk:ri , in:a-s ik:r i*sfas iyun urgaz thdid
ixznast , i. ,"! iq: im al : iy iq: irna , ihal mnram ' in :aE
id :u , in:as "awd: i riy ayn:a I :hdi6 , '-t tu YurE r-znY " '
in:aE in:as t't:Eant if rdayn ". ir,ya in:aI im: sd.ucalrisd T1
tmalik: , in:ai in:as "awd:i ha! Lna , han may nga nk:ntis '
!1rqJnq'a , dVi ixs:a
lran rnav
rrqlr ada stiniO f jrq: ayn :a " ' ilva in : aJ
.
irl:ud Zha , in:a! in:as "awd :i nk t JiV uz:al j.wrgaz,a, as :n:a
yasn : iy avritid 1n :ayi t : Sant iyrd"ayn " . in :aH in :as lmalik :

"awd:i iq:dr at:t:gin iyrgtyrt uzzaL "' in:ai "imas t:g:a

d"fi ?t' in:as "ada$5y ladn an:ay iufid 5a *YT*a, ad"yifs
txd.rnd al : t :arnzd. , at :tnyd . " in:aJ 1n:as "wax:a " '
in:aJ isai tawriq:t: isnya yr-fs lmalik: blnahwa i'na an:ay il:a
6a wyrda at:i w il:a in:a! il<:r in:a! as:n:a iir:r
^\;rnay
id:ud j-n:a! yawid j-xd:an'rn yawitnid Yr d:aw ntad:art 1;malik: '
in:as "irlra Y zal da " . in:ai l-TQi&zYt :-n:ai 'swi han
ic s :asn hufno yr-rrsn -, iD:aE w:tnt amTnt ' in :aE n:anas
"mayt:g:d ?" in:as "il:a nry:.g" da n:aytban }hdid ik'm
d :aw ntad;art ". in:a"s n;anas "isthbld at:d:ud at :Yzd d:aw
ttha tawriq : t : iEayit :
ntad :art 1 :r,ralik i ?tt in :aE in :as
yu:i ladn ". in :ab i :kimnt yr lmalik: . in:as I'awd: i mat :a
w-ira dat:g:ad atha ?" ln;as trasidi ha nay t:g:Y: ' aYl$a
n;a yt:San thrlid luq.:tn:a n:axfaE Sttray , nt:a d:un:a n:amitn:ld
lq:dr at:it! , hat ufixt as:a il:a ilt:a d:aw ntad:artnE
dyi at :yzy al: t :idnzq: . lwa in:aE art : s :an . ln:aE
in:as "dyi aUha 1:ahisamh ii nas rnalt:an an:a izrin .:zry
dyi awra adaE xl;sy uz:alnb ". in:aE ixl:sas lma1ik: uz:al

- I t.)')-
 A Course ln Spoken famazight
bk: rl once upon a t1ne,
+; n^
a long
u!ilrc; rlti\J
sr t* ^ I v\
sJ to give
xzn to keep
awd: i so and so, such and such
Byrda /iyrdayn/ pL. mouse
deu to sue /m:sdu a/ teetorocel
haS here he is
nk:intis ne and him
un:a\ iron
n.dr to be able to
i*a.t permission
af find /tut:-d/ ryou foundt
for,rrin.i. a plece of paper
snya to sign ( French tsignert )
binahwa that ( Arabic )
qk.m:rrri'i .-q rrherever lt is
d:aw under
"nZ
I
to d-lg /qzaz/ Habitual Form
ae s :as a guard /t s:asn/ pl.
huf to jump on
?b1
to become crazy, s1l1y
Etka to complain
nzY to pu1l out
t-.e to laugh /tt?ta/ habLtual form
-si'bas mak:an all- right ( I'{qr. Ar,
it is tno
Lit. harm donef )
an:a lzrin Lzr:r rrrhatever is past is past
awra co*re I
v'l .c to pay

11.1.1 Answer the following questions:

1) ma si5a iha iwrgaz ?
2) max ?
3) ma sin:a vrgaz :.Xtra ?
4) may gan ?
5)
),1 na snin:a linalik: ?

6) mag:a fha ?

- IOO-
 Unit 11
f) ima sln:a lmalik:

I1.2. Berber {oql

wilyam
iniyt be da madat :g:am Tell me about food in
iwut:-sl ytmazlrta ? thls country?
muha
*.
awd:t md:n da lrnsakin aY gan People here are Poor.
dat :t :an aksuro zy s :uq: Yr s :uq: fhey eat meat on market
us:an n:a yadnin dat:t:an aYrum days. The other daYs
dwatay , mr:a abIbul , *"r* they eat bread and drink
d : saol tea. Sometlmes theY eat
couscous.
rvllyam
lyad:ay dyurun dd:un inbyawn When you have guests what
ma dasnt :g:an ? do you cook?
rnuha

s itmYmst , dant :g :a
danYr: We kill a sheeP (a sac-
aa
B:wi , dd:aZln , dd.:eam . riflce ); ** make roast,
stet,l and couscous.
wilyarn
i-sdat:t:am lxudrt nad uhu ? Do you eat vegetables or
not ?
niuha

dant:t:a an:a dat:art^r tmazirt We eat what we produce:

batata , matiEa , t'aL:f :in t ' potatoes, tornatoes, tur-
xiz:u o azalfu* , taYsaYt t nips, carrots, onlonst
dl:ubya squash and green beans.
wllyam
mimE dat lg:am id:ram ? How dc you make couscous?
muha
a

denft,:l- s:mida , ngt g:asksu We roll flour and put 1t

nsrs asksu xf tqduht n:a ln a steamer. ide put the
yl:an innlan dlxudrt duksum steamer on another pot
d.at :nt :adia xf 1c uf f t *f , where there ls sauce and
1nw slrug:a . ad:ay i"nrr , vegetables and meat and

-767-
 A Course ln Spoken TamazLght
datnsrus yt,zLaft , ns:ut sl,mrYan . and leave lt ln the flre
$
'i
md tnga sug:r: ndrra dasnt:ini until the couscous (the
ablbul flour pellets ) is cooked.
When lt ls done, we put
sauee on it. If tt 1s
made of corn flour, we
|tablbuLtt.
call 1t

11.3 Borrowing Some Mlnt from thS: Neighbgr.

zhrra

axaltl fadma tn:am im:a

a
Aunt Fatma, my mother
iasd ia nn:enac lsaydd:an asks if you could gtve
Ea lmbyawn . some mint because she
has guests.
fadma

kEmd beda at:sud yu1 1k;as Come ln flrst of all and

have a glass of tea.
zhta
la , ursulary No. I have no time.
fadma

hat 1l:a yuzd It ls ready.

zh,ra

Srdf iSrm:a adltry I amafraid lest ray

m-s olry mother beat me if I arn
late.
fadrna

adasinly nk: ay *sm3mmzn Itll tell her that I de-

yas kZmd. . blsmi-l:ah layed you. Just come ln.
zhra
bismll:ah
fadma

may dlurun did:an ? trrlho came to your house?

zhra
ut tma duryazns My slster and her husband.
fadrna

mandiksnt ? lfhleh one (among them)?

 Unlt 11
zhta
LszLza . l:a yE*1 lbarah:a . A+zLza. Thank you.
fadma

lgam s:aht . ha n:rnae -:-

. You are welcome. Here is
a
the mint.
zhra
adarnlE r:bi lxir Thank you.
fadma

ula 5m:in azhranw . You are welcome.

11.4 Review Exercises

11.4.1" Translate into $:gllsh:

1) many trb:ad tamazj-Yt ?

2) ylik:u1 yrnalik:an
3) riy adrb:ay tamazlyt mlih .
4) 1s il:a Ia n:a ys:n tafranslst da ?
5) s:nY tafranslst ddwi ntmazift
6) s:ny i$wi nta+rabt .
7) s:ny tafranslst dt:fharny ag:d tamaziyb ro$ dasawl: md:n
S:wl 3wi,
B) s:ny itasrabt ddwl ntmaziYt
g) is il :a f a n:ay it : cawan: ?
10) ls t:l:a Ian trbat: na yit:rawan: ytad:art
11 ) isa$i eZb thal da ?
L2) icdbi thal d.a bz:af +ad
13 ) is tI :a ian tad :art l- :5ri ?

(/iru/ to rent ' /t:Ert/ for rent t )

t r

14 ) dnat ayt : ^61mad da ?

(/qztn/ 'to stay' /t:yina/ habitual form)
Lr) sbf snur

LL.4,2, Transla.te into Berber.

I ) What do you call this ln Berber?
2) What do you call that ln Berber?
3) Repeat, please.
4) I dontt understand what you are saying,
- l t1..J-
 A Course ln Spoken Tamazlght
5) I like your food very mueh.
6) I like the couscorls very much.
7) I l1ke the tea very mueh.
B) Americans do not drink mint tea,
9) Arnericans drink a great deal of coffee.
10) l4any Anerlcans do not put sugar in their tea.

11.4.3. Translate into English.

l, ^

I ) dant :g:a 1ful :usn dd:alzin dr:uz . urdant :g:a -san d:c am

2) af rumn: y urid : am: *u i-gu am: win ntrndint

3) lTL! l-hal da bz :af
4) inyayl Laz
q\ rrri rm^.i Xa l:aZ dyi
Jl

6) gi yuf lk:as watay sah:a , walalm:i adurdikst:gza bztaf

ns:h:r .
ea
7\
I J s:jrd ava la.prtil,a.
!Y .s:!r*ss sah:a
:*;.'
B) g d:sarn iyrnnsi hat l:an 3a ntnbyavm
9) is t1:a tq:hwa da ?
10 ) many lbusta ?
lf) k:ray ada6 snety abrid
L2) is t1:a 5an tasq:ayt da ? /tasq.zayt/ rwater faucett.
13) is yurun 5a l:hm:am da ?
14) is yurun 6a l,:ikul da ?
f5 ) la , walalm : i iI :a gyrnin : Yadnin

11.4.4 Translate into Berber.

1) Who sells kerosene here?
2) Give ne L12 t:LVe(/nF rLtru/) cf kerosene.
3) Give me a La+qg.g {/Lq:bsa/} of tea and a eone (/Iqtal-b/)
of sugar.
I|) Glve me sone bread, a package (/*axrya./ ) of cigarettes
and scme matches (/luq:td/)"
ht
Ts there a place to buy cigarettes
6\ Yes- there it iS.
7) How nruchis all this?
R\ Do you have change (/s:rt/)?
vt No, I dontt. Brlng the money tomorrow or whenever you
have chanqe.

- 1'.7n-
 rr--i
ull!
+v 1't
!!

10) How much are the cucumbers?

1r ) l0 Rials.
L2) ltreigh one kilo (/kztLu/),
13) I rvant to buy a teapot (/abrzad,/) and six glasses.
14) Wait (/e:anV/) until Thursday and buy them in the market'
15 ) I{hen is the market day in }4ldelt ?
15 ) i,,lhich lus (rzrn :ar/ ) goes to ltleknes ?
LT) The blue one.
lB ) Ttre first one.
19 ) The last one.
20) What vlllage is this?
21) Is thls the waY to }4idelt?
22) Yes, it is.
23) How far is AYt Oumghar?
tyett
24) Go up (keep on going) (.ie zaty/ tto ascend') ' (/a:-tu/ )

25) thaveaheadache.
26) h you want asPirin?
ZT) Do you want me to bring you some m.edlcine (/a:wa/ ) irom
the citY?
28) I want to buY scme oranges.
29) What tirne is it?
30) it is 9:30.
11.5 Answer the folloWing questi-ons ustng words from the list
below:
ma dat :g:ad ? I,flnat do ycu (ne. ) do?
ma dayt:g:a ? What does he do?
ma dat :g:a ? tr{hat d.oes she do ?
(Also ask questions slmilar to the above using: uncle, cousin '
nephew...ete. )
Li.st
1maIik: king
tu ag1:ld
LwazLr minister
1*aml governor
lx1ift administrative job
'1 n .orrd
rY .qJ s caid
i:ix shelkh
1.7 1-
 A Course ln SPoken Tarnazlght
a&raT head of a vlllage
aask : rl soldier
abullsl pollceman
amxznL soldler of the rnahhzen
bu lbusta o,
postrnan
1fn.ih a learned man
d:alb a sehool teacher
1q:adi cadi
lmuhandiz pncri npay.

axd;am worker, laborer (*)

taxd:amt laborer (f. )
ac s :as guard
tas s :ast (rem. )
amksa shepherd (*)
taniksawt shepherd (f. )
afl:ah farmer
anz:ar carpenter
axb:az baker (* )
taxb:azt baker (f )
abn:ay mason
bu 1q:hwa coffee shop owner
bu thanut: shopkeeper
a et :ar wandering salesman
bu thm:am public bath attendant (m)
m:lhrii :am (fer"'i. ) of above form
bu tarda wagherman
m:tarda washervloman
&gz:ar butcher
axT aaz cobbler or shoemaker
adbib doctor
ahZ:am barber
amzff blacksmith (rnalnly small jobs )
alrd:ad blacksmlth
abrdri saddle-maker
bu s : I-nz
-v
doughnut maker
ask:ak goldsmlth
'lrrr #irmi
vv- vrJrrr tailor
axy:ad tailer
-1"r"-
 Unlt 11
bu tuymas dentist
anE:ad r:oet, singer
5q eari forest guard
a5t :ah dancer (*)
taEt :aht dancer (f )
wood gatherer {collector) (M)
azO:arn'
tazd:amt woodcollector 1r
\'/ \
ash:ar magician (*)
tash:art magician (f)
u*^d.u weaver (* )
tarnzdawt weaver (f)
**g r"Uf caretaker (* )
tamq:ab1t caretaker (f )
arnhdar student, PuPil
amg:utr beggar (* )
tarns;utrt beggar (f )
adl:al wanderlng salesman
tadl:alt wandering sale sr'Ioman
aJw:a1 harvester (Perscn )

abr:ah town crier

amkasf foreteller (*)
tamkaEft f'oreteller (f )

11.6 lransla*g
a niece of iron to his unc l e so that he
Once Jeha gave
mightkeepitforhim.Afteraverylongperiodoftinne'Jeha
went to his uncl-ets house and said "I lrant the lron which I stored
with ycurr. HiS unclets rvife said to hlmttghe mice ate 1t"'
Jeha and his uncle sued each other before the king. Jeha said
to the klng "I gave a piece of iron to Uncle Aly one day. And
now I ask him to give it to me and he tells me that the mlce
ate it". The klng said to Jeha "ldj-ce can eat the iron'r. Then
the King said. to Jeha, "I gi-ve you permission whereby lf you
find a mouse, work on it until you catch it and ki}l 1t'" Jeha
sald "A11 right". The hing gave hj"m a paper bearing his signa-
ture and stating that Jeha is to dig anywhere wherever there 1s
a mouse. Jei:a went and brcught some laborers to dig under the
Ccurt. After a while some guards came and jumped on Jeha and
^.,-
 A Course Ln Spoken Tamazlght

hit hlm. They said to Jeha "What are you doing? are you
crezy to dig under the Court?" He told them 'rHere ls the
paper. The klng gave me permi-ssicn". They took hinr to the
klng. The king said, "What did you do, Jeha?" Jeha saido
"The mouse which ate the iron that tj-me when I complalned
to you and whlch you sald could eat iron, I found today under
the Court, Ilorv I was digglng so that I can pull it out."
The King laughed and said, "It is alt right, Jeha. Let us
forget the past. Come here, ItlI pa,y you for your iron."
And the king gs"ve him a lot of money.

11.7 Translate I
1) ln:ab il:a Jrun urgaz
adastntxzn .
2) 1:iy t:isal mani y,nndi tn:as tEantn iyrdayn
3) ln:aE td:a urgaza y1 Iq:ayd t:afad adidca tamd:ut:n:a
4) in:as lq.:ayd "sb:hna s1 1:ah asidi . dr:g: udmnE zy yifi t ll

5) in:aE ln:as ,r.g""t'lfq:ayd "isurid: nBum ylf5 asidi

lq :ayd ? tirryl tmd :ut : imndi bg : tin : idi adyifE dr :gY
udmlnw ! mat:a wawala !tt
5) izcf lq:ayd j-k:r xf lkrsi iTfg iwcs:as in:as "awy
a.?saz.a nr1 thbs !tt (/mns/ tprisonf )
$3 oseu

7) i-n:aE id.:ad u$ s :as yarrr? arga,za yawit yl thbs . iwa

asadi safi

'1.7 ll
 Unit L2

A Fairy Tale
12.1
in:aE il:a yun urgaia iY:, bz:af Yuls lhk:ma 8:ut nthiturt
dyun B:qf dyut ntlaEit . in:a6 iq:im al:iy ira adint;t 1ws:a
arauns in:ayasn "ayarawinw , &d:ay m:ty , ku1'Ei 9
nottyui'
'_
mnyir s :nduq:in: , un:a tihadan diyun hay:i ltyas : t"1 ' "
n.imn al :-iw ran adbdun in:asn yun nt:a 1:aSt:inin hm:uttnk:in
Y.rLr!.
q!.*d

riy aditlim s :nduq: in : ". n :anas'rawd: i o hab :atnY

iws :ayay xf : t*9 ". j-n:asn 'rnk: riY s lx$n:a 11 Eatlt " '
in:aE Einas s:nduq:n:a , irzmt , yafn: diks tahiturt ' yafn:
6iks tala$it , yafn: diks yun !:qf , yafn: diks yut tx-r6:-yt
1:k:if . yasitn : VasY tamzwarut: I:qf , id:u Yr br:a )
nt :a iem:rt slk:if , lkrnu al:iy iima , nt :a yxwa iYon:a
diks il:an , yafn: igas d:hb , ig talyaq:ut; nd:hb ' id:u
yr dat nyut ntrnsriyt nyun lmalik: iq:im arit:g: am: Iq:aeidan:a
1:ay3rn:u ad:ay ixtm , if:yasd d:hb . tan:aytid il:is 1:mali-k: '
tn:as lysmYn:s "d:u awyid argazin: , s:ilitid "' id:u
is:ilit in:as " j-ni n+am iyt:is I:malik:". yaliy ' tn:ayas
ixs:aI adityd am: un:a dat:g:ad br:a t' inzYd d:qfn:s ,
inzyO taxngiytn:a 1:k:if , 1:atit:cm:ar ad:ay iima a1: idrn:1 '
ixlvu iYdn:a , igas d:hb , igas talyaq:ut : nd:hb tamzt
tk:sas 5:qfn:a , tn:as iysmy "s:uf yi t l:+t , das aemud
tz tct: adid:u Yr br:a . " tk:sas ayn:a ntad :YTt:s , tz:et t
iO:u isayd yr s:nOuq:ns r Vasid talalit . iqrt: xf ixfns
s :ar urisln, ,ouy iat :xd:m , id :u Yr s :uq: r ik: xf }run urgaz ,
iw:t: subarj-q: . argaz,n;a iw:t: subariq": , arisYl'lyu
urgazn:a t'. maylw:tn ? mayiw:tn ?tt in:a "labas llrri ,
taHaglyta urd"ayit :an :ay bnadm ". arrk:at ayt s :uq: ' al : iy
isk:r iiy:an ni:uqt ys:uq: , id:u , ieayd lkim o ik: lbab '
1zry xf i rs :asn ntad :art nl1:is 1 :mal1k: . id:u ikim ,ValY
saf I :a , yarvdn : il :is 1 :mallk: , ih: s taiaJit in:as "rnslxir ".
tn:as 'rmani i :k: id " ? 1n:as "ztLy t'. tn:as "imani y rs :asn " ?
in:as "uri-yan:ayn tt. tn:as "maytgid a1:iy urEan:a3m ?tt
1n:as "tl:a yuli yut ntEaEit . 1:at:t:g:ay xf ixfinw
urdayit:an:ay a!:0. yun t', tn:as "awid adracaY t'. iEast:
tgrt : xf ixfns t :n :as "isdayit :an : ayd ?" ln :as tturdaEmt :an :ay ",
?'ras diyiwe s :asns , iysmyns tn:as "s tufxt ias tayrit w:t:
 A Course ln ken Tamazlght
al: urlYly adlh:r , ts:ufxt: adid:u ". lw:t I r 1s :ufxt t
id:u aryal! al:iy iwhl , ld:u L+ayd dlY yasid tahtturt
asiq:tman ys:nduq: iwa uris:1n mag:t:g:a swin:a nthiturt '
l:at :lt :asy igrt: xf iYirns , ihr:ft: . Ewi iwhl !s :ut: ,
in:a adlrrr.l Bwi edayunfay . nt:a iq:ima yifs tf :yasd yut lcfrtt
tn:as . 'tmaytrid ?tt in:as rrri-y an:il1y ytad:art nil:1s
ugl:id ". tasit tsrstln: ytad:art nl1:ls ugl:ld ' in:as
iy1:1s ug1:id uhay:1 ", tn:as
I'mani t:k:id iy$s:asn "?
ln:as "tI:a TuTi yut nthiturt 1:ayifst :yima'y..tf :fd Yu:i
tt. tn:aS ttawid AdraeaY tt.
lefrlt , aJm:a riy at:gf , at:g
iEas tahiturtn:a j-yl:is ugl:id , tut yifs aq:Edim ' nt:at
tq:lma , if :yd l*f rit ln :as t'maytrid ala1 :a " ' tn :as
ttha:u , riy at : tgrd yr t :lt lxalya ". mani ayib :as 11 :a
tas:aotn:a ytraif yifs id: adit:ugr yun g:arawns ^rr t:lt
1xa1ya , yaal ileafarit bnuntas yut nt:ad:art h:uxdnt:
yt:lt lxalya swanan , slmak:la shulr Ei , diks muEud , yaYn:
hm:u t:lt lxalya , tdsun Yr tad:artn:a , yafn: aes:as
g:mi1 :bab . in:as "ya1 :ah awd:i ! Ehal aya Et:yanayy )
tet:rdi , Ehal mneam aya dyt I hafai tisura ntad:artnE
d:u at:q:imd ". lk[m yr tad:art, yafn: lmak:lat rnufudin t
h:u lbit dilrs lmak:la n:ayra , l:ayt :ta , ls :w , ic1: im
al: Jrun was: aris:ara' al:iy yufa yut n}:rda , a1:iy yufa yu'n
wurti diks aman o dlks anu , dlks d:ilyat , di-ks kul:
n:ue . iwa iq:in ign adisyunfa gwi , ha.lnrn snat nthm;amin
arsawalnt , tn:as yut iyut "mr tan:ayd i:irtin: un:a diks
ltEan 1:ast ;k:r: waE:iwn ". tn:as thm:amtn:a yadnin
"rnr tan:ayd tan: , un :a diks itian 1 :ast :k: sn waE : iwnn:a " '
yad.Etnt hm:u al:iy dat:eunnt , k:snt i+ban:nsnt , drnt
sanu , yu*y"tnt ayn:a ntafrlr'lin:snt n:as dat:afrawnt . nitni
f :yrrd r urduf int ieban: . n:ant "mayay y'rsin icban:n:Y I'nk:
adaxtnid lrar , a,m;a yra ad"astng ", in:asnt
rr

n:antas t'avryayd i+ban:n:Y tt. ilasnt isban:nsnt . n:antas

rtriY aditrarnt Yr tmazlrtinw ".
"ruu maytrid. ", in:as
asint : s : lwdnt : in : itrnazlrtns , id:u ya!,ry tazartn:a yluq:t
nd:uianblr , ytgrst uril:i latazart la walu . yawit:
igrd Srat: ntararin Ytrwa , k:nd: aln:as ntad:art ug3-:id
icad:rasnt ugl :id yantztnt , ats " v nt:a
Jrul , +.X
-.p imri.rrt.nc
v,,rv_.av.rru
 Unit L2
yut ,ttE il:is yut ' nitni tEantnt ' h:r:asn v;aE:iwn
t::tt
tEantnt , h:r:asn wa!:iwrr ' j-k::r ugl:iiln:a ybr:h
m&X 11:a Ea
imay il:a Ea nd:alb t w&Y il:a Ear"'sh:ar r
t'un:ayile :sn yiynEa n:a diyi t}:an
n3,'u!,m is:n i e in;asn '
ai :ynuy ". 1 :ayliditr Eo g : sh :ar: nYd: ia yt :lba a1 :

ur;rufirnasi-Saryamr.tin:yasixfad'urif:Vadyinlleibns
irndln , ba3'nahwa k,", "'"5:il'rn il'rgl:id yal:ah yaditn
hrn:u al:i.y urq:lmin laysh:ar:-, Ia walu ' id:un: hm:u Yr
ir-, "a.u,*"t i,;;; t";""" "riy ad)',im ad:awav agl- :1d' " '
n :anas "nayXici ylwrn , cnQ:n ish:ar: '
td:ud ig: intin
sd:rbalin:i arsr^rs:x . d:u ybrdan:8 I in:asn "tr"'alu "'
n:anas ,,hat adad i6 :y ixf ". in,:asn "un:att? yra ". I :k-imnt '
in:as "ihal ay itali:ad ? " in:as "*ay Eyayn in:as t'mld:
adid :avrad adad netY &)r1-':a ciiyi il- :an
a
uriC:avla'd f : Y " ' in :as
lrali:d.a.r,,tay ". inctas ai::-m"r ,1":r:as llai:ii'm 'in:as "vtrax:a' '
ak:darvay f imr:a , ualali:ayni s3:rt ' in:as "mat:a
d:rt ?"
: j-d ' "
in;as adassY Ib *my:a ntyrit , a" twtY "lb cmy:a ntfrit - ti
yun 1 :bit
ln :as "lr;ax:a . " yamT: ag1: id , i3 :kirnt Yr '
tw:t : r idas ti^g'yin r al :iy iaZi-r"'m ' i"w:t : srberny:a
ntyrit , iEas ]'ut ntazart , i-t:Et: r caydnas waE:ii"rn
in:as "i'da xl:si si tiyradinr'+ arl-cl:uy ' in:as "tsula$ it:i "'
in :as "alvcl : i' ii : iE tu+ r Y1f i bz :a-ll , tur ras lxdmtns t" ttt tu:- '
l,ralakin:i i:Es:at: nt;at adasEy sbemy:a ntyrit
ttha r,iay 6rnit:dawan , ublhq:
"wax:a ". iV1c1 iyl:is in:as
s5:rt , s:bciny:a ntYrl-l; " . tn : a s at zamz"Y " ' Yarnzt: hn :u t
Ititqa ts :nc1 rnayam dit :d:un L1:]-+ ?
i3 :kZrr'Lt: yr lbit , in:as
ar^ryicl tahitur.tinvr , tawidid ta$a$itinlt , tawidid
d:q:fin1r '
t:xngiyt 1:h;iil , a5mtdat+ay ' uritnit:iwiyd ' at:q:irnd
swas:ilm al- t:'rn:d.:
t'. tar^;yasd taia5:-tns , tawyasd tahiturtns
cmy:a ntYrit
tawyasci S :qfns d11<-: i fns tdastn , it+:t : s :b '
i-gas yut ntaza::t ytl-:1 n:a clyiw' yt;irazirtn:a ti' y ' in:asn
"xl : sati acicl :r-rY " in :as "tsu-']-a5 trndut : inw altu , tsul-
,t-ti :at h:v :as l'lad: i','rn . " yarnzt : id , in :as. "tamd:ut :
"g
ixs :at : ts miy :a nt yrit . " yanT tand :ut : , ida s ts sr^ny :a nt YYit
al:iy t:iin,t irrlj-h , igas yut ntazart : qaydnas was:iwn . Fri:&
1'3.lvc1:i dyi nir:in xatrY dY j-
yZ ty in :as ugl :id ihrn:u in:as '
at:q:iniii. yuri ada.B By lrnmlak:&: adaEalrl-y il:i
-l
, tQ:iitrc Turi
 A Course in Spoken Tamazlght
at:gd agl:id , &t:hk:md gldprtnw r nk:in yas adq:lmf
adhduy . tt iwa yamz hm:u , lias l1:is , yawlt : , lgas
tamlra iefu yif; rl:i
aa
xf hm:u . lq:im ikim taxamt
ugl:id . ig ag1:id nt:a sixfns . :t1" eIn:bi
(Tne informant for this story is !0 years old, a native speaker
of Tamazight; Tribe: ayt Ayache ).

I- to read
fnl<ma wisdcm
g:ut (.y + yut ) in cne (f )
tahiturt choon elein

5:qf pipe (for smoking )

taJaiit hat
m.f tc die
ws:a to advise, to ask
aral,f offqnri no
bdu tc divide, to share
mnylr except (Arabic )
hada to touch (tlfradan 'touched
it - part'. )
n1I rca
:r*9
l:ast : inin he is called, (they call him)
aditEim Trnrt rrrill
d-* sirre"- ' r
me (pr/ 1

awd:i so and so (Vocative Ohryou)

af to find (yafn:=he found thero \
tax:3iyt bag
lk.if kif
tamzwarut: flrst (f, )
amzwaru flrst ('n. )
kmu - Emu to smoke
x?'ru to empty
ivd ashes
d:hb gold
talyaq:ut : cannhi ra

dat in frcnt
tamstt rtyt palace (alsc, an upper room)
arit :g: to do ( g)
f:y to go out
r ryC)
-f{u-
 Unit l-2
1srry' Negro servant
aly to go uP (s:11Y)
nzy to Pu1l
to dismiss
7t, a stiek
ac mud
s:ae but
abarlq: slaP (on the face )
$ruyu to shout
bnadm persons - PeoPle
Eiy:an rnuch

z:uql gathering (of PeoPle )

crowd
acs:as (pf. ics:asn) guand
afl:a uPstairs -uP-over-
above
k.q. to take out
rac 8,
to look at
taYrit stick
iYiy to be able to
aryal: (<a1: )
to erY
iri: shoulder
hr:f to carry
s:u to make the bed or
sPread something on
the floor.
syunfa to rest
agl:id sultan
t;aYlf st:YlmaY cn it I sit
Note: verbal structures such as thls are transcribed as one

word. Here:
1:a present tense Preflx
Yif on
-s it
t lTima VH of /q;tm/ f to staY
or slt
inflectlon fo:: PIN*
grs to put
aq : zdam sltting
rragr to foretell
st:r to be late
-eA
I I V-
- tt /
 A Course in Spoken Tamazight
tasarutt (pf. tisura) k prr

lmak:lat food
il:rda garden ( P.. jardin)
. :- . ,
o :1l.yal ( sg. 0i-11_I ) vine
af rar',r to f1y
tafriwin lvings
TZU to asit
tazart figs
tagrst t^linter
e.if summer
iir"u spring
lxrif fall
tartva eanal
ead:r to rneet
hr.h to announce
ast:ar msrrini.sn
1ynSa illness
bay'nahwa that (Arablc )
dawa tc cure
c nd . to get tired
ws:x to make dlrty
f irnr:a at once, irnmediately
E.rf condition
at
:rJ.c to pay
*il to be hard
'l.rrr*
rr.l. l l.rn .
qv!ir9.

2:y to be cured
xatr to grow old
nKr,1 (tunsm ) to govern
ifr*T place

- 180-
 Unit 12

]2,2 Translate :
1) il:a Yurs fnrn 6:gf dyut nt6a5it
2) il,rs:atn b;asn adbdun tulrEi mnyir srnduqn3a
3) ira hm:u ady"$z s:nd.uqn:a xftniws:'& b:asn
l+) tk: sas il: is 1:malik 6rqfns t:xn5iytns ttEabitns i?rm:u
5)Lg,Tal-m:uta5aEitnsxfixfnsarik"atayt'sruQ:sitrarig:n
O yumT b:as nh"m:u ilefarit adbnun $ut tad:art t?t+: Vt:1t
1xa1ya ilmu ad:iksizdY
7\ vivr-v hm:u Erat i, ntazarin yluq:t ndzu/anb ytgrst urtl:i
:€tazavt la. walu , urtl-;i yavrilllid a1: tamazirtns ' aI"
tamsriytl:malikrigratntytrvrantad:art1:inalik
B) yir,',q71rm;u l.;azarin uri : 3, tntitEan 1: astk: r: t"tai : irryn
o) yivff?rir:u Srat I ntazarin yadnin , ulll; a LntitEan las t:kr:
]II8,S : I1Vfl
ll
10 ) in: as Imalik ihm:u "q, i* YuTi at' 3 aurald i1r i t
*nA
u6u q-'1 .iA
s64.ru

L2.3 Answer the following questicns:

1) magr 1:&n Yr b:&s nhngu ?
2) maxf iws:a b:arrs nhm:u arawns ?
3) m&g:r& l*,t ?
l.L) mas n: an aYtmas ?
5) mag: ufa hm;u Ys:nduq: ?

6) imagra mnbsd ?
7) rnag: ETan 1:iY iEma ?
B) mastn:a il-:is ugl:id iYsmYns ?
9) mas tga il:is 1:ma1ik ikrm:u ?

- ta1 t-
 A Course in Spoken Ianazleht
10) ima yr id:a hm:u mnbcd ?
11) imag: o O",rrn,
I?-) imag:a 1:iy d:isw:q, ?
13) imas tga i1:is ug1:id 1mt:n:a
14) imag:a 1;iy astk:s taEa6itns ?
fi) mae,. Zvan 1:iy iq; ima xf thiturtns ?
16) nas ir'r, r hm:u il+f riyt ?
1Z) may tga i1:is ug1:id ihm:u lmrt:a ?
18) imag: lT* ihm:u 1: iy r"tt , u ,r, r" 1;nalik tatriturtns
19) mas Jrurnr b:as nhm3u ilcfarit ?

20) rnag! urr, hm:u lZ zarda ?

"O
2l ) mA.snt 'i o:. hrn,u ithm: u,"oi., ?
, -. l

22) rras ga,rt ihm:rr 1:iy asntirura tafrivrin: snt ?

23) mag: ir",y 1: iy i d: a hm: rr yr tmazirtns ?
24) mag:a stazarinn:a ;
2i) may tntitEan ?
?-6) imasn il,yan ?
Zl) imay tnidavan ?
28) max ?
29) rnimE astilra a1: iy i ga hm;r-r ag1: i d ?
30) nag: irvl hm:u ?

- 182-
 Unlt 13

sidna Yusf
13.1 The StorY of Saint JosePh
--:-- yusf us' : d' : iq: , in :aE 1 :ayl :a Yurs
in:a-s 11 :a sidna
snat ncayls:rn . in:aE yut turwas sbea yiir:an ' Yut turwas
-r.. -..".
yun in:ab tn:a n:a Yurun Yas Yun , sidna Yusf n:it t
in:aE i.sz; xf b :as sidna Yusf in:aE iq:lm a1: Yun was:
in:aE arit:warya am:l 1:an sbca itran , yili yuk: aytnixulfn
ln:a! al:iy id:a yiwg win:a , ln:aE ifafad ylq:istns
ytwarylt : , ln:aE lk: r arasit :q:is imm:is , in:aE in:as
,rawd:i art:waryay amm:i , "..,ln:aS tl:a 1:ayursts:yad taEna
n:ayadnin in :as "amm:i art :waryaY am:i 1 :an sbea itran
il:a diksn yun lxulftn , al:iy idyiwd , fafayd df t Eg:
tsuld at:gd axatar naytma3 Egl aYra ygn ag1:idnsn "' in:ab
arts :yad taEna , in :ab tq : irn , tk : rd 1run was : ' tn :ab
art:ru , 1o:ab n:anas t'may EmyaYn aym:a al:iy t:rud ?"
in :a-s tn :as ttmayd : tarwa uru1 nh : in , uruf sbc a ie r : iron t
tarw ta-sna Yas yun , han mas ln:a b :as , han mas in:a b :as '
han mas tn:a mays . nk: urdiyun uriwy yas lxdiyt ' dYl
han sidna yusf aYTa igln ag1:idn:un , P:l at:gim yas
ihz :ar:ns . in:aE n:anas "aym:a 1:iyd: Yas ayn:a and:u
ui rrrrr ". in:ai tn:ayasn "iwa walu , &d:ay urastgtm Ea
tt. in:aE k:r: n :anas isidna
at :tzlirn , 1sl*1 isurknuriwy
yusf us:d:iq: rn:anas "awd:i ixs:a adaytEd sj-dna yusf
and:u angmr ,,. in:ai in:as awA:i tagmra urawnak:aY Ea
adigmr yusf imz:iy , uriyiy lEa 1:ewari , uriyiy ilaF'bal '
dyl yusf urn:ii adawntEy Ea , at:yaY fad , at':ya[ Laz "'
in:aF n:anas "walu ilazm adaxt:Ed anawy kulEl , anawy
lewinn:Y r anawy aman , anawy "r an:a yiwhl nq:lm r Ya$
ttiwa mand:lyun ag:! :dman :' ?tt
anmun angmr . " in:aE in:as
in:aE in:as sidna ycq:ub "hay:t $*ttt ' nk:in adis :munY
urtt :ay ag :d yut thaEt ". in :ab iA tu in:ab art :d:un . . . ln:ad
in :as "wax ;a , h*y : i EiYawnt , d :ut munat .'t in :aE d :un
in:aE astn lcwinnsn , asin kutFi , a1: idn:a amzwaru nsin
in:aE ask:ans in:aE d:un al:iy n:iwdn cari axatar , in:a!
q: imn art :mdaEar : mast :g:an , ran xlas : at :n^1in , uruf i-n
mlm6as gan , i-n:al art:md-aiar: , r",*E Ewi yalyis:n , in:aE
iylag iyeq:ub in:as ""yiq:ud mani lcahd n:a t51d iyb:a dyi

- .LVJ_
 A Course lnSpohen Tamazight
1:at:1nim Fa rrha5t r may tram aditgim
". 1n:a! ln:as
"awd:i dfi sbr urit:g: rb;i yas lxir hayl l:iy lrayifE
k:atY , *uiuyrr:i hat "y rt:i bz :af . dYi sbr . urt:g:d:
aaa
ya$:d yut 1:ha5t ." in:aE d:un , in:aH 5rr;i lnyltn fad bz;af
ln:aE d:un srrnn xf yun wanu in:a6 artfr:dn , arfr:dn ,
ln:aE al:iy n:ufan &man diks nt:a anun:a i"iu6 aqdim'ugru .
in:a6 n:an&s iwa ttdr ilg: ayusf aday t :awid. aman . " in:ad
ln:as "yal:ah ". i","i nt:a i$f , in :aE rarin Ylf s
tayt:ayt xf wanu . rari-n ylfs yun isl:i . in:a.i rdmnt yifs
fn:ai d:un . in:aE lgas sidi rb:i ln:ai lgas t:asic g:anu t
in:aE uryif st:ut:i}m iknn:a1.n . in:ai d:un , in:aE lEasd
rb:i tmak:la sanun:a , iEasd usu , i5asd ag:d yut thaJt t
urtimr:it sldi rb:i yag:d yut 1:haIt . iwa in:aE q:i;
ask:a caydnn: wil:i aytmas , in :a5 i eat : rasnd . in :aI
ln:as ltahlw , maniyat yusf n:axfkn t"ruy ?" tn:aI n:anas
"awd:i ngayis I lmicad. nn:a aday diral:r Yr ti.z:- w:ayflan ,
nk:ad yifs urtidnufi , nyal id:is dyiwd da ". in:a5
in;asn "walu .oBVo:a tgam yas lYdr aytydrm ". ln:ai n:anas
rrr,rn"l rr
ncrnrr{g; lmiead yr t- da ,> d,fi
--t- hayay
- -v nd:a and:u anrara
isurdiZbir sadyar ". iwa in :ab d:unnsinn: yZ :bln :a , gin
enwa am :1 daturz :un , in :aE Eawrdatrz :un r Yas q : iman s :n :
ayn:a ytslk:n , in:aE s:bah , in:aH iYr sidna yusf ku1:El
it :yur , iluhud , in:as in :asn "awriw d:uyat at : s :aram ,
un:a yufan ayn:a yil:a Snisfinw , nyd: adldyawy lxbarns ,
id:ud yuli ", 1n :aB d :un kul :5i luhu5 , ln:aE ars :aran t
ars laran , in:aX walu . in:ai la t:3nrr 1a yuI :an: , la. , .
in :aI ars :aran , in :aE n :anas "aw& : i sidna yusf uriq : imi
af I :a w: a6al . rr in :aE iq: im , in :aI id:ud yun yidr
axatar , in:aE 6nar mn ram ayYurs il:an , ln:aE id:ud yr
sidna yusf in laE i*,", "iraz* ig, ag;s :n: timj-zar r &8 !s:n:
an:a yiwer lhal , dyi at :d:ud .t' ln:aE in:as 'rawd":i
haq:iqa s:ny timizar zman 1:iy sulY swaln:inw skul:Ei '
walayn:i dyi cmiY urYiyY add:uy adraeaY ". in:ai islk:as
afus xf wal:nns , in:aE icayd arit :an:ay mlih . ln:a! id :u
eri t.rlrrr e".].t:dur al;iy ienq: , in:ab i*aya: yurs .
".:*.^..4.>---o-.-r--;--
in:as r?awd:i , *io.ru, yusf urlk:l afl:a w:aEal Oyl af1:a
w:abal hat urik:i . dyl rb:i adylf5 lfr:E ". iwa in:ab
d:und ylts w:aerabn , in:aF d:und g:brid , tn:aE 1:iy iwdn

- 1B4-
 Unit f3
, in:a-s alabar waerabnn:a , in:aE irrlitn
fad
iyun
in:aB q:imn Ewi , in:asn yun "zman k:iY sya 'eq:lY
yal :ah and:uyat Yurs " ' in:ab
-lt" g:dyar w:ayf }an ,
wanu il:a
;,;; ,;; d:un , in :ai artrrigtt ' lwi k : sn tavamust
in:aE grin wan: Yr saman , grin d:lu in:as nt:a
ta

iwanun:a
gran d:lu , in:aE iEb:rasnd sidna yusf dlks ' in:as
r:ry
dyuly , in :aF in :as rval :i n :a igran asq:n in :as "aya* rinw
yiwid rb:i yun ismY at:awiy "' in:aE in:as "urgiy walu
ismy

dyi nk: aytma ayiyran g:anuya ' uma urgiy walu ismY
ursiv ag : dhah . " in :aB I :1yas in :a ayn :a ' in :aE iwt :
. i.r,*5 l:iy tiw:t subari-q: in:ai yaznasnd sidl
",ri"riqi
rb:i yut gnut , in:ai at:iy dat:msamahn y"1t adxlun
in,aE il:a sldna yusf am:asnsn ,il:a yas am3is: '
urinsi
al:iy
ag:dhah . in:al uras :rit:- walu ' in:a3 5wi al:iy '
in:ai d:und
;;;;;8t"t , ln,u.i vtv"i sidi rb;i .'v:z Yirsn '
in:ai ivra imunis :nd , in:ai d:und af :iy n:ruhn uiabarn:ayusf
yr,., ydiwdn yr tmazirtn:a yr dd:an ' in:"i ix'" sidna '
in:aEid:utnarstyuttmyarttl:atgatad:artns'ln:aE
1:at :iri at ,* 8i , in:ai ik:r Yt'I* nt:a slq:dra nsidi
rb:i , in:a6 tg 'r$a6t fimr:a , tili muiud ' last:int k:rd agmd
aman , in:as yina, iig," ' in:aX tafn: thwayins
kul:6i
em:rnt swaman , in:aB 1:astsnuy azry luq'it'u adizo '
in:aE
tk:rd , in:a5 tafn: kul:di azry l:ayt:d:u Yas sladn nsidl urid:
rb:i , ariz:ad iyxfns . in:a6 tk:r tn:as awd:i argazad
.r'
*A.rrsrrv AstA .'i*r, s:iyd aya , Yd: 5a ' in:ai tk:r td:u
'
t'awd:i il:a lnrri yuk:
yr sagl:id udyarn:a o in:a5 tn:as
uvgaz han mayduyt,gr* , han maydayt:g:a ' an:a
sn:iy
dayt : K: r " in:as "ixs :a aditidtawid adan:ayy ' " in :aB
id:ud yr lmalik;n:a r 1n:a5 in:as "awd:i ma zy tgt-d' 2"
in:as "awd:i nk: han may yifi yarun , han ma$ yifi yarun .''
in;as ,'iwa ixs:a at:q:imd .,, tn:as " dyi art:waryay,.."
tt" yiyun
asin:a tmalil<:n:a ' in:as 'art:waryay is 1:an sbea
1n :as "tdintn sb ca n:a yuhl-: dfi ixs :a aditrzmd mat :a
wya , sb+a n:a sfianin , 'igittttt sbca n:a whl:in ' ixs:a
aditinid rnat :a Immtn:a ' " in:ad in:as 'rsb ea ysg:asn
1:at:ili s:rft , sbfa isg:asn urtlli ' " in:as "iwa may
nt :g.:a 2;' in :as "i-xs :a angal imndi ysb ca ysg:asn n:ay il :a
md :n
Or*Ut hma g : sq :asn ,^, ,*y urll : i ymnd'i yxs :a ad :t : :un
c1
'
 A Course in Spoken Tamazlght
59, lmalik: a/tgid , aciasntrfaeC imd:n ". ir.va in:aE iBas
lrnalik: tisLrra , i5as lflus isidna yrsf . in:as ttiwa ]-,azm
at:d;ud at: Eald imnd.i ". iwa ln:aE lqim arit:6a1 , arit3rirr.;&r
lahi'rran lrr1 : Ei , aTLt : rill: ar arixz 2n , in , aE as;l: o.st1 : o.
Idd:an isg:asn h:8,\r uril: i unbdu , in3aE ik:r atiz;nza diy
lrnalik: , aT.yak;a imdrn su.fl:a. siEal 1uq:tn:a sidna:'n-lsf ,
in r aE o.s; rr: a gdd za.n a.:rt-na.s a,C5a1r imndi , inraE a:und fr
t'nazirtn ra n; 3,rr i 1: a si clna lrusf , in: aE iq: im nt : a , in, aE
lriwgt yakzLn . in:aE isbrasn al:iy s,sdcbT , in,aE ikrr }r:k:
in;as , imEtr<;a , in;as ttrb, i arffd:i sidna lrusf usrd:io.r r1B,Jr
yifs yarrin asf:&srtz& yrza-r id:a i1:a b:as 1;Et1ru.rz3rr . urs:irr:
a

malrl-k,s , uril:i malr il:a Ea 1;xbar". in:aE in:asn "awd.:i

,1na.'il:&n $rin;a . 1:iy t;d:am , imnclin3un afrt:d:&ffi ,
amzat at:Ea1m imnclin:un . uma sidna yusf maxil:an diks idb:r
iyrcfns t'. in:aE arit:g:a a1 .ry taTTart t,anqiarut: . in:aE
igfa,s rli
uJr!!ks lehfa
rr vrq iyrnz.we.n
L\rjlbivarL ilrr:@,D
n.sE {rr
ni tni
uLtr trTerl i'lhtrrrrm . v
, A-*.. , l.fl 3d,S

fr:En tttdra I*bra tt. in:aF arnzntn , ft, Sntn , nzynast: id

twmztYan , inraE n:&nes ttivra Egr atze:imd ak-:/&h; av Lmxzn ".
in:a6 iq.,im , ins 1.rr5p , in:aE ask:a , inraE 3rar tabra,tz ,
in:aE igast: g:&ttr3as ntyrart , in:aE inras ttj_yla l_sayhniks rt
inraE d:und , in,a6 iCn;&':a )m:lrrlm , in:aE inras b:as
i.n:as "E*tt r:iht nsiclna ln-rsf a,sr& ,tct:alid r:ihtn$ tt.
iwa int aE n:&n&s rtab;a ]:ah arthbl_d . 6ha,1 rnnram ala id:a
sidna rn:sf ? dyi tct,imd arayt:inid ihi r:ihtns ihi...il in:as
"walu , tutid r:ihtns o.s:e. tt. in;aB nitni d.:and.: tayt:Ein ,
rzmn+. tayrart , inraE afint tabra!,r, , i_nraE te;&fl&s "hair
rn-:.t tbrat; ttin:,aE yallJZt; b3as
, ''t; a Wyt; , in;asn ttha
tabrat: nsidna ..,rr.rsfinvl aya tt. inraE lalMt1 iq;Tat; , a1:iy
t:iq.:ra , in:aF it:o. i+ma simt:awn nra dayt:m , k;u/&s3
,
l.]f1-

,a
 Unit 13

k:uYasr , xf siclna y-rsf in:aE yamz tabratro:& ' istl-fis:

isik:t: xf wa].rnns , in;aE igas sidi rb:i &1:n tuididin '
ttdfi aw*i:l
in:aE 1ea;rd. arit :e.,ft;'a'if , inraE id;rrd in;as
hayri e:d.yar iv:altrf1an ...tt ir'va in:aB id':ud , in'aE as;rl:&
yd-:.rirr1 tamazirtn:a , in:aE ik:r sidna )msf , ik:r ig grun
s:nd1rq: Jmt t:swira ukE:id- &rl1: sidrna 1n-rsf in;aE as:nra
tt
irdi d: a , rI : &,Ilos " awra haE si dna l,njl sf ' in: aE yamz
akE: id.n r a stasa , in, aE yarnzt artit:'hn: ad' Yl{s , in t aE al: iy
tivrt: ylLTza 1.1-Il:6i ygza akE:irln:a , in,s! rad. 1:iy ITza
ak!;id:r:a ,;,inrra v/an:adY ntasa , in,*5 ead if:fd 1nJfs
tt6an
sid"na 1rusf . in;aE alriy is:irrrsl:am kr'11:Ei , i-n:as
may yifi l/arun , han ma;r yifi yarun ". inraE ik:r l-rna1i1<:ril:&
im:t , Lnra! i-k:r izrid 1'ut tmtr.rt: , 1:&s t:inin zu-l]xa '
c1a,he: nt:at iEas Tbri Egaf nzzi-n asiEa , tssa rr"tscin
alrdis;ufy , iEas nt;at tsca wtsein n; it n:ad.is3ufy . in:aE
ik:r isrlfas sidna ]rusf ,in:aE tcalr6 tg tarbatr , in:aE
yary si dna y-i sf 1m]-k zla I: malik: n : 8, . iwa t.].an an l & : Y S1.l

aYa Yrydi:rt nsid.na lrlrsf

lr& emphasis Particle
taytE: in lvom?'n

arw to give birth

turlnas she gar.e him cirildren
tn:a the one who
warya to d.ream
am. i like
atri star
aytnixulfn was cliff erent from them
alvd t'o Yeach

- 187-
 A Course ln Spoken ftsmazlght
fafa to wake up
s:fd to hear
naytmaB of your brothers
aYTa future
ttwho
participle particl-e
rryil-l-tt
icrn
-c__ future particple ot /e/
131 to cry
aY to reach
En- to you (f .)
mayEmyayn vrhat reached you? what
is the matter?
Itr:& (irt:a) mother /a + lrn:a **) aymza/
mother !
rn&yd: but (for sarcasm or anger)
lxdiyt failure
8,112 t &T servant
't.r-^. sinc e

zi- to lose
r'm?
p-_- to hunt

YiY to be smal-l-

iyiy to be able to
eari (p, lewari ) mountain
fad" thirst
Iaa hunger
iLazm rnrst
]-ewin food
mun to acconpany

+*" to guarantee
artt; ay she will not reae?r
ad
night

- 1BB-
 Unlt t3

NS to spend. the night

ask: a tomorrour

ask: ans the next dalr

mdaEar to con$11t
as:r to be aTlare

sahd to promise
z! zr to ti &ten
srm to knorry of
1rd. to sweep, clear up
dr to go d"ollm
tayt: alrt 1id
i isl-: stone
t:asic room (here=roomY)
+u:Lr.u3.y
..+ -, to fal-1
aknn 3 ay rock
lmak:1a food
usu. bed.ding
rnr^. f to torture
llll'1 | . 1 tlno se

9,l,rtlra,s tri s br ethren

er':.-r tu c?,i..zt: tc tri::'1;

a:1i-..,i a. 1l O CA.t,
'i,V: ..lipll .:S Si n.n
i,i..z:, a pass
^a9
|
to thinl<
^,1 rtt 1' to lr 4tTa.r
7,DT to come back
en'[va, 6rl n]11 hn qa

TZU" to look for

r Qn
- rw>-
 A Course in Spoken Samazlght
S: &Ta,
to take a v/alk
u-E:n
jackal
aEa.l- sarth
rri Al a huge animal (ProbablY
imaglnarY )
e)'res
9,1 :n
aEabar caravan s

tayamust 1id.

X'n. .r" to cling

I Ui/E
&sQ-; n
noal
a-\rasTinl;-J
'y g -ii1i r';
a.c",
r4l-3. rllrah (= /'ra,\t/)
!(\!.4 r \ /
1:..

* n q on rl
atart

-i -nrr
*urr\il!u- *u storm

sanh to f orgive (msana.le = recip. )

xlu to d:stroy
ar0l &S
atnonq, between

l:il.11
to reach
]rars to prevent
LawvarL o1cl vloman

1q: d"ra the r"vi11 (potrer)

fimr: a ri ght a$ralr
a$n to bring \rrater
qi r:r. r look !
sny to put on

azv:f nd]-l-
to grind
i*
q. i rrd
va!c.4
holy man
aTu to write
wafJ'/a to d.ream
_ lgo_
 Unit 13

yiy;n oxen

T7n
to open
gb" to be heal-thy
SAI to buy grain
hma in order to
tfe to d.i stribute
thri warehou se

akz to recognize
TZV to look for
g;in:a(=Y+a1rnra) in that
db:f to manage
tanrcarL sack
A.fiz zlfan sr:la11 one

ft: 6 to search
fumczn the government
Eau to sme11
ihi (*uhu ) no

^/T,
/- ar . a. / to read. (/aray/vw of /yf /)
imt I a.rlrn tears
s: l-f to caress
t r swira photograph
tasa l-ove ( lover)

F.' I to hug
z zLn beauty
aydi s:u.fuy whieh he invented"
lmlkrya kingdom

-'1At-
13.2 Translate
f ) 1 :an yuls sbq a lElr:an
2) ie z: Jrusf bz:af xf b :as
3) iwarya yusf am:i 1:an sb+a ytran yill yun ixulftn
t+) tn:asn talna adzln ymatsn
5 ) is :ufyas yusf twaryit :n:a ilmallk: .
6) iEas lmalik:n:a tisura I :ahryan isidna yusf
7 ) ic n:a b : as nsidna yusf 1 : iy urdic ayd yusf
B) igra yusf 3mt tbrat: ytTrart nymas amz:yan ,
9 ) mimi tga zulixa al:iy t ayd tga tarbat: ?
10) mimE iga yusf al:ly iga lmalik

13.3 Answer the following questions;

1. Efrat ntutmln ag:1:an Yr sidna yusf ?
2. itrat l:waEun ag:1:an Yr tmd:ut tamzwarut:
w'
?

3. Errar 1:waEun ag:1:an yr tmi:ui: tis:nat ?

4. j-sie z : si-dna yusf xf b:as ?
5. mag: warya b:as nsidna Yusf ?
6. mag:a b:as nYusf l:iY difafa ?
7.
la imasn isl:an ?

B. mag: n:a b:at:sn xf sldna yusf daytmas ?

f. istfrh taina ?
10. nasn tn:a taEna iwarawns at:gin ?
11. nas n:an aytrnas nyusf ib:at:sn ?
L2. masn in:a b :at: sn ?
13. nax al:iy ila b:at:sn Yusf iYatmas ?
14. maygan ayt mas nsj-dna Yusf ?
15. mas in:a yusf iYequb ?
16- mes ina sidi rb:i islndna yusf g:anu ?
L7. masn in:a b:ansn iylir:an:s 1:iy fleaydn ?
18. irnas n:an i-slr:an ib:ansn ?
19. mas in:a yidr ib:as PYusf ?
20. mag:ufan yusf ?
2L. may tyal trnYalt is tiga ?
22. imas in:a sj-dna Yusf ?

-rq2-
 Unlt 13

23. max a1:iy tirr,T tmyart si-dna yusf sag[:id ?

2)+. rnag: warya ug1:id- ?
25, imas in:a sidna yusf xf twaryitrr:& ?
26. mas iEa ug1:id isidna Yrsf ?
2.7. masn iga y-rsf iyatmas 1:iV dd':an adEalr irnndi ?

28. tuagza b: as st: swira nY-rsf ?

29. mag: d:* iwgl:id ?
30. magr Zran iYusf ?