Gramatica Limbii Engleze

ALICE L.
BADESCU
GRAMATICA LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI, 1984
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lonE beensamethingof a baxlefield,. "The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,s Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inp toryht oL'ti' thot b.t,\".n trts"fit||\e and d?s..tplire Flrir udes 1o ,r.age.'r anclrcte Cu aceste curinte incepeutn d,inte numeroatele efecluate in altima treme asupra limbii englezeactudle in Anglia. Prima. atitudine,aceea,,prscriptil'n", esteautori.tail, natmotird.,ingrddird gamaticii ld,tineale secolnla; ile numeroase reguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLe al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{te ti rctragrade;(.ead,ea doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE. Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc celor d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd in 1f68 d,ercpeLe Gearye !11 III-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca unei scali de,:L6enti (rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lestitieni in oiatd. Incurajarea scriitoritor filrrdsese, tn seamu d,in!rctinri stribcchi, sueeranilor ( juruL garitau pÎrons". Lituba a catc nobiLilor in rlii. reg(rle arlulaa "lhej,|r Si ri d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,' rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc. ,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLe E naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii". Od,atd insd cu descoperirea Nd,iotel.egruf ici.ti a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree prin intenled,iulacestar culturii in mose subiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo, putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume coresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'enimente, $i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd, ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte cnglezc, faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialecte coLlwile lumii. LimbaengLetd d.lfu.atil la BBC d tncetatde a mai p ea fi consideratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru socatildca rodel. llcest nume lare sd aibi n1o.i saianta li )Lii en1leze nrulle preteazd .lc suprarieluirc, deaarece se Ia conslrut:lii eare reda nusnle Sanse lat gtumatir& poatefi dascripli\A muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarte utiLe.Asttcl., snrrp rfr cri tt irar. l/on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate a(cptal0le,accepled. archaicsaa la re,l.uracft stard.rd sou subslandard. cepled. rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcnd, |bdcscert. obsolele,anl,iquuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded. old-fashioned, outwoln sduj "it r{!1es js out il cf daic";rlc. nd i,firilum. ["1'oulhcr]4. Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic studiul littlbii cngleze. lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.e
tlntih s .1 dlia. \:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6. :' lll.tl L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(trIBC, a bl"lia1 ia r unic lni r ndt udiiuz i' Dii hita n n 'e : 'D t i s h B r i d c a s t t l S . /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o n' brrl" n..drr,l",Ir"+ . \ Liilr , l.i.,ri J.r"^1",. din ili lFr p |, r - , - - . lo o i nr a Pr o.mo osr)
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|i-.\r tt,!)\|rh. litrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin _. ln p{ala winului sdutii.dionat trr3nounc;ng Dirt;onnr\-'. dtdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;doi :;rid.dar (n n a,r int .lia pranuntiel ori tl,e de a fa.ce 4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrtt:ntt si carc isre -refltnn gtqlfi. ,\capul arcstui d.itlianar estcd...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,(te dtr. n nnntir considerali.L de persadtre scoltvi:.at.dm swt t \n!ti!.i.''l "Thc booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli!"n.B to
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I Prrrr',!ia d in s , L, l, a \ nqlei x los lil. is i, n !n l e l . d e o t d e i e t . . ', . 1 . a . . i , i . i h r r l si o rll. [ ia] . r . ' Fljr r r c { f r a r Nt , it il d e s . r d e r e r t r ! u l i r . F i t i r t i t f d ! t r S rlfrfarr.n lr! .i | ., t O,' o- . -n . .' \, ,r"! !r , r r,rh_ , ,l t:,:,. ".. i,,, , i t ,i ,u r 'r . r 'u L , r i semlu l nl lll,t r:lf;nc t bs ln I a t r ; ! i t a j t \ . ( 'h t t ij: 3! 1. lr , , iL{ 401. n \ g b ! \ 1 i t j i l . I" t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi. .\..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. c,i turut r"oi, or r iilof . |, r \ uiplia ljir . s r lo r d c l . r l n , . f *. a ! . i r g e n i r u . s i i l -slll , Ll . stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e !..)pfr. . . knU oqti.a l sp t.h/. jrL f of t r as t . l iot r \ f r s it ir t f s ir ! f i s o r i l . i i t . {t c L r ) f o r d d t c . . r.!rtl lir.er
CUIi'NT CATU
CEITOR
ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti. seeol (inloI uir t a notni aLi.ruluit tt (rcu.st i aul 1 a p r onu tclc p eNnnal e; \\ho i . loc (1,e \\h.)m ; i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locu l prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLt lui ta N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11ou cani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)este nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.) t! inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrldl4t sloppy. Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it.mai mu.Utimp. a a(lusti ertindered. lor telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelorinjtrnit IalLIe. S-a a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r (fi the man in lhe slreet, sintboluLt:rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture, ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.ti Lintbaj surprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu ttiu !ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnlii sainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,faegies"( :bd, H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in Ne\! Fl!rglislL Crammar. Logical ard Hisroriral 1392 si 1696), anticlptnd s rile d,c fatt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtu dt lolie no tal ue cftept Le state,n.nts of ftl(:I: whateaer is in gen al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl tati@llt eotrc(t." Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari. inslt,'i. )a lintiir n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct nu:csdrai ei.i si.nr putetl , ?entru a li se tontla o ha.i solitli si numai rLupdaeet:a {Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
',,. tclegtwnali.ti.ilui Otto Jftl'5dz i/r "The Fis!enri.rls .l E!glish Gramln ,', 1938, ture r?d,e en!\e.d: sotncthing Liti.ry antl derclopingund,er .onlinaal "as !r.1nt.1tie& flwluaions. $omcthini that ls founrlcnon the past anrt pr$aris rhc $'atJfor the futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl, pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan." 7u ,\,o;;n nr\tyt.. : . j, , . p"' n, , i. , i t on P a t ! . r . 1 l d ,1,tb^tp rl"sfe neri-
( L 1'i,\ t. l), 1tt.TE Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputii pe Ld.e tat].ilianat.. ,Si t tratale apnfu ddt taatulJroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn pa fnontenp.legrunaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le (Llriarul\t nmain. f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:d s; t,c bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr.t,tt ,.x"r,.tt"iu;,i ranate de o&menL. J)e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld. S a urmdrit.sd se dd,apuc tenninataSi.li ya !.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul s1ud,;at. rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenre deosebhc tald de gtatnatica lLmbii tot drr,. (:unitt Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t!e&t, i,,olut o '[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
l4 rt" 4 !t,lot i: t \ ir t $1un : n . . . - t . . p t . . , . : . . . a.., n,t,paptp. - t u, . dt . t df pn\ttlp ".J,rt, tir - : . t s d ; ' , , ' t lot - . . t t . . t n . , I 'i , . , n r , , t . , . . . . ', I , t p lt t I.n tDtnn It1 t t t n dl s lt l. .
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le emnplitirairi ti notc d,e sulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprccitttLtu ti driti.a.lid, englptd ti despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti. Latted.are pdragrafe nu tcNn&tu d,ct& inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd. ti !.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite. id.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0. Lrt . 'hrs,t'tt
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E ;)TT{ i R A
TABLA DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt cAtr citito! Cuvlnt lnainto .,... 5 8
IIORTOLOGIA . .. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . Sul6tantivut

Adiectiwl
t:t
9l ,2t !,67 229 247 457 489 5lt 520
Numeralu1 ....................
hepotiiia.
r..
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i. .. .. ..
Sintara tlazei. 524 5?3 626 629
BIBLIOGRAFIA INDICE
MO RFOLOGIA lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
l
{. tI,
CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE
1
p.9: t7 t7 ti Ii ti
CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . srbstantive comune
3 I
. . . ... b17 It8 918 10 t2 13 t4 15 t8 t9 20 t1 22 2X 24 t8 29 30 31 t2 33 3i 38 39 40 4t L2 49
8 b s h a c 1 e . ..... . SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti s u b 3 t8 n i l l e . Sulstantive abstractel Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si slD$iMti{o colcctlve .. Srlstantive iniliYiduale . sulstantive coleotive Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e Sobltcntilo rumer8bile li ncnumerrbilo
Nun iab ilitok| . . . Substantiee numtdbite . Substannve cono.ete
'
C ar ac t er is t ic i. .-. . -..... . Calcgorii dc sulstaniive numcrall

Substuntioe nenrmetubite
Car ac t er is t ic i,.-.. .. . Categorii de substartive nc ! , m Pr ibil. , . . . . . Numcle spotu.ilor Nrmele de materii sau de mase Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase iul .. - . . rabile ln Produselenaturare . A nim t r lele. . . ...... Plantele comesiibile. . . . Numelc de mase :ibslraole.. Nune de masealshacte nenunerabile Catcgoriide srbsianlive (hnel). TII, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR. D eliniliel. . . . . . ..... .. Gnurile ln sranlatic{ englczi. . . .
19 7g 19 19 19 t0 20 20 20 2Q 20 20 tt 2t ?1 2X '3 :r4 ,5 25 26 26 t6 26 2tj 21 27 21 3' 33 33 36 37 !7 37 37 37
llasculin ti leninnt . . Genul,subsiantivelo..are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala G enulc om un. .,.. Exprcsid Sranaticaldd enxlui . {\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit Col3lilorstll gon$8|e.. Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '
6t 62 63 87
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srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR
15
_.L 4a
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV ......
Substantiwl adjeotivat Chdinea . r r v inte l o . . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:. Func$ile substantiftlui VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR Ds de& . r . . . . . . . ...... Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P ief k . . . . . . . . ....... S uf i: . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. Dpr iv dF a r e8r , 8 i e 6... . .. . . . . . . . . ..... R E duc er ea Atternanl lonetice Ab r ev ier ea. . . . . . ... .. SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . CoDpur c r m . . . . . Sui6tertive tele$opate ....... . .....
944 345 347 357 359 360 36t 368 373 a?4 482 383 384 399 40t
7A 7A 19 19 80 80 80 80 a2 a4 84 85 86 88 89
...
S U B S T A N TIVUL
(TIIE NOUNi
0ENnBALE I. CONSID$n-{TII
p s l " p a r" H d " \ orbi r-" rrp doru' l 1F:' o[' i trl al ' ' Dc linilic . Su b ' l s n l i ru l P ' in . obiF cl a ' s ^ i n re l .g . p o p l a n e r" rIIi ' J1. fi i nl P l " pl anl cl " l u" rur' r' e\rcrFnl o pp pl cn' rr rpor: tn .u: ir il. . . " li" ni l a ..l ' ri l a n ^ l i u n i l p . -h s ' a l i i l ' Fl ' i d ml rdl rP ' l r" ' h ' l A, ' ,o s .l i 6l ' I" a'
sr
STA]['I\\-EL OR, II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]B PROPI\II CON{UNE $I SUBSTANTIVE A. SLTBS'IANTI\iE

comulle (a a t,' tL c ' n \,,, t 1) SubstantiTele ,obiectelor' de acelali fel:
dos b i .d tn !' llolFr / -er!' . l i i ndi . r-d 1' r' rrr^r I oP l e Inmrl y
s3 s4
$t
ptoprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin- $ 6 2, Subsraoti\cLc proprrr Subslsalrvele dul de loale cFlelalte ,obiectc'din acceo:icategorrF. (oumrrr. seogralr'e locuri fiintp denumesn sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr 9i csrp enl ii adjP.li\e). aqlrp $r.gal,a\rr in rcnere),nalionalil6!i (substanliva gen fFmrnrnll (toldeduna dc ur,icalp'. urassre, laifun" elc. sliiDliticp.arlisli e el'.. anumilPlrlulalun ercdrlrp' istoric", operilrter"r". 'prole.ionalFsi culluraie. lnlrpprjcd'ri m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr' onorifi.c, lunile anuiui qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
c ur J c r i" lno ao n iii-ii T 11 n L c h a F s l B.n N P \i s th p I L D i . ' i " L n^nub" :j l erpt T l r;l 8 i n Ro{1nia Romanian Eulole ^-inar l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group V ot d' ! 4p.l ' 1. 5pn' n l dtron' Rolls Roxce
O bs . r oalLi: p rn p ri i a u d c \" ' i l s ubsrsnl i rc romunF si ca al p sc t J nele " ub. l a n l i !F sr r iu r : r inir ir li m n u s c u l d ' F F r , t l F d i s l i ' g' dF nrrmel " propri i r" sn" l rte: d) obip. l. n u m j te d u p a Io c u l tl e o rrgi nc: cl : \11_J n' rml e of nF nl " o b pdt r nl u a/ ;l d p n .L d n : l l to p ri u : r S !' d '. u nu' \ m hr . r , ' r dt J d a l i p l r,i fl i n /rl r. J .I L o n Jl ' . A ncIT ,t,, a l: nor ieln n < l C l ri n a .," ii" , . t . i" . d. ,i " c o ri rr' / ' o i n I' l ' n u r ' l n ,:r r' ro cul l gF' i l i | d oi r ai l J ri 4 n\;n l e i .l u l , Er" n ;;.; , , ' l " ' . , " " t)imint sccuddl din .\nglia) r' ' -5' 1r" .1' Lî, , u" rro n " ;i ,u " 1 .s L ' s l r' l i i b p s" fl ' r ^r i rri ; tu, t t , , ' lh t ur ' t' ' d rJ ' " . 5 P ,n t ni ni l ni J r' a ^r t , at ih. n -a n .:' o " . 'i ' ' ' i ' r' l 71 ," rl ,1 \y ttrJ . ' ..' r. J p " .r. i nl -l p .Ji ub...ar" rv.on n " ! ln , ! : r rrru l _ s P ,l d u J " ' ' ra nr ' LJr" I rrol ' rr' ri . ] \ s d c o o .rrd.i o n rm ' l r g l a ' th ' n t too\ p6o,' i ,i .J' n . e ic i c : " \ i: j, , " ; ,- s i " ;- i i :..-. L i , . ,-. t,,t.r.t;tai - . i s/. !ric r il, d' lJ ' dp d e rj \a re rb u l r,a ,n /.rr:P nnmele trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i '--;lli'i..-et'"..
s7
/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr < Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\ i . - jer s . ul< J er s e r i i i u u l i l i n c rn rl n l l h ,e l i !l -/.f!,y ,,,r,.., ( - m ar oc hinl < Il o o c .o l - \Ia .o l ,r rn ,tt nnn L- .lift\ lcatit.nal). soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i o rr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii < O\lod iorai lnivesillf di,, .\dliil) :r,/,r ( : r n' de X eps r < Xe re si l o ' ra l i i a n ,i rt SD ,tn ia) ,,r ,1..7..i ud I.'l de rfirlesil luri-.si hfrl < Ulsref iprorhiiD id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili ,/ obiec t o um i l .c d u p i i v e ta to ri i . d e scopcri tori i . fabl j canl i i , i nspi r8681 o l n o tsf u1m lr n dLr e,, rr r,.1 rrrc l i i < rl ,o rd l n fo fg h xml i m de sl .all ,.i i .ani c, i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) < Rubory ' rtE irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril
r r ': i p l l l pl,.l r' l, ' i Io ''d d! - , .1 lL r qi , l' -"' r 'r u i. il . , "t d' l " \ 'n r n 't ,1 bi " ' nd, I "l r't l lln' lri Jo", " ' 1. : t "lp ' r d' , . ' , .' ,. - tI u f.r ' i. r I I.b t lof . . . . ", r f,\., i ' . r' J , d I n r'. J o r 'r L l .'''r ' ; o1r , I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli thvf. lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl in1:.i 0e1l ' -:.-, ., 1,., , I , r , - \ "t - \ l, l .umli.r. os, P ', n , lr o pr: n l" ." , 'u + ,,n aj. . .,. l: un l ilii sl ai, r r c l: l. . laic nnt r r l dt i . \ r nden r r ' d c C i n c m a l o a f d f i er l i r r : j u l'h . i .rir . \ ( t ! ! oul. in iulor i. , i. t i. c r , , . ) < O r i r i L 'i e r , i e l i . i L . L Q ! !.cdiu !.n trd irmP rn ,rn de Arir ii l i. , s e. I ] { i e tuni! t).rtl..d ,os d. 1p.:lrlinle al SU\. r l ( ir io"t r iell. < lh. ot or e i R o . r e r l l l l i.rirt nr.n , \li:jl. r f lr 1.rl d. r jr c ij \r. l\old . , 4' I 'r ', r . ' ' ---J . ' rllr mtr l( lo r-n{lLr l" oli -l \ l . " i r r 'r d , r : ) r , ,ln' lr L' r ' ", ' \ '' t l ' " " 1" 1",' 1 ". r' l.' 1. i l , l: ". ' q- ' i- l" l I r ' j. ., r,l1 1: tr! voll) < lllNs a\ d. ol Volla lf iz i. id ilal i a n , 1 r 1 ; - l 8 l t ) a qdu t:in wrtll < ( J aniNi \ v at t { inginc r ii inlc D t a l o r s c o t i r n , 1 i 3 6 - l 8 1 9 i ; ' ,. ;,ll ., illt r Lrlf,j 'r, I
c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd personajedin istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl n /udas (:xn trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni) th. tiadn\s o/ iird,.. l: nia.ii linaiciaril a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo, a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A irumoasrl: It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
s8
B, SUBST.\\TT\TE ABSTR{CTD CONCRETE $I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI' 1) Sut,staDtiyele cl|, rete (Cant:rett,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdteriale (persoane. din realianinal'.. plante, lucnrri, fenomene evenimente prin simtotea inconjuritoareetc.) de a ciror er.istenln ne putem da seama
ss
t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN lltll-!7331 lrorl.rtisi si pclsagisi enqlez ' ' .// r ok.-p F. ' d ll. d \ idi ,r, .r .' t...,. i r ". , , |. . : . , t . t , . . , ' r.. T 1 .,d,... .. .t,{ t. t... r vP/i 5r l . I tt,un rt ds l. , r { &r l $t c t it lul r i z e r r l t h crgieza Ldianicd l\l:) il' iil:
l0
2) Sulstantircleahsbaotef,{6slrdrt rvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10 lnsu;iri, relalii etc-rconsiderate ca no.iiuni: ldmintej senza_tii.
l.iour rcst hcalth
N otd Unele substantiv absl,racte au si scisu 6chimbat:

' , |
con$ete, uneori cu in!e14
$ 1l
4 r lr ' ur . o/ il 'l . li. , i - i, . r ' , , u b r n ', i d- li. ' ! l- . br r r .. l ) ,. I a' " ! Ii 1- . , . r i, r ' d61. dr n ar ' aL. lt "l ) . I J "r ' P 1 ld, . / o" r . on, r , nr l: ni' , b, . , I ) ,,,.",",""
'u , . , '
I : .ro,,,"t. ri,,, *r
" i "v
r _ .h i r " l r; (.,1 .,ra,,) , i n ,j In " .t..,r .on. I 1 "t
C. SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVE COLECTIVE
S 1'
pot fi: comune,atit concrete clt si absi,racle, Substantivele cindla singularnumesc un singurobiect: S f3 1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns)
.--" {i}i'j {ffl,.
,{r'jntx:s,r "0",*.,a: {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""

g 14
J .t,pr I to $n
J lilr t odk
J sl oon I l ],]' t
2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de ,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
---k {i:?J
{Veziii 5 3) nume de materii li do mase conorete (Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15 ,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.': I col otr I mill I dir( rcv-a I sold 1\\inI m"ir 1 sour 1 tubb. | . o. t . , I k noil, dee I t,l-\L:on | ;n.ell:L nr,l t '.",,,., 'e'Im'" 1ir'iroiojrh\ 1mur, "-",1',"" Obseraa!ii a) Unle nume de n&terii de$mncazis,;obie.ite corleclionate din mate S l$ riile respeclive5: t D.oss aliirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l 1: al,iDnrie. (: d;1Druri, otJic.t.dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp ,nL,zirale dc alrr,-rr D/a-.sds
l rzdic,rd: a u. lit or nl lla nn oor , f r r . et . . r . prbL,l gi,g,,: 's,s1.cn i 'L (1. p,'Lsari. esrldril,'i {1. alniarf. ploal. (t. gl.a41:. sLnl 3 rtrrrl.V, (!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui 1. '\ ': ' a4 l. - " np tl:a"tu". t r r oa. tof riii. liri l ' 6 Trrd ., "il"r r r i\ ' n, r ' I r ''. ': . r ' r 't l / r . i ', : nglezeDli resleclire.
.u"'",.," Bill: {$i",i:#{ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil: { iir: 86)
I auiien,er I ili(hl, t sdl arv 1 p ro l c L a ri a 1
r ltock 1 te,m
20
" ' , . 1, 1" 0, , o J n t: I p r" r' I rrP p n nt:I r1-h" ' 8 l echi , :i i ;", " , ' rti m" { d n tri l o ,r.;\ 1: bani m a ru rro J dnr| ol d e m' .ri p : " r ' i \)l ,i " ri d rl d- ( : t n ! r na., o o e rL n n l ) r/o :* s L: r , anuei os l i n z i , o l h ' l a ri l ifur l: lcrl aL i;n (: rtr\ li.r de celcal) ;n trons (: in lanlu ) (vezi ii S 30) precun 6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu'
/ PI ) i \ ' 1, " b lFr ' o' ' /. /:r' lnr 'o 1' .LiLk. LtrLtt/r. .h"r'sts, , l (lr1 Lh rn, dn ,k, go05e!t nr k er . por llr J , er r '
A lt
din puncr'de vedersrasini dsimiiate, ea alinLent', iri'"l"i.i"te ",'l-ri"r""natical, cr.rnumele de matem:

i, ,.' : '-r.-.'r'tJ,i .dp.'oi. ,.u" ruu-. r'ip" \uod'o'k r' .(' \irl"ru" Ii". ".ln,on
;i ale
s 18 51e
Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl\'ll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NE\UNIllrtABlLE NUItI]riABILITATII

tCOUXTABII,ITY)
ln qran,atlr" moJ"rna,ir .ritFrr - .irp stau ld bazdimpdrlirii subslaomai su . ' a.ddaug"t ur' ' rrlprru,nou loJrtpûrrr .i'"lor r"r' rr.gor iiJeexpuse ln ,,enltu ur;e.1la-fe riamari';, 'i dF'i qi In 'lru' lura lrmbrr engrFzc: ii)',,.rliiu", d s bsh;t;IPtot (cour10b'tttsal '\atnsJ'
{20
SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca lNl)

(coulitlBrE oR cogNT NOttNS)
sPr
hoLJ s. ' t" + tJs foni l i es, n I 5ubs ldl li \* 1 , a a : I' ttc t, n b ' rrL ,. [t o' N " " obrF Lpl ' pa carF i c (l a ,t . j. t dpot sF l . .i n l .o r.' i ' l Prr " n d n l td \;1 " JFoJre'' u'm;ra t" *" 'c U" - ; ' f r ;n , ,i J d e nun, es P ou '"* nump' " bi l " tu ,-i l orn' d, de p t* o ' i u b .ra n l i ! ' ' ' d" i nl ucuttorrLecP sl ural " qoY a { 3 du l a tn t,t' n a | n o tL tIn d ' u rtt s;t,3 t ' t ot lr ' *d" ot nurnP rsbrl e ca r" . t er i' . , i' i, " r P ro n ' rl u i r " rb t r J i ri n ' l i ! a r sLD ' l dnti !el or
1) oeracteristiei.
s22
2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' qi ,q.iui ini"a, rn genere' majoritaiea substantivelor comunel conorete. d" substantrve msrP dc nunlrJ"stul i,'ai"ia"af.,.i. r" fri'lic d" 'on'lc\l u ' .rc apsrlin.elorldltF,aregorii rr-zi S i r' l:ll 'rl
d. J
, ; " ) .;
, ti ,r
-a r.,,p" . : . '
ib oF[ "". ]n ,lDj' 16
r hd
k': h'. d :jJk'" d srtrt'r -
r r ' i- bf l
| d ' " ' pi o n 'o u g h 'n ns: ' " : , " j1 ,"i; '." , 'o . )ii$ lll
- 'o u g h ':
h:rd'k ; -
t r*
! v r nt Fr dr a
s2 3 se t
SUBSII\TIIX
NllllullDB"ttsIrn
(UNCOVNIABLtr NOU\S]
f4D4! ATl)
t) Caraoteristioi. lntr-un Lilele numedc materii sau de maseoorcretcpot li rlcnumerabile (s38)' l sd lnlercsurui modiricarea eu i'""i S:ol .""#;i;;;;;il"'r'i "ii"i
!l
de,r+iD,osFbirpl,linr'" d', ' p,clpgorii F - h1rl" 'ub'ilJ 1i d"'iereu oe sr dcp'rroP \^'brrnrulur irrr'n1i Jutr limLr jrl 2.,r,,l .orrp"o ' ". -rLlar/r
d, r, , rt nplt d t r!: 5u b"l ln li\plr n. \ ' 1, ; , ' ; , , 1; n- . n; . li!l,t. lnu :ht.r. l '" o ' 4dt ^t ' s . [ L r ' 1. j' z n '" J 'i n l h o n . 't o r k i o n 'L 'l 'r r r / hoLv' rru"rp_
$25
i tu ; ; ; i r ; ;;;;;;;'"i i "cr F ra r.' "i1 rp d"num'r. r" f ^ r r; n u " " r" ' r : i d e de form; au. in mod obisnuit. lluril '^-' iiu singularul'slnt in se construiesc il" au ieclt lo"ma de singular3, "" snerenume de iranimat'e dcci de gen neulru' '"i ' nu au articnbl nholnrit a/alr.(: olre)' nonilmernbile l,l Sobsturrti.,"t" etc' r [an' oirel':xs poate spune darktL':ss' ** iia"r .i'ii"i"". ,qstlelnu sc ^ ^ ncrrumrrahile 2) Categoriiale substantive d, Numelo sportwilor:
, r. , ui' l o- roo b.,b o rrugg r. . :i. L . .o" nr . , r i . " ldl l"l 'o r'g lob - - a" \ r or 54 l J n '4 rporo r ''q ' 'l i l i 'g r 'h \
s2 6 s2 7 s2 8
Acestea nu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul llo's $ 2 9 6/ \umclo rlc malcrii 'nrr de a.e rorrlrcl' t ll')1 1 ut ot 'an r I n.umrr JU rl"oi lnttttaL s//r'l s,noAP,t;ot btr un la ol 'r' -\'orr, )c,:.r'or,., qi stni -consideratenenumcrabite deodrce obiectele pe ii'"'".'ai. asemenea'ere De "i"n"t,i. rsu*Le numai ci poi li uu-r*t". ;"";;'i";;;;; nehoiirit. nu au nici articol",i
A
intr'un contoxt ii Nume ile rnaterii son ilc m:rsecolrcrcte enumerlrbile ln rltul (Vezi S15) numerabile INN] nunar s3.
rcffe-" " f : catea boabe sru lfionraie (matc.Gl I (,n J te ' i ' ) l: ha! t ur d r = ftrnzele de ceai uscalc {m,rl.cfle) 1 -- biurura (narerie)
I I !uDi( ili llidul) {nL rryi )
S 30
tNt s8. ti Pl. I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J Indi\idrrnl
Ieo
sor,.
./,,"r,. {:fl:l:lirX,
I 'e,s,
| i nl. t I ss. | I rl I I sc. I I p1I sq . | I lJl. t
{' o i , . . e l , . o / l e d : i a l '1 " lin ,Flrri, ra_ i o n , {j ' t r t i L m 'r e . i 'l u) teri l / , = L o , P a r cI ' {, o n c . r t , i n d i v i i l u a l l t x i c a 'i . a t e g u d r / 'd \ : t e f i i d, "ri l,ndtqi' ] .ou, : 1,' I rrfurn ' ul strPr Icor' rct, iri,l,lidurl) soa?s: torlii de supir !l $hiskY *f t i s / . r : l u n p i h e 1 . o , "t . i n d i \ i d u d l ) , 'l 6 i , e : ( ', a l L u P ' L l \ h b t . Y ( ,u , r r . t , i n d i l i d u n l ( m i r ' a I
ci rdrio{s 38), """'j;in:,':;l':;"':'ii*iLs'"1.i;']'.';u.","".rie ri raaiorereroDie. ** 1T"i$l caur str,gu,a. sccomro,,A i**i'"':!'" 1s{!5-1e') cnre **"l,Tli#illjtl"l.? ""* -.*, in rrl,rnda.
deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN"inleles de singulaf qi se 'onlro'te cr al'al'r: "\o
ir suA a,,r,/,e./ i:,t:lli"i'SiJ'liffi;'"".' 'i
2?
tNN]
b/?t
tNl
0.7/s- caresofii de cone de p1. ,.'cs: \'iie perlN;j in abaiof (indiljdual - matelel
ca.nc .a al'm.nt (materi) dc peqte o.t aliment
:.iarne
: ptine . . : piine pr'ljiin
a.ars : categorii de can. {niateri.) ss. a /nn-w tetl e {.onc.ct. indirid{al) : /;rn rreFtilconcFl, .ol'rliv) !1. /isi4 : spacii d-" Iftli lindiaiduall pl. ,re&ls: {Ielud Ct l,iirc) ss. d t asr - un toist (la un bi!! - indiriiltral) {abstract pl- lrsrs : toasrurl sn. 4 cians. - o s.himba.e labsl.a.l, irdividDal) sare h cl i mi c tt sa. a rol :o n,edicin[ l.onoel] rolk : Epsom saltss,snrelling n!. satls. (individual)
i l
(mndiment)
'- mtuunlii, bani nil.unli = sa.c naluau
: gaze naturale (pPntru iluninat, saitit 5i lncelzil) (in SUA) : lenzind pentrtr
"*
(in chidie ii m.di' gi,i,!,:*., (Dasdconcrtl,indi{idu{t't)

areind.i? : 6bi0ie de arcint: m;nede de arsini lcol.otir) pte.es ol siit./ = norelc de
(nrteri., nasn .onueta)
pr.
dsint ({zi S r lt)
s8. a snod (elc.) l@": (matde,mrs, cotro..&l pl . (eonc|et.indi{idnal)
qiftt {lo
I : uana dc mr.1 , o n rre l ,1 .i n d i .
tl .
bl ane reni N (onl ..[i i r l r.: a fu. cap.( fb ioet, a fv stolectc. /rl ry: spq rr, .i l i l rl i e]. de bl .i nurii oni r' ti or.t" : a /onrol lurs: Shatl 1 tdke n! f\tsl
; )r",ill .i:; is k t,n,,.t thp,, rn (- re'!.ia loarte ahesitos. dfv.nil'i }NNc .fl0l.,"L sar rol)ula'rl . t l l" r ' r a- n ?i' r . . ' r ir ni r r " t D.-n "l . . lum . . F , p " r l r u ) n ,ll ,q .oltr . . r , r r J , . aniq: 1 t ^ f l 'l p r r i .ra h modi). ..fnr
sat r.reciij J r 'r u l d . . " i a
cu ,.r;1. icinrn,Ll dziiri in -\ng!i{.
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\.ezi 3i flann.l. li!r'r./ (S 146) pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin iu (ariic'rl de) illlbrnrinlinte (,i ca sinbol n,i 1^t" I" pi;;;l "".'"*"t 'si "u-ii
- ""li "f"iilliii'i1;**.
. s a rr n u l L t" " . ' 9 t l to' r fot .i tn natl ' ttod ri " " r. "i' . i" i- p, " r , ' " " InrrnJ J-dl er" rrhudar/ n ;tt,, nut ni- ot l t - i n r' l e l F ^ n ' ti ..to o t-ti tl b r' rorr' l rfa ul l rs crF r' u \' " l u ur' l F ri rg ' r]0 tu r' . pr nn -.ru i p f * \\h3l d e ri | |ulu" li r: a/ d/( l !arr a c ,ta qF r at or j l, .,.d l e x n r:i d Ir p to d u s -l mor' rron ll0) etc.) have vou todayl" (Vezi 9i S ,rab. -,tni-"i"r". '--* L r m at or r " lp a n i mc l " ru L l rp l r n u rn ' . d u bl prp rr' rrFbui ' r11' pdLpl ' ul n sau L o n r . \ lul ip r el" r l a c l ' ' i l d e l p rn p l a ' p d i n spF' i ' ' ri r rrrcror dnmpi r' ^ la carnea lor ca alimentl: nune de nateri c [\N ] nume de animale [N] (origino fran(ezd) (odgine laxonI)
de materii $ 3 r sint asin'l. cu nunere ,\cestpa
ar
P"nrrirob'"r'.tii g;n"r.l" - '" r'dca $ 158
162 $39
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( o\' i. 01.b,ltl P
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t - , , r , ": r ii iniormatii inloF,alii se*ctc .unoitint'" despfc stire friri ljeacuri. litust'r rrogrcle crmli(ri'"uri .hele
no", ^- 1, - infotmd ti'nl - intaUilenu k:dge of -k'ot - Ptust"s bbih --sLalPitl ldughter, Iit.
""
Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lrcrent in traduceri, slnt inad.rnisibilc:
{b,s.s. adripi. ittl ,r,s'r, ir1,rii,{tion.. kno\rle{lg.s p.o3'ess'r. lLome\rorks.slollingJ, I} eic
Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrilein altul
S 3E
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2) {icnu le in niascutin, ferninin, romu!L qr rtelrtru
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a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin ( llasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de

r.rla. lrfro Iandlord
S 43
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Substnntiv.le ilp !4
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..nsii triPd'! f l-rii. c l, ild puPr i t ! ac ! ! ef I upil
$ 45
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FJ\PRESI.{ GE\ULUI
s4 8
A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII ,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi ! 49 Ii'|- .,u di.tir.i|l a,"rdrt" p"r',,r rFrir. .t.'p;i ,11c. in 'en.r. supu'P unor u/.r,le i r-!Lli J. "rlolr3li- lrnro ol.rp.p-.rfl'..rlrlur,r d \or rplFrl rru cdluril. r'"nrioi,e . i,i i trP:i ur ii '' r;ilurr:i Pdirori.onla { .l U" '" .implili'At. 0minli'e 7r roela indi'51rrle .l'i"r. r-'p,. cl ii ;-".' - "'l l" ',u l" o b" "rtc -rn ' ' ii i. .. rc"o,i,r".l" . r'inilor:a l. 'pli "'n""r",Ji side . ln co trast cu limba romnnd. u de cele nlai 1l llasoulill si fomirlin. multe'subsl,antn'; au lonne diferite pcnlru a marcn dcosebifea de gen. tn limba rElezd majoriiatea substantivelor au o singuli formi atit pentrr.r g"n rl r'..i"ulir'. . il :i ppnltu ,.1 h-init ? u rpndinls,jlr^'o I i!Fl'r" in ld\odI'un r i"a t"rrn.l"r d" me. ulin, prphrulF."lor le ,inine Toluir. rr ' zul Lrnui reiat;\' ;c de substan|ivi, Iemininul se dcosebe;tde nasculin p n: a, uo sulil adiugat la lorma de nasculin ru sau liri altl modilicare l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite; .t .onlnon"i"o cu un cuvint care indicn serul; d, aite'nodali$fi de a se indica genul (gramaticale,prir contert etc)'
L Prin ,,hnba erglezi nrodcmiL" se inlcltge linla enlrlzade la anul 1500pitri azr' : genrlui .onnm. dcLi -\pa.iiD
$ 50 $ 61
&) Ge aL marc&tPrin s lirc: .Safirul -ess: mascuLin fcni'nin

atb.,
a.lol adlenl!r.. imt' d sa '1.. i' rlhor t)aro' bpnpi{rt.r r,nd!.tn r t,oml, d. rt r .luke t ml t?r Pn.har tf,r Iound.. siart god leir lannd er./ lion nrLlagt. J nrarquB ,
masculin
msl4r m,'trn' millionaif. ncgr ldtron ! o. t ldcst prince prior Droolet irciriet"" i'.oi""tsheptreFl sonAster steNard
femtnt'n
- misi.ess - malotes litroin's - lorrPis.-lrtewAs - Prtn@ss -- Proptrcrdss -lropriekess* -Protrcclr6's' shelhdills son8stess
albas
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rrr
- l*"':'
lioD"s nunagerdss m"r.hioness
-sllward.ss ticresr
.i.-"r waiier
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- tFeount"-; - rart.css
-sddrtrs
li.tiii:'*-,[]"l,lll;iHm:.
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- Nlarin(r srltan Jo,' - dond It l hrr sfdi ol F.: dornn, l a rnrnal srgroru sirno/ rliuui itrlicne) ncro P anl -P aul l ue undergrndue/. (glur!rJl
Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:

fhi.le) sroo bride widowa $'doir
S 52
b) Gennl in(licdr prin cuei e diferite: lasculirr
1 dai,r -
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Lady + rume Poprn,s Dame + nume Proprnrs
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s6 4 r1,]"r ".;r^:,i"il - b:t rit;. i, ;;, ;,',*.,,; :y:r ,l?t,*[l'1"ili, i.""11,S
bF ilU md'.inn ,'1p dp ldm 1|ip( naiobi' n' ||nn: |d! nr |' ' |' n' . indicet r e aDa rd.|n |im|ld|. ] ' 1lioda|i, ns J d.(nLn"pd. |J m ' |t s n n 9 . . j p ir O li\ i"' l. t/dy . So l i i l u Olr' rkr. ma i d -s 5;" Lo upt u", n' . iodr lr im ee r ( ' r 5 d u r r l n 'r F " I edv dlivie !. L dlu $ rp or "liiJ r ' ld p 7n ;4i" , . \ ' . / i li Lo' d 1 1t jn urui raror,r "o u deordlc cu o .h.I to td, ' o[ t h' B' it t h Lr pi ) \ n r "t m a r l n 'r ] r a d ro14,ntoodla
' - ' ' , " ! :';") :;"
ol'"i,i.l';"""",.,i
",i d.oori, " , p , r' r, / d , r' n s o , i, b n d n , n r
+#',ij:it;ii;.ii", ]':.';*ik"'r" il;#dfli'["flflH,i r::i:"",'ri,.r
30
$56
Mdsculin
Gen comun
I illJ
{5 6
.) G.nut m.,rc.lt pri.ntr)tn cdfint cdfe Lnd;cd se$ul

FcmLnin
rnd.groorr bo)'' ls a u n'anl run
gifl siud.ni shopgirl
r;;,. iil;i;; ;: ",-';* :rr,x;1"i:,-ilr-"r i,;{.1i, .,,,l'i'ii'l:
ii''i#Ii['i'1'i'* iifri;i"",r iti ," i,';',":i,

,f i, 1i; " 0 i
lin lr\it IrrLFrl.r' r i, i i ''l
:; 1',: 1, illt,:;;;;, ,11;'1,,;1,',

,,:l- ":;: ,'l;
lr l
u ,n ,,ir
3! llasc lin Fcminin
Gen comun
rilisleornc/pl ) shopkce!$l ai rarl nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller

An i m a l e bull calf
d.c
buUdog ]re bi.d billy-goat
Inll biich
d.) Alte nodalttdli d,e ind.icarea genalui t(mtunr Odat5 cu emancipareafemeilor qi cu lncadrarea lor pe scari lot nrai largd ln diferitele sectoareale vietii cononioe ti socialerezeryatepiri relatir recent bdrbatilor. nxmeroasenume de profesii. funclii sau demnitdli, precum ti mulie substaniile care 6ratd apartenenla ]a o orgflnizalie politicn, sociald, sportivE etc.. au inceput, sA fie folosiie !i la fminin. de cele mai multe o tntr o formi identicd cu aceeaa masculinului. ali,eori cu anumite modiliciri. ca, de pilda, adeugareauDui sufi! sau a unui culint (fcmale, girl,ladE, naiLl. aoman) care se indice sexul: player, Aicountant. clerk.d.octor, (bus .)drieer.engiteer.farmer. mechanic, sritet, authorl paet, lead.er, secretar!,teacher, M.P. (Llenber af Parlianent), prime Minister, captain. Lajor, sergean\ comnunist, socialis!, acc. .hantian elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit !i de femei. ltuthores\ atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress, Ambassadrcss, d,octrest, ed;tress,inspectorcss, mayorcssjpoctess,girl studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier, laiLA san teoman doctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA, femaLeeditor, female san watnan naaeList,eaman artist. aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk, eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman jodrnalisl, eaman Membcr of Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul femjnin, dar rar intrbuinlate ln engleza actuali-
s5 7
s5 8 s 61)
,2 Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc profsii etc., subsian_ ca ln-paragrafrrl din doud cuvinte scriseseparat.. tivele de gen feminin com-pus precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni prin substantivele de ren ma"tulin corFsDUnrbrosra - mri preris spus d" gen .omun taF rdiugar"r cuvint,rlui.Jrc in.li"a epnul hmirin ,^c*la est" adiugsl, num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din conte\t .; esie vorba dspre o lemere: Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
ir P | : . , - , i _ll. ' \ eJ n , ir..S n r Ctnit gennl feninh a D :.t, ' 1 " r -. t r--i \' . 1 ..' -i 1 ,. m\ d' { \ \" .i bl uP )-
5 60
reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este
dactar'a gil tllpist, elc TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaD \ t tt s ;' l [' i P4 J r" \ rJ n j ' " I n A nE lja ex i s ti o b i c e i u l c a p ri rn a s c .i sorre tri rni sa de o f" mei c une unosn u . ." a i b n m ;n l i o n 0 j n prrsnl eze. dupi sFmndtu16. I'r'n . , r p n- bi
5 - 61
rurss sau llrr"s,spre e\ernplL: ,.7.G. Patker (Miss)' Ilditar", o practicx foarte utila Dcntru FIiiara- -r^;ilnr u cdrp.rrpa 1..punsului,rn "pe iel rn rozurile 1n "siF 1'n1r.i', re ind,'"rd prinrF,,' .ub.l;nrir J^ "n .run "' d''ol. cd.itu, la$!.r, Iibrarian elc. csrc iBalici nalionalitotea sRu provcnienla regio2) Gcnul substantiYelor nali. - Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia - man! lorlneazii femininul prin adnugareacuvintului wrman sau girl.' lll ascnlin
an Dngiish''a'/4 isatr snt.) a D u i c h (,ord' (satr s,rl ./
Toate clelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta regionald a unei persoaneau o singur{ forme penhr ambele genufi ,siapa4in aladar gcuurur comun:
lias)0 Eriton Dritisher Bulgar
cantahigians
Uneori. pntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste nu reiesedrn contert, se adaugi tromdn sa\rgil 18.adjectivul corespunziiior:
r P o m i a r l /rronr" san gtrl r .l i p a i e s e /@ ,r,i san gtfl l I a Spanish faDmaD sau 1 a T d rk i s h fs,ona, sau sif, st.l ,
I G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner I ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina geteralil. sin t ac r lpat i c d ld S i0b 'n\L fpliil, I Esn, lFlp rat ar t ! J lm ent e t u\ r nt ' r lr i I i, r i a D,",oDtaz : din Der.nsnife. r r r , r b; ": o i1 t..|in\,. "fa a@tr;e;o n - dp la Lan, l, r , t gr 6 Or.nio r -. d " t j n\ h", 1 od, r "4. r . 11 t. , L J I
B:I 3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun:

, 'l'rll etistr, artistel rilerk .odrnunGi. .odsh , ook (Iclist orphan pcsidcni eDemy gucst pupil lcotuler render .clalivc mol.orisl ( Vez i f i $ a: - 19. 6ll lrnjrr socialisl, slcakr. traleller lypisl: ris'lo.
S 62
Notd Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea sJL.lanlived" gcn,nrnun da"5 din .onLe\r .p In'"lFgF,l1r.r ". p rorbr dp h-,ini'r. Din r"ar. i un -ubqtrntr\ .1"gen, nn,unSi nu dc unul '.lo ulin -r,r catrgoh fac parte:
pis lor duck goose, etc,
B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI l) E{presia grarnaticali a genului consti din: p' onurr"l l.-,nr'dl cor".,./ to.i brli.sl-d ir'l^ ,ri'ii .ubstantivulLi1'rirr .i drldr. rrds ulrr .du lFt]rnir: l, r' -1.r. lr nFr.osrs " :: d
TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht.. is out : , . iii u, hour r so . ]Iy.o , it /
ss3
s$4
,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele possiv corcspuiziior. la le|Soara a :l a t.ti :irqular. masculin sau feminin: u'$ :r'onr.rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?
'Uie s/;rel had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll Enzetle. 'fh. @.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ. (li!. r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s. The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canseit is rts own.
!6;
c.) acordul cu pronumelerellexiv sau cu pronumelc dc irtiirirc respectiv, h persoiinaa 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:
vpr, u .ou, l , , h: n+ lf | , l i: | - r . I r J is ,d b y . h , o . ' ' : . r' a.;.0 hq' . . ". b . . , jor ing n, ; 4/ nn "p$as pmb '; a so..o lan 1: l$ionai d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd Thf led,f./ the collesc tcam. I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.
s66
2) Crtzuri specitLlc infort $i .7/ird,,;nJ r'-.J Jrn un,.i rn."1rx:r.i ,/ :uh. dnri\Fle baL,J. .. t.rl n r.-J sr-L dF obi.Fi n-u r". mi al-s ir li'rbr \orbil..: t t' , .h brb! .romis i i5 ,rJ:r3. ts hrnch. Calltlul, clitd and sive it'or:
"lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaod Irfft ol trs sdrall lilc; oltcn I could sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't. "x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms, 'll;w roung i, is, how young'."'
s6 7
r dttisl a:\ artiste slnt sulstantive de gn comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til . , " . , mei,"r,,: p.D ru iJ r b. f : o{ ; . ' I o: t J p. I . r gd In l . . t . . u r 9.. r.t dF..ffrrsf., ' r. ,-, di.,.,o1 ldlFrlal', , . r "m r ahDldl- s , "r , u gusl u l i . . l , '. , , " r , " p a r , . t : i . d- . h[ o: l' I o.,,,pi lo rira. u np ori..r Llp' oi. . . ". ulpo"ir J .",. ' I . i , ,,,i .r tr.I_. ..d n rpald' . . . d , n" . 1 , ". ' F o"i" a l ', 4 r r o ' lor ". *, unlsr uLre dr r.!rcz4 t djii o, t , , bl, rll T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt. I \\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r Qtt.:.t. j - Granatis limul engreze
34
ir
insn r.este subsl.antil e sirt considcrate mascutine sau tcmnrine. In funclic de serul copiilor r.spectivi: ^dseori
I gar c hly h .r n j l l l : ..n . \6 i rn g rv . '1hat d'ild lL{sr'L ral.n /.ts loridgci fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.
s 68
$69
D_/PronurnLtr: ne;; s/rc indicii in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso tns d nc ulr ul, r a i n c a z u l p ro n u m e l o r n e h o tdri l e: Il ]on aslt a,rrdy iD lhrt sti! t. ne Njll shoiy Iou $h.rc st,etiv.s. rftt. S 114d1 . J S , 11, . , r ti \p l p .r' . a ri m u l c ti n, tu.r, p-.rri . pnc i ci i n.p. rr) ' 1 , -rn p -. ri nl ' - r p . l, s p n p rr" r.a /r' ..l ,r,r,t' rn ' i , r;.n..1i \:' .r-.un,ff' r' : ' ,Js" \ul Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis. ;\.,//' Nas scnrlnrqout ts r.nrnrthatri coclia doodle,doo. Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent \\ .. .t -t n t /." a J t,fl r' ,r,r. t," ous t. | ,.. h L Ud ".:u ,t,,... on,.ri \..Lr ..1' Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|lool I i i t,
\ \ i , . , e l 1 i , , i , l i i r ,,""in
, \ nior iiele. i n s p F c i a l{ i c h d o m e s tj c e .s i nt i nsI desemrare ti pri l ] t)roD ul nc d e g. nl c , ) r esp u n z n to rs o ru l u j l o r. rn a i a l cs atul r.i ci nd ti sc n,er;ri t,D rnzd n u niele s au c ind i n l ff\,i c o n .q i d c rrn tcd e ordi n ai ecti r: Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs la,l leit l trail. ' ilf . ! \ ir . l o o l i h g a i a i c r i n l l ,./ c h i dons.
'l l r: , , .,
t . l \" . I l, ir nii s c ri i n rI d .! l o r !o n i f l i d i $ l rr i s l i e Ii ,l i i g? ,c .l rrrl . i.' r, In F" ^:.ra.r ' ,n, S . . r if " , r , t s s t x rJ , u rrl i l r,u ;: l a lL 'r, r at l, . . . " l) o ro n tL i n k n /..1 s ," C|i1d. " \ \ . 1 1 . I l i i p i o l l ,i D k r. n o ,i ..s "
-,r
',r.
u:1. r' ,l . rr
Cind ur arinlal ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite d e s ex . s ubs t a n ri v e l c c a i e d e s e m n e a z n a n;nal e narj sau puterni ce /rri dr. .]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.), [i citova in af;r, de a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.lecare desennc{zii animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte 1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor: T lic dr nli. " , o N trl l i rfd to l i r n a s te r o l th. trfal cnt rrc had recei * d. T lif , n r r e l i rrg l d l i l a .l n r s l a mc . ''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Linslonelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sooke orlr Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
s7 0
$?1
m' d nhi. nlr il / ,,h i :, p 1 r' ,r/a { n u l na:" 4n " a,r /,r?;,;, di n l i -bi cn c lr / a \ p, hp , ,tu n " : , rrr.l rrn l i u n i l - rF s p p .ti \p .rnt tor.ori l i " d Sint. in genere, masculire substantivele care denumesc: ?ariunile intense : ,:i acliunile oiolenLc anger ,r ul, l c a r. te rro r,1 o \.. ,l i ro rl . d e s l ai r;.rj mc, rnddc., $ar. ct.:
Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i. 'll. z l.:.\. I'or. t he l|at.h.
perso li(iri. - In stilul poetic sau retorio,un numir mare de /l -q.lto substantive -- nrrrnede objecieDeanimate sall de abstraclii.considerate in
denente (ale naturii)j fenancnele naturalc .\i a.spectele aLin naturii imPrestnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.: storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer, anhrmnj *n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr.tl,c grave (- moa.l.cal,etc.: tr !,11111 3i: d{nger, las'. etc.
!73
ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri:

i i.te de mrnti :
]ltn
lr,c Danubc,thc Thanrcs, the Iihirc, cl,

Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
s 7r
$7
Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai frmini. d s^n ,,r rnracter m|n. bLind,dr ce, a/er,arsr prcrum ti cclc care .ntlicn fertiLitate.L: illi'ite sentitnente ei insusiri: ', io". r'\o .on. I r' I |o l, n, ,nl |, . .1,.' Lrt| Lum'l.tr
o.l" . . mp t.u,.u h .Jrh . up. , ju5r h. . r . . . . . "i . t . ; , . i , ", ,,.t,,, "...
s7 5 s? 6
r.:(1e triLedluridc cdructer \atire $. consecinlele lor: urlition, ir.rice, enrX.lolly. j'ialous"1', ranilr, !ice, el..i lfidc, r\.0ngc. Lr.ason. Atftft obiecteL, d.in naturil.: fenome elefi aspectel.e
' ' "| | ' ' noo n'n '|dI''5 "'.\\o ||d: ' ' |. . p|: ' g'
s7 8
n....5i v. p' a-.. f."1r\.
rit.r:r
nume de abstraclii:
I b, { ' J .
" , . \ er. r\. eto rn ry. er |p"i"r ' . r ^m 4. . nr ' u- . p,n" p,.i y, lrulh . vi, o". \ . . n . "ir n. , .
s7 9
nunlc comune4i proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe (numelede tnri. provincii. tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.);
.otrDtry. 1and. fathe and. nor.herland.etc. llre SocialjstRepublic ol Rotnania, G.eaLtsrildn. the Soviet Lrnion, !'raice, 4to. Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte. Rooliarest,London, Mosoow,etc.
s 8{)
O situatieaDarte o uu numclcilc tiri: geografic, d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere' sinl de gen n.xiru: ace"qtca
Crer r'iratn is an island. th capital is London. lD 1!61,i, liad51,40t.023 inhabitants. poliiici, d'l privitc din punctul de vedere al wielii care le animn ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc. mai ales inpliclnd Ei lcgrituri rfective, nunele de.tnri sint adesea l'e,,tntz:
71" . S a:.li t n "p tbl( al F nnn: n hd ' . r iJ . r b\ ' d"\-, / d, . ar,{.- n -5 ;o t o ,lv m oult n: n. : s L? l, { ' : 11. , . Ione $as ihn in the days ot ler 8lory. oppl /,.Indp.
$8r
d'"_./ in limbaj spo.tir', eohipelecare iau parte lfl o competirie internalionali poarti numele ldrii pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este considerai ca substantiv peffonal colectiv, acordal c\\ thelj, their |i eho:
nopon:o \n 'l /n,i" lrJ J l $innins lr p D, d: , Cr p. t ; ] at Btitr.^ ,' .rorp lo $inning hd 4\ \ or ld ChJ n p i o r :p .
d"") numele tlrii este dat, ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai \ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e, picseleisto ce, 'King Lear", etc.), precum ;i nurnele de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajelerespectiv:
.t n o, -t . o\.rr-., A '. a . ".sl, - e- el" ll, nr ' ". , 1 . - r "t.o"\toll, , \ n. . r t' . .t tttonJ e .. t-iI.. 1." l'.t1,.,. t -'.". i. , . . 11. 1, L, r al llt r J n ,, '. l.r' sOnslc"irt"Iilnsl-c{f". dar . a' s r { f Dilif , , lLLiii\ or ilit ir o|j s . j n i r .
86M N, r m ^1. ilF /r;/,r" r,/,,/; .i n l to l tp m i n i n p: Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ, Ox[ad] (jLire.sitlt, late UaieqsitlJ, .t
s83 $ 8r
Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi ale tti;rlelor art, thiloso|hY. scicn.c, el0.
etc.
Denurnirile de pare a Ii lnzesirat
noloare, st1niui,
rrolrlont.
toI ce
I o ' o , n o L i v c ,! f f -
Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint ad.spahrnininF. tn spF, isl pcrtrJ p.rsosnclc.ar.l. manipulaz; :i sint ata-are
I a \p r. "o r o o. m v . . ' dn | | r 1k , . / . , our " ! " r v d J v . qn, t t a r j a , i n t h " n s l " s o D l ] d . \{J p.";" .,a t hp t t ot b. "h?, ot t ah"a \1r.r i- h r I nalr ir $i . o. r , o/ o, ," t l. r : s r - s o . . s r o n r ? I s"j.d lh g, , . : . n. ia. n ou. . \ ' ^ nnJ p l .
srl nd;d{i l. I r \l'ijn nrnnpls a-d e". Bi4. dtuk".
!a 'i.1
Ssr:
Distinctia intre obiectclemasculineii celefeminine. a5acum a fo:t erpusi _ lr a.acl pLnir. nI ,51. LAdpir,rtr..pp'lat6 ,Jp Loli auror;irtip..rp dintr. ri l.\in.t Inu libcr ;msginrlrel. ln rezumst, tot ce at'esau pare a avea o personalitate- {io un alinal. o plJnl ."u .hi.r u l,i.ru ,dr" dpcimnatprln pronumel.ppf"^r"l n.., utin ' ..,r hr.;',in, dupr crz. Dir pu rir ,, fiinl4" lip.itn de nersonaLtaie c"oiii m i' i. arrimalcle si-r dpspmnare prin pr,num"l. 1i ,tiarp"r."in"t"rr,a,ur.. personalneutnl it. cu iormele corcspunzitoarc ir fi ;rsef, sar disprcluii,orltuit. o plur0litaltd" .obi," o. . _pJSul'btali\olo oolp.lire. .drp dcsFmnpd?d pri\rlF.a Jn rol si .urp ..,or',truip...u Jot tla gpnul n-Ltru: "ij.;ularLl3.
'lhe .feQ nds obeyed nr olliceN. The fdnil!/ is praud ol tr membeF. The arltr. which rns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm, .rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly(Pe^tn lturnl yezi S tt!)
IY. NU.}IANL'L SUBSIAI-TIWL OR CONSIDERATIIGENERALE Substantivclc pot, avea doui numere:singularqi plural. 1) LInsnbstaniivest e la sirgnlal ( Singula;N n ;be; ) arunci cind desembool w:rlcli )abl leaf
neaza un "qrngur oDreci:
_",
tJru,'i pt tat ( Plarat Nunbet cind desenneazd ) atunci TJ,::?l'r "stera

loots Falcles babies l.ares
Nu au plural decltsubstantircIe numeiabile.

1a etu r,lon ? aipl n" t An ) . n. ) 2(1 . tin o, tBt En"t L, lt C; on, nt . \ ' ) , ,\3. New-York. 19ri1. r($ -orld Jo u liLc to ; auJ , U, / . , , r . I ; r ' ) , t'eing o\rnrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/ pvfl 3 \'e 7i !' 11 2a.
NUMANUL SUBST^NTI\TELOR
87
ln )imba cnglezd,in mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu erisi:1intotdeauna un acord intre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te cr: iormn de singular pot avea inleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de plural pot avea intelos dc singular.
S 89
PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR 1) Ileguli gcncra)i. - Pluralul substantivclor sc formeaznaddugindu se .l"J dupi con.oanala surdpr.i [z] dupi .Flc la -s ring,rl ar.\.csr \ sp Irron,,nl sau rlupAvocalele cre sc i,r{l: Eonorpr
ch e q ue .|.q ucs
S 90 $ 9l
tsl tsl Is tsl
bead chrir rir.jle nccl
--heads -.hairs .iril|s hecls
lzl lzl lzl l,l
cinola
cn'enm
tarcc
-payees
lzl l21 tL1
tri S 9S
2) Substantivetelcrminate in c mut preoedat de litcrclc c' (d)9, s sau z' pro,,unlar.rFspari\ l.r. l r.. ldrl. ., vu fzl ptim,. "'H tlural l.,minrlid -.s llltr lrlonrLnlofu lrzl:
8das. - garagcs
rillagc jnds - o -village.s - juds . r
terni atil la singutar in lii.crete -s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93 3) Substanl,ivele primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
bn*r claser -- Io\.r - lillLzes lez.zta \nizz.s fliintr iish I'cach mrtoh s.nd\i.| pincc{cz -.hinl,z.s lrshc bea(,hA .. Datch,s -saDdNichesa pi!.c+26
A se observa pluralele plasses(sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs Gg. bus) (i'eDit din SU,\). Obscre&t,ie Substantive.letumiDate in -ch pronunlat [k] sau hl6 urmeazn regu)a generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol: , ',',,r' 'r- ri..t' r/ah. t-t.l tkl [].1 ',nufl'i i ' n i h l.Ll p a r r idn h l ." ,i d r.l ' . ' k . r, L
aDoch - t'd t-tl -cloflis L-ksl loc\? " on l xl -lochs l'.sl 4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y lrecedat de co'rsoani lomeazn pluralul !n -ics3 astiel:
s9 4
s9 6
Ad i . r , p) 6. n l. ' . U , l h l , L l . t . L l i i 0 . . J,i ,, ' , i, , 1 s nnir . h b l tJ L E .L I-. In l .J n .' u l . a .r\-.i [,]' . i Su b sldn' : v ' ll l@ds " sprfi ' l i I' pl " ' r. t h ru s l -l e u ! i h d u /.4 d " o I ' r^nrnl i cT ! l i ".r'., / r . " nl \ i i t.ar' \r' Il pr on ,n ra l .d :i o r' rn^ri r' " a rs td .t. l " ro rd n ' . 1 ,,' .1 rl ul r . n" l " ' . " o' I u1 .l ' l i n '-i mb ,' l' il lt r i ? Dronuntat flr-\'. 3 i crminilia: i. . - f ons le d i n s tu i l (s e mn Lp Ll d ra l u l tri ), l ror.ni l di n i r.nsf.rf,a.ca v ocd 0 i Ii .i l e : ? s i ' e I t oc rl { { l c l .g i i l !rl 1 l .
B8
!... | !; i: rrrm^1.r'n.trir :i t.,rril.,1" rorl'ira .ub.rrnrirarc. in mod .L cu rnrur r\ce ronrr:

ou. l,$o L .1s rll il,r llcnf-{s thc l,vlvs llif Tlr.fs slitrid D\-s $hr-s
96
(ln irsn -)' e,{teprourlat de 1.ocalii.l.r t,lural se adaugi nunai un -s pl|,oun!it lzl:
iroy r)o]s (liv d{Jrkft lic.lJ
117
Substa l.ir(le teurin.ric ir -qu} nu (msliluie o e\.eptie. dar tiind cX .'r'rul rrt F/.r'r J ,'l , a ".re o:,',,; ro.rl; ' fri 1ir,r. / "r t,r,,,l. n' iI Pr P: cu l\\ l, o e.r ,.Ir ' r r . ' t
'.r colloqtrI - - ( olloqui/:!ol lrtrr pt I . llit i: - solLloqfiis r)1,r1i...1
si fornrrlr rlf lhr.nl rll] rrrtrr:LtLirutui substa ri\': -{ !e oLrscry.r

is ! r lk , li s ir n
lrl
5) lI i(,ritatre slbslfrti\clor t.nrir.rte jn singularirr "f sau -f0 primesc .t ]a t)lural:

. lr ' linr . ll. n lr i , l it r ic r r r LLlf glr ll iLr Q f l , : l i, a! lr indk f r lr il f s g. . i\ nnr it r gr lls dnr r t itfu.i ijtfl srn, Ii ! sirilc - Irroofs ililr, silcs ijl,,s *s t r i i e s
99
tlnclo substalrl.ivcld.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrar nir.i pluralui in -/es Prcnuntat lrzl:
i, . . I lPaL s lr eNt Lh' f i loaf . r LI lru bf ( ?s 3 len'.r s r r er r is lhigr s - lo{ r . r - - r ! l. r - lulr'.s clt sr,[ slltl lroli krile tilt, wil, -. L,ps s!tr?.s .hcl,.s \ol.cs kni|cr tn.er \rir"s
100
un eazspecial: srill,iilr, (: nat,,ri n,,,artn). pt. .ri/i/-t'tr. Citevasuhstantire au anrbele folmt de pluial:
s.rrrf slafl s.rd.ls. srinr(.:: si{flJ. star.rr llDf N'll{l - Ioris lioorPi; $liitrls. lthures.
l0l
6) r, Substnnt.ircl. termirato in -o preccdairle consonnjt iornreaziDluralrl in fs cind sint cuvint obisnuites:r, inrroduse de mai nutrn vremi tr Iimba englezi:
r go _ r (,ho.r lr.sl olr lrcroA inos qr ilo/ j rdio lres, o lr.ro m os qI ilo nfgro l{l.llf o loriilo lornado iofll d0 rfto negro.s polalo..s t o m a l {r c r - t o r n {i l o ? r L.fpedos - rrlo.r -
t "on n r , , jp. + . . . Ft i\ |. r r t lr . t , , , ,, 2 "1.,.. i.,r \ t / . . / . , r . 'r r , ii lu, , / . , . , . . / , . ., I: n uma i. ci!{t niseadr ii, . v it r ir f ir t r r ibii. r , , s n a , . i r l . ' ' l . \ n^r ' ' . ,, r ve zi l. 14; 5 U,rrli,l / . r . , ?J . s lr . r , i . L rl!,a.. r s t r nnj t r , Ff i, ' r f ( lr f it , , r dr A
dii.Iil.'r calii,',tide rarne de racl)
oa
89 S 102
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul ste rcgulat (adicn trminat in -s): porioiolro .nbrro iolio nnnoio Iamboo cx(ntoo edbrJos lolios lunoios -}amboo.. - 0L,clioos lorlololios
radio -rrdios secnario - s.en.rios shtdio sl,rdios Hindoo Hindoos Lang&oo ltangaroor g 103
c, Dintre substantivele terminate in -o provnile relaliv recent din limbile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). unlc capii,i -s la plural dacd stnt mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,c prea sirdin6: albino cnsino .h.ono dJnanio rugnfto allinos -.asinor .hrodos dXrrno.s - magnetos photo prrno q ra rl o lhoios p'{nos -rN nrtos
d) ,\ll.e substantil.e strnine iefminfltc in -r) au ambele forme de plural, fapi car dovedeDte e; sjnt pe ealc (lo a li asjmilate de limba eurenti:
b.njo iJra\d: .alico (ontralto orino3 i. a . n;o 1. . . " o ,,h" ' o grolro halo banjoer -barjor, }|a\or, hraroes .alioos. 0llico.s - r orl.ralLo.(, *n|ralLt do!,nh8 -dminos. I nin eo lr , . r ' s o. " - fr"., o " Ir ". o, _ jh.||,,.. t "|lo. . gtullo.r -grottds. lralo.s -halor, l.s$ Danilcno daronto nrollo torli.d ! r o\ i. o olo . , , t r LU stiletto lola.ro -l.sso.", lrssoes manireslos, minireslo,s ncmcnhs. mencnlocs - xiottos. nroLtods torti0os, portico.s t ! . \ " 'r . t r o v r 'o , s .op"dt - . . opr . , n o . - stjlcttos, stilcttoes lo!a(os, Lobir(,oc.{
! 104
ln timba contemporani. substantivelesirnire terminalc i -o la s;ngular tind s,, iib., li pl,r'.'l rmb.lp r"rmindrii. e) ,\brcl ialiilc terminate tn -o primesc la plural sufixui s sau 's (vezi
s 184).
! 105 S 106
7) Suhsiantivele terninate in -th primsc -.t la plural. Tcrminntia {}s se pronun,tn[0s]: de o rorale scurti sau de o consoanii, indusir.r: d, Ctnd esteprecedatd breruri, deatni, nout, sn,iLhr, births, he.rthi, hcnlths,siaurr, nroDtlrs ,, in cuvintele:
lcaLhs, faii}s, !+owths, sloths
c, In celelalte cazuri bath j',uil'

Orlograliat li tyfo. ./on,m '/tus (trrsoaDi. I'aina
l,ls se pronunld Idz]: tborol ai',.0I

Iatl,s nouths ti{lhs Io u l .Is lbo,dzl t atrb4 fpo:ozl l j r:0zl
l: nwtit,or. rovi(l
40 Unel. substantive au insd ambl pronunleri: lrrutl'.lrJ0sl . I tl -81 I Ilrrc:01 broll,s Ibrrdzl,tbrr:osl mdle.iale) I tkl.Ol olollN [kl.0t (: Ie]uride slola, Irlluil sau alLe
1 .,, [ lrlh L "d Jre dh " . ll . 1/ l bu il, J " J n i J pln/r s ru rl -, r,.0r lo :01 o ..oi ,f.:o i ] uLh, s r LLlu' , i4 ( : ll' int s l - dr ll' " [.u ldll' s r lo: G , o, 0"oJ ' l' lf li: 0. 1, - . l, i
mJtpridh)
| 107
rn, 0.. r J/] [ir,.oj \tr J lF r'i:0-. "i:n/ \rPdrl' iri 0r Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul 8) Plurdle rcregulirte. prin s"himbarea vo";lci t tlutotrcn PI.rrttk):
lo,l -let 1, , 1, h - it h g,0se - gest morac: lozse - mnie -troe
lJ/l lo:1/l l ', J t i . ') / l
s r08 s 109
Trei subslantive primcso termrltdlin 'n: brothe.- btthr,n- {! 14s) child- childre, !zi acfsle iuvniic, (Penl.rD cotrluse ctr S 16! 1tt) substnrlivclc 9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn li sirguhrelo respettire: Unele substantive di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular, cit ti la plural. Din aceasl.i Lategonc iac lartc: o, ' rl,\d d, un.rrr !1. drr,/r' \d l6l); l/ sub.lbnliv.l" o/r'l \ - 0'u :'r 1 " ',i 1or"7 s s L l p t [ ; i s c ''a ,./ |a , I s:s,./ iLhs ld' I iv "r n l. t ,l . mJsurS. ca dr ur,pl, .ub.rarrir" '1'- J.nu,er. urilrii I'plufal aldturi J" lorma patthl.cton., rrrr"ori r:r,r',i/or.;-r,dr". fothon,taot, it spp,ial ia -s. aL,si i"rm dn plurJl , nl,' it rJ'',.i., (u ",, pa u siagularului. 'cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunile sau " tn limbai'orbitn, de un adjeciiv: The wil.e. sas tci f.t, ls{n faat) ttitt\er' 'fhe
n..p. rikc Nas LPti latlon(s) 'fh d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour /nr','ns Itc is si' Io, l t dll r \'''i I ' l l l l 'r / l\ Poaot ll'r ol t \ o t . , "d' .' p J v ldr - i ; r rr' DJ,u, "iJ \ h " lu inl ..l . : lr ' J F, , . t / ) ". n" , (rl l 'r o l \ ' l" l or ' . . ' J '.o ' / t li ' (\i,i i,i 5 l.lB9i oI l " r ':
itt.
unitatca de nisuri' Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s.cind desmlreazd sl,c weisl's tcn !tr'?: s[o hasrrt on wcight.
Tric! b;rlghl l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.
esle invadabil!
n '" l " r l a 5lo' ioue \ 'F d f i ',/ ,, ld. , / " r\ca d o. : - i' r " s ir r c u 'r . d L ' l , 'r i ' Srnsrltr lruoa. , "' , ' lo' r,m.' fo rtu.rl .",r;..j . l' r 'r r " l , / r 'r ' ui"u' D r . t a n d i r i J 'r " " ' L l 'u ! l . r 'l u l iI t in , r' na, nd rar.p lrd'lL - 1. ' r . l t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt n / I t o^t . . I lii 'P 'r.,lctaL r , a _rt,". i . i 'u \ rlul r, . . r , \ r , ; i" , nr . 1, . ' u, "n' r ' u p l r " ' l u i '. : 'o '', l r ''n L " l r ' I il' r r ' ' a r '- o r ' Ptu."t.? "a a.l |.',,]la -1,,,,l.l "l, s r ; l r l 'l a r ' i '1 l"nii l l i d' r r ' : r ' unr ' ' L', 1' 'r' rt: L; l i l r 'r P . oJr' | - / 4.' 'tn L ' P r , lar oo, l'r
4l
?,, Substantivln foat, lrcrse, sail au la plural forma de singular cjnrt in seamnn ,,infanteri,sti''J rspcotiv ,cavalcrjrsti:!,,,na.i,c,i, cu sens (otectiv:
Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru. T h. cc hurd .ed /me .on . 10 t h| r . s . i. Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.
S 110
f) Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft.space-taft etc. au plural cotet;v cu aceeasi q l1l formd ca aceeaa siDgularului,dar ou verbul lft plurat:
,l, o -.,- . t i' t r r al ! r. , lIJr, ' lha,rrlk w1 , i. a, o'o l. i. , \ r r lr \ ' liant r ' or $1.I p r , j \ . pt ) al. t l 1i, : dr .
t0) Pluralul ti substantirele eolectirc.

o l s'rbs ' r nt ir elp . ol ..ri !a s I tn g F n .' e (v e z i $ t,1, o .i neLrra torrrru d ..i r'-u l- r si t,r:\i rp,.0 un ' lpq" n ,..a /d u p l u rc ti rH te d e .h i p .rF r d.n' i ., -F c- I 1 ot "-i l o lr F F e\ . m ol rp o r' i n r," .t-r ..,t.A o ri r. ,,r n,utt m;i ,,umcroasd lD lim b a e ns lez d dc c it in l i ' o b a rn h i n i :
$ r12
n.my
a$ emlh
,1.:r
j,,mily
, rot r d
ot ls pr inAr
.onmittce .omlany
g' n F rn mF rtrtrn\o . juri iesinrDl pu ic Loop
l*ri)l
llignt6
ta l p s d .,i n g u t,r s" rr J" pt,rr" tdup.i ,r2,0. ,Su b sta nr r r ele. , lp. r f " i s u s a rj tn ^ . n4 Lr r \ r a l p a .o .rd p rJ l i u n i n tr,E . si nt ,ubi tsnti f" i ndi 'rFn u m pc . . olp. 'd riduale qi se construjsc cu singalaral: Tl e .l d s s oar lak en n v a v frr a u e te ro n f. Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc. llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l. , " n^$ b i , . rd r. d .1 .' l .o " . \,,., .o t l r,\p f.,n,,. l l " ,,' - : r 'I h c l ru f ( J nD{ dlst o d l i rs e ,!r;i .. Tr( tra,hing s r a/ / , , as ta g i . l p F hr J lnq, l" m" m b ri r ..n fo n -n 1 i . Ci n ,l c ole .l r\a sp . ons t r , r ic s , L u p /rfa l rl : N.,rl J , ll r r " . / , . r , ' p " " !i \" 1 ro o l r" r' t... 1 i " o tF" i !i t" l i i . sub.r ,r.ti Ji t
h ovP ' . F o dn . nd"bl. ' . liI . . Hi" lann lt ,krc all dsl. c l, n lhr r lc ds . T l,rsr rn,lrl, n .! !rrv lin. . th r qr r . - t , l t ok , r , , ii lJ r r r 1 . s _ t ; bt"a " rs.r.,,/ ' Il' 4 ril hin ' -,.,// u.' it t , \ ! , , ' J t o I r ' r u l. y , r u, t , ti , , . I russ : poDoll.
t.i,,," _.. a tort n n erj . _H. , od "1::i,l:.-" lJ n 't-l"!! -,P ot J p atrt. .

"lh"ht iln;l
dr -i i|l,s,i..n{.t,r
'Ja
, gt , t Fr wi t t Lt
alt , pt , r "
nd;r,.rJ -rip$.,s,r. oi f"4e

dpJrio"ni. . l, tr,n d p st /. LUn-
p l".,r . r , , t " is - r , . 't,l;d" r"' I (rl tup r , c iini c t , ) on rrn... , . , ht r
p$J dr t d
n J a- J loul"\
t o, s d . ,
t, r,r.r rru t i , nr s " \ r i . i. r . ' r i|r J ol . r : . i r r . . d u . L d \ i . t v r . ! . o . . 1-L. ; " 3 Lal b an . d. tr"r i, d"lf , n: , I . J lple) , r k r t : dpm . , r/,/ trerchdiP r0 Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .otctiv csre indicat de verbul sau dc dterminantii !:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv dmoruiraiiy etc.). -
!19
eolective.cu verbul intotdeauna la Plural fcon."dD/ Linelc snb-clanl,ive buldr!. i fantry, mili.turtj. palirc to.).pot fi preceddtoii de un jrumeral cars le dn sensde plurat individxal:
al,ih. ,\.\.ral con!Iab\rrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,. tit. tlu'1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt, ,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc pflio{fls in lhc prtk. (: noli,len,c,rl di..d thts t.i!rli,i. ?i,o ,,lnr
Numrroascsubstantirerok{ti\c au ti tormn (le plur individual in -s d{i .,mai m,,lte grupe de; divizi din categodarespcctivn": cu ingelesul
rrngressii r onnf ils . . o{ ds lLf m s I lef ls il).lis g. odps he s hor s e h o l l s iur ns t uinis t r n , s pr'rks pout lr i c s ptrl)li.s sPnat.s soNietics sqtradrons 1.rnrs irt,cs irros. et,i.
113
calllr:,rc o situatieaparte tril a!'c:rin trecut -sisensde r) SubsLantivul est. conltruii in limba englr:zi:lcLuali dcsemnincl un singurarril1lal. singuiar. numai ru pluralul:
\\'hcD{ia i,rih e . alt l. anr t \ t f r l / ) r ir h, Lr , r / , e , r i d l t h f i l o l i n 1 [ c an3.r.
cc,rlsideti ra fiin,l roleciile ,sisubsl{oiivelemendj tinii granruticicnit l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice la 108 109 d, tionat; S substartive cu formn de sinsLtlarfi tu-telesde plural 11) Snqulflro ftrrl plural. - Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au 115 trumri singular. in vrme ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare au alit si gular, 0il li Plrral: 114
infornariof inlclii{.nof" k ro \r! d s e ldsjrge melrlrtr,dis. rNnel lNdrrair lfosrss strerql h \roda
precurn ql:
hail. lightning. slftt. lhundcr, 0lc.
116
nuneLe dc nLatcriil !i nxmeLc.rrno. ln generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB, produs'Tatuati { .r.alc cr..l. uneori.hiar prFlu.'dlP UU n'rnrrr 'incular Si dci sirt Ienumrabrle: b,rdey busvness' hrppiness nlnnr -1;r Iea.e
lnil.ion saDd 1H.W. r'owie., l Dictiotut! o[ Mod.m Dngtish a dse. G. Curme, op. cii. etc.
] in reIte .n"" . int or m dlii s "c r plp. { \ rll's".on "L ndd , u bins la"Dl indiv , J , r il l a d @ r , p t - u o d \ t , " ) L . r tnsFrmA , , pro,lu s ix 8 .n ral lnllr r f J i . au indnql"; il' _ PA r \ t tl P N d u . ' r 'd n u m J i u n 'i n g a l d r u I nlple r cn lcL tiv (: t ' r odus e nat ur alF. agf luole) .
. Vezi ii $ 10. ? V ez i s i $ 15 . 3 Ve2i si $ 31. t A nn sc ra.e conluzio lntfe subsl,anl,ivele ,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a li p.in o.lo' o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acss t'btznrsl i: {laceri), ca.e $e deosebese sralni, rronunlic ii Inteles.
{l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt. lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.) The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI sr\ne. (tlabikk nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.) rlr.4-\ llurb lp ;Flun ot;aa hr . I olt o$ed r hp t r un. t , ins n t m l l ) n a d s t ! . , . r . I ,
-* . ^_
into
n '.,r":n l^ .m t : ; pv t io. t \ r i ur n, . , lans lr ii n a L . t . r - t , d r i a t " . , u , " t , i p a j _ - n ._| 4r4t , ; rtt rG In spal,ur r1 r,nt'rsLr o. ) Hi\ Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr\. sticht. t( "t,ein \I lui d" is , or i. . / ir i t ojr t , . t , , b. . ) 1 al lu \Bro" ; . t o b" , ht . uqr - t in r ' , , \ an. ' rn n: " lra Li x+ st jrn . toa tp b oEar t " t t obu^ dpp' s " L v . , r onu t 4 p b . , c a j p . ) lh.', b mgs ar ' r J t ha, l . , , 5 . ur pf l- Ls . \" -" . "." i' 41 l' d1"nql , "" . s IIi. . L r" g s 1t r.t,, ,,r\. .J ' t t , I . . : -. . c t. " tr' tJ .rmb d . . gt ! ; J . . r , . r o. , r t . : 1t r . t u, otn i r . , Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr. t P\teile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri!nc.) ,o \\-' 1 1., 1 u". 1, . r . n, t t t h t p- n, d t ; - r r r . s : r , l h . "Lr. \ . r r . , t Ld, . ' . l rJ I I'i.: p pr,. r . . d 'r'r.'
:{,-rrn:,rrarpinljmhaenglezA'hr"ratulci,jndsint plurnlFinlinbaro,rdnai ./ susmcnlionot.{j lli,. a\rnd , |rtetes ' lA lr.'lnprpdrnrr..Ibstantrvplpn. ru pot ,ala idma dp.ingrtar s"u rJcptural .i a.ri r,"r a,;;;l;i ", L-r!"l lnFhotdrjl d .aU dr. al caruj Inrpt.sFst; dp (ineul6r. A..Fs.or; de DF .:'- oll r,F rofpflm In unul singur dintr. plcmentch .;mpon"ntc al" t^rali, ';tL rF.,rrspmla un.u\lnt ajutdror {i/pn. /n-. et..) ca;c sli redcanuania -\stfel:
' n ! l' l o m obillr o Prostrc ' n- or m ilP o pnne r n r ult er o a ,;a / n t + l \rc c - d p ,,a o t w rrt., lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall : a pta? ol nonsensc
O b s . r ralii a / T r p b u i.r e{ln u r laptul.x sub.ranrivptc de ma is u s(S
il . rj, r . o n b i_ $ t 1 7 -
i P ' 4 ' o t i n to rm,rti o n (ar rem ot inlorrnatioD): : a ioat ol b.ead d /d s t o r l rg h tn i n F 'r .drl oI r]'und,rr grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae. !l_ }aitrronss Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi \rorl. :, l2).Plurale ldri_singulara. ln aceostl caLegorie se al]i substa tivele care nu l .,i l lat na dF plu rd l { m c j o ri ru t" r t.rj n i n a l . i n .sr tara un .i ncul ar , u d- los i in tp b s . S u b s ra n ti ! F l " .u p , i n sp 1" ace" r, f - . p r,l ,/i ^r t,ur.cr nrrr,,* " : 'l ..
:1L-
{ lt8 "
n mohil,i: o pi.s.r din nrobilifr ,9, i' 1, ; i" . r .n i at . !1l al or.i de i .. "a \,.m p ..,,.\.r' .t .o , j .rr.d t I s a: . , t t , t,.;,. ,,., i .. i " . a;.* ;.,;,..;l. at 1, r ^t t t , , . . . rt,-' ,tn \.1 !..,. 4 . i . .t.,| ,_..,r:r r..rnt.,,l c rrn.tr..
r lu ",' . r i fo r n r jd ,-,,' t...t tn. r,. l i o_r-r: ,t".n..1
t r: : s.rs 1 g151- 1, 14) .
..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs. :.l l, r' \ . 1 h , a 4 t . 4 , \i. ii.i,' ,, t t " t t L n dp , a [ " fh f,",* . p r i n 5 - : r s L b s,a !ti\p .", '\ , : . : nl d rr
. n...t.,.. i ntrebur,t
44
MONFO!OGI^ - SUBSAANTIVUL
SIl9
oIt'\ti
ol tt"t)'lu;
loifs. iLfws. Litrls. elc i
bowcls, cDtnils, genitals, gill.ls,
S 120
b) bali.ti stdri dc sqiritl

m p. ( , , n' . . nn . 1 J . pr n' r . d u rt,irisnlei, sullts, elc.; d pr 4' .ri ..b F. m l JrLul i " !' i ri d g l ll uo n l ,rsr-l rai tnultc pdrli: l ' ,' l " j ' l ruds
5 r2r
c) imhtiicdminte .onpusd din daud sau
r.. t.r.. kar l .rh. l nr" kpF ll Lt ooT . r . . lf r - - , u " ..i L F s .,l o n .5 . boc |pr ' |/ jn: . , o \" r| | | .,' .,,rd " ' p ' U | .l .n n ' ' !' ' ' ' ' l ' ..l our' ' ' .hU r l i n rl nJ onq. bbP B ' r ' r ' ; , lir.. 1 F . l i l h l .l " ' n l rn o l ro r r' l ' r' 1 ' r d\ . " r \ - , 1. , ; ;r4 r' . L b l r.. 1 r\ l l rr . $ h i "l' d,) unclte ti instrumente conpuse din daud pdrlil so" nl ' nprdF l bllo$" , lin^. 1 " . p rl ' ' { ' ' l i p r' " n ' l - Irl -r b' rr ' /n r' f' l ' l a' . l ^ ks nn" ' . , pli_ : l .n c " l " .p - f.. .. a" r ^ | | ,
s 122
' a' kpB . frmpot
5193
lorl8its, bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts. marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I
! 124
f) tti.inlc $i obieLtedc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r: i s i l ri " . b' l i ' l : Fl rondur J . t r oDlv s c ' . i_ o l . i -, 1 " r' l r* . d l rl .c i \hs. A on^mr s, el q' r0n,' r..l'hr,tr, . d p l o m l i .. ' l vnbrrrcrdd( . : : . . 0. ôn , .l t,q .,ru r' ' , r\drn' r ! Frnl ml ni s' rrm n , h \s ' .. g ' r..l r, )dro' Larrs. " \ or pn. - A p n t rn l r 1ol ' rr onp| G, k inr i, " . li ,n l h ra ri -.m p r" ..Il v n d.' .i -'r'Ji rrpr l pLLr^. rc: l' r' Ll " l " L 1r r s " . 1oit . " , . !o l ri . r' f l i ...' j e) n me leagnltt I tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians. Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca. .lu.i h) stlbstantir. r.tbaLe i 'in| t s.
$ 125
$ 1!0
dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings, sonrgson, leav;ngs, iodsnlgs6,Frings. lickingsl pioio"iLine., roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings'su..oundn'gs, slippings, sweepings, trilings, iakings, ltinniDgs, etc.i
5 12?
i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'te pri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s, eommons'd.inla|lcs' ediblee {nli(E, bctters, litte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls. comesr.iblcs' em!ii.s. n..csdics, nervs, nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics, perishables,rcgimentals,riche* shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls, 1ighls, ralurbles, cic;
I Sinquldul or.ralt alc hlelesul de "halal." ipentu personal sanitar. muncito.i elc.l: o ,cf;lrs lDl. l 1: s alopFt i) ,c,l a ' ''n r s u b 5 l d n . ubs l. bnllv ul) i biLlir , d . t n" n d d p s i n 6 ', l d r r l t u 1 ' -r,"i ir I o 4tF lr\ : o t r P , Llr ; " , : " s c , o , u l I F S P A rite d s"mn"d; d und d, n r p pip' l. ' 'd t d de jo c), d nin ept , ( : o I , ^Pi' i) et t ' l J '1 n r 1 r , l o r i u l r r o r t i i l r p o r i i f,\ o o! . r ' . ' , u J ; o, . b, F r ' - m i1J L:' - i s nclF/ o r dp .r ' diu in t . r p r ", "' "r ' lr no' o bq ' a l:\i l1 , l. L . . j 'J . o i " " m J p n n l r r o"t' r n l " / b J '1 - i o f or , . r . i m . , i "dr ' ' la te Jn liln zo li I t he . ot unLni. I Pt hic 5 f../inf.. : qh t t iLillt ilF, . r r nplt ir ' oi r.,. , \ i. . li, ' .r-,r',rr. I.r:;.; l, l , 'J -rt a, el;! lade,1i. 'l r ''i r and todEins rtc. b.d
NUMARUi
SUBSTNTTVtrTOE
15
rr" nd .., a nn als. ,'r l, , v ps . a"n5r . . 6. i2 . 1- s pi. . .. ! n , ) . b . T . ' r s . . l n 'h . . ,- (- \dr. ul) . , or n j r r 'j con :n". , c onlpnls ( " , . '^ ! . ' \ p. . i .n.d op sirAJb"i, J 6, , dr eg6. "ut . . ' olli :."s ' h r . , - p r q . . 'o b r ' g , l l o {- . e " i l r . g r o . d r . o t"r.. , . .a p iri 1r ' J , t ir F$nr r ( . 1= o dr dlit h: i) , lu n d . ' ' . . ,ro jdh : p1 "iu l pi . lr diir ' . s r oals . c - o. s hJ J o u b r p =. inton. . . 1. h,.igi. l p 1 n r . I 'n l i \ q . j . I n u n r r r o n c . I : bt 4). ior,in,r.,rpd s, (L'o lil li1k q, l. l. r ar r , nr 'r '. i '! 'u : l . p r o d s q u d r l e r ' o. lpnPa 1, . pFa\ d. : I.iA , ou lsq ur s, ltin m i 1 , , r ds . c r a. { l' . I . c ' , ur ' ) . h d , ', 1 1 . " l o ! s . s p i f l s [ - '1 i . . .o u i n Ll , , -- - i r' l ,, .o _. ' '/'" " a - , ". r , . ' r ' 1r . . , , r n_r on. . 1. r 15 l a n l i . L d n c . \ s p " t s , v i d n J s . rL' , r'd d i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc. .
.8 198
latinl li) sltbstantiw cn pLural latin sau cu dspect .:ndoiaj, ta.eliae, imtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli\ memoralilia, ,\(jordul cn vcrbul fi cu detorminan,tii, - Sulostantivclc nenlionate la ..rit purct (12) se construiesc tn generecu determinanlii Si verbul la plural. :..! rceplre: arl numele oe Jodafr: jyin'riB r.'"@s sreat skill. Dtu;shb is" a lciy entc.t ning game. b) d.o.iL name d.e boli: - measles9i mnrnps'.
. o n " lid " . @dJ ps, r s s e v .| P.o m!l i " d l i o n .ltants ts.ontagrous. .) nunele .rliinlelrr ti ale obiectelarde studi termindl, i4 -ics (cybernetics, .L,.trbnics, mchanics, physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular: ,l.oas,ts s,zdtes sound. ,,nt.s ts concerned\rilh the nrinciples ol norals. 6l liquids ai (5t. Hrr)nslaLics.ledls$itj! ihe Dressnre M;ftenatics is indispensaua|o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs. arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,. Na td r\ se observa ci unele dintre aoeste subsLanLive ca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech' r'..,p .)ttl i" s l/ d, / i. s el( . . . l n d n a d o s e m n o a z r)ti i n !a re .l Fcl rr' ,.,uubi atul :, rd i u, s " . unc r r uies c .u v e rb u l l a p l u ra l : The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired. llis ethicsda above reproach. \t\e Mhanics ol plRy witing d.s unknown io lim. 't]trci phnneti.see benealh .ontemlt. Substantivele atlLLetics(: atletism) ;i glmnastica se conslruiesc: cu yerbul la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice; eu 1.rbul la pldrdl cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la -ererciliile lnseti. sporturile sflu ]a
I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr ,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I, . - . b pjuy. . io nd .'ilr,rl "r u r \ : nd o dm . or n d. ' r li ( o t . p i " N d 4 ', . u s t n h u +. ' : e A art - din . s \ m t un, qot hl p( lp dp obur i J n r , lr . d '. q i n ; , r l , r r l d . m , s r " r d r r i : , rbrd.ti\u t e4 . i ,rf /.4!,nl! r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll lnlFl"5 o fli4 Dd bl ll J p s r nr r lar , s r . ; ' . r u 4 l i ; r-\\r' . r '1 . , , . m 'i 1 a 1 , r m : r r c d l u f i : r ii o'o rm, i r.l"lr d" - iogr ld, r 6' p ln Fbu, P ro e-.o t t r t ne 44BP\ d 1t ! 4 wr g. I n n l n u 4 :.: o " 't r . E " at.It
s 1re
$ 130
16
d/ Numele Un;ted, Statesof Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind lst consideraica numele unei naliuni, cu pluralul cind se referi la lnrile care al(ituiesc naliunea:
Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a has ll'ashington as i.he capital'l:he Unnd Slat s of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiiresir (lonsrPss.) I)ir.rsc. - Substantil'ul n?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de plural, se construieste numai cu singllarul: \i'hat is the D.,e.s., lio ,.aB is good nars\oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced. ,Ue,rs qi snarnDlessint construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi rontenIorAnir cu singdarul. .lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la num inr l c or c s pu n z i l o r: 'i here d'd! a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar.. ,\ st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll. Tnc iailill is$r,d s..a! lfunaae\. -\ltcr the colonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]\lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs. Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*. .arq'!. gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi trs, li rtollsd (: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii) - sc consl,ruisc atlt cu singularul, cit lri irr.rpluralul tn lunclje de intcnl;a \orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi rimtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere: TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient. Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich (ds lamons. The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advisedoi Ure ohnngein La.l.ics. \:liere is lne an\r h.dokatt.:rsl _l$o T\e heddrra e^ or llc i.ade-unions oe. in uic saDresheet. The.e ,ar u (salt )linksl not lr lrom the niotel. 'rtft (saU-)ti1hs slthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv. IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e!d. tsJ dts e;rs produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc. T)'e meansoi locomoiion {rrc ample. \Yhal's the ,lds: ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.-ihc oddspcre asainst ih. Driiish middleseiSht. flI"nls/ l- ThaDk Iou) Thants lerJ lruchl I owc mony /naz,ls. -vou .l'. r,lorts .rc reeded. The glad rlltn(s (c (siu oa") b.oadcasi lasi Dighl. ,\ Iuge nouoD.,tsir .oming inl.o being in otrr town. ao'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country. -\..trnerons Cjtera numc de unolte fi de instrumcnte (S122) sint uneori cotstruite cu Trr tn's.w;r'so.s.1, i." ar old,'r or nrin.. Shc has lolglrt and tr is r\rllP.l.
lth .t n - t n- t . ;. n bd rtt I .f t t I r ' . t r r ' u, . ! :!,r bstrntirnl ,,rt!. nrfarialil n , , . l '- ! 'l ca lornl orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl L- 1): sc dis-
I3l
of pliersetc. snrgularul. subinlelegindu se cuvintul a ?a;r' o/: a pab of scissors,
linl. (le snrgrihr ss lkrri rrl.lkx:rl lrnr rNruntnrr rsdll4(r, conslldl.,l! o]rnr,l{i si,isnlan,l, a.e ii tlualul sdlro(! inr SU\. li tl.
'to...t r. Lt."lt') r cslc liloa. tltd tidi\s " ( o r i s r V e r i F i \ 1 i5 . .i \' t, s.r ,' . g],,ntrl. tt. 1 uneori lxiin t-" n,. trofic. tt..[,t,"... ].
'Aslizi esle irni oniinuiir r a,ll ,,zae.
0bser0oti,e Cileva substaniive de la S 118-128, piiDtre care numele de jrcari, (: ochelari). tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs,rrpers spectucles rrecum fi cuvintele scissors, pierd sufi\ul 's. conlorm formele compuse, ii... cind au funclie adjectival5 fEsulii de la S 166:
b,lli.,rd a li" ,lrJuq hr b odr d nineph player skitue allev bdddr r oom bow. l r om pl! i|l scisso. ca5e speoiacle irame .usppnd f Lpll r o l . 'r b u l o n thrnk oilering resper bell
ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul -s tr .ompunere, in generepentru cn singularul dilerii ca sens de plural: paft l,..cches llonoursList. Eood!l.r,rin coaL $ofks r ornlLittee customs examinalion sporL! (\reziti 5 166tent'! con'tleinF) 13) Pluralo striinc, - ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au 5 132 prooes intFun :: rat in limba nglezlJcare le a asimilaL- li confirui aOest, ': :, ai mi. s.,.rm0i m1'p dupd vp"hi-r"J in.'..14/d .i dut.j "\rir l"rFJ lor . .r uldt;,. mxi mul l -au nai pulin.ir.rm.crisi. .ii ln 1'reranr. cbidr la .Li ]11ai muli asimilater paLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificullimbii engleze. Substantivele diD aceasti categorie,de fapt "outsiders' foarie ulili, fac S 133 ::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savante aflate in sectorul qliinlific, tehnic, ::-."dicaletc., provenilc in spccial dir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui :r;lnlrezei) grcaoe (unele difccb. altel prin lal,ini). llulte -si din acestesubsiantire (spre clcmplu $ 134-137) pestreazi plu:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu S 138ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor, : L;i un plural englezesc in -s, seinnul rodirii Fi asimildrii lof prin popularizare. ,r n treiac&tegorie(vezi exemplclc S 144),ceamai numeroasii,cuprinde curin.l! complt asimilate de limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit Di la plural. a provenienld strdind, in mrjoritate savante, Urmltoarele substanti{e de jji plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de a) {sc. $ 134
139):
opzs, {masna)olerar coder, cod;d,s, vo.trr, outos, custoder,eic.;

r Sub+alri\ul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF lluml ln cuvlnr'tl lhanksEiu;as. : S inc ula r,l .larlm rslr r { . t nlr ebuint ll. Plr r . alr l da & e s l e r n e o . i t n l o q i l , l n l o . u l d" c ph hai m r lt o or i. h a z r s e r o D 5 L r u i e t l e j a p l u r c l . t i t T h:sJo lo F \"ry u sp iul, . ' laf p d n ru ,r sp e\ita .iog ula r r l dol, n. ' t r p s ut r J pr . a p"danl.
48M
S !35
b) pltt.lle se,:etti (v. li S 140):

, oll oiir " :L -ic p -n!p l ') I ' n. . ' . 1, . . , . , oj tJrurtr... . " -j.. "| | ' ' ."|''|'.mp ||np 6'''h \ ! olha. : ! ' } ' \ po, - ' , . ' m ' |a. or l' h. . r s . r no p l | , r'tralslr'lplrJr . l" rr''r lnol _ p ''n pi. . r n"t , t d: Dlr ' 'r 'l r i r ' . "t ma r/ : In ' f l" pr' dr'.ri' r J r n li' " d _Dlrp rn.r Lam J ' o: 1l I
_ ilA._
'n l
lr
apq '^ 4 4 i
t 'd r " I iin
rpnP' r r r o ''
13li
l ro rau i!l p ,""i.i:t,; n. , , ., U$dirn'es ctc.
() plural. france.e (v qi 141) "s b' l"dr r and " "

- lr liu! . ' l: 1"o, ' . b"' ' "n", . no, , ' : , ' i.
\i
r i f '0 i ^ t t r '. t ''r i _ orJ" \lalarn I 5 " r r ' \ l r '. \ l a . F
13i
d) pturuh itoti.ne (t'. s.i i 142):

' - c - u. I l. -i . IU n | ' rr " . ' o r ' l ' : I d ,r r i I an. or a!1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad. el.chrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre. conbamlino, lambini; p|hzro, lalazz,,'
ObserrolLe e uor-di. r,nLFiJFI'nnun:i- 'li t" rprrnin'i, !inS" rlr,s^ r',nli' rr\ )'s . ;,rl ,rrrl'ri s,s .r -Jlr f- r'. ksr.l si 0 eea a plurrlulur -s's r sl.a p/r S | :tl r\ ,s a . trc lpr'rinr'F in roalp ;rplF t"i:rl sulrrln h l- i:i, slrc eriemplu: pl. sg.
*bavs - eritrr i .l ,c!es I dsi:z] I bcî :z: I kra,si:zl l 0i :si :zl
iheJts
t 0i:sEl
(p)
\ur , r"Jsp ' .In a J, nri in' ,rin, m 'l' rrln buinl r" arr "ipJ "l' 'i 7 s' r' ruldl iir|.r' 'rlpl 1,"rrr"l ru l luralul l"' ori!';rar. :r u , plur-l errgl' n I0rmu uncorrprcrL s-r,s: ,r doun lnrm" Je pl,rtll u'nr dihreoliel".a 'rr z-. ., mli ol,i.a,rir; sa', . nilrara. .F"ldlld slrrinr' Inlo'ilj in-strlul lrlprir. in siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezesc ls crelte neincetat, pe misurd ce ele se tnceti,tcnescin 1imb5: n) IrlLtr\tc lali t (v. $ 134 a): S 1Bs 'qi arcnrr: a'cnde; d,l: ldl.nna anl,ennas.rnlcnDddr rre'd ll \
Isc, -a: ol. -i ierralizl. n,unla - inim',1 { a it,, 1e), Inrnruld,; la.uno -la|unar' vertebrae, ctc lc.tebro -vtrtelrar, rftir@. l e l,s.-x. r|-.s I h7l ' il: ""r r ' J ' r - . . 'c 'l r la'rlnad, retr'a -rcirr's, u l r 's " a l " l '' '1 1 'u 'v l p D o l o r r 'r c a . r 'r " ''' n ' l 1 F q / r - n , r '. - ( r '?
.n -r' q . ' li ll rune u,t. - i d l: olus a l' lddr o ir h i l l o p n 'r m / ' is lT 'j s l h m r h' . DotJmir:a mL,.s. i' m bus , |' m bl ' s ' nUi|! lr j' r. .;'"r.nn '},,r'|n |..5. ' |' L; ' n' l' 1' , ' _' ' ] ' U! sJnr0 r rrnnr_ .id rj q '.op s \ 'l l J b 's ,'rs . : ir ' op . s J r n b r 'P s "J rt"olndgt 'r) r " 'r " um u i s . lp lnin u nu! . i " 1n , ' "r m rd rl p rn r_ lrul"irrnb i1 J r la l-; {'n r r'1. ' cln|'"lrrn '..''rl]||'".'o ln|- ' ' di, al' ' oa! - r d|um . orru; m - - d . , nr ' i m s . d , c P n F d r c t u a - d r c r cnr i.u lrrns. .d ni0 dd, dc c ennnr r ? npordj dllnrirn -cllh,\'iu n, r . c lr J nr io, - c r nr or l! n- . r t lor i' r m r , m r r 'z s 'i r 6 ; n ''r 'n c o 1 e. -rn11 i, s |' . n"' m a usorca, ai' d a u s 'l e n m s I \ t r o; ni. lus ole u D int.mg d lu \rrrn- lr \ hx m . . ' f r r , a", . r r ", "t u c r t t no. t \ - a r u t s / 't u ' ,,"';., lnd
"";.ii.,i""r-.,
'lgallr .l t !d
ir p sl. 6 4 ' lb d ' 1 .
.,r1.rI"on n, -ii d,ra,r,
o ,-e p-rdrur/ds- t1.,,r4
NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]jIOR
40
r '' di r r I I o r n l r 'm - r I m o _ n' J ; n m'\i o r qi' a r r i. f ill" r ' r o r n r m '4 n' l' I n i'.rni "", mofatorid, rclirr.dlt -rellrendums, r'leFrda, sara ."..1-nrtns, , .r."i"ii"p ^ r . , r i . - o r t r '. : r,r.,.a . ' a"i' : s - , - . . r . n. . b"dr . p. .,', rml . .Jrd"n'.. '| ' n. ' i, 4 ' v n' iii' r m j ,iirnr. ullimat t p '" _ o i \ '' r li ' r ' i o ' 4 al 'l p | n d r r ' ; r'r. -iri r". -nB r"n . r ' ' i, " i i ' r in , "r ' 0 " " t " 'd a r 'i '. . " . -, ^ r- r ' i. ". ,;.ii,i.. '" " 'rr' ,.;,..i o-o., r : '. . , , , r p\ r , ".,i";...,.r..s',,-"' fto. i.statri.u' l,.statrix.s, ' n, , rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr J 3: "ot r ' , - ' or t 'r : 1 . n "r :l' , . ' r . 1. q ippr l' 1 s l' r ' 1 5 . ip p-* I lnar "l "/ 'r ','..
b) pllvale 1recetLi: -trttl: ||aumo- lranmt, traumtn, tss.-ii pl. -s (engl.), (engl * -attoDatons, atrtomrlai"il'cri'a - 'fite ), -rl aniomat,n i,,s. -onr lt.
' | * 5: m "- ''n l ; ' dn ald"r ' . dr onlr mdJapolia r ni ro 1. . -h.t.-.s . "^po , lrcio iv : ne "^pol: s ^' r opol' 'r' ' irtz'c'", chrisalises chrisalddr; irls -irjss' lss. -isi !1. -eF (L'ng!ezl..idesl: chrysitis sphinaes. slhinfs{. -x; !1. -cs (eDgle']. -gesl: lnlJnr - lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint slTrn \i, sr r r n! ds . er . : : ] rinr r , . . 'o D . C J ' n l / s l r " u loD, . a\ . ' opr 0, ' npue u ,rnp ".. "l' : D r\ r h F:
S llo
rJ;,, b" ad h" u l r' r' l -, - . r . r ur r ' . { r ' n g l " /l : ' c (' )rl l : :o F , _ .d i " /' h; , f J ' 1. .Lr r . o" r' p !' " o r - p l r Pa d sI.I' l P^ ' ' r p' " l n n' r - poa n' l n " d i "" r, lrou$.aa - tronsscaN.troussc4,., et'c: ':lrtrraniedu
cic' lss. -Ni tl. { (e.glezl -el: auloitf{da -autost.adas, autosftad', io " . , . , i an: . / 1, b' nd: | b J n d i : bd dir r , tsc. -e. o : Dl. -q '" o n ; r -i glplt g | '" l l o s lrbfFro-lrbrFro ilr lplilnlji c l' pllo (l lrr. ' al" ldil'i'1 n i, ! ^ p " J _n _ r 0 n . l o d s o l ' r_ d r ij s ' n. . / o ., " 1r1 pr"-ro - h r / o s hpt / l. m por . lPm pi: ! r r uo' o i.mm r o. .o prin ^r' "d
c) pluruIe francezc'.
S l'll
(1. ) plurale italicne:
s 142
c) pl rale ebai(.e:
.icNl chcNl.(, .|crnt'rn ,
s 143
pturale asimilatcln limbr,
s r{4
tVarialtn amer.: sanitarirh sanita.iutu, sanitarid !{m J t ar alr ' : J iir r b l d rP' o re J i r.' l o T p n ,;; : ; a \ ' o- . ,., rr' f.rt . n r In ' r' bLi al 1L. nin r \l J i obi: t s e In . I .. \ L l o l ta ' o tu s . p 6 Orascleinorne " ale riitonnri 6lo;ni dc sitAurN "sfe clJdoP san c!.laps o ?t,.tu." pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorhol EdstisL Gtamtuat' ' nr t ; z i' po n l .ex n s n o l ,i s m L o n d n-i:"i"; n ,lt 5; ) "ir." e "t. " t ub - r oot t f d n o ri . n v :n o \n l i : Im tb i n h" " n! at tal.a. nl, adeseaIn bioloqip a..dp. :0 \re r i pt . 6" u; i n ,h ri , i r. l " r" s r S l 4 <
50
S 145
14) OouI formo de plurnl cu irleles diterit:

t,'t^ ,. btathtre i: irJtil i^nIi,i. tup t ht pnt r * r . dli dps , ngp \ p, nl , n . p '. I \ '1 1 , . n 'r m l f , d i aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l .o{r i: vacil .\!',, A;d ' ( $hJ , c . lr i"r a| I / . m J k ilp penr r u r ur n a r e a o p d . . l i i . u r . m o n d d o r l 14 i.. I d 1.e { : z ar un, c Fn: i. od$Pni d. g. n i u , | :.r.r . es s 1, i"ir . . , 1"1, , . \ "a,i It ex es I indc \ ur i ln. dr ii) l ino, nat . n; t i" l id "" i , " '': . i ' '" " t ,,.dilns f- medii (rersoanill aass i.- .ndjroacC, (d _cu]llrarizare a nasclor ctc.) !ezi: I ndtia metllt $r tuunrtudLa" I I t en, ;3 moreLle d clte trn Dcnnvl4 \ . ' t u' df , in pdn \ \ r... nrll.:lal.e ajo.cr cadre, !.rsonal al unor, irstitnlii elr.) sbfir i | t l t f 1
. 8 "1 "'-
m.lit m
-'"J -''tt
.r. ^
"t
1l
I , o. r
\ d Lm u/ ll"
O bse r a a lie a,lorh(: natrial. stoln, pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri sau bucili (: hain) nu are singularin engleza de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul clath.s? contemporana:
The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o chooscr.omThc shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart. 'nlodcr
$ 116
15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qi formi, r'hr cu irrteles diterit.s

rnei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r lss.) l: (,hiulas'r (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn!'i h sru slb golxn,ihi) (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre (pl.) i: dratell {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$s (tl.l {: comPts) ( s s ) (:o b i &i l , p l . .z r,o n s (!1.) t: rmrL) (ss.) [: a!dic), p]. da'dss ddtuse damaEes lpl ) (: deslilCubni) ( s qI ( .L r' n d " a " r l f.l . D l . d" dr' sl .,s dt o" eht ' i n .,,rl ,o ,s n i c d p l F rn pt i r" l ul d4t ih^t ' -i nl " l ' r ..dnmel breech brc{:lk\ cot ut cotaure catnpdss .onrsser
'
j o D l dp
I Pt\ra1e1e Lr.lhr.n ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului ,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i. rs"a.,rs g .niu . on dr g, r ' r . : lood er t l B, L; ,s 4r.1.r t),L\a: q"n;; .:^r.-b po\ Fdlr ' nd nr J b" J F r i pl j/nta.. ar' ) i sg . s,rr.. i ' ,urdji/r' t ' r iJ ' L' d. " Nd to '_ r . m inr or ndr r . i '.Iul a m 1 +l o r ( p r p s i . r d 'l i o . 'h 'a o'r lplpviziu r...il'.nla roj r ir pt . ) t i nut ' t npdt n . , r iJ loa ^ n m u l r 'p l . r r r m F n l p l i a r , r i n \ i inlel{s. iimlnl el,c. cn accla$i .'Ih / r , t , - 4t s , 1 m " hop"t . " lor In e s t J m p '. . C . n I l.\.lqllr Jo,r siv' m. t$,, rop J r ' r . o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1.. rL^ r " . . tot r n, , pe + . J ' t er - e. \ J J " p a ; p '1llF '. a r '$ 1 .../t ". ' ' 1a1" d; d ; un u d. i r . 'n . ' 5Cd accast{ acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,. r \',. J p; s "o"" t n, ' pr o- ur , u l o i : , , o f u l h l " 0 r . , l o t t s I k l J 0 s l . r l l " . 0 'l tlJr,l",
(s r06,) . i, , t u" t k r r,,rD z l . 3 scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesul'lulrlel la orc singul.fll ru esie m;rlionat nu au si;guh.. .iLc substantivclor meDtiorate. t V ez i $ r lt 8, trn , 1 rl o a .
NUMARUL
SUASIA
Tl\'EiOB
i: 1P l ) {: (: 1sc.J 1! r ) L: (se.) {: (p1) r :

l:
sertnl), Dl. didr.r indispersabiti,iznenc, chilol.i) nr.ct), rl. "//d/s 'f"c]p, brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne) s.nljmcDt), pl. /eeli,as s r n s ,b i l ,trrtF su . s c e p t,b ,l i ta ls ,P, i mpi l i P )
panr ,ton; J" flan"t.1.
tlarell), Il- f?dnEls ,o , , r r hir n4 d" f lan"l. , . ln . p , i b l ' 1. I rrtn li la L ic lel s du lJ alt c joc u r i r ) (: m ot iv ) , nl s m ! , dr (pl ) {: ,i1i l. ' r a , n jur ul unr i Lladir i) iss) (: soisoare: liierll. !1. Llr.,s
t pr . l
l Lpr
1: dodl. pl. nau na nia'r'er., t)! are r I rLiqr niil p1. _n/ s . i, , ldan, r l (- ir Pr anc or F.lr Elet el ls8.l {- nr iluLl. r l. m r z t 16 (- pro.,is-!0ral al unei |edhieJ
r!1.r L:
(: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar
lprJ 1: verslrr, loezrei murltmel

duerel. 11. tan?s 1==
issl 1lpl. ) is g. ) 1: tprr l: lsc.)l=
parl.ci rolJ. !1. ralrs r r p mi s \r, r/1 . r,.u i r' s io r.n . j m o l L l . i n (i n ta ) Dunct e1c). Dl. r,,i",s
(rr) i:
imu4
lss.l{: tprr (: Gs.)(( pl. ) ( : (ss.)(: ( pr l (:
dulc,ati de irurrel, !J]. rr.s.rrls o.helan Je }roleclic) sl.rt), !1. ru,/rc.s lo c n i n fi ,,c a n to n o me n l ) chitani-r), pl. /adt",s lnapoierel,pl. rerz.u s
(ss.) l= sami lmuz.)i solzl, pl. r.ai"s

t: baranla)
lsc) (: bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps
{rl.) I I r m n n . D .fi o J d i . d u rrl l i ' f.m p .l r.l , rn. k,,' Lss.l

(pl.) L: t ,r,n " n ,,i F tu ti i , ri n o rl u ri : L o n di l j i l (pl.) {- .oslrn din tweed)
1: a!ii), tl. rdra,s (: un Il de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rcdrs
( pl. ) l- rcsturi (de mlncare),deFu.i {de mclal et .)l (: srrrtmol), !1. sp..rd.t"s
16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive au doud forme de plural: o formi este identic[ cu aceea a singularului ;i are obiectelor pe carc ]c dcnumettei intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.o caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. este ur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
'\'i r$ - ir I o | ' n " l -..\1 ,' .. ^lln tu t \ . z o t u l L i mao. t r i. ) { v e/ i: i S l i 2 b ). , /dF?ls: Icluri dc ttrccd. r' ' ' i l .^.l ..r,Ji -' 1
.^lr7
5!
!r
sau /cllrt d! rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii $i cea dif.rile .)bieclL plu|al in s se conslruiesccu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l!ir substantivului dri ltuit')\
' . h4t ./,o , r f ,,ni i , traats l ' 1.' i : ' ,r:l " i .. l .1,ri h , p; road" rru .te , r, ,./r r lr r l t,ri t I .o b J Z . b o mo" Ln n I "l " ol , l , t . b o mb , -.r' 1 1 'b r'
s /.o ,t- g l o ,1 . . / @ , s onL , e ri " " ; a l i i J pior c r , " . Ji Fl . g h i u l " l " . ( n ' ,rn -d " .n a n The ereny .(rn.u (.'r abandoncdin tlie lield. {Nil ) - t h t ds . ; " - d ,@ n d a p ti r-n o u " a p -. (rri ) T t o, onio" . .,r' u . d i o m h tp n .n ,y d ,p \l ' ,ol " l :n I. n,L' r, \l\e t.it ucrc' ri!e. ll"na ts rvhal I like nesr. E,tl l.esh tL# anil kep lill Thc srll siNiee sl.or. l,as tuirs oI nll sorts rat zre corrjng nr drill ' I , r . , . or ,l y .r." .-t.1 " o r rt,e r,ta t,. 1 P tz n s l' iuN. ! r nlei a n l l td n s c ri ,,e s : l. - l u" " nl; J . /,,rs o . h " ' f :. o r h o r' . ni o " _: The shir rlied lhc corst sth her ./,erls ' r n" v : l, ir n" l 1 J /." /r. C o ..l i ) a u s i h ./e _ll^ i, i . r " a/o ,p rrp ,rid l rk i r ' o rd ,n.rj .t ' r' ' ' l l " 116 Tvo siotu were ii.cd tuon the irigate. l S oa- u , /" d J o " ' , d rl h ' ' -l " lJtr i i. ' r" .j ' ,"r . . d to r r .. i j. d ..
,n ' |
s r+8
rr 5uLdr',r.iL^lplrlt_t.ol',1:\,1.i/r//,\lp'.in-. inr Llorr,lorn.eJelrL,' limb ltanr' - t,pr,orr.-- o"m"ni ..tdI.ilid .rul".1 rr .celrrinr'1. tiar sau couun) Fi ou vcrbul la plurLrl:
''L i- n, lalt.l Do g, ' . r - A. ullJ l . od@ , b n : : s r '' r ' The r sftu stu r { lv ( ounir v / o/ , t / s ) . . Eh l d t h " n '' l a t i hp n T " rn Mnlo tr , : * bu"y ' ' ir o 1: lcmeilei birbatii) ,, t',.1 n .. f m i' a , t P n ' r P, , l i r ' : i '. I . J . an t[. .,i : .t ] . h- , " , , at , / in lr ti I'
j I tl)
F.ri-. .i .n 'i"eul 'r .1"" /r1A t ropur ' n'1. "7 n "h lin i\'l' muii /,//' ,unpu.,: lJr 'u lui.5 I 'r. rnpi. / rr' l:'n ,', tott t't lt sa.r[aLltflIesrer' sineir, t l/' songs, foLhstarLtst c) subs|anlil'ul t.oplc (: popor,nalnr e) steLrnsingular;i ore llulriul regulat pcolrlcr (: popoarl], nnltunt: .1 ,.orl .s masleroi ts own dPslinl In afard de aceste form' r.isid ,si un substantiv ctt formd de singuhr qi sens de plural, colcti\': Itc Zrolle (: poporul, cebe,icnii)sau individual (: oaneni lume, PersoaDe, famiLie):
r 1 1d , n fl.r"r r ial. i, ' - e: r dr l .'n o rn,. m . r : t 1" l ""t , k A . olll"i. .\r _' . ' r l 'J r . d r '. . " 1 '. ( . l h l h p l r i l r i l I ' ut ur L i r i l - , . '. ! F r o r l J . The ,;opl.f, ol lhc rvorld dzr lishling ror pcaoe
l lnlcks u rrm dl, f ol 1\ ! ,sun nrn tr\ut(u t ,rnddFspmn.dz,,olp.ti. ( , i\ : , ", . / s , , "ons t r , : p. t ", , r . ir g . t 1 - . r t se riial.ca ln tolalilaten ci si e;ie asimilat .d nunete de natcric sun ru lluralul cn tJ "t"m"n p t" , om r jon"n, " it , t u, t i. or i' . v a/ S I I : d . b ) . . S 1 5 0 . r..r rPl r,rlu Ln l^ li\ : r anaa p l 'r _ ' d a n a r r ' l . " n r L l pr ldr " fmid" \ nlt . l la. ^ r ii . r, . PU 1- .r vojt c" uJ drn l."r' rL ,., n 4 ( l' r 1, . \ 1 . /: ", r . r "r ' lu": "' o l-pr' a oorb' or drn li \ "t lir lr' \.:.n tatu ,. 'u "t , tNL$ c (S 15 ll ! S.n cri c d. t r odus t r al, 1r alas im ilr t t u n u ! n r 'l ! : d B ! \ a l o i c 1i0 sr lrio). $ ' rlA .RrDL LnL. tf lonl( 1. _ p or" ir .- r , , . , a/ . . p l .;"' tulor ' t o\ . - r ir i " " '
NUMANLTL
SUBSTANTNELOB
T \ t d ^ --. ..,,u the \o u'- /,o rL I $il lJ\' r.{ Ju
1, r , . ' l \ \ ' or r d f ^ ' t oDl" "r . li r ' ! i n ! r 5u' n l lr r r r ' nr r ' i | a l"' lt o p ' \ "\ r 1
l^l
p o _ l 'b 'r I '': n
tlnele substantive au Ia t7) Pluralul ln tul](tio dc s(lrsr' -stngdar .1" unul Jp .,;irrn rt 'hl;'dL'at' lt':,'t rrr plural ' rr n rh:i Intr"."-dp ';i, '1 nlr\ i llul sub.ra Lej, plurali neavind rit Si
S 150
l,uir*s
I'c l
r - a b u rl , n l . d r, A [\] ri v rl L \\l i- i n q ,l te l ro l e , t : !.x \.i l i c . i n trp n fi n d { F l , p ]. D,si nA Y s l N l . I' " tta.tl l i N N l t - - ;tu u a ,, ro L n d i tc o l c !r1 1J i: J d a c te r i a L s tt ;rr] tN N .l d r ' . l i on " i . i " o i ,. r ..' -, i. n trfr..,/r,/s )l I\l l- c u l u /i td t l rl ' \i r.n t I t\N l 1- ilcli.alcsii. lnldd.r), !l d./i.o{,ist\l l\Nl i: dricatelc labs|rnrL.).1 r : i o c- rl . . rn s l \l
.e No n li in lo n o \".i,p r e r l. i ;rff' l r''l i t-d'l T"r\l
l'1
1. o.l rr' '
crl\I iNNl i: i,n;r' {.o1, .!,u I'rl )

(: : : i: I i: (.i: i: 1:
lir de Di.), !1. /ui.s t\l pir lfolecti!ll l\Nl i N l rrtd ti . 0 i n ,, f\l q h i a i ; { n tri n F In d t' ri F l ltN\l r,o 1 rr) r ' rr ' l l ' n ' .r. | .0 4/ 5 !l n o ,L a t: tn b .tra c I t t\N l Ii ic: zird; .oinunicrr, L.zr-i). ll Pdlels hirlii. acte. do.umenl.c; zia.ei Iczc, comuiclril llrLic Prrne de natoi',)l l\Nl s fu rl l , l l s ? o //s lNl i' l trr 1[\\ .o tr,.. ri .a o l ",
18) Piuralc dileritc (u inlclos de sirrgulnrelcrtrspectire:r' a) Nutn:le dc tfrol.fii si de pralnse nuttule {cer' e. zarzavaturi eic ), care. ;rin insnsi natura lor. arr ir mrid obi'lnuit fofrli dc singuLar',pot avea si to"';a de Dlli"al. dat cu o srhini.rare de inleles, irl"' 'Lnind in acesLcaz, oa produsclor rospectrve : ;i tn l;mba rolrrenn. ,.speiriiale nl.rlefiilor salr
fol lons linos rfools oil( \ s ifrs lsolll Noolls lul s . i,. " ste'is, ot''
$ 1;1
S l;2
(cl. s tL"/
adescaobiectc confeolioDatesau forb) N tueled. ndle,'ii desenln{)azn lipsiie de singular. in gene'e lnsi sint u eori respective: mate'tlin materiite au alit singular, cit li Plural:
desret; pantaloni /ld,ael l-- Iianeli) Ilannets l.pl \ \ ' tlanele lle .o.p -lcnnen d in llJ n' lel' J. luin p Losru m 6 i ' , r u"' pr d r ' ' r ' " n t J t . t 4. l: ,,.ulo n ';i;L:. : , ' r"i | ;;:;i;' -i'',tt'i. . pr ' '4bP"" sqro," : rp '.. 9'ro. ,, r',d r'1 dn nr s l! lr iJd ' du niil ronn - d nl' r l, l I
clc nu rel)rezinfi rod'eInlelesurile sub_ 'scnsurile ailtate sn,t numai erempliiiclri; stanlildor menlionate. 146. '3 Vez is j S 'strbsrantiaul,d,s. Liu..stc an llufal . Xa;;Diie 6 vi ' i ii P ag. 51, l ôla Vezi li $ t3 ti lr3g 24, nota t'
6lM . ri4 (: /.,".d r .,"..d. cositor , lablli, t ir ic heal- a rt! {sg ) (- o.ul.ie de cons.ne; nn bjddn), (pt.li l,..t,ri .r,,
r,f f , l dn , . or . r r ' . r , , ads t t . .o5t,.," trn .$..J). t ntt a r.,J L, l o |. id. r f r , . t t ,,a,J. !:d.r. lyezi si S 16)
s r 53
c) .Nunt.:lr dc culati a| la phral in.tleFul de ..nuanl, tonu

,\1o . .n . ..t , j i. / . , r . ar t , . r li_r ic / pr . . . I1e lorfs 10 pairt r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi -.\utlmn tcares.
,a.
ale culorilor
Lnele plulale alo numelordo culori au inlclcsurispeciale:

. ,'.::
,r /rr s i...ns ,,trt..r i.rerJ
1:rr pr r r ' I . r I ' nlanir llr : r f . o. t lol l: liainc alltri l0idoni .]c ltan.lii rtbirl han'e g.i, panhloni ih llaDetil grir lxi i
,, F
,,
J.
..,,
o...
, ,t.,.
ilmsiil
ir 15't
.l/ Nurn"roase subsl.antive absl.ra.to oare,prin nntura 1or.si t nerrne r bi ,;iJ' ilip-i'ed" pl,,r,l,\",r S llr..rap rrrrr.n, iir,r.l,.ut .t,...ner" .i.. .rn,.2J...'.trlr.l,,\,d:uI,i.ir,lural;i ,l-,-rr: ,l orrhl , n, t-'l'r
I La !1 ilil. l).auh:s) t- n lrumtrs tr. o leDpie tu{qroasil a tdlh ipt. t|un6) t: nn aderr"irl uh nnr i.tue .lpt. int.ttige,/.:) (. . intelig.nlirl d ,r.,nrJr | o mescnlrrr.l t!r. nEonn4!\)
so manr* Itdzesr.s
1 'n , , , :o n. . q, i. nl J um "n , bn r p r J l , 4. r "i. . i 1,'t.r hrm ltr c / |, r r . i, ' I ' \ t r r . t . r pnum "r dt t r r I iol,l him a ifw ,!d5. inuncmlill r" r.,brt)
c) Alte plva.le d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns!./!i.rt,,.

Ir,l.l (: jntormatii, ftiri, coDuni.'i11, nNliintirj, avtci
(r,1. f: a!rc (lisLfai)l lss.l I sfium dii tigarn; .ctrliri in, rtin,l,i. lomerlll general; .cnusa xnri onr Dorl, n unei f6e. Ltrl i:.r:nuir-1 ircendiatc); 1: ruine ris. ,r oJn.s .f a la en enpte) {- .cnnia din soli, .iuin) 1 ,lildift marc ii linplii on o lrzurmirl pl.l i - (,azarme,cazimil rl al i l ,, asp(ci 1rl uri cl N L . c o n d n i l i , p u rl ff. l i nnl .-Li
i:i:),'
LeahnSs Lta.t:' Lrac.:i:
j l k J n i c n l l i : c a p a c i i al c) 1,.c l d ' ts l 1: conl i ndLl ipr.l I l trt.n s ].l k a n iss. ir)'l l :0 1 L c l l .,,j .l i d u frh i i ial i ., j du.ul i r .t.l l
l ' ,.1 \,,r' r-r,.L l .,i . . .r L U .; .. r.r rn,l I t:.,...l .,,. rr:--t-i . ' ' .!.r
1!1.) i : d i ..r!i i : !o z i l i u rd al i !l l lsq.) t- p o e c h e l d e !o L i .n i .hj . de .i i n1 .1.l l LIt.l L: brclcl. Iientru pant{lonil
.' :
I r\'rri ij S 11 8 .1 1 t, l l l 1 . 4 sll,riantirul 6/d., are llLrrxllt ,/d..: ,,hundnrds oI Dz.e or ta.l.idgc', lS t 2!i)
ti .r I
NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR
5EI i, t , 1s q I " , ir ' '

rsg ntddtp aq p Lhe , VL dd k AsPs (Pl I ro' :." ,"r I prort r ? {pl ,c tp t -r' r" p "L ! IPI rotk 1sg) : -. it" * g.,i
1 : s o l , r' 1 m i n i , tP re n ) i ' l \Ji ri I i i rc j d ' ,.s " d i n rrrr: rrr " n. t ' r' ' l L -t. n o a r, .i n s t.l L: o ^r' rm' rtl r t-1rrJ ob' i ' , ." " i r.:; .l i s rn 1 i . !c i 1 rr I' p sp.' J /' r! f.nrrr un r,r.:' .n L i ti tl u i c d d "'m i . .ur5
Lil.h icadetnic.)3 \ FliL m llor i". m r r ir ' 'l 1: et ul m ed' ir 4 \ e r '! r d : l {' r i ' 1 l . lPnr ' i n' ' r . m ' di | -' " p. d' r r ' poor t r i r I m l' , nalr r m i ' ons i' Fr J : ns lF' . i I om J gr ' r '. P"' r "r 'tl l. r nun' / 'n n r '1 a r l 'l ) , z inb r p l - " " b n 'r ' pr ls g. . ' o; . i. r l un r r I n F i n 'r ' l J - ur ur ii$ r I J ni' r ' .r briky'orLs. n gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil
Toate pluralele de mai sus se construiesccri vrbul la plural cu cdceptia *ribstanrivJlor larraclr li itorAs, care se poi construi !i cu singuiarul ci d au sens de singular. 19) Pluralul substnntiYelor care trati nationalitatca sllu prolcnientr regionali. - Substantiveletrmidate in -s. ,r [i,J]'-s, ti +rc au acee'rtiIormii la singular ;i la plutala:
the lrognois l,lLcS*iss thc Fren.h th," Scolctr l're Iinglish
$ ll')6
S 1;7
Celelalte substantive formeazi pluralul regulat in -s:

the Czcchs6 the Danes Sobstanti{cle thc RomrnidB lhc Slaniards tre _q\t'des thc Turks
compuse cu -man sa\l 4raman formeaze pluralul conform

Dulchwomen Welshwomcn
regulii de la | 168:
aDui. hs oda n an Englishman -lirglishm{il r \\tlshNoman a Scotchman - Scoich!'cn d Cliinanan -Chinamn (Yc z i l i S ti t-t5 !) -
20) Plur&lul de tmirilor alc anin&le. forma pluralului difcrili de a-) Danumirilede animale au. in genere. aceea a siDgularului:
lic riuckoo kippcr -!i g i - kiplP8 onlf gooss - cahcs - gf6e
s 168 s 159
rl e zi s i s r 18. 12 8 e Bd oa'Hoturt\ t\' \@t Hatutrs, lJa@tuB ,tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii de S u1. r u n \i ) l n l l Brrt. c u ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c,.espcctiv h {t , co D ief lt e
,'ii,[if]r{,;i --*,*ttl;llt$usltllg**l',:'',"
50 l6n
Mo
/,/ l 1.lr .,rl.rr ti\" ,tir, i.... '..l srn:,. -i :r t. rrL .'1. .nrj,t.r.u r.... .1,", i". , r,r.l ..It l,-:\rt. ,j, atin.ntr. or.,
i' a nIDLrfr ol Fjlil ,4a I I rt . lr ' , . b, r , l r [r., i rp. .ou 1,,.,,,ai: ra.iors Jnnsl or i, t in ;.
161
({...J rtrs. 109 a):
Citela nrlxrnnti'e Au o sjfguri lorni

srlrcr grrnrs
l)entm singular si plurat_

satnron tu.boi, ptc.
dcc. 162
r.jndeer
d/ .\lt r(artile u o tormi rle pturat cu inrele! cotecti, idenrici cu n FF - r d inr ' , -s ir utu i . n ,p " u .i tu r., d L " p t,,r .tng.ta 1i ^ _,1p" n:, ,;;" " , 4 . r . nur Lr / r s . I,tri F ,, ,,," ,ri i ,l p i n d :\i .i ,ti n .t,a,i ., drnuni tH 6. " . "
,l.c hcre nnv /tsn in this rirer? J h 1. l?' . , n )q n t n i t! l t, rh : j L o a r.x I

f tt.L | | 1t t d..a lit. r rl ?/ . . t r . h. 'lh@
4 .." t." ,1 I ''." ^ ..,, r.. 'tU Ltluts' at lhe CaqraUjirn brools a,, r..r rinf. '.idr@z ruD ulr lron |rc sen aDd Uifrc o., atsol)l!n!n tt.\t, a ke pike &d..rs.,,
" ,
/tsral
on thc truc.
,, b
e,
..,1
163
2l) Plualul substaDtivelor compuse. - Substantil.ul comtrus csieformat, i ' , : r "r ,li', r 'rn Ll'rtir i\ nri "if,Jt .i u, , u t. " r c c i , n u lr" ' " u , in : ", ^ . . r, 'rF -l p .u t slalri\-ul principalPturahrl substinr,iletor,,,nnpi,"";n a""rt n,ni s" t&",eor; pu,,indu se semrulpluraiului numajta subsrani.irut p riput:
.,,,r,- marllal .oegn.\ gPrmar ,r/s arr)u.enl. ,c/-! s!:nel.l ra\y4ls r.rrrs pltenl ,ftdes to.bc e?rs oI mail /ddcr.s in taw ,i.s,at-ta{, ldlns-jn-lyaitins maids ot all-work
r. n
. . m pl .tp o r:i r,,
.:.. r, , u r rn ,i a Jr a,ti a.ti v I,n ti ng., :.b_
164
Cind printre elemcntele unui substanl;vcompus nu fiqureazdun sut) stanti\-?rincilal, se adaugir s la utrimut cur-int:'
:::' :""", -ii:'i jil,':l:;;i-' ""1","r'i,1 t,i';Ll', l :;1i {"1 :,,"i i,'"i', r,t;; j.'"il ;i; i,, ;1r;;',i',-;r.; :,:;l ;i.-:iil,l.:,fl ".;; 6< : t .
14r . 1 1 1 n ,f.ti t. , E, : 5 cAp.iori, ciutir. 3 ftr1s : slecii dc pilsirdy'.
',oi;r.:,, . *;J-,1':,':i:..il;.I,i"', ::i,i",-li:il ll l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,'
r r. l:,1d"11; ",i:; )1,1 ',,1,4.me ;1;::';:;'i1LT,:,1,.ii ;r:r: ,',",i1
trp m "b an . tFnn"li dredlals pl'6-/o"fs H - , ',a Jp ., p Jr."l ol Itpr "did -\ud np a.r. - lhp $ df b ts4 r,,
. ' , , LL. oI A $rrat-noh young maDt,L{ pu", iD' y , r , , r d. . ' r ' I or l oi. l r u. / r . , . t , ^, pJ t L, . i/ u"r , f r , i , t , , I . dt .
r ood . n F r . , , / , ; , . j s merry so-raaali strJ d /,o'Es or I n . , r . , / o - . . . m . 'n r ^ . , - . . @t ,
Substantivele terminate in -ful qi -laadl tormeazi pluralut in,s: , up/,rrol o'oa nhr /,/. ni ton,l buLU"dJs of rriDocs ha.d/,r.oi n1r ot r, ,a,/odls r,ot&/s ot lkra
m.,lh/"1 .^ o _r 'ar'd y $nY,/s or /rod?h r r , . s poor ' / , / s ^t r . , d, iii1, , . .o.rti.odj .i touri!tj .a, Ud.ds oI rillagos i.ainloods ot NeeLcndc.s tnckloads of coul
S 166
Substantivul secundar al unui substantiv cotllpus DasLreazitn serere S 166 {orma de singa/or, chiar stun, i , inJ are spn"d. rlur;t s0; cind .sre pr;.cd0L tuncria de idrcrir. - un num"ralcu.ens dF rlursl, deuarp.F.ti',J.nlinFstc ',r-.,iind invariobil,S r;tlj. r.]n,,ne',.{himbi tr'pturet:'
a @o,n}.ush lhe glore departmcnt ,",\? - b! r ld ns sr? .lir t ins a D,oLkecl)or .t ./,s slro\i d /to a rr s l o D a i l ' h rl .s i r,l ,.n a thrcc'r.ac .oslune a ttn mt&r, liclure
l0? . Fac_exceptiemajodlatea subsrantivclor secundarecare au numai forrna S de plural (S 118-129).,subsiantilole rare. inr,rcbuinlare numai ta sinsLrlar, .,r I,U Fa pro.lucn, ..,r fr Ii n".t1rp , I r,, ., a.iFSFori suberar li\, te ^'rtuzir '' ^,t,u.F,rir m.i,nulrccu\i,,,. i,, sfairt d, .Lmi,it" uti,irt". Fi.,tir ,- in '' nr0i ha.\ent. ,bior';i .r,h:ran rrele obi_.r,uirts r\ind .err" J" piur.l:
'lhe ko,ds a .\s.,s r.ndor Aiants , p I n Ld . \ , , r r a . . O r j r i n i , . , , i o n -\e l)Ibti. n ,/,r,i. I \ . r , . , r t ndn l' n frJr .n ,'r' jl'^ 4"". r n|' , , , t . r nir , t . i,k s , o n j r b 5 a umulicdtian s saL.ltiLe an Indian /rrt,.s airDlaDc rhe Cl,,rcs and Jn.s bishibuting Centrcs t\ | | r-p tr lt n! 1qr s f , r bt . t , inj i t ' r L 1!e Lo rlor , ar i Th. i ' P ,lpdrds Drhibition ol Ar.hii.eiitL,r-"
ivezi ri S ,t5 :t61) Substantirole compusecu elmentul ..nan" sau .(tvomat',. - Cul.intul nt.1t san '&omanprimefte semnul pluralului &tunci cind ste elemntul prnr cipal al unui substantiv compu,!. Iiind detrninat dc u adjectiv sau de o altn parte de yorbire adjctivati:
bnsnrcssromdr t'hliqatuln .ongress@ndl -bdsinessdorua charvomt congless0ond4
g 168
l Cuvintelc substantiecle ln compune.ea -/,1 si ,oad au devcnil. de lapt suli{e, i l i r rora intfi sinL .dNid .ute r r d. r iv al. (5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl
: Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelorca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan, -. na\ notuen, Tu.cainan,.at!nh, ra?iwn e1.,.. Att ,iare.deii ternin{ic ln -mon. nu sini llnrlirsc in Imna englezllmodonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.
n rer.la nt,n nr Indidr@z: ,{n rt arnrs ,{n o i NrrJ
: hant t , n -!rfi - lnilirri.z rt rrns -rrn 2. , of \ r
llngljsh,,,rdr louuadan lr is hdo, r d , r nilk d! , f r n rc.dlcrr.,ra, toli..nrnal sto sfom(r
lhglishdlnn lotet ,?rr --lrislorttD -rtj]ktranen. necdleito,'.r Policesatnn slorl.vro,zu
tGS
Denlnr a arnta disiincl.ia do Ci d s bstantilul t .att san Qamatrser\'esl.c din,tian (sau .fo,ra;) -. substt$tif, ambii teimeni sexr ln formelcompuse primesc semnul plurfllutui: \ronr0r.ou'rilloB rncndrilncn
npniolk l, s l men nrilliNrs $cnscfrarls nr c D s ir gor s Iirtmen nnLsnriars
aratn (lislinclia de se\, Cind sribstantilul secLxrdar t/li/r principal : dc substtrrtivul .slc n..rrlsi semnrl ph1lalului ltiNit
,dn ,rt,r erleN lix d cN d,-killcs
1?0
Sllirstantircl{]comluse tn ck\ncltul 'ifoot'J. 'rtootrh" sau "ntouse", ca su} suu'rr/r.: stanti\e l)rincitale,foimenzri !lJhhn ir !J. res|ccliv 11.1//
la*t..l hnli /,,r lor/i?l 'I\\n\I l.,t l.vt)ur. lielrl ,,0r1.", tti! trt ,lilli /.,'r, nrrntu. Di, -licli tttJsleth nrilli /rr,r
$ 1?1
(lc .,11j., lir. lelinrin invariabile Cind lrsi a(esl. substarl;\e au 1'alor're plurtl: sens do chiar dacir au
tn'!h^.hrs /oorriltrc t,ltrfr rr'ri|flLsl! '?.,i/rl)fuslrfs l,orD, .s l.,,r,!nrl's thnrtir\ - /oorst, ps ,,,{sr Jroles /,rrP hole , r or r r s ' I r r n r i s , r or . w, s ( l! { ak , r , , J . lr a! - - , r or : , lr a" s
s 172
\ 1:3 -
Titulaturilc (omt usc.

(nrora irtrn un sulslBntil'determirrat' d) Lr tituldlurile in con,punerea pirii Je !'o$ilc adjettivale.substantirulprim$te de ur d'lic,tir.r|Ic.,ltF semD l pluralului:
nla, l' ..'mtr . t," ' ttu"t .t" "1 (.noa1
sau ,orraris cirrt{i,, ;r;naals .ltf!& d'alairesd

r,r.rild Dhd a 2 Ind nrrn n: I otrrd. a ',n, Srtrr rn l.d. 0r ^ o, ,:l
iirre,r.rs senerul zortries lnbli. llurorl,c .Jroeis
' o n n ..:L t o n P .' 1 1 '
' !
'
r't ) r I
s.rsD7.s tl arlrs sd,seanb_nl_la$' strgeart_mdJ,.s
Ia h l {'\\
P\ '0
| .rct r"'
= ={ s . onr f r c ial. \as . ar c l&0r t onr el! ur I ndi i l e . \a dt, rirzboi. ., , , r ! . I nllel t l1. rt o4t."t-. l j q : r , ) +r I '.
NUMARUL SUBSTANT1VELOE
69
ultimul ouvint se pune D./ La tilulaLurite compuserlin doun subs[an1,i1'e. in genere la plural:
b.isadier s?a,fnlsl | ,ld. o t.a.o t. tt' 1i'2 .."n t licuienant .olor.lr li- . _. Loti\ Chnnallors T.ord lI /-" l. l\ lI a - "
.\ l7t
deli cuvhtul cnre a primit somnul dar d/fdlorugeneral sau dircctor g'cn.J'llls, cslc rdjecrir. ?luralului 'rn .l Ciler-a titulal,uli conrlnrsnu amindoi rermenii la llurnl: ct!. Iinlshtr Tenrplab Lordisj Justioe.{I-ordi!) LicnlcDarts.
I l7:t
umelor pmprii, l'hrraln numelol de fanrilic urneazn i 17C l2) Plurahl rcgulile pluralului substanrivel.rr conure (:\ 92. 93. fB. 106). cLr c\ceplil trnninnliilor -o ti ,. care se menlin la pLural chiar atu fi chd siDt prcodnt.e
ll. ll(N $ t|c lla lit r r lh. \ \ ' nllis . s is a ! t lc Co\ c r ll! I . r lI s t [ c ut r r r or tl!' \\nllirl the ]irrli.J
(lind numelede tanlilie estef!ctedal de un l,itlu se p ne sennul plufalulLri lia la nunele profriLr (in ]nrbtr vorbitn). lie la de unlirea titluhi (jn timbu oficialn):
Cortrade Jones f I I | 1 t ll,. Qrruade "/,u.sd (iidtba rorbiti) doadd.r JoDcs ilimb{ olicirli) Ca,nrad.s 0. Jones nrd S. Ilurphy | e \ I r . 11, . r t i n , l , 1 \ o r l ' t : . ) 1t ". . - . I t i. t . ,. , h J o . i d r r llr 11r . . / , ' . o- ' . | | n r l J r o r b i i
S f77
\ 1. , .dr \ r.,n , lrali lrirte :i sora . , r " o, : Colon.l Crosbl
|.rr".a,,",. r:","n ii ,,l,.'o,|': I tl' lli,. .t,,.//, lli nbr \urlil:1 1rt, v: ," -mi,r, r,nb' ',ii .l' , , ,.,
{ ,6 . i ,,,, ,r ,. v_, { rtttt .neus 1 lhc H{leI ,m/r/:': t tho i,/,lr^ llrl.I - l l , H " l .L r' - Llrc two llolonel C'orrtls
^ \l ' sti I t/.,u"".
L ,r .J r -i
P.oi- llcc{l
{ n.- ir r,"..,,,rr.
t.,/.b..r,!
, ,r ^ ,\"
7 ;../r
r. . nn , ,
ltccd and Conpton
(s r7e):
Prenumcle are la piurat s (sau s torrtc rnr in pri{lezarontemporonrl $ l?8

our Uar.fs. our llll's t he l$o Denier s i! s a u llades t h. t No D e n i s 'r
ln acelagimod se srrie pluralol conform regulii la prenumele masculine ,li leninine: Jefircls, Jerri6, Johnnids eic.: Ivics, Jennics, Judics etc, dar ,numele de luni au: Februarlcs sau Februar-Ys; Januari$ sou JanuarJs; Juucs sau JulJs.
'Ii I r" r , "' l I i ar ' ir' ri ' ir in( , 7Lnn, , . li, i :.\.ti.oiu rrns.inrrc r , r inr r az nt:i liiat:: "IIah! B t o t h o i '.
80u Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e proprii sau dintr'un nume pr.triu + alt cufinle p nesc semnulpluraluluila ultimul cufiiti
r - l' - "t H / . 1 { r ' n' r ' l' .r ll \ lr\l l HL- u o '- $ , r J - 7"n. l' L "| Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j
s r79
I r,ii rdopl" s..ru -s,r ., rr "l I,l,rr'l'rlri p"nrru jos F lirrile '"iirori n', .itr .uLqra,,l,\p, nr' un", da i .i in .azul numelnrI,oprii d rurbir' , "rp prenunelor: frnilie salr al Tne d.isq's havo askcnthe J',s's io dniterItc o.dciad three 7'0n and J.t.u;\.
$ reo
Numclc protrii striinc au in genere,h limba enslczn.pluraiul numelor proprii engleie;tli (vezi S 176 1791cu uuclc exreplii in cAzul terminaL,ici'y: ure llnlenss lhe Cnesia tlrc \ie.us.r ilre l)uDotrh ihc Borsirs
t\e lloi',.or the Sifili.s thc LorenzoJ the I'i.olerii.r tle \cros i1i. (uri.s tl,. Julios the tiol,ti.fllis ure Apollos lhe nl Grturos
Ex( e p li{:
th l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..
s 181
Numeralele snbsLantivate 23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at. scrise.u liter urmoazirreEulile subltartivelor in pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului: lrYc.strr,s Ifu lliilht:'
nr t le lt r . , r i. J ol Lhc llt h 4 , . t u r v .. t/,.|l. . , . . r, /' Thc gif ls \ r f r P Fr ilnis iu , r . J i n d êos. (i.N Tlt roNing rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs I 1 4 6 ) lll! . 1: J j 1 l i r i 1\ : er i ii i
s r39
| 183
Sorisecu cilre, princsc s sau 's la plur.rl:

Yox . 6' r and 7C' i ir i s m r ids f , l l s i r , r a D d 1 0 s J ior). ln l, lie J o' r oJ l, liis ir ' t r r r v lsau lhc l16r ' s ls { u t he 7r 60 J l
24) llurahl plural: la 's
rumelor dc litcrc. lJont roll ronr /'s.r

Sh. I on ne!.r \ r r ile
\urnclc de liter. prinlesc in gnere
(,mssPs hef /'s. lt as s " \ it li l\ v o s . r .
Unii scriitori ornit insii apostroful: \\'ril. "l.all' Niur 1,\ro,s. la plural;i in intregime,astfel: Numele de litcrc pot li scris
"Ll,c lNo e.s. e/s, .11s. .."s.s. eL. "r
s 18{
Plurahrl cbrcf iatiil.,r se formeaze ad6ugtn25) tlurahl abreri:rliilor. du-se in genere un -s la singular: (ss.lC.l' Pra(tili.ner) (plI C.P.s i: Gener.l \1" l'. \l P. P: liar'rn r , \' l | "r ., l .r (pt. I c l.jr'r,g [, .,. ' " lssI p ,,. 1: losicafd) hl ) p.r s
1r " Tatu a\ti. J.'rl: lm l.l 1 m.1". 1. , , , , ' r - . , r ' i. J i. l\'/.: ol i. lo io \ , nor . I '1,., ,r' ' .\ ". t \ "t at a, at dc Utlttr.:i ^r , : b"r i. ' i D. . , o1 ancric.tnii. , i 'tl...:. , '\ r 'r l . l v . I 'i r '. \ ll i . t 1.1, It. 1it I r '' d ' " 1
, ' d,i
NUII.{RUIj
SUBSTANTIVELOR
61
. I .' r'. .: lL. .!.r U t iq.l rol. , si -. s! I lb. -t 1 \ 1r _! I L, R'. ,.o : \l L r ''' . r. \ '.O 1 -.
.ap itJl) r - ( r , 1. ) c aps = l,on r) - { Pl. ) hs {: Nou nta , n) - ( pl) M t s (: volume) - (Pl ) lols l: ao rFte ) - ( PI ) im ls i: l,u nd .edlv eis ht )- ( pl. ) c s t r r: nound < libra) - {Pl.) l}s (: rArd) - hl. ) v Ll\ {: c.mtd,, ll - ll, r . ) ' , os : t)ro lhF r ) - ( nl. l br o5 c" e r. l c al O r r : c 4) i { plr C. S{) . O l ?r ' \ lon I nt d"r , - ( p l ) \ I O s -\l"Li ' \ fl O s \.r.r:o m m n. i. n"d O il6r - / ol. l r pl I P r r 's . Io 5l U i p. l' o! : 1 ' \ ' lpr
lnsi pluralul abreviatiilor alcituite din ilriliale Lrii scriitori formeazd (l188); s) la sinsutar ii:r1ind's (apo6trof
,,f.\ \ LP \ N .C .O .' S P.G.' s sau ini!,ialn: aile1-n abrvialii dubleaze la plural litera linali - { Pl) } { s S .r l u s. s au m s . ( : m i tr,s fu j p t) L= t , aqr ) h ' l ) rrp . /o ' \ i t r ol os r i I P d s ' s ' \lte doun alref ialii au un plural special: : \ li. t r r r 3 L l l \ l l " s s rs ' .: \1 . \ li lr " ' o l \L ' r ,m " ' .. .
$ 185
\l p l " rLi LIP!orl ,i rr , Ptu r x lul c llnr i p.l r!i d r v o rb i ro s u b .l a n l i \a l c ' f or n paz , d " .b i " .i p l u r0 l L l c o n to rm rpgul ri ganp' el o , sub.
s lE6
:' . - : i . d o r ( $ {11 1 0 6 ):
\rrs iem pf . . d t r Puhops * a. il pot s / r l {s t {A d ! ) il.ir. nslfcr ({d!.) i ,,,i ri..a voltr i/s'arrl ,rri (-conj.),oI you ilirs a;d ,'rl,/,m. (^dv) ll,s iil, I'{s"t till oi ar." and lr,'zs fh. dsiris .1 l,istorv. (Ad!.) -ir,c ad's anil z,es tin Pa.li{dentl. {-\dv.) Pr pr . ) a nd .oa " s,r ' \ r ' , gl' p, l ' d. . nr lr ar t l -:c r:o ( \ u m F r 'l 9 ', \ nt o,L 1 ".,\:n j l. - r r oom ot . ' : r " _|" ' r a' lvPrb ' i- d , ', / . id, / jr' s n ad la an inl"r m r nat l. " o_v oi " h " Nlai-crP. thev aE " ''Ihe llower is oDe ol the \rhal loi onllrnsn! -a Eorrgy,
t rele cuvinte primesc 's:

i l r $ a s leit ur oll t P rrj l i r " f,l l rro r" i -'. r p i\ ' - us " olr p n d t.l l s .n u s tl , l
fd r- r 1n p..hd1got I' o s d o .fo ' r d " ..
s 187
P " ;a _ d P n ," ssa. mo.l npl " a' 1nl
L nii -.criitori tntrebuinleazd 's ca semn al pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e - '.tc u n s ubs t ant iY c o mu n : 't. l tt- : " fd i r rro : l l r J o . r: Ll . ll" p ro ' i n u " o a ' ,Io u r rs r oJ,os ''. .ri; r J ', l P . J nd oi l l i s s o rl J " ies { ilI r' r .v r' r' tn ,l ,h -&.a r | l pul up .b o i t" a s a tl th t* i o r 'e $: r ' l; ' , 1in6 " r nrrial : naiuscxlti. !u ; s r u r lr . f s r s l a l . :,:u d anr ( ' ! . ' dum l r. ;,lfl.lraria cnliitlot.arc nu stil, dc lapl sxlrst{ntivenu s. conlordoazi regulilor _ i.rri. sftst{ltirfrof: rort,rlrr';i nu ro..riLli.:; .arefulu:. li n (reft.Ui:s ', :;i l,rorrli S i: 61.
s 188
62
s lil9
ll,rl l9l
\T. CAZUI, SUI]S'TANTIYNLOR

OHN (ASE OF NOUNI) unui l,l'rrr.itlrrrlii grtrrrslo,-(:," ra n,rm-sl- Irm" . r p^'ili .d,r j' . prirr ,:1 " '" rr'14 ,rn'rr0 i'jru:r',LrLLd.lr! !!ln . "i\,lF',rul-i I ' a , J r n n , n u pp li ln limbr cngtezne\isti loarte puline pnrli dc lorbifc care rlr aslezr pentru diflrfcrlierei cazurilor, si Ace:t('a smi: pron&'itu' forne (Leosebil.c o?'-.in l.l;ril J lr^nrlr'l r,ro .i ''rb nli l ,.t.'.t"t . p-.'tr"l"
Irrn hl r14' u\-r' rprrl '. . ' t t l t nl . ll! l i i l F .r/-J l a . " i n rpn-r' ' r:ri ' rr$ r , rr" , .r l, r . ln7; ! r " . p ' n l r' r n o ^ In , ;.. l ' '1 - l r' r rr' pu?r.rr I' e1 tru _S c er it il' nr e s i d rti v )j |1 )'l r bos c b i re d e l rra rn a ti c r rrrn ra n l . c| IIc 6rc .rnr' ) fazrrri - l romrni rl l \" r . , . , ,,j r. l i \.r \^ ,d :,\ ftl _a I, ir , i. I ' .' ,n.pr" .r," r f i J rr i r" ' fi i r" ' r ' ri . ' rn r i .. I i t " r, i r' ' " 'l m , r ior it ! 1{ ] a qr a m a ti (i c n i l o l c a o Io ti rn i rr n i:n| i nal i vul oi l i oumi l i n ci rnsl ! tnl i i noninal.irul Toc.ttil') ,\,rtri/ttlt irt) .)l Ad(Lr.ss ( nl r' 4 I ct l tti 1 .,.t . , 1 ;,r" l l llll , ,, d a " ,.r: f tn .: ta,.t l l tr" i ' pd' ' l l ,o .r' i \' ,,..' r , , , - r e, ' , 1. l r' -.r' r" ,rrr' l ' r.' rl ' -l ' rr.l " F carc::c p ri n crz ( ldru l al ci rrri l ca url nare. rLn n u e s te . , , , ' ! oz t t ] , r . n l e D L rz rti o l d l l ' 1,i r' ' 1" l r I ,. " i r' n ," /i ; , , ; - r | . . . , r' i ' iL , t , lil i r , ' l' . rrz u l p rr:p o z i l i Lunl si nl ades.ori re:ui i l c sun un lr \ d. .' rL r7 -i rn ul . i l rr -ri sirNur nunre cdeNrir: t:o.;t abiccli; (Oli.x:tire (:.ts.) Ca ,sicnzul prepoziliolll1l' r i. i , r ( f s la nu e s t u n (a z d i s ti n c t d e c e l e patru cnunerdto nl ai sus. cr ost' t (liroft. indirect sau piepozilionaldupi cum o arat'a (rrzul fotrr|hmentllui la 0rj.d. eare tnseamnn vcnind de a/rjeciire. numclo s:'t culnrtul inru,.i (Dic,:t Objai)' ind:trecr (Indit\1 Otae.r/ sau pfepozilio ii\\,r .,"'pt""1".t ( PrtposittonaL 0bica ). tJ pcntrD tn.te Lfl urj l e i rr afrfi ,l e S Lr bs L. an ti v e la e' i d -o s i n g u ; fn fl f s(1 ,.1 ; r ' , ' r' u n " h J e " o : " on," t' (( onn' n .o: I ru" nFr n" l r' , r " , r ul r r nr f \iorare intrebuinlate, cr sau fnrd prcpozilic. si$ de,tumirea (le. nominatil (\' ezi !i 197) (l azul co un nu ! , LLir i! Df eD. ,ti o n a t..l a tn -.a u a r:u z a i i r .. :ls i zrr IF rr si nl ni l i " i F' unIU r ,' l " u' ,rz rrrp r r..,i I' l ,r.z i '
I lt)1;
2) Dccliuarea srlsttntir[lui
(oi rl,.l lirs

(to ' l h .) roy
I tl.h itdt nhn : |L: t 4^t ilnli. s lli Di loaio or i, iD . u\ i r l i l t r e l t n i r t r t r x $ n s h f t i v ll: r rr l,mn uri.. u adic c t iv s nls t ant i t . r n g. r on d i r . u n s u 'n i t i n l i t t r r b d n n i i n i l i t , o ldirriunr. r..c!'! si o lroporilie, o t)nrtr din {oeaslr sau o nfuti :vfzj s ll lit . r\i 7i S 2 r l3! . ! \'t,xi s :r s .
{l Obsetralie \.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile - cr.r cnccplia ge jtivului Forn): :.\nn - se nume.ste fatma cam nd (Comtnon
' l h r" ' / \ . 4.) $"i '"9. " l,o! a (Ddt.) I garc ilrc p.n. Na.y seesa Drs in il,c ga..lcn. G.) 6an. ta .:.) Bo !,6 n e l re re l
S 197
Cu prepozitie:
He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo!. 1 sa\e a pe1 tu nF boy. E x ( e p li e : gen i L i v u l s a x o n : TIc Dos'slci is in I'is pencil-hor /C.D.) (Dat.)
NOMINATIVUL
1TUD \OIIIN,\TM CASril)
s r9s
1) Defilli,tie.- Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi- S ltt ,ti\' .,are deterninn "qubictul (rlunc prcdicativ mbiectir' -. Suliulitl ,,,,tl.n1.nt)$alapoziliiloracostora.Elrist)undelaintrebnrileutro.2(:cjnel'l .:iifr2 (: carel) sau (,ldt? (: cel).
'I' Iu nr lii. \. . i n " ti ru l h r i .r' ri d J p
'
\ 200
\ 2(ll
r) subicctsau partc din subiectul unui rcrb la un rlod personal:

7 . , r ". Tl. ' "Il o I I l\ ' m "I ' or nr ! ' a' ,1 join J,1 , " .r t 11, h' d I ool.r r \ p . ' \ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$ i,heirs.
ii\
,, nurrlo prodicatir. care detcrnini SulJjutit,e CanpLcnent)| Shc is nr otl,.
subiectul (numc prcdicaliv suL;er
.s 2ll2
Thc nc\L ii,ctu is l,lrc iDLc.laLional radio nriir. Tlose Fho died jn the cause ol ihc p.otle ale l...es.
,:, apozilie sau parte din apozilia unui substantir (sau a unui echiralenl. il acestuia)care srn h nominativ': likcs my novcl. -{da, l,is dazgnr,/,
_ This is }cn's trtcl\Pr, Ired Pork.. Dr. U.,. Aaad oi Ure English Dptblnent jA urc Lnife$il) _ ol Ohann, is now in
S 203
d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part din prcdicat in eonstruclia n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3 :
o o o d .r."n.. . r / t r i s l p o ..J o D c " rr r I " r , , l. ," d " .r.. / En'3 rl h ," ,a .i ,r,, t v. e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni, care face pade din prdicat tn con slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl larticipiua
c/. \d n o tn p ,t /d q n g , L o .- . a r d:$n. 1he .pacc roci.:t \ras s:rtched sodring jnto th. sl<J.
\ 20I
5 205
l lacc cxccptic sulic.trt h razul ncnzittiv al unui rob la o lorrnir in,t*sonrlr sa n laf t ic ipiu) lS !5 0 rr). linli n? i ti vzi \e { : 1t 39 b. I Y.zi 1ljt 5. ' a Yczi S 51i11.
04
$ 20(i
lorneazi subiect al unui verb la un nrod irnpersonal cu catc ttl1 | nom;nativ absal r\\tr1ilrd.
pl' r r 'd . 'r 'I o r 'l r " fur
fon-
s 207 -" *i" -
\ t . d' p ' i m o r ar io' $: -ih" , o,' tron,rr'i nr' rr 'rr' ;;;: ; . r ' J "*," T'i;";ii on tonisht ",1, I don'c" on the $irerss. 'aizs &tirul-locattv 3) Nominetivul Yoeativ ( oninatire of A.dbess) - Noni r ura nir rucrlr un sau denunqte o liin,n ci ^;;Jl"bstantivului
Is lhat You,rdnd':
An". < ' ; P. . 4: ld" n
Nominativd 'rocatir'nu are rcl sinLactic' ii S 1e2l' {Vozi
r,o"o. :rri,.y,i*nT ::, ");;t,i f",; ",X.H",,' " ;,,,iro
s l Ft " r P {o u '-
208
::Us 210 i1l
GENTTIVUI'
(THll GIiNIT{VE C'\Sn) Ic'rib'rlul'ri -\prirnJ in ori"'ur rirrdr'0''1r llclitririe. CeriiIul."z l'irrl ' /'n'" pr;rIip'llri' pnprira i"a 3r"F 'r r L .f '"'pund";rr 'pbrrrr' t xl't h t"'uil's"r i,-i 'ltot t "l ur.',.i e\prirrln dile2) fi c.tii.-- Genitivul are {le obicei tunclic de illrlx'rrEl rite r,rpL'rtur'i,dintre c:rre cele rllai curentet sinL urrndioarela: possesstue arata pos'rsrunea: GenitLte.'l a) lt)nitirul pos.sie ('the
.lr.h's t..is iliis ,rr""r""', rol."" ihe s'/@'l'lillrcr1s rcd ties ilie d4ts kitlcns erprclsi(e of dc|cnlloLr
'/'ar
r ,l'l
\ ll3
b) ! titittl aparlonrL.a i
UrP \lrtt
alrartenenlci (fhe
G'nitit'c
) attiii
, / lhe .drr
tltc k'J of mI
t) lenilir L i raditii (fhc Genitite lJ2rcssingf&nil! irrudirea: NLr's Urc tr"0's' .U5'r sor
the sldo{ o/ grcat ^ 'rir'.
ftlutianritip )
rtt\
"- *i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::'
s,'DeLo.lv's adni.n[ion rha .lJrirg af the bdbll
fi'r#l#,"::il;:l: "' ,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H"" r r ho*e r0r

3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,"," f:J};i']'ij"'t?''!dffi
:ir"iiri'""'i'i'i : r;:l rr''r' ;#l;r' i' ii r i:l; ;+l;:il:'l;,' ;'yl r,, i.:"iii"i;" rrl ni |,,,,i
"i"t,..., :,:.iljlli,i,;,i.i/1li;:
CAZUBI 'N
CARE ANTICOLI']
LIPSE;T!
115
J,OCUI, ,\RTICOLUI,UI 1) \mbele aflicolelre.edd substantivulsau al,ribululacestuia:
$ ;6e s 570
S i7l
tnainteacurintului whole, dar dnpd all, bothl, 2) lmbcle articole Eta.u rrire. iust:
The |hile galden wils in bloon. I sdrked at )t lot a @hDl. eeek, .1ll rtu siudents were pPsent,l Ballt (the ) ptetts weft Eeated at ttte table.r T h" sl .dy o r 0 r'ilp. , ur p r s qd; t p t h" \ bps t lhin g l o f X o r . U " saN o d're n ,,um ldr or ShaL"DedF s Dlr \ s . Thjs is t;s, ,n, house I $as lookini ior. {: iocmai) li. is jlsi aa ordjnaly bcd'sittjrg'room. (: nirnail
3) Cufintelehall rsidoutule slnt urmdlcde articol cind reprezintl mnsuri: S 572

holf a doze eggs ftaf d pint ol bc4 ldto rmnute's silence toit rie bottle was emply. dolble the srn daubte the d.ubb the ^nmbet si,ze lYo paid dourk ,n, vatue.
Sjnl Insa lr...ddr. de .rrticol atunci clnd lormeazd un sdrstdntie comlus u rd " cu "ub.lrn'i\ ul urmSlor: 'npwA ' ltu hLtt-ho ' ) a.l lturl
\\. sp n t d t l"L an| 4' t t / D, f r F1oing. We heard ,}l d,&rr4 iecl. ol the postman. The word hns d d.Lblc nca\ing.
S 573
,\ se compara:
sdu \Jcdnrl) toll a 1 , , l, daaj r , m . 1ld' "d ' oo' r ibc / i . dm il/ 1 "diu a ialf-la lt diu i o J '' l, r !r:pi , J ni. r ' d |ber r . h;]J hoLda! 'h P rve"v \, par hp d lor i l huLl a hat t uo! I n l ' s p d " t r s . / ' dl/ I " / oir &y in s "or ld n d . Th ,t.p,D Thuadav is a ldl noltdd
iii' ii'i
i" ir"et;';i"-td"
. rhehalthotiday
VII. CAZURI IN CANE ARTICOLULIIPSU$TE

Rcguld ge erali Nu prjmcsc articol: lt s.rbstenriu"l.ir''rab"inl-lc .u inlFIF t rpfalf\\l 2) subFtantivelecare au url caracir de dn;cna,t [NN]
s s?i
gonoralnu primescarticol; au S 5?ti 1) S[bstantircll]numcr[l,ilecu in.tsles ,alegoriF i.'rc u rme t o a rP le . u b . . -q rrro ln arpu.ta zpr o . Jrr a r t i .o lu l " ind sint lnirebuintate cu sensqeneric:
dl substantivele care denunesc dDslld.itt [NN] (S 35)l
-B.tu tlJ s t r ut h. nut h h bpout ! . ' s ill er r c r i / . . la,sd,r'u' r 5
s 5?7
l ldj{,0tirele d,l ii Dod nu se const.ni.sc co aru$]ul nehofi.it.
t!; p \n ri nrr ' n1l ' l pm^nrul t n ttiLr Lt ob: t ir I th O b i t' " G n i ti J " t F n ' r -rbr' r: L ,l ' a l 1 ' s u l" ,,';',i .,' 1, : ' ; ; ' ii '" ^ ,i !-i n " /O' e 216
;1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii i*IHll:jl x;,:t:i,t{,ir:'i ,,",, n{ f ! hlY I r i" 0f "

l)ur is hm f it
f)
D60iptit'! Genittu') (les$ie sr$Ftrnlivut linlti.rnl rltsrriptic('Ihe
"'
S 917
uneisinrple \ tls roLni Genitit't)ayil1rl ':) lnitirrl alra:itt'('llt( t ppositit"' detrrr"nar: proprii substantivuL .p,,;il. l.,ri'i,r,,ilz"aznprin rririne
c{r:' l+'|rP' In l'r'rr'li' l' p'ttti!:r t lh'Pnrt;t't. .1;r;ttr l,) - rilt '11 ' rl i'r/rnrr" l"r ri: it Jp|iri\ ia l; rn'l ir'r'purrliH'r\i nr i"',-r'1.'.1,.. "'i'l'l
""' ll'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'" 1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,, "f,iirJ' i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi
lii:illi,,il,i'";::ll;!i:'iiljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,r
t llf'
i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''* lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li
(Tht: {;t/titir' i) y itiral itl]lttunll]tnal. sul'trlutbtllui! : suferlatl\ dP crprimn rroliunea

-
of Gt1tLalkn)
S 22u
se tratlr(e iI gc ere in ;l) l'r.rdu{10re. (}lrnitivul dio linba erqlezi pu'l: liniba -" ",1 r orlAld i at inrurtifii et!): (ge itivul posesival apurteneDf *'it" ""
'' ' '' " ' " ' ', '"it t',':,;;,1'' |i, '. ',"';,-'' . ' ^t ' . n l t rlf r"".. ''.,1
S s2l q 22t
i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi l1''i.ii"":i'o-r i "l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r l!i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir
.?f + substantrv(sc iti\. des$iftiY): ,, (|(n,struc1,iR
I !13
o'0""'''"' n,",r i:'ii;1"!Y,"il""i1{ il'l;l',J"iii," i ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l' ;l"ilt", l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,.,l'rliiii,i f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,')il'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,'!"

lariiliv): ..1 fulintele ilinir', din (parliti{) (selrili.|-
\ 22{
'''',,1'"'" ;';,--"",,
'' li i]"i;' "'," , '','

5 cranratica ltmbli e'gteze
'l 'i "-" ': 1,,:: 'l' 'i"1 "'
i 1i'-'" ;-
,,s,niri*,ui r:1rirn,i i)l ,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r ,i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,'' "',.."
6 0M
S 225
dJ o apoziti (Fenitiv apoziriv):

the dt.v of RuctL at l= ol\ut Duclresi.i) 5i.. "rdlr4's Park (.- rJarcut Sr. Ja cs) cJ un adjectiv (geniti.!' dcscripr,iv): .,. r : , " . - l o , ,l tt,. | t :a.t. I ,
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thc Isle o/ Md? (: hs'na ltanl thc monUi o/ Jondf, i:lnDa innudic)
S 228
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Genirivul are in linba erglezn d.a d fart .l ,\. !.nitiral s.oor (sau ft\ior.f)i B. gti;iti eul p-epa:i1ionut. s,rrxor\${rJ c,tZUL pos}istr -{. ctrrtlrtul (?riti stxos on\rfilu 0n posstrssr!}j (,tsE)
S 298 S 229
Forlrlli. - Cenirivul saxon. nrrnjjt. ,\i cozul posasi!. ceniri\ui flc\ioxrr F"L,gpni iirl .i'r" i . . . r, , rn : : r rr| ,.2 ,1 ..t.r.,iri,-t.r dir t:mL1 -r:t,./a r0rm:1r , fln ll-1,In,. Ll Fi. n r;mJ.itr r \,,hirlrii ,,F iri! .,.0 . 1) $ingutar. La s;rgutar. r:azul posesiwsc tormeazn adilldndu se s $ SeO I"porllul \), la lormHuH nu'nirI ir .i,,:,u11' , .,r1. , t,'jr,"" ;rd.l.t ,,. t, ,.1 subslant[rulrespecti! s.: tontind sdn nn Ln -s..
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r,' .r's hools rlr .trn"nr.s herd otr. s,',se,seAss Btan he';' .t)i1\j th. Jel8.'r lerd4t .tu]/fr,,.r iim.latrlc tli. huEe/i.n s lail
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trj tz t: C..esls' lreasu.s ,J cjtel'a substantiye curintul s.lA.: lsir' tfrnjrla ;n s,'netut [s] ti
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t'he rzi'rss' :, J a"
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Cazulpov j! se fonifazn: 1t l,t Jdrx,,ii rlu ie ,s (apostrof s) iir io.rte subsianli\fle colllunt, "in:.rt.ltr. . u r'-oprrr..l,rJr s. 1,,,"1, 'rmir |r ' 244 Erctiplii "s lll substanl.ilale terminHto inrr o sihhn cnre in(,cpo ti se termini flr ,; ,./ cttcva substantilcteminare in sunFtuts, ulndte rle sirl.: 2) 1.0 ptutdl: d/ adiugtrdu,sc atostrolul fir:i s 1a pturatcleiel\rrinritI iI r: ,, a,liuqilldu-sc.- (aposrrof r) h pturiikte rerft'lntrrat{, ir .".
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$ 246 ia217
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: lt . nlie ! S pr e r le o s e b i l ' erl o l i mb a ro m6 rri , substa l ;\ul i n cazut r)oseri 1,!/.a,/n n,l ,rl .,r,. l , rrr:brr ,1, .,t-. l ,.s -,l J ' .," F ,.rtc p rn ,,,i . t.tJ ' , , . ' . laof i, , l' r r,i lr nl, r c pr F l r ' ' | | | i urti rrLl ,.,,\,,,r (.ub ' ,..J ..\.' l J ,F d .,i i r,-p :n d u-.,,' r stantivul determirat) Ei co tjnuindu-se cu cel sau cele {are il preccdi. in orrlidra apr ut , i" r ii l^' d - c l . SF \a ti r,F . b i n ^ i rrFl FS .." j L,a J" t,,r]tul ,.H cuL. .r,ri v" t,. J F l. ' m ; nA nr F s l , i l u i ... ru j ' l ri b u r.l e l ur un ;rr,p si .i ;rJi ,.d ;ndr,.,rh ,i . i se aplion in {cest .,az u subslanri\-ului deramjn;ni izotar. ci intregului grrp: nr"r clder sisre/'sl.lio trer lalc n,.\rnd,s D-d,..'s hoNf, r " " i. . ..f,,' b r' ro ri r.' l .,!l i r/r' i -d.b ?,r' .i (p.rrr,l ui ri .o ' h / , r r ," , ri .l o ' . 4 ,..,,...r' r,-r,h.r' I j' r ' ir i i h ro i a l !,l fi i l o rl ( nerdut nt\.sri ,i l i i ,t,,i tl i R ol ,) f4r.'s !d..nh' risilr (: fizit.a trirnrlild tui rinte) Subslanl.i|ul determinat nr esl. pr.1:.:dar tt.i articol: the tost,na,is ,ln,rn (nd fostmn\ ,nc knook,) thc flrildr.ns h.q t ls lt\t .hitdNr's ,t. .e* io-rs:i
Subsrantilulin.nzul pose.iv poate Ii hsn prcedatsa nLrde.rrtiroll in lun,lip rnr.l.s d,,r n; arun,i,ind i,"m" pror,rirr ta srnq,rl.r,: 'lp ".rn "n ( Puttlr inltcbui lafta a ircLuLuit:n nnmcle proprii, r,r.:t,si g 463).
s :Il
$ 9.',0
(l:rzuri speci:rle
. 1) Glltpurile de ruvirrte li titirlaturil conrtmscau semnut cazului poscsiv adnuqat Ia ultimul eu\-inj,:
Ih. ttd! Llforc\ pat'pt tt. lais and a hatf': ntlar in a n ilul e at e, s ii t : tt1. i.:tt Lraan Ankticatt ireokt nr, r&ri.r-t ldq,.r irords t.li rdnr Cltel Jr.-rnr,s {ddnss nRs i t I i d n t t ; t h M n e t u , . r o t h e f ua,{ tirehani: t)jrt \\orli .,lfg! (ta,LL.l lrrl |,s.
dc tirnre erc.) :rloiilujtedin nlî rjrrtre .Tot astfelnumele (de pcrsoane,

i^ nt:nr! I III': L"jgn th,, td;roz Co.'.r r,$rds
09 .t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile lcgokr llrin 'axal" rprezinti pos$orii aceluiatj 1,. 1.'.r,!'dl crz,,l\rip.sp'i\ 'F a'l'rre" la ul imul 'u\rnr:
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Cind insi obiclul nu aparlinn ami (lurora.se spLrne:

\1ith llltrv's rnd Jn"r's ,!mlliments. and lrihor\-$o|lts t-^';rr. J;ri'" iluriLri indiridual'i ' Ii
P l u 7 'r r r Par F inlr . b' r r nLor at t t ht t ' ,,/ ' ' lJ,u :en ili\ul I' rr1ljnlul ei cuvint: ,t; l' n\ " l r'r rl TJ,.a ,r h' F l - d ' / "r / e m ll H,,\'1n u rs'r I {lid t|is lo. JuPs ,z? amll,r. s salic |:n!lan'1': munr'' \ilfs llII l/k nins Il.r.I "f
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predi.tatio. sclnnul losc"qifitluj S i)i'3 bJ dacn genil,i{ulste inlrbuirr!,al determjnar: s,tbstantivul s,ru de e.rc frhit rlc apozifie
ln ,'/.rs. san 'Ihcsc iro15 a.e Prt{ lhe .nrtft Trif$ bovs dre /.r.f'r sa u 'l he aPro; is mv sister ,mirsr's 'fhc almn is nrl sisl.t'J Emil.r*
cj Rareori, scrnnul posesivului se giseDtela ambele substallive:

Tlcsc hovs de P.t.t's the carter's She \vas goi,,A 1o Libbu's thc st t.t's
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ln Iimba nncl'r" ' "nt'm aposlrollhrila razul po'c.il. 4r suDrimaren obic"rul ,a c.nili \ulrri 'axu' '" tiF 'uprinrrl' or',r.nir aposlrotul .rn.' s r' i'., n '\.--13 FslF in.pc.ial ,dzul 'ubslor,li!Flor,rr lnrni J" nlural.dr"n'r 'rnl n! rulrimare d lrpo'1"'l rlrrr'- inlll"rr.ra i,h".' de f^.e.iunts,,1.si "r-mIl J" In'i: r,. in , rnd .ur"r'r si l'.ir'g,rlar. lil-rd ' ''lerr!rrrind,'P
1sg) St. '1lro,'r (town) 1s(.) Sl- ,1rdld s (to$n) is a. l . / ' r s - ho u s es p i ,i i 1tl.l ih. ln'o lca.." Plat 1!l.l a ieN n,r's rest lil.) a 1w. miles dislaroc
$ !;1
,\nrbele lonno. cu snu iird aposl.rof.se intjlneso adseoriilr -acrlqi eon- S t50 iert. Urmiloarcle \emple sinl nume consacralede t'eRt'o li snli de concerL colelor ziArului "?/l, Iirnrs". noienrbrie 18' .p;-;r," din p asina'specl,a "i".. 1978: Sl llaftnr'rirr Sl l{tttins Lanel Cnar]|s, Ilukr of lorras,Printr.
\lJnd l n,ir Q u. eir , f lc .
Raoa nin Lt'l; ll u 'uhurhi' I' rrnrl'rl Lurr'lrei' Tol .'.li'l c/ Jau'' .i 5, /,,,, r /lnal irr_-'r,rl j, ., . Roodnt.. !o? .,rburli, I' q.r'1. .\/ Jrr', ^ 'i, L, r',lFi. DF ta!1. :l .l,rn". .'p 'r' 'l^ "in.,-nr-/" uri d r,rrtnir' .l 'punrnrr'. r.. 1.,',dr' bi d- ii. arp | ,l , u urlni'r.Irr ,.r l,' 'rnl'J rl'' rlr'F 14 rrrur" la cazril poseriYd JLt. ln rll rriiuttd \(ripri'H :257 aposlrofului SuDriuiarea ,iiv,l .,rb.r"r, . n.r,fului. ir"t":,',,ti\,,r sF,,rr;'-l | -,' .i tolerlra d rrci .r,rir.i ' ,li\u' l,l'rr''lulurnhi"nui' rr r"n' li- d' J liaii\' L', iri\.1 il s,lrrr"lului ,- niurii 'u urn'd "4.1" "rFr'irrrirr en4'/a -uti\r in f. cr" ',,' prn'1,,. --'-.r1"* i:"""t *tr"t infertiturtine in p ririrlla locului apostroiului in inl'enfia i '58 qi coniuzieln lcritul (omunicdrii: rorbiforului. do.i amLisuiLate
r lczi ii idrirn \i.ol.sl. 7."dirjc in olgletn hrikrnin cant'ntPo nti'
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6i J :i r,,,r',"1l'rot,riid i',"riruli,. tirn,",t,br; i. m.!a ; . r..r ,u-'n -. pilrluri , .) sirt d" rceul" , onsid.rateplurale tralatc ca atdre i privinla ii rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul rqi(,u pronumle eLc.r{xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti tu.iin!,1 |rrnti ln pririnf,a nunirului - singular sau plural al.numelui propriu ti afensta in domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc atca conse cinle dezaitrooa3e. in donrniul afacerilor:
1- t .,,l,,Jyllr I , l. i: r r . , d, . . di i r t t r ld, u L r . t-,rj, r - i, , . . . ,. r,t, t , it . t . 1 ( lds , ll3l Ad, .' . |r or s lt ! .out a r.N dl.tionnfJ. L..1,rl
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tllr iltr.. d,./,!- old rihild ih. th. t!tcnl,.\'.3/.ah'olds fhf.{r ,'?.}'6kl .lijld
261
d) a,lcsoorinr se mai lroatc deosebidacn un detrminant,ast,e considerat din pLr rt de .r-edere glamatical un simplu ptural cu rol de arliectir..un genitiv saxon silEular sau unul plural. -{cesta est,ccazul substantivelor ca:
tfn sli/lingr rrin Dione! llr. d'fe( Loute ol Wo.l}Ltth-.
Thc lnii|!d .l'aro,s OrgarizatioD a! oltl rU(sl.'s srle i.h! ont /a;rrr dela.irne!l cnt.ai.r
!, mri nlult lnrl accasti ercesir.nsirnplilicare a lost cauz.r int!buinldrji nejLtsiificate a unor substanLive cu h,ieles de singular.onsacfste nr englzr (ontemporani sub formir dc plrrall I're qot to so to n), ran,t.rs.
IIJ,l&r.fs ,rc Uli l(i. tlacc lof r0,, lo go 10. l \r j rs l h n d m X g l o ts scrl l o Lhc.l ,a/N . iar lirrDtl acst.i categorii dc niagaziue poarl,i nrrme|: B. Smith. dlr:azr:rs. :r) Sulrrimarca substaDtirului d.'tcrllrillal. - ln uncle cazuri, sLrbstlntilul dc l?r m in a t n u " q em a i e \p ri m i . d e oarcce cl sa i rl dago di r oonto\tt: \l ' ! s L a l l n c c i a l n r r( nr,s (hous.t. Lcl's go 1o LotLi. ,rrd'.1 hnaoet. 1 r,a l l T o .r' .' . l .! . , I Io " , r1 - o ' r ,r .\.r..,-. Ile weDt iolo Jinps,/'s l.cstan.ant,t. Iler ial|.f is il, J, ?,toz,as'r ltk3pit{t} "\1hov, roice $as that?,, ,.r_4'is'siroir,l ,' sirall re alsit I/ 1,orl':r lCatherlf!tl loriir? a'rr.idr.'s lEorelt .tr J,t,J tcotr.slt ltudnor 1lt\l,iLition) L,ri' chb). o"..,,s (Hrt|. "!!..rar,l's icri.k!t.
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the thc the rhe @znt!'s slog'aPhY za,i,n'r relrfs.ntairlcs ,,oll's roi,cs lzrt's rc.dict
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P, ,r,ic !ofl,ind. J"rori'. rc Jinrpi de ii" tlifi" n ,si de nivelare din uL.ter' :' ' hirr ' l" nrnunFpot rYeala gen!hv 1.: ||' rr, rprosl'uri' care numesc sau sngereazit itdli de .l substantivelc ji::llti. greutat., raloare etc ): cUmensiune.
a three lo,ru' iaik \\" '''|:": )" l,.,f a r n, )i , rrr.- jo f l \ ' t .."o ,.k. t\ . . - q, il a 7ro,:.nas rro1i.r. a s/dn,'r thol' the ,drl.'s ltrrglh $a]h dirl ' ' l' . . / ' / | "r f . I.n4h \l .,/,,d I Pt,'rNorui three slill,ngtl \rolth \torth .nc's ,,n'r's I l.ro ,.il.s'
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lvlzi ii S :99) sarion ale sul-'siantivclor care dcnunls(ruitnli de lor rele da Eeniti$ p"t lrilocuitc uneoti li r,;r.rii 9i prin forme edj'ctivale compu:' ale cnror flenrntc sini unite Prir cratinA:
a l,.ehab t l1tr a t4, r,tle NalL
$ 2ii8
de tinp intrd qj:1ado4'lnt ottor'' l/ts'/'/n4 ""/i r.initilt-ilor ln catceorie n'or ,t""r. olt n. t|ntt '\ n tt r'-n' Dn ur'r sr rru ' le ir' rrlo rJnl t, h \. ;i ario',inpuri: (cciis
,lays n .ws _ natr . !.tlnttl!.t
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rtcotnts IusI fte\! /anlr'.- liolnlrY -\ lli&r,mn,d ,\lsnts Dr.id The Ift'r./'r Trle .u'r.ddy's tiptl ltif s,n lrislit lalc le.n S?rrnD.r'sthe ,ar./ ac&.e's Paper. She wis r{ding
urrate d/ cit1'a substantirc ,-'ornd710

tor i n Ior lof
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s{lte lor l4d.tr4 sa:ke obe.li.encc' ,r td lof !"d r caalla. "Jk' ti ii. . . , , 1 / a . a k . . ior,.der's sake .o's.t;.., sako lor l'lY's sakc tr..!'s sako (Vezi ii ! 23il' !3{l
.J substantivele.nurnc d obicie jnaninate' care pot r\'ea gerui nlasculir, sau terninin t{ 70)l ;) i",li" insuect'i.,ni, abstfaclii.sentimente, l--'.*" ""d'i."i!i.,."" ani l\ 7l ) ctc :
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S 2;l S 2?2 $ 97:l
,-"J unele obieete $i aspertc rLtnnaturi, sau clemente!i fiomene natu' etc i$72)l raie. unpo,i prsoniticdt.
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riuri etc. /'"./un',lcrrrne grogmii.e (de c{ntinente. !iri. regiuni,ora'sei ( )s7:j, rti ):
a.,,l,r's lrmous parks l/.nrrs lro|lf.rs /a rl i as l .rn r o l !o r.H rrl l t i l !' l rr,,r. s i otrN c g , o Ira PL i .l o s i i L o x (,/r,' al l s l ei rrl l ng i l .osl )hrr' l ,' .i l d tL ' ' _
S 2 7 'i
, r ' " . ) iine l e l u b s l a n ti \o c (rl l frc l e . n u me de,)bi rcl e ir z r s r , nle f u o i a l d p ro p ri e (S 8 4 ): D ' r.a f r \fh i rl s l l l r.,3 i ,a s s ta n m fr tl ' e .,rs.r' r .r' w l l e si i /' s nrart
i n l i mnte far.
pi r
s 27ri
ca: t/ unele e,tpresiiconsacrat.

en'ls tLr o' s /r,s4' or l ol / . , r , t s $a) hrf /r,rr's dcsir! ,'C ihr J,u,ry'r
.( 9?7
l-u ,'l
.u satne.anu, o, caery etrc.Ft a(iverDul ?ither.trcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-'

d/o/rds iitirr tun" Lad\'s tr.l))':r d,r,,c r olnrioD . , / n. f r oln. ,orody'r l dli r.irrcr'r nrni t {. r 4 , , . . " $ i s h lr ier ds ' , es bc s t \ \ ho r r . s I r r oir os il s ) 1a l l\ t f ( , o r s n l e r r o r ?
, lp LF ; r i\
. h. ' , '
J ' r r i Ln. l F
pfonulnc
nehoiiiriie,
ca.i o,notit.t,
27tt
2) htrrhuintnrs gcnitivuhi saxol ir loct gclitivdni prepozi,lionsl prIra genitnul sarongeniti\uluiprePoziliona ziarel l']rirt,uconcizie, rnai ltles1l tilturi:
? , r ,r iL 5 :o !' r r "xr lll
2i9
s,rinlihre$cin mod curent roniempora!ig Llerapt. in lirnbuca ;i in "nriL'dle ron, iziei tolna dc genitit s.{rioli tpebuinldli ii ponGu irlnim.,to dir Lrutzn ri. pro(nru.ondunat insn de prrilsti:
1|f ,,a J. "_ ir o n L lo o l
ln !,h. vtrrd s .litf,,lnrn

ffllt,.iion s slr iPf
llif zl./,r'.s in tlif till,(
0rc oi tl," ,zt
s jrrks
t80
:i) (;c itir'nl srron irlofnit (u Nulstrnti\'1' ( omtlusc. Sub;ixntitul ir (,u un r':rzulpo:resi!. cirrl fosesoml rtrl{'slc o liiot:t. se irloruiette adesori subsl rlil . ompus:
rilfr '(ritri ratrlt sn',bP.!, t:n!ti!h, tn l.ti/,rr!it: trn,nttt [o, FtftigL Strden|s,
nr \ lr. (rh.li. st,i/a
7A B, GXNTTIT Ul, PRXPOZITIONIL

Ir[I' PRI'JPOSIT'IOX,r.r, GENITTYD}
s 28r
$ 282
l) l'onni. -- Genil,ivul prepozjlional. nulnit dc unii aulori fi ..qcritivul {tanfez"sau..normand"(Nornan Getitiat), ori genili\ut analilic.estefo rat dirtr'un aruzatjr-preredarde prepozi{iaol:
tl,c lnlure ol ,,d,li,l lht lpa! o/ tlie a.!s
2) irtrcbnin,tflro. - Gerilirui prepozilionsl osle prin er( ekjnl:i geDitivul substadlj\'elor neutre ,sisc jntrabuinleaz'i a;adar (le prefe nle in cazul substantire.lor .,are nu numesc iii 1,c:
urc rool o/ ihe /F/r. 1lt " \ i t lir ! "f 1 ' t " n l L r , n . t
S 983
-\ se obseN'ah special intr{,l,unr1a'ca genitivului prepozi{iona1la,?41.. S 98+ (conin,ert, precun ti dut)nu,,{,1. den ,riri geogralice dupn culnrtul ',onll,r
1tu rrj\t.ti .[ D.t tir lhc \ illagc , / al.rllh
i r , c . on1ir d, t , / l s ta Irel,llb!i. .l h.rrt.1i lie So,,i{risr.
L r,. O U U , / .r/.,?i , tt\p ts)e al tlal thl rj {er \l ' rs.1 i ' l si \ 28l i
E r. ( c ! ! i. i. : nu,nele de duri th t fi \.r T h rmc s l ne r iv e. Danuj r.
an,ploare srilului: l'o.fi.,a] \\'o.ks a[ Itahal l] arnirg t'li1.lt1l Tl,f \rnts ,I lrd, iTill,,r 'Ihel ioiled lor lh. \c]lxrf,/lh. rc11.. iSrillivrrs.l Pentru a.rlRti rnoti\'. irrtr-o (onslrLtctie sorrtn este prelFrut gfn;1ivul i\ 247 ir sarionlsltllcr's Pa(tical I1'atks (titlu). l'].d r si:l.t. Kin! -I/.nra-.s(r,1ia.$1. h,ng cere.pertru echilibru.gonitirul Prfloziltunal deterrnjnanl, ( the sisl.r of Frctl and J ill. th. six n'ircs of Xint Hcnrt thc Eirhth.). ,/ .,hrd un adjectiv rste inhcbuirriai substtrnt-irill: S 9ES esteinsolit de un atuibutlunq s:rLde o profJ rind nunclc posesorului pozilie {tributiri:
lhe li.arrlr 4f t|f qirl in th. hau::. arF,slt lh. dothilr o/ th-" lhiltl 1 om !oi4 ta n. bnor\al ili. da rin: r , / t he 9, ! , 3 th. ?a?,.v/ th" eslîc '/ t ht nlol l r / l l L . r , . r llie i nrlrrse .[ t\. J:t':tir,
\8\on. l l ) i n lr ebuint ar c a g e n i ti ru h ; p re p o z i ti o n a l i n l ocnl !rIi ti \l | l Ii ,r j ,L r' ,' .r.l ' rr' ,,ri L'inlir L ,',,i ,i ', , 1 nnlnT : liln1 l p :i I' p,, ' ,, " i rt ur rrtntoarFl e r& zuri : , , aren u n e sf liini. c . inloo ri rl d g e n i ti ru l s a \o r i l l s Pcri i .rl i " rm a l . g e n i ti rul p* ,l ri zi ti onal .l i i ai /r/ l .r t it lur r r g" r r , ra l ' ti l u l . ' r l' F r-r -s ri i ,n .rr ' ' l :l ' ru.i rrr i rr' t" .1 ,,i l p r" r i n ' - , rl l .' ;n t lr r s nr o
i\
2lr9
saton f, li iortnli l/ tn qenerealun.ii cind inl,rebunrlarea senitivulLri (la parantete. shilimele etc.) 5i trebuie deci eritaln:
T lrc l.sson s,/ U'. l,,t / , id' . s oNt ir n. t ' aolr t s r r\ r t fr r f r l i n l , l . s l r r r i r . olltt obsliitu' '!o lh! lrJdi,rN Tlr. lrngurg. o/ Ihf "-c!orts nllrlh" rrl,"r1.. 's
! :1110
n,fniionati S 991 in cazut gt'nitivutui subiectiv'(in afarnde situaiiile ,:) uneori la $ 285-290,293 294):
T lrc nflrls,/ tlrc Io nngf r 3er . . dr i. , Nep r r r Ls at d l h r n t r o h t r i l | i - , r l \ a s introd,,cid in o nr sch ools . Tlie aeln,veDients o/ lhc socjalist resnr. sruk ror themselrts. o -J ' ln llmb .l \o rL,r.l :. . J - ,trlt popr al t. 'lh "n "b t. n " . m oth ' V czi 5:1 1, 18 5-2 !0. i \ ii s o\ ' ' ' t h"t tt l 71"DP. /d 1 4 E t '. ) t anPJ"" lrnifnrg
Niic."
in r.,zul g.nilivuhi obieoiirr:
I I ' ai "I ' r 'h ' i' ' llrc .t oit'llion af tl't: a pr sc o/ s@r'D'dv lor 1or1: of Atn
na'tt:
lrJ
'1" un adjecLiv Ini u: l ol'ir'rul ri .nosdir ''lp l-'"Jdr / ll r-lrr ' rLr ,1. 'r' 'rli oldl nFhot; "r'. ol itu si'/s \cF n!'rnl lor lh! sporl'scodllsi 'Ilose
i /ri'rd a[ m! uhcL Darr) ' He i! 'l'tn''s \nn und' l ,' 1 " n;/i r' ' l ol o' i l ^ rn ' : , / p' nr r l r^ u n a ' u s " o j i " l \' * l i oi l dr" " ' Lri ' rl P n!i o1 't , . . ' . i c r nupos o (!' 0 rp ' ' " " ' i " " ' ' -p t' ' ' d -' rrJ u ' I ri u rr rd l' d' rri ululr' ' \ o t u rt r' ti
{: ' j l }!
i,'r ,i " r.u,i" r'r-'Jrr '1F "l "i i i tiun FIic"rit n 'J'iv . - l ,;' ,i" '" ',,1".-t. t coLFL" ui llis wiie's
' t rv
E 20; "
pentrLrinlitursrcaForrra do dublu gcoi!i\- esto in spelrialtntrebuinlati ,'numitol onfuzii '\sttel:

r n l 'I : '" n l \ I t] /" ' L J _ "il' iun P d i ' u^h nrL I ln "' J d . J ' ' , o, r nr 1, , . k , , j , . . t r u r , _ - a i kF' i l 'D ff (-o J ": a"t r"nitiL jr Pot ii o 5' ' e ' ' n' l l u p i i l d ' c : d n L u" por ' - ' l in" ' ' r d ' I d b l 'r s " n i '\ l ! o"r r , r 4/ S/ "g" ' jd rc nl u f or lr "l Pr ldr Ll" I
dlr llirY oi Ilrnrard shLss b r lurii r ber ", D- " , " \ uo ' i 1t I t h 1 s
s 2$6 ''""
do dublLr'genitiv Po0refi Precedatl de un adjeoti!- demonstretiv' forma 'Irrnn-nrrmal l.t""tr,i'rtutl ui fdri a aveasensutdeunexemplardinmaimulta i t ic )' Iaud cere'
',ili"'.""lJii?i"J;,i r idispr'l ncpro i' "oti' """"-ti "a,, "i,pai tntocmai ca ln limba ronene:
l'ut on drd' red 'aat al r'\-r natket s'
6 29; -
]lllrJone Prnis'dt'o' I tiind fiinta lr'inrrrl Cirrd un goni'iv d"'p'minb.un alrul amLii po '"ori g"t'itiv aol'" i'" ia'rre 'zr forms de s'F Iorrd pr^po/rLr"n"'" 'i -.ni'if
r qr I ir o' _"h { : t ut ogr ' ' lr i al t'1s " , '. " h "
l'fi"i'l'";lY;:' :,,i:"ill:ii :!.i!.h;' d E: r:,, ",,;;, "
destul de frecvente' de q 998 Dul,lul geniti! estc reconlandat in locul formei' ' la $ 21rli. S 299 pot c're nuDesc ulritili de misurd (S 267) Unelc dintre subsLalrttvele ut"u qi tn"*" de geniliY prcpozilional:
a Nalk o/ D;l's '''o ir delrY ol diY" 'ia
r,,,.rnr,r,t, I ;.;, : , . : . f " ; " , b * ; l" r rrrrt (- zi'r, r'Ntra onrr

'ul
N o|n
I "vezi
S 116.
lo! m a lilr . l) ! i41at n dc o b i o 'i
's t e
d u b l L t lg e n i t i ! 1 5 t ! r a ) r " H e i s I
in i\ ul 'x \( r' iu r'r'nlt!ilr' !tii: l, l, e0it ir ul t roporiliotrdl l'nsl. ir'hrui gonii ',ii.r"iri'"t"' 'rt' tnt )iotht drort'' ;t tn'hr' ,-,:","rrt -t tl profrii cird lru !ir'L pretc1\'ru,(q4651.asimilarc cr nuntel .. trtril. Cor'h. ?.i! dr ui adlectr{ posert;:
C,,l'r li!fIrtirLr sirr.Li
s 300 s 301
D./ in razul numelor proprji .lD L'calilili, s loTLri Sl. -'llbans 1- St ^'lrran '.rt ' . 14.t t : , , . " i' , t , , i '.
piele. clndiri. institu'tii. rl]alra' Ilotrs' '
S 302
Dr' 'r'l'otr\_ t lu
in gcnitil' l]rnale de un gerundir'l: s 3{r3 r) in cazul substantivclor ,o"r's |. lt,,./ F." I' lionrr' | " inermrnb"r'Ir '' s 30{ precum ,siln cazuile ncrlioDale la S 276. 'tJ utt $ 30; ti,rt.luzip. ln r--rnoce;eririr'r1 .,'on "r' " "r''r;rl d'.ti.r'i' n^d l" -\iil nL' utr n. la"'-l,rp'l,;'lFF1. nr';\Ll nr.p"/iri, ''"irr'rrll lflrIaIr''d . r"r\,rl J.;rmin,nl .0u,la " hrlrbfrr',mDloHrp.i" aH| 'rF i\ului '1\"rir'l^"1 i . \.e.t tff FxDli', r"r,l inL-r'1s 'plrr l'FDo7r',i I r' " arrrn i rn'l ,nal chi.r 4",; 16.".nrul rrrr ". n n lii l' . r ,. ,r" g;ii ;. ."'r'l; , S r;o. .l;r. 2qir ri ini"r. ir tr brri n lri' l'ri .e rr'rrrrr !r-rs ra :.,n,?i{io-11 lnli ul ."lui .1\un. t,rlru r 'lH Pnpl ',r' 'rr r-r irr ' '/Lrl i rrr ' i r .c"i,irer reremonio"sr.ru lo itluril' '1. I'r'rJri !. ;,' ii. D"n ru u d1 ,tor;rrr"-'i , hilibrrrhal"i ($285 2rJ) s 306 P; llnc ar'asls. g"nilar.l .F\'np n rrn:"rritit 'uh'' ir'i'r\r'rr" e , Lngenirit ^hiali\ ii nu"r''i ln m^l'\'rprrun: l' r"ni i'rrl piepozitional dp liit ^ podr. li ;i ''rhir it ir: denu'rririt"r "rzul se compara: -q. ri \
r' t r ' r i 4 1 i i v c u b i 'l '" r' 1 " n \6 r' r ' " J ol mv s'll. lgetriliv olie.iivl A des,iriDtjon (: o ,leacriPr. in ca.c .si.c inlaliiai'1 ncraslr rn.!l .ada'srear at sea (gcniliv slbicctirr (: icana Idei Pe dare) O ut t " dt a l t to E n i r\ u l ' i ,' i ) l= t c om r r' .a ' tri d ts l J a l .' G . t r ili\ ul pr oUo z i l i o n a li 0 l o (u i t (u !u L rl c rrl i \e coD rl ' u' e ' pr' i ri ' ul \ .i ' nprJ: ,,n sul ' r:,rri r , -r-zi l i o n s l ps r c odp" o 6 ri j n l n ,,,i r .u n to rm ,i r' ri ri r' L' p" -l i l l \i l o re l ' i i p ,,* .:n' ar os ub. t anli ru l l n g c n i ri \.' n " l u "ljdterminai: substantivul '..adir \ lr , ' , / .
t\e t)o\ct ol th. baok 1ne .quipment ,/ u iarn tl,e /d'" .qu'ptncrl
s 30?
DAf tYUI,
{THI DATIVE CASE) lr Dcfidilie. Dfllivul, d. obi.pi .azul "omll' mFnlul i indir'' l 'r-l; a,tiun"a p\primal; J' !prb 'o,r d"numir; 'l' Lbslarlrtul ,.i i se a.lre"nrza ro de 'rminar. El ri-punlle la inircbarcato th'n: lar tlanl "f tl't"):"'t (itr/ (: cuj?), ro;iricli? (: csrui?).
rPe nt n t F r n, pnul S p n ,n ' l i r. !P z i S r:2 i .
s 308
s 309
r {M S 310 S Bli 2) I'or r[. ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri: al printr un substautiv (sau prin echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului a;ezat imediat dupl verb:
{iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds. Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl
i 31,
t) printr-un acuzativ precdatde prepoziiia,{,. rareo /ofr. ol sau ff{rmt:

(ii!c m.y L.sl, rcganls lD ,/dne'Illel wf-" tallting h lit: secrert.!/. (n,1 lhP brll tor the waiting Doyr. I ioqdir.d ./ ;1,c $hnt tl,c bjroi lo. dfbalc al lodar's s.minnr wrs. I snrichcd his handL.driel IDD ,tn to w.rve {t th. *inDing l..am.
S 31t
Cod-itru.iliafiri prepozilie este cea n]ai obiinuitn. Co struclia prepozilionali. ci d nu esteneapirat ceruLi in unolosiiualii (S 323).se intrbuinleaza pP||tru3rrenturr!r. J) Ir'rtir Si aruzatir'. ln Innba englezn modernd.daiivul este insolit .qBl+ 1n gnerede Lrnacuzativ. De pozilja dairirului fr,tn dc acLrzativdepinde intre, nuxlrarca sau suprnnafea prepoztler. Datirul ptepoxiti d pre.cdarAcuzativul: S 315 fdtd
S Jl 6 Lat ii, uI l i i rc rn J s i i t4 . (d { l l I s d l ac.l l s|ow mI rrirnds ld'rt) Xou sinnp (ou*tiD la..)l cu p rc p o z i ti e s - ri dupn acuzri i l .: rii\1 l.lje r.or (iu ) io mr ijctfr ldat )l !Io* Jou. stanif itt ctuh t,\: \ to mv ldords ldrt ). ( i .l l h e r.a (rc .) to r t.th e r l d a t.)l cer
S 317
Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir dativul prepozilional: "lht trtur. Del,/,sJto socirlisrl' is the slosan. Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(endwl Didd't t;e 4fne to John? I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,
$ sllJ
Spunenlnsn ca nrai sus(S 3i5 316):

D i &, t s l c w ri tc J o i D l d a t.l a ,rr.r l i c.l ? Didn'|. sle Frite a larle. {ae.)to Joh! (dal.l? I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.) th,A z.ps iac.). I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s (ic.) to cBnnie {dat.).
$ 319
4) intrebuirtar0a dntirului prpozitioMl.- Dativul prepozitionaleste lntrebuinlat: a/ cind daii.rul s1,a precedatde un acuzativ: $ 320
(a..1 to lhe sfcet dotesrto (drt.)l Serd ',.d \ \,. b o ...' ,r ...p . ,. tn r' rp rrbFr (.1,r.. ..." d Trj j 1 fr.o t. t ] o t tr .nul hor rl d.i .
!| 321
l)
c ind o p ro p o z i l i e i n c c fe c u d a ti vul : ?, h.r lasrdd {dat.l sheiiriles r lettr ev,)rXdtry,btrt nevcr ro n rl & ' l d a t.l r',. llabv (d{t ) she {l$'ays btr"yst|. lDst tr,c.c is.
'J
cu yerbele insolit de dativ lnrn acuzativ (i 317):

'lhev sDokc ,, Ule .road 1dat.). {l irlfi ocorrred ro d,? klat.).
Il "i-r i flr']'' Jpfq ' r ' l / ' I r r ir ' lJ l"pr ' r ( , 1, t ) \lrite ro v ou , 4/ ' / c boonl \\'e read ,; G'a;dt;,r{"f ldai.) cv.ry rlcnirs
.ir 329
datirui prepoziliod ) dupir anumitewerbe( $ 2614)carecer intobdeauna !rnl. .ihiar atunci cind acsta precedd acuzattvul:
I drsc.ibed b l.he .l4s (d{l.r the llow.r show ({ti.l I t'rd visite(1. io i d i l 'i " w r 'l i ^ ''l H rlun'.d r' |i".a l|"oA" r ld l ar r ' , 1r a l[ r' l^..^l 1orr Irlot]. \ \ ' , n' "ilion d to t|a no"o' , p' \ dd t / a, ' l"r ' J - \ ', IIe ir ./!l to lnn|'!lq. Be tirl io Lu. r ! Is h.r opinion nrrrtl so Intrch to l'rrtrci$? rFndit," t : n J y n t " . 'a t l lia r iv "l", 1- ' / / in .p ".i-l'lL ,t" ^n, 0dr ar : " Ftr.: . "t t " r . n t. su',;lL t t . 1' t nht t n' , n1. ; nlt ; a" t , r h t a 't l o n o ! . ' 1 u ' 1-,,1t ; J at ,, r i . qnat lll o \url:. a |o "t L. d/ . , r t o I -t \1 -1 ,11 ' t a" io ' ll r ' t nim r l3. Tht re$rlt Nas LoL rtutottiondte to l,he erlorl.
s r2r
s 31{ s 32;
.l dupe adjective 1n genete:
S, dupd substnrtive fi pro une:

to ny chtlilrn. I uannot lo|gft mI l,t/ Yotr havc bdrn like a.llrughla to th| poor somd.. $'liat is he. axnude to [rt? Trll ne, afc A.v fo Iont )roth.r? 'vh.l lv c z i i 5 t 61t - t 6lr "l
s 826
5) l'u (,lii. "
Lln substanliv (sau un echivalent al lui) io cazul dativ
a.) complemcnt.indirect pe lingn un verb:

l.nd lou. motltor a ltscnii Gir Ghily$ mr n.ssagcl bJ complemeni indirect prepozilional pc llngn un verb: I spoi. my mild to T,ohe. We se", an {rtid-" to Lho prpen.
$ 3r7 s 3P8
s 3s9
s 330
rr"complement indirect prepozilional'z pe linsi un slrbstantiv sau o iIlterjec-iie: 1r " ' , " t L ..i n ..,, g i l .i n ti l u a .l n rl r oni ,13,\6 1,I" , ". ,' h ' , i o I' i . n o -w o rk c .r. ll" \ v d a -r llc kcpt hia pronn; to his pnpils. darut lo. lhe holidsXs! d) complcment indireot pe tingl un adjectiv: Yotr de ltfr, you. mourer. Unllne lntl.cn-, he sts neve. shY. e) complement indirect prepozilionai pe lingi un adjectivi l{is house wis olporik to the echool. who helpedme n, my wo.h I cnnrol.bullecls.,k/al to the eomredm /) apozilia unui substantiv in cazul dativ (! 2589 b): I Srre m-{ ftt?n.l I}Nil Jou l.Lio 1o lerd. Ilave Jou rPoft.a ,o fi,gr, onr .'"s room-mttc?
'r _ ' di ..cl . i {S i l r:). ',1 . 4 n n rh 1 r 'l nL dnl,iv .tr fLrtr.lil '-:l 'i . D .11., l r . \ .. r B dcurt' ti . {!i /.,
$ 331
s 332 s 333
tx,t,L po -inru ,l li" r ir i' " ! lr . o, r lr ' ' .L 1.n i , . ^ r,m'. i4 d - umt F r;. r in ir". I t4 r r o l . II; pp .8!,9 0).
i sn
s 33{
| 335
ACUZATIVT]L
(T U E -{ C C U SA T l \l ' l C A S Ij ) l rr\.d1pr\,' r7 1 i \u l . p ' j z u l ' ul ' ' -n i rxl ui { -' r :l ' lr O c li||ilic . r-\par:ra dF ur) j ' ri rr' ' r' 1run" " Ji re' ' r' n ' rri l o H .,rl rrJ tLr l. i |p. l' r ' . 'o l ' r' ur 4rr4 r' \' ' r71 1 J /r rl F l ,- p l ri n F \c -l -" i \p r h r . ' / ir it l l ' mp ' on \ul risDunde in Drilcipal lA irl.rbirilc:
5q33{i
s 337 .( 33t s 339 s 3r0 s 341
('= cel) ,rlnml l:De ci;,ei')ri ''. ''iar? lui, cind ste precedai de o prepozi,iie' i"rl'toi,U'n'r siri echi"ali:ntul su rrld in cazul acuzal,iv. 2i }'rlllclii. - Acuzarivul indeplirefle lunclia dt: l'inzitiv: direct al u ui a/ cornilemcnL 'rb in lhe sire'l
He saw n."* stsref
D, conlplentcnt !rePozjlionalr: At the m..tnig. lr. lu .d orer 1hcllo0' ro Smi$'

\ho js loo\iis al'l Brian?
.) nume preclicsliv care deternrin:run eoflplement direct (mlme pledi cariv ;biectiy l- ODlrcIift Canplcnent):
s 342 s 3{3
ThP nana{er aDpoinicd /1,n 8.oet$t' She erlls rva.s;.,r "consi " .l/ apozili{i a unui substantiv (sau a unui trihivalcnt al ace-rtuia) in cazu! a c uz at ir i$ 2; 8 l i ): I .alled nr t /rn\d fldJton. N. senl, lo. r. 11i'ls the ]ofil ssgco!' tl .l Jl, ro l/ rL r " Ioremn . e-,i complencnt diroct al adjactirutui "o,'lft'9: is qort a fo.tune, llis 'oi.c / / , o, , ple mc n i .rr.u r" ' r" n L i d l . o ' i l !r l e di nr' -urr ' o' r I' l " rn" nr ' .i " um ..r , ii. t . , t in" r \.rb . i n -a ' 7 r i \p a ' r c i r rl subrranl i \ul ' ' l F ' l ' l ' rmrnar de l o' ' rl r.i o ri o d .rb o . F \r,r;, 1 nd .a:i -e' t\crhel ' ,,; ; ; ; , i; . . ;;","i" ' pul ' t' ottt' -t)1r ruot o Ji. : . r , ls . \ " lu" r ' n . i rp l l l c . n o d u l . g radul ' l " l runtt (4' l rttt' 1t \' uttJl (. 1J , . ; biot t t ,s tti t" t " u u s ' tb ' ' .tn ttr a tl r' rLi oL (Lotl lvnt lone. Thcv l \- \q o { ,' ' .r /,. rrth . ' l ;_P l h e c .r' b rP l ro l o l I p s :" n ' r' 3 al l ' l " l " r a' d /o r' I' odra' I ml riic ohildtn go lo a pifttrrc a,./v nI' lTiml) 11. nn the nhale 1tir. iDistantill ' l L " j J ro r!,r.,,v m i l ... ' n i r' '. r\aroJr! r /rc s um f or lq n i 'o l f s l i r ' :
l 14 ' r ' 4d t h ^b io n' . r m q" r . ' ; i, a, l &, . p o u t r r l 3 . r i r ' l o r r T " nur ' s q' n / / l/ b! r . d ( \ I o , l I u _ | I 'p a r P Thc t , m r ' ' , ' " t t , ' nt r lllolooln{ 'r' . , ' . "a/ s br dr F r o o J r t Grddr 4. , J ""
TI. ALTE CEESTTIJII IIE}'ENITOTRE LA SUBST.{NTIY

A 314 l, Subslanliruladir(tirAt. ln l;n'br "ndl'zi 'ubs'anr.i!ulpoal' 3\pa l ur', lic dF adjF. if. cdi.a poJle cara'l"rila Lrn rl' 'uDFlanr\ lF nnsd '1rp std:
nylo, stocknrgs /ar .oat !Ve zi !a g. t t . ttarll.ng let\ Jrr,,s llsmons
r ot a I
?!t
ilu'intele nrlon. fur, morning. spri s, pdrttl, penn!, d.e1\substa tille. - :.t intrebuinlate aici ca adjective. (|rdincn curintclor. - Partea de vorbire care c acl,erizeazisubstani,irul .: raL,eare, prin ull]lare. valoare de adjectiv se puDe, ci:rii acesba, inainten . rL,rtAniil'|rlui.Se atrage in mod sPecialatenlia asupra acestuiiu u, deoarece :ielesuise modificddupd ordine:rcuvintolor..lstlell
n . { n ,\ fd., ftors, insamn! "un cal dc curse" irae .d.d iDscamDir squoro mar.e: I mi (o lf.rfrfn pirtrat;i N lalrua de 1 rrc^ oi 4 iqdfc ruh.s = o srtrllnl,li de 4 m: square nn coror dc 16 nl (axl) (un lirirrr larpet 4 rut; l cn latun dc r !!l
s 3{5
Cind un subsiantiv are mai muite atribute. celc mai apropiate de el ca irrs se pun imcdiai tnaintca lui. In limba rominn ordinea cuyintelor liind lilrita. doarece substaniivul prccde adjectivul, traducerea din limba 'rogleznva incepe cu ultimul atribut, din grupul de curintc do tradus rsiva .rtge tnapoi spre tncepuiul grupului, lutnd['se atdbutele pe drd in ordinea :propirTii lor dc s{rbstanLivul determinat:
a qii.Lst.p lolk'danc,, nNic i:o rnuziol pentru xi joc lrotul$ cn lat rclezi) ., lho r. n f,,'rr,r go u, 1 J FI nw I , r n". ' , 1! ' J r pl\ " rl"op .ur ' n o..r ' i ,l a n m, djn bf o, dt ( d "u. nr . . ) g' r b l - J , - F . . , r " J a o r t J t o n i
(vezi ri S 2aI) cdj"rli\ul nesvinJ plural. FUb anrivul sdje.rivrr nu rrc in prin"iria lorn de plural nr.i , hiar-"tun"i logica o d. .x.mplu dupa irn num. "ind ".r.. - sens de plural etc.: rrri cD
a si{ noaD a ninc-r1du committre o1d cliild
s 3{6
(Vczi ti g 131 Obsdaati.,166-16i,26r-26r)
2) Funcliile srbstantiyului. - Substantivulpoate indeplini funclia de: s 347 l', subiectlau parte din subiect,al unui verb la un mod personal sau s 348 impersonal:
Caoperatiar is l,he sec.el,ol srccess. I cane homc carly, i"a,n.. bcins out tonight.r A completeItsr ol candirhtesrv,rssubmitted to the dean.
D) nume predicativ sau parte dint.-un nume predioaiiv:

a nicc a@ur\. He $6 Sl^ F b.'im P 1n , a s s o' PPul". Hir F\p rl ons nlhp. J Uqpo lht popl"m r dF 'r : m a p o p . l 'f rp.o,
s 319 s 350 s 351 s 352
cJ complement direct: the ne{ plastts? Hnre you Ben {t) complement indirect: On'e DdDy ils diDnc.' I told the ,oy a storI. e,,l complement indireot, prepozifional:
Ure pnrel tr yort nith.t ! -qe.d is a g.cat asscl ,o tlc larsity /,orralrlr_ l,ani The rcleree was lair /a both ,eams. I Numit ii nominilliv absol,'t (! l72l).
$ 353 s 354
/) atfibut:
\ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd und{r Ihf delris' D.'n's rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal jr her lainlings rarbe $is mtiniicsi ll,r loli'ol rr
l '+'s r " r '. r ''i n e ''r l i '' I hr : t t t "a"! ". L r - 1 ' . l"li "..r:or-n 'in. r '' . r + . r r '\ d d r " o n 'r r ' r nr ndt t t ,;, a i I :;, \,, ' 'r' i .,.1,.i ,,,.-, r o. . h t y r li, hi. . il\ r ' ', 'l " p ' . u"! l ; | , \ 1 rn'rrr
i.il""i',i.,1:; r"r"":.ir,
s 355
! 35ti
il
',"ir':iir',tr,conplenent Tnepozilional:
',"iplFr\r
' r'1r'r'irivrr"rir
ilLP l. ngPn i' , r c oo, l " r, |iln' \ ] r , is t o au jn "' / .r/r r 'nir , . . .
cnutnstanlial (S 2633) rl c(trnpleme,,l

$e stavftl al. lh. rcst_hous. liorl a foLtritl)t p' r ' r ' \ ''n d ot t ' ll \ ' ' l o" l"t t t s L. : l:r'ii t tt' \'bt \ ^ \'titrpl
s 457 s 3;8
1'!t. l'0RllIAnnA sljllsraNTrYill,0n {}0rd[lrlo\ of ]{olrNsi

t r nu ,:'r lu, lF 'ul" anlrl pr^\ir tat Ita' lin l;r"bil" r' r'uo'-l"r (hrF ,.rrr',i' li r' rurr-" r',l:-nii 'r':l /F "i''"';"'' -,,, ir ',nr" l. Ii"rr 'rl .r l"rrr\-l 'r sru Iurrrhl r' 'r"l'rrl lcd ln"^nrorn] cel.,r trei procerlo uurunie, adi('I prin: gramatjcal' B. schimbarea(,a1eg.rici C. totttpunere
s d5l) s 360
,L. Dltrur ,ttrDA

iDElil\"\'rIo\l r" ' Jurr'or It iub''rnli\-r' )r' l, .ttiratia ( lll",r;'n) 'r \ntbirr' dF . i'- dr.p-rli nnr' "liucc''' .1e.,.'ut rr'r"'rrrr"r,lin "l 'rb'"n elPr' rr urrr(ur r.: ur' rr\ '-.r i ur",i uli\ l , u ra l ' rrra P'-li\' lp i' 'rrIrr\-l' ,,ir irr,'rrrurrrrJr'' 4! Ll'/i' at,1r{ir,'rn ^rdin"d trr'\"r'r"r .;re ir I'11lrleaei' linrbi: a1 gcrrnini(e: r, rornalifci rnlrntoarc.lor './ (l;nrre sufirielc llnn mai ios cjl;1i Prtixele;i 'urerilc' Prcfir'' (Preli\cs) aJ Gernraille:
r lilnr ' rrild l Lr r ir ' r ll! l n i.J:' u d' J - i n 'r " '\ '' lnint"rt.L tr' i i l r'4 't ' r ' r r r i' / lr r d"i /,,,/sh rt,,' k ' n, dlr r r r l llL rnrjpj,. ot r . : r . \ . aa l l r s f . o t l l a \ L - l r l l o o k 'r q r a l i c n r ' on t-3:,//r!rsl.
s 36r s 36'
rorr: /,,.r,nhe,. /n,.nrr. ir',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon i,!.rnistrl. r'r' I'

\'
! na
r r ; ir idn L d. , l ,
a abt.!
" eoc G r , s inr ,
(;i l fdt' l l r' l (l n ' .n u d rP n ri i i n l : 1 a l )r! ntonEndtLcl i rnr' !rri rtrL' ca l [' l i i c (1 . l a D l .rrv i rl P d c s i rrP s l rl t i l tonrc
d('
81
or$J : rr..all. ...froar! ,r)./sho.si or./sighl,; ,r'l.ha.g., or./doso. ,tz{ullihnenl, . , , . i rp, ' r r'1 . ,nl'groNti, ud..8round, und.rorrrcnt. ,n&resliD.le, rndrJ I rnd.r,lolh.s. r n ) ? r 'l u ' u \ d ,-pl^t , t L otL ',rr, "\'. , , , , r ' . Er Fd' r al' . ", , / "' . 1 lr : a r d - 'l s l o o n P t t P. ' I r t r ra rrr\ n' crt.,n.1 .6trtFmPnr . r t u] P. or pfro\lr' /ll,"p / I l r J f 'l irlr s "miprti" : ,,r,"inr r n/ . , p ur r nl"] . r ' r ' r l r l' , / l ' 1,1. "r rr. ,/''i.,n c. "1 o, r . r p. h. l. , i5l 'rl
Subslanliec
dn
sens
negatial
el..: nlssi!in!r.
\ :lli;|
zrdr.ss. {ncmnlorme.l,. L,laxlul!e'cs. urrcst. ,rlrrlh. nn- : /,liclifl nislit. ,,,scondu+, n,so{riagc, ',ir.oiceriio,i, 'nisj: el. ',t.(lcmeanoLt. i, m t s t it c . , r is ir us t , , n i J hap, , r/ . s lo.lrin c, mislrin
lJ Roma ire:
arcrre: dddress,dllusj r-. sil-, sl-. on-! a!'. *$: rdiirs'ln{nl.l,slfoi. ! , Pr' 1. dr nda cP. rl b' r ". o ' Aior ' , b . l 'n l i o ' { | ts. n- . nb * : n r'|.' : or ' ar s r r " r' : .r'l nrlr' . rrrrdli"n ,r,,J r r l. ' , , " b t rt,')" irf . -. dn li-: ,, prodtrct' l,rr bI-: relalt. t.liPl. b.qtrfsir rtl elc.lioD, i,y hN Dypts, ,,lal,l, b , \ n\. , 4r\ orJ, Fh .: " 4rlli r '. { . lr n1l o iornl,.ol-, "/ l' r ' , r ' l u n . , r 'n '" 'i o r ' - di-- de-. dis-: .liEre ssion. , llnPr s ion. d i s n i i s s {I . e t c : dim iNt ir e, , ir is ior . 2 . l . r m . n t , eionq.lion: ,rrcss .,aspc.alioni cr lr|sid.nti rv-, el. -eq c- : .zriision. .rttsion: 4 r L r sLon,. s0lie , .vasron . eI r . ; It rp rior' .: t - b' pt t ia r,lol'r. ini. r: of i r L u r r t u t ! t n n \ 6 ' , i. i 1a\ t \ . 1. |\' t' .ii-: p /d l. to:! \ . . . . .I p.i\ ., t p -l. r r , : . t .p \.,tt. t l r , lr ' ' ' pt un^' p4 r 'o o l l r i| i, ru-. r'trF : , " l a , ' r . / ^lo ' r ' o" l' : ' ' ' '' , -"' r'i,rrrr. / , a / , 11' " lr ' po' 'l , r' \ . lo r . , "pl_J or ' , l' ' v?calrdctd.. ; surch{tge! r?c.ioiily srper-; su.:- : .{lrii0irlitr, lrsns-: /.o,sl,il,i01. lrdn.rter, ,ortitio!, ,az.nali0n, .Liir 'r ''
S 361
Substuntir(
.
.Ir
senr
negatir:
S:165
dh-: di.-abilitr. lisl)rli,l. di.{,otrlcnt, Itslike, d;lasle, dijtfust, eto: irF . i l- , iB-, iF": , ' . 1- r J r ' d l, , p-.'r-iu rr, a .'.on 1 br r ll ". rniN -t : mirad \!ntu re,,r is c hanc c , , nhc hic l. ni. { r eur l. e t r i : l. r o?f on i ! a l a n t , f L e . ron- : ron ad lresloi. r,"ndr er t er . c , , onaNi
.l Crece$i:
amPhit iac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora, .cic ; snpl(i)- | dnpltbio. ,n-. d;'ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs's, dzutomJ, elr' !nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli!r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro, ,tc.t i. rtot h' ' "t r ' 1t ot 1' o . dPl' ^r inr ' : ap(or.: 1 orrit 'l l 'r o . . /rp ,^ l"r Fn, t . 1, . r . d, r ' r \ l. nrrl' -: o rll,.(., "r r ! uto- : , ,/ub iocr.t. r, , , / hi . . d, t u. hr o '! , . lu! ' r . , d r h 'l d . ;ta lrar,. 'r l o n ! 'di!slr-,: /lanetes. 'sl-: di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i L. \ ' p r r onj l; n rti-: d,""r ,'''.rrl-Irt a . d "l .. nr ' l. r ". r , ll' . ' - r -si, .,.l "5r J s m ; r ' , r r \ . r ' liF". , . 1. ' . . . . , l : , , \ -, m. : ",--"-F, l .. hdt 4t P - lr u l _ , ) hlt at n"! r ' blpeF : rgp ,l - t it r . / 4 P d n a '' : hup' ' t \ " l! lo' t t \ ' tvpo-: /"rrpo ,i,li r. l/ / o' lun4ad 'r ' mcttr-.mrr-.md !.:,r'ab uli. ' . p. , 4r nor r r hu. - . 44r p, n. r "r ' r n p - l " h o . r : . @ 4 o d .
S Ifit
""
I \' czi a 36 -. n oL L I. 2' t i,,,h'a r,uro n: 3Db' (lf.) lFlix
. , , , "plo- r ' - Li . p : : n r ' n . , l i t s p , b u l n p g d 'i ' "l - ub. al lubsi{riivelori acclaii (ens rr" ln nol. , . pr ' ii.
8!
!!rsa !tu- : ld.d|l ci laldsrapli, ld, alJsis i Po.dsitt i P/en ! h.sis. lid'oLiXi ldlo tl smi
P, ' pr if i. I'cri- r -, me . . - o n Ft ^p ! aa r \ l' Paar ' lrro iu-: l!r'o l .la"t , 1 .!n -,sttrF,.ll-..1- : i, o. 1 . . ' , l 9' , 1' i : ' t. frlc_:e ....rr - . t , . t 1. 1, o. , . t .t 36? h ol; t : Jttb.ta tt;r a4arch-{, dnfudoi.' a4allihabclisnr. ?sligLodlisdi d-, rn-: oblssi .ic
s 368
369
dan.
Suti\e (Srftirrs)
a) 0ornlaxice: { r ar r : handj(" -/ t., . -" t - t" .rl ' . - J ur : r " . a" r .. \ts r,,..r;&r' " .n .!i ' -. t
|$\'s-otJ.4 - ta d .a r' n t\d 4
s ,,1 . ./r..r, h. i n/.r' . l r' r' r' o- o a -b' 11 u i -rF. orl l ' P \' 1;' :l " '
i rl
i l ^ o o -. l r' i + - r , r , " : i, - . r.,._ ,:r -o o t " , , . Lu $ r' lennP.r nd rd? '. ! "{ it . i4' j
,.: ,/. til.ti/..d/. i; t , r . "Di, -ho on : Lo \t,od . ; . : o/ - o, . "t . ./ i \rr a r ''J r 'o s r nuk , a s ollr - r ' r e 'i r l ; r -in s:'r'"'.r4p ''g i ' J aw' i r' : a -L"gs b" dd,, s,-4 u r,"a . ,iu , , a, I Lr , gr r t r , n?_ . oio r , . r L t b k ; s ddl . | ;1 , b 1 " '1 . : ri: L ao l;r b i, ll' , Lund&, lind/ , F a' r "n t : 4E s r nt : 4s lou -1itr8 : d Jrl.,g . 1/ r nj ,: 't \ " / r 6 ' o '1 ' " / 1 6 r ooJ 45r ' . r J / c l"Pr ' hppr ' ' -p -trc\s:.Jrd li!s,. . !
't '"'.l";'ii. ,ry...,p,.sd tu ,p . ,r..: ,..,,.. , i v.../,, r,rJ. o/,", rs.op". ibti: ,u uf"lir. :r-,l.lir. Litulir. o{lnriiIr h.'rdsr,'. oa, hrP: hotunmtn'
sn,p. l,"JJ"n;, p"ol "s u$/ "r p lour / 1lpr / , , t . ' "oldrF-strr: L -iv.e ", h. r r j. , p", "o' gr / ". , s pin' r ""r b '1 . " . r . l o u g '/ P . c a n t o r o _
"""'' l.li;,",u,
.rronsl", hcisht, e!0. weal/r,,. nft{dri, srow,n,heatD,rrdrn,warmd},
S 370
D] nomauioc:
oo' 49 I ns , 6 " t o u L d s " m r l " n g ' p o u n 4 n " '" 1 ^ i -rq c: J\ rd s.r r dnia8"r pc , s " Fr... -al: dn ,m,/, p"ono, , / r m . lol, r p' ] u5. l. r . m o. . r . l d / . I i r 'r D u d l j a 4 \ l J n . r n r o r '''r o n t r i lus i, niCi_l Bon lnr da, -la n.-s: ' bt idgr dr ' r p P r r r 'd ,i {n r n 'd n r t , i. o r;',. m rs,.i4 n, \ \ ' as n "r / n, J pFn5pr ' , , r b1_bd " i 'r . F q F r r r o . etc.; rclnblicru, ' u r f P n '. p r -u ! -.n r: 'u m m t nJ r a' . D"d4r . ly r d4r i r ofr r ' ' ''d 'n r . " l ': gm nd/ r . s r ld/ r t : -.ry: ad vrb ,r r , di"liold. y 'r ' l . : y . ! af ain. r . oLst i n a . V ' ' -.ri : ad \o- r r lJ nk r J pl ! , ; u p . " e l " E e i l 1 d o " '" P l F r ''r 4 . -"i : atrs"n -. addr "s " , bir c * , d- biu"F. | . . . ,,o Jy,F'vpn J.:.o m m i||"Pj. oJ 4r ( qlU|n' ' ll|Lpb|oL" J p h l f r he lr ugh' i ar 'd l h ' l J u g h a P + r r ': Lr-. 'd urio r" a nd hp PJ ' r . a"* ptolrtPcr' mnskptPPf. engincd., mountajnc./, auoiionet , -ee.: h.l lorlenra@c, dilig,u.., !roildnae, aPlea@Dce, assisiar?. nujs"'; ridddz.?, etc.; grocc', Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect'/; accumulator, ele-e"i. -or,'-ier : bultl.. P c.: ,. , rp,f \ar o .. r.,", hFf , f indt r , i"- . lur r i - _ "o u r , . . -' r : i l J l '" ' p :n.Ia l"* , "i. Lo il. r ' ", Chin"r ' , Po"u s u . P r \ l r l n a P \ ''" r n " " ';st: l ': r "l"gr , p_' ". lr L " J d l i o F n ,1,1 1 6n ..", 1 6u ;nr f s r . o. ; iilq, . d. Fr s , Aond, s , hun' I Ps c. m d 1 J P p r " s s . 'r u '
I Sdlirul a din limbr saxon{ provine ditr limba laLine f'al,d.r. : Dlblll srLi\ .../ bsttrriivlle dtuughttli,hcight,din suliaul 'r,1 a .inus numii litt"r _r' 'ln a S uLir l. r t ir .i !r(r. rr' ' n" v. I -1 ll- r J . , - r;n d rI F , n " l ' 1 ' . C rri ' ' n livol lormal cu oci d.-al doilen o lndcrlin.ilc I StrIi{ ooe lo.tncazl su}slantiv! de gfDnl lcmhiD ($ !1).
0 Sur'\pl !" lJ i : p a r ' .l ' r i dr.d ob:di I i "Ll nrt "^ 'd"
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luto..d.g/, lr!.rau.m.t;
./,
n ,l 1 r.zi S ; lt lr ) l
,... r,n :o .... n .." u , r.,,1.ti rt,tr,.. -i .rn : t a- i r , . " . . , oa .r.. r. or l 'Fr.,, m , r han. u. r r , _ . -irt! : ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.fllsicnr. r,lani.d;dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr. \' p r' c ,' . P ' t p ' l .k r l ' . . .\r' .r' /,. -:l _ : l , lar " . l ob " r Drrr,. L ch ir r r hl, ' r l. . . l r,h i r .rr.r -iiis : rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". !oln^, sinrlstrtr, lorsiutir, cre.: ' l u,,r
dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0sru dopre0iativc (.Lit'..rs(. or*i,ni).

-ard! -o.t /g.rn.l : b$tzfd, coM/d, drunkar. hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr, -a1ter (lal.tr crilicd.de., mcdi.as,c., Dusicds,c/. !octds,c,,. ol!asr".. elc.: n lulln q . il' aa i-',' . . , / . . , or jr . . t ut lc . ' nt . . t a, l".p o . i \ t " \,\it,:tti"tpt, tA" i tu)tpl, t|fun ,tp4 , mo l.ir t p{ , . r c . . i,n lijern.): ohjokcn, Lilten, nraiden, etc.i il..): rorone,, isle,, lerer.4 nidsd,, osl,,; bill.r{,. bull./!, fitl,4, haich?/a, pultc4, . -et 4. d
| -onn,{j i
.i 379
I _
widotr?,&j eonducrord,rar. lr drunn -ctt (rr.): ciga.cre. Iil.heMr,, maisonlnler,f. mijofer,. undqrrdure!, ustrdcrF.i uanncle'e, learho.rc, rlush.r&. erc.: _ . . -ier lo.igir-aobscui): Antrtr, ,\rohie, Jralie, Johnrl.. \!ttlc,- cool;,. deariz, doggt,, -kinG) {olatrde,amediel: oailt,, la,nbntn. maniitn, Pet.trtur sonnihns. Moui}ar,
-1 e 1-rl , r { S e. m I I br am u d . k n d c k l c rk e ri .l . e to .; vnre,, start 4 woodt,,. . ..ret iff ): trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4 tigr.t br{ceierr, chnp?e,{, i,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.: o ' r:L /r,s . e o J i 6 . n .h b ,rk l r,j . -u.t/rrs. tord/,rg.l ri n" -l i n s s r ' . . : 1?r lr s tt ng. rn e rn \, ! ndc f lr na,wr a L rra j e t..i -ock (germ.l: bitt.ft {dialectal).bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.; '(e).r.I (lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.; -st8 lgerm ): dah,e., do!c!rc.! gaDerr.f, gangs,e.. !usra., rh,vmesl..,lipsr,., trick, ob. . ur : E : |r , . fa l l /. J o n L . P, s j J . \\' h r rpJj Lobby..dbby. .ookv. , r , .-r u ri /i n tu. I,'3 ry / $r r gd. p t { . o n n y . u n m| h J n k y . n rd t '{ , F . r Suiix cde formcazl ii subnaniile de Ernul leminin. :I'ri n i n lef m t s diI liDbrl l o rl d l i r' l -i frU \rz .r I| . u $, r i\ ul d/ .. 'D l rl diminxlilal sau delr!(i.rlir {l snlirului s. .Itrlelesul tierdut cn vremea. 5vzi Fi sliirul .v mai ios.
84 J ;t
Mo . d,l P rr-
2) Dc r iv r r c n ftc rc .i rn I B 4 i tt.F o rn a ti on ). _ | o" tp j uhFtdnti !c l o r m ar I r i1 dr r ita rr rp g r" i i ' u . ,L p ri n s upri n,arc,, ur,Fi P i rLt.ronrl "di vitc ca un sufiri: plp - ptrply trilia < triri.rlr g.eed< greed, tat < Pelty typewrile < typcwriter dooste < donaiion
! 3?4
Acesl procedeu, 3) Iied ceroa (Redurtion, Shortcning. Clipping). , o n q ti i D sul r;nrdrcd urr-i Ii !!i (i l r.P put. l o a r t e pr oduc t i! i n l i n b a o n g te z r), . ul. . r," d i p r d i n rr-' r' r ' ,rtD rl . drn .sp .^ ob i n- n.' l pl o Iurn' i d l ir iil " H, r " noud. Uneori aceasti creaiie nu este d fapt decit o simph presrulLar .1 cuanrtului irtiiial, alleori inse capite un inleles oarecun dcosebit sau o intre
buin!,areproprie:
S 37; a) suprinarea 'engl r "t''l -ri'r: inceputuLui
< ioDd...
< m o ld . .a f < mol,of cod./l < bLlt:le -:: C,efence
tn(intului
lhone pranc slori squtre sror"r larsiry $.fl .- telrphnr!. -. A.\iPume < dtslo/t .-9ss",.c < n1stutll. < tD'r.ri1ry < pclrera
L{ereze -
b^coy (!op.l
.oa.h cXclc nroe
lla Pa
< l l .tm n o (fo p .) < Pi p a
376
b) s pr i apocopr:):
dre tr sftrsitul
ui cueintul
.i lapocopn - (eng])
ad < a.lveriisement: brt < rrassiercioab <.drriolel; cabh <.arlegram: champ < p: rh a aP io. : l o. /, l or: 6 ' .l " u 5 r' . " 0 ,;n l a i Jn ,. " t /d ' i. : . L i\ dr r Lrnro \i nJrRp - pa,A1' n/ , l"l, 4ioit lind r\.
rine: nn , r /iisif", m oli , Dr t - r p '6 o . r t . r 9t ut t t , ' n", p' rjuc r ; / poaa t o " e : ! T i b / t - & t r i . i n, n i " d I 'o , p . ".u ., io f i: ur uT. ud' prnp p\prtv' t o 'd n prozt-.f 1' r ' , p. r J d ' nr r lr l: 'a o p < s o n J d l 'r m . tio': rrt r "n < / er ul. r ( iuni - r Fr lor r ll' . a l r . -,./e -"" p ti,hr;rr dJ,riL rpllj 6 vrr.vr al^: r . ; d! lln s p " u F r s r ''. i \ i t' ",.,"/ \:,io n, \ ' r ', l u r i d H d l l ; w l l k : F . l a l l : o < rr r dn, , Fr iidr \ , O ld \ ic Bol" railing ldl/i1 e r r J J io s "t { . ?oo < ?ooloc ' , J-g. r r J ; 1 " 'c , J cin q nd i' < r ; r r r lnd / , J ; J n t Pf m or h
377 jatEon colbesc:

,ol . "r/l g nAlhrJ< liJ . / r gg r g ! _ . \ am < "r dn i J l i o l : l d b - l 4 r o r a o t y : , , r hi, . ld ion: pr ' p \ p.pparLtion: pmt \ ptu^ sof : L",g < no'h nd n: n ,ar . t ,sotrometrri vac < racrtron etc.
s 3?8
cu addqatea unui suti.x: dinP' (Iam.) < dinirrg'c:r. sleelef (rrm.) < sle-alin8 car r-o " i a i c n fo o l bl . s o. " " ( ta ' ,' rugg# (ld,n.) < ,nu8iy lootbill s m ok a (l rm ) < s mo k i n g -.o tri dA e no. { m k r .rm .) / ,' o ' ,-" r,u a n 8 .a r' dqp ls o d" r \' 1 ., s1l I l $o dp Ls i"nr I < b u " . h rt l-wo-seat (fan.) < (ca. wrlh) hro seais '
_ r,ri'ial: nelnscmn{t, supi,llicirl,,z tri rl. ?/,riu: ltrc.d.i nfiBcnnrate, lleacdo, lilnt, lotoitrnlial,
s/ai: Jna.c {dmiraior (setr adni.atoaful, !,tsional(rli duti sport tito : lrra /dr, tun nr F,t, hdntbntt F,6 erN. ' lto 9e tq ' \ ' ' \ t r lr lll l nattti.-tntlie - atarat d. ra,tio e ililor fcccttof torlniir. : : 1!o loc{ir Lr loc uin! a.
cuot' ntul ui din i n te ri o ruL t r t t .J r s u n e te .) cd d , ?r c 0" isincold - (engl.) s?incotel: cu.tsl' < dzltesX bike < Dt.yclc mrko < rrt.rolhone tmcy < /antasy dormonse < do.mDt t0zse motorbike < tut .Di.Ycle cade motorcade < morotcavr
t379
.l) cd.d,.rea F.
unor
suntc
Ln
hqi
nuIt.
t o : it ii:
S 380
pran < pe.dmluhto. <,irningham au < in&enza
.u ftLdt\afta unui sufir: nabs< ,arDara .) comprim.Lrea nai

,n u l l o r
nim)- < inmccnl (: I,rostdnac) c L rri ntc.
s 381
Anc.ioaradian l: 4noican + Canadiat) lmerind (: ,an.ricar + l-did) Bakerloo : rakdrst|ecr and $raterloo Railw, r r l lUn d e rar odnd
\r,\rr,anr. o-'"""i:,r"'-"i"4si,i;'"' r,'iii"r.-.."" r -iibockeN) ,'-',"t. Ln;.1.t
electmctrtion l: elat,ic executian) chandclE.) cleeirolie. (: 'Ie.'ic +.lsu, Eufasia 1-- t,.ote ro.rnishr (: /o.,.;een zi,,n,sl
radd (:.adio detertiorand.anging) $ ]cz
ffi:: i' ; "fij;.:;"1',1il, motol 't I Nta' "nsi"''
Unpl'subst0nlivP sa 4l Attsmaffle tonatift lCrddotrcn, Xlutatian ) vPrbc.r. ) prrn modili.ar"r unui ,1Fospb,.c de alr; parli d" !nrbire (adjc"rive. .Lnpl \o.nli. n"Jian tl at I GratJ,ttiorJ. insalita .ad nu d" lrodili.ari consonantice ale terminaliei ;i cu evenbualaadiugare a unui sufix:1
Substantie Verb
io lreathe brcath c.lotl - to clolhe
S bstantie Adjcctir breaitth depth length {idth young - broad - deep -long - wide }ouih
'(Vezi ti
s 22r'11
5) Abrovier0a ( Abbrceiation ). -l|[ult mai f.ecvent declt ln limba romend $ 383 se intrebuintoazn in limba engiezd abrevierea, adicd reducereaunor cuvinte la inilialele lor: Broailcaiing.orporarion, i,'on. n R C. { Bfirish !s'1" I pounJs T\', torol
nola b"n " ) , & P . i . l = p o s r d r i t 'l '. l h P { h i inc..;e n.e t- o c. r Doir . ar dt . r n N. B. , Dlc h"lor o A r . . ) , m l L S c . ( - \ r d s l r r o I Po :r Oir ir F. , d BA. I r, . P . Lr. ld .ncril \ , , ip" .i a c.l . Ccn crd l Pr ; c li ioon" r dof lor , npdr . "d r ^ p r a r U . . 1 m p J i . i . d g 'D ' f d n . Non. n a n : s s i o l " J O u i . " r '. a w q A F . d ,M.P . -u(;r,"r o l ldtl, anFr ' , , ao NCO I ( nro" of lhp So\i.l io idlnl , - rnen, b r o t rh " \\'o r"n s A r \ ' t iar \ . \ i. I or ", , U. S. r . H. Inilpd \aLi.n5 Oryuni/alionl, I rilq l 5ldl. s i f Am pr i. a, , l\ O I k ebunlicar . t5 \, q' i nlin l l ' r l O r g J n 'z J i o 1 ) p l ' . dr d I NE sco , Lr.rtL d N o : Edur s r ional, 't ' UNICEF iunitcd Nations International Child.etr's Xme.gency Fund), etc. I A " pisll mu lna _"FJ pnr ' ' l n: ll, ' h bJ n. Lo g l l i - . \ i r d l ', r d !f s.J , e. I,,.,", ribf J . s nlr l, d4 ' dF. ' r f d1' l J U. t . i..hr 1u t- b Jn lo ". a,lo . d1; d r r l t , r t ' ' ,.r 1. ji .. m r t r r j. l : T. c . t n "dr l. "orosn 'Lrt
"r'
ZrD";n
MOR!OLOGIA _ SUBSTANTTiUL
.rr:lsj
u*,
0""',inl:'l,"1i1"'ll ;" :'Jiiiil;T;";^ "*''' J 3 q(i ' ' ' ' .u . .,^, " i i ,.,, 1'lill:;,' lil'
lc'I' rile r:ll Il'ltl:,1:1"";"lii1ll'li];l.liililri''irdc rn,lcsubsla

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B. SCHl\lll-\Rli--\ c'\TllcoRlEl ico\vllRSlo\)
Gli.l\iATlcALE
:"'ii'i!4.,"''"' l*i?f;:-' T'"J;l'"'* *xi'ffi

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ti
a blildtng handw.rung a !rrrltng A ldrmng ln] \tashing ihe {c.u-".tl t h. ir t r t s l. ! - L ine r lc ' t s a\ d ll, e Llc r ar t t L h, r Ln[ ' ni] + , 1 lhe unk no{ n . lir s t 3 s elonn ihe k'lost'g the lrvrns Jhe I rsornS tLr li irnrr l l t r u r t 'm p r o J c o l l 'c s t i r t h e n , ! l . i 'd .
1i', iix;"; ";;X",
Tii',;:::,(:1",tr"i1'J:i"l1x"'ill'i"lilLT* 1 \e 2 ; S ti o -t6 0 1
s 3s7
s 388
S e89 Pcrbtt
. 'turr
J o';n'{
: llFh'
" iI.l
i rorl lin t
"'i:il"* . r,"" i"'r'-.,
t' t tl"''"* 0". ^ ....-,. ,;;;:":.Jl,1 l'i'r,".,

Tn' r llL- s
" ,i'l ,iliil ii I rl "t;"-e.: aL' a swu :iu-;Ji,i,Hill,'1.!: "",l:ill shot roat). a "l
i'l'"*,,,
" "iitr t^'0""n
i"r::.|:'"
::ll:'"'#l.q:îljxl'v"I' l''i{*; l' ' tonorro$'l tiivc me {: ring ne^w)

' r";'g $v m or r So ol P o a ' dJ o"l f is dn old nd ' ' er '
';""f,:u',?:",inn,Xti'i; i; " , "/ i j''l "'

n c liL ' a rt L c o L "i "J::,
S 3'J0
ttl .t e tbt:, prtpozir'ii' .. ,t,. L",t !, Lpean.t . ..
coni
l'*:{lr'il'11;'' i';t"lll,tli*"y'li.l'""i5ri."*,1'i !,""'Ji".'r'lti'e'"\'ilj l'i,f"l" $.: .;:'l::', ,=",;:,llll"t:.t1,fit ,'.,,,;:J:; ' i};;'l' ni' l' ll':i:lli; :r:i'-;'yij 'i;,;,';:j,,;iI "'t't"t ;:,;,; "". .r .,,, il , ,f,"i:T {,:',i,,1,,"
"
i l!i , ' i l ' " ' ' ' il , '''1, ', i,, "
lil:*';"": :
o r' ' ' ' to ' ' " r" ' a "
$ 3e1
{ ,.E L oi g.aiihd! ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s ihe .ntt oi bids the clarg ol buses Lltt ble'rl
the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs { nzr, ol surp.ise the .u sre o1 silk the srtsl ol ihc b.oom i,he ,!rt.f ot swdlows tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc pluralului:
n) cu adnugarea lilerei s. mirca
s 392 s 393
(Ve!i ri $ 127)
fo
tra tn -iry
..omiqs and soinjjs gol4gs roogDSs sunclndhgs eamings emplyrnss sarrnSs takinAs $4nnrngs (Ve,i qi ! 1?6)
lilings
s :t94
$ 395
in lwo rMs to waur on all /or.s to lnle si@3 in eloves. the I'ghts to be at rt ! dd 64eas to dressup li! tle Dtnes{la!].) (\i e z i fi S 1 2 1 6 , !2 6 4 )
s 396
one's /ttdr and d6rik3 the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity
a.lNetbe,
conj unclit,
prepozilti
s 397
thc dyes and nocs (in Pa.liamenl.) the tns and o&& ol the case r 1p1r c " . r - d . o r u lh" /od. f, d rh u/,ys ot lh. nd' l f Ii" t r. a rd,rl" lr r . , r s ald d . , , s i n o n . s l i l p pots II t/s and a6r were and tans there'd bc {o need fo. tinL-"N. \lc didn'|. knorv \cr t&ereaboutt and couldn't loNard your lette.-
( s 2215).
c, cu modiiicarea accntului(insotiti uneori si de rnodificarea loneticd g 398 respdl.n'e), substa tivele fiind accentuitepe prima s abe,verbelepe a doua "
I Semnalsonor caracteristicprinului satclit sovielie. t l :t.t.. y a4ds - lt r o d \l p , n p rt,1 6 rr| a r' L r .,p, t \ r t r !r,t;dr .or . d ..a l i a li i r r r odr : r " r. = L ti th " A :Ah ts (\ z i p l g .6 ' .noa2:,i ..pa" r luat{ ourttd dupii or.t 11 a.m. 3aD este lorma r.he r conjurctiei il
.= arti .usttuo
E 8M
.{ 399
C. CONIPLINJ]REA icoMPOSITIO\)
rrn p ro " d -u d p In rr ' rF u tr\i rrl Fl { l u:' rr' frp' !Fr' l p ' r r i' r P " .i ;J . i i ;"';'r, ,,,d,'i r'" d 4 " u :' ' r n " i " ' u r r r ar" i tl r; i n r ' L r\i rr' r^r' Fl ' nr" r" l "ll'lr rin iri' ' r' rej.r-
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rlir: ln a|cst nrod sc Pot fornra srbslarrl;ve .dr,*i. \trI'\r,:,,r 'r ,t. .,:r Lo ...rrl:'r'.'uL
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rtoern' j rplarE'
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,,is,.durn.ss, lll:lij:iliillil:\,,u.".* riii'""'ii1,,"i,",iii"'i'"1'-'t"'" ;l"J,ii1'l-3,j11f.i1,,1'ir"l''"'u'

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60 _ l l .-s0, k c wir h a S o o da mo u n t o t n e a .t o fi a .l Mi t!.u ss.l -.f'irow6 qrlh utr.p\s t}|at gpt lhF wolk donA. l 'tt.kt "B{r o p no r ur s . . ' O trp r mc n o o b j p .ri o n s ' f' ' fhe pefisdns ol thc doiag-what prckad it.,t!t-ta!.I!..t e,ondpa-did-and.tpt:
Substantivo telescopato (po manteaa,Nords). TiDul de cur.tnt numit, _ 4Ol lnlinrba engleze Nord.eaxa blpnd.rord aporlnantpau 1un, u'inr ..tclcs.oDat-j? c.r" n.rFalip arrificiald. foarla sugective adpsaori, carecombinAin mod arbilrar pafte din sunetelegi sensurilea doud cuvinte tegatelntre ele prin lnleles: l,rurcl I. bFalta.l lun.hJ rus p lnmpr.l I . rurh husrtcl suurry ._-s.urtpr+hrfrvr .snort) 'hor'lp'chu.kli ! Innurndor .mog ( snokp : tos, risrnundo r-- Insrnua||on
n g Pf ( - Lon r |lS F |) !n a .k { ' snake shartr motel (: motofisls' hotel) Nlirlicane {: whirhind + huricane) slithy (: lithe + Btimy)
De fapt, acest procedeu de formare a ouvintelor std la baza vocabularului iou..intrebuinrat, extensiv atit in reclame. cit Ei tntr-rn anumit, gen modern . 1, . li l "ra tu ra.
I \. Bert. Cadunt. I i. LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr. 3 Cuvinte intrate l. liob{. a N. Twair, op. .t. 5R. Aldinftoil Deoth ol a lterc. ' \ ' , oF da l dp LF$is C; r oll ' uv r nt ' lo. , . ir Adee wes in Wbnn?lbnd, ThnuFh the lnniLs.Ck$ . Hanap's Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h
r , , . ar t i iltp g i , r i p i r r r , p 1 . 1 . " ; n , 1 1 , . , , th" i;;;k ,.t T* Er;ji"s ;j1;;;;;c "f Ditiandr!, 1s31t_
ARTICOLI]I,
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I. CO\SIDERATII
CE]{ER-.I,IJ
l) I)cfi ilie. - lrticolul este url instrumrl|. granatjcal care serve,ite. S 11)f ir lri,rcipul. la indiridrlalizalea.obiectelor'asupra cirora se oprcEie a1,cn1ia \,,r1)itol.r]lui salr scriitonrlui..obiccte rlonunrile, cu a.ir Ire plan gramal.iral. t rul substantiruluilnlolit sau ru d. artrfot. 2) Fon i, Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel: !.10;i arti(olLrl hotArit the a.t;colulnPlotdrit a sau nn
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4) Fur{,tii. - .{ icolul ru stn sjngur; ci Insolelte tntotdeauna u. sub ilantiv -qu un eehivalent,al acestuie,fapL pontru care unii grarnaticieni il ItnFniera o partjculn. ,Obieclele cxiste le se imp8rt, in doun categorii: drlirrtt. (adici specifi .atc. in.livjdualizatc) tarl nuiefinit e. d.) Defini.r(a obieetelor. adicd indiaidaLl.izare /or. se lace cu ajutorul arti(,olufui hotdrit, the (the l)efinit. Arlnl?). erc sril pe lingi snbsl,antivele ,.c ]e ddrumesc ..i al cdrui rol ste de a scnrnala faptul ci obiectul in cauzn ,,.te snu ra fi cunoscut. Thc, care la origin tnsemna lhis, that. tht:se. t/os.. ai pistreazi tnci. rtenuat. acest lnlcles. lmpru'ri cu irrncliile corespunznt oareI the poate lnsoli iird 1r, .{rrslan I ir.l?. nunerabiie sau ncnunre.abile.ai.lt }a s; qular cit Ei1eplural. ir i,,n.,lie de conte\l: l)J r.slul substanlirelor. adic{ acelea care dc,runlesc ,obieitele, ndefini1.. ncnldirnlualjzale, sillt insotite de xrticohrl ncholl\tlt (thc In.lrfi it( -l//nt.,/. .\cest,Rrtjcli ri sau an, crre lnsemna la origine one, adici unitttca, nu poate deci insolri(le.iii,iorma de singrlar a unui subst&ntiwnedefidt.. ,\,ra, iiar p.n1r|rfoo.a (lc plural forespunzil,oue ncer;stiDd un litoouil.orposibil, . a dal .unrele de artieol zero :rriicolului r,are af trcbui s^ c\istc in acel loc. d&r care lips4r/r. Lipsa a(ieaslaesfc tot atit de ilnporl.anli ca si prezenla unlli arlicol. deoarece cn are functii distincie qi holiriloare. (Vezi S 429). -{rtifolul neh.rtniil nu i sottte ]l;r;o(latn substantivele nenunerabilc.
r l]rii 1: ri i ( ii lt grarnati.j.ni .onsnlri irindr I hol,'rril ca p. r^ anirit. itr articolut nchoun al;.7 rit nelnnntit lr.zi llF Can i.a ArfdnJ Didiaharr, a, sn, t\e).
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CONSDERATII
CENEE{LE
96
3) La pluml, substantieele n mcrubilc lNl nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt:

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S 419 S 420
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nu au, in mod normal, nioi plural
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5) Concluzie. - DiD cete erpuse pinil a;ci reies clteva reguti de bazd: dl dacd un substantiv este numertrbil, deci are plural el 1'a alea li sin gular. care poale ii preced.at d. (trt[.olnl tu)lntdrit. Arl,ico]ulu;rehotirii {asau an) ile la singutar ii c;rcspunde al)stnltr artical tnir la pl:UJa\.
, J o. g g"l 1 1.r,l '0"-, hool I -J. ^\..I \ere s$ arn '! r g our iir Fr r f r I pr. Lizs ( 6 , or i, '. our.
S 421 42P "s
Substantivele numerabile au ariicolul hoLdrit,the atlt la Bingular,cit $i la phral: I sj. 14' 1o ..3 ,irr \"- //l' .r'' ' o.'
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D) Substantivlenelrumerabile- adici abslraclii]e. uneie de matdi sj de nase, precum ii substartivele nsi]rlilale cu acestea nu au plural si deci nu pof avea decit,o si.nlurdfa nd. cen dc sirg&ldr"!. fdrii articol ichotdrii. Piirnesc insi articolul hotirli, liir tn iunotio de contefl: \o oDc could lire $iurout notr. linos'ledEe ol lis success was sn.r^d bv nress. ' the -
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IIOTAR
97
trOTi.NIT IY. ARTICOLUL

(TEtr DXTINITD ANflCLE)
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de 1) tr'ormi,.- Articolul hotdrit 6ste the' inva abil in sdis, indilerent gen' numar sau cazi tle boys ti9l '&
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2) ProDunlio. Arli' olul lft' 5o pronJnri: 36 it LoiN ti,onC /,f,]1 - forma rarprr ' ind rsLe o'fenrual sau clnd ' The delinite article rs "tle" Is he 'tnc" Sliaw?'
lEs lo Pl . Plebar l 5l, aw: ) is hF "dt , ' p". iar i: r i1 ! ln m d l o l 0 g J r
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b) lbtti (;NanS farn - forma i,are) sNtl6r) (acak form ln.inta unei vocalesau a unur, mul':
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FUNCTIII,E ARTICOLULUI IIOTiRIT GXNXX'AIX coNstDtrRATtr

demonsLraliv lr llomonslrBtiY.- Arli'o1ul tfre l& origine adjr'iv u4ur demon_ a t - tiLsthnt.th,s.,thnser,peslrazaqia'l6zivoloArFs,sLenu0li strati\', a'ind uneori .hiar :i fun'!i0 ocestuia: lr. is iusl what I unt sr rtu (- this aomoni.
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'l /M dror js shxt. brt. rl, rindo,s are o|lenTurn ofl lnc /ddto and h,rn on /F TVJ P\i ott tlte lishtr, llcasel We dor'I. sdl wastc l,crr. Are vou coine to lctah llte .hitd tuom scliooll Iak",/F i: ilis) pastcdntro thr post-office, therc's a good girl] p)eac. Thdnk you for tnc aunitioa. I\I h{\\e the h;fi tdpe1, 1 mertioned chcss: he was !.olieieDt in ,nc sdtu,. The pi.ttta an ,i. ,@ll fte his own. The hishlishls al tlt $ech's ln Engtaud, caN drire on . Lt and pass on t@ ristu. 1'lE c.smos is a wcll-orde..d syslcm. A t enlie ! 3 ) ,q.dvorb.- Th. est.. ar t.ical hotdrlt trumai clnd sti p e ltD-qi un subsl antiv; clnd lnsd insolelte un ddjectir sau un adrerh, )^ qradul compdrati\. sau sup$laliv! in speojal cind sint doun adjective sau advrbe corelate traduse p ri n . . c u c it . . . , c u a tl t..." , l h e e s L ed d p d .r: .t t\d \F fb t h ] . t u' P , 'h r ""r He lias had a rcsl atrd leirtsd,. r.fu. ({or il.). l-A.dverl) ' 1, . . , at . g. r t p ,l ,i l ' 1 ,//' 3 .,o , ...a r., .\dr rb, ( lr " ) ilo - nF d b " " 6 (,t," ) 1 .,,,a a t, (\d\erb) s nosl . e ^ i .\ 4 , r" ,
$ 450
Zfu eslc tnsd articol cind precedi un superlativrclativ + substaniitul erprimat,sau subinleles, deoarece, ln acestcaz, el determin[ subst&ntitul. (Vezi S 724). $ 451 STUDIU CONTR,\STIV
AIiIICOLUL IIOT-iRIT SI SLTST,4,\?IINJ,I] ABSTIiATTI} SAU COIOIiNTD
s 452
Etemple:
o.:t "t ,h . d m " l t.l" t t l h ,n a ' " r' ,1 " | ,5 .- r . r\D 5rri l di " r tr ",o ,, I'o1\a") . a t e - \"a s t.kb r 1 - "p a .onup
O sene de substantive pot fi uneori abstracte, alteori concrete - deir nu pot sau pot avea arLicol hornrii - tn {unclie d inten,tia 1.orbitorului. 1) Substantivele bed,, br.dl; (: rcc/catle), canp,'Change, church, callc:,,. S 463 coufL ha.rbaur:hotnc, lLaspital,jail, mass, marhet, parL prisan, schaoL, t(". shne, tdble, tcrm, taen, aork etc., nenumerabile,nu primesc articol (au ndic; articolul ZBRO) cind lnlelesul lor csLcabstract, deci atunci cind ne reterin la rnlian4 respectivi:
na Chanee lo have been to .ol&sd to }rine ini,o .orrt
lo leav s.l,oo, to lut to sra l0 sit doivn to rdDl,
to admit into norrn(l 10 s o lo bF d,ro J p , o 1 6 ., l o .o rl " g ' ,l o ,o r' .i u..3" l orr, o" . p o ri. , e. in o h^s pi ra l .l o mT L In ro to r. to p , so j i l . 10 to town. t o uni\ c r si ,y , to $ o rk , 1 1 ,,
(r' 11 t' -
1. ( A b, r . , at or r.) t' ;e h [.J,' i ]!o nd " i ' 6r' .i .:t . rro r,rn l rtr.' r ' )t x I n' aL. hanp. /o .1 ..,1 ) .,,.rr d i n r.ur .l r. ' i r n^ d" l d. rr,r,,r ' sublnlel{asl /o l'l. "Ee sEnt to theb \orê".] ii ca atuc lac! t,]]t! din categori'r de s'l staltive care, lmlrl"url cn o lrcpozilic, au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.
TICOIVL
ttOTARlT
9C
c'' r 'o l i g n 'h o m " in los_
i - illhTn|n dlp roliuin b'l,i ' : i . t o J . i d l r . o , a 1. . ' lool "
qi\ "
mai l seamni $ 454 de la S 453 S zr55 To\vn,fira articoi, pe lingn selrsurile a]) ornl'.rlur: rlrul (comercial "i
' Shall Nc have ililn.r tr ,oa, todav (- Il ora!. la rcstaurnnt satl la chbl? Slo l o' ui l d i n n o ra i ' l p i ' r4pi ' r' r' . ,i ,i 1 "., i t . t o lr s l' on n ," x "iJ on! Inarn' ^,,(1 ,' ubu' h: i . r { d J J u ' l a " ad rl ttP) ' ta " ' ' pdr $ 455
: : r o r ca u edon a lr idal. Se intrebuirteazl insi ariicolul bolirlt atunci ctnd ne relarim la inlelesul .onrret al substa;tirrelor de mai sus dcvenite nurncrabile, la un anumit orag, , ) al u mi l i F c oali c t c . : TheY lookcd at ,ne ndd: it !'as nPtY. |the'coltele slood {t d oossroads. The lisiciiersin tne.o&r, lrcrc not interesled. 'l'he chcmisl.'s was rear t,l" /@3,Dt,2,. At Doltani,,nd P.tsn h4len turned into a museum. \Yc salv tne scn d, bciore tts. ! , , n . r.J h i b .rrl ,' di n h p s u n i l l d r. T hpA i r' ,n r" 5 i rri _ g d , fr. ta b l " u F " l i o Ll i r booLs. rle iN sriislicd with r/P eofr in !f.p SIc wcnt ior a $alk outside,ft4 t Wc were alProaching ,ne ,oaD. 'qa. Irticolul hotirit se lllttebuinleazi
S 456 !i in urrndLoarele construclii: /i ' l a b o rd l o ty ./rfi ,/ L n i \F E :'vr.go do!l " î nl o ' l P ' ounLrl :' I ns li l o so '., Fs. ' o,iv io' . r r A r' rLm . r. l -u b i l rnr ,o h i ,l ' .o n " r' l n i o q o io ll' " c ilpni. l h P i )s th ' ' o tr' e rl t/r' o D ' rd. l ,p nrl l r s. ft. Inertrper' ' d a d F l r" l rr" u d G mrl l c d l P g o rF ''r b sl Jn i i v o. 1r e nur n" s c {n/ p' i 4ufv sch o ol. - \ da s ' r r t ad ,t,i a a rv s .n o o iw l p r s h " s R ' :.. S l r E pnl i o 4 \N nen ! . {o Dli n Jr s - y , . nd s penlfo u " )PP t. d Is " ,{ o tl T l ' Pns n p \ P nr 1oY 4n4or!^sta^t ro r 4? u4' ' ?nr.ru / r " s - or l, . u s to o l , .h " w " n l u p l o ,,ru rs ' rd In uucnrfest. . , ncr:n i rh ed R u c h u P ' tu n i r' t' i ]! oir rn d Fsr{ ! u" P of , ' idl) ls r u l o rl h p ) ' drent l n l rmbT\or' ' ra
accca;iregnl{: (au deci S 458 date|,cselarzilei f: meakJurmeazn 2) Numete .lrticolul zro): o) nu sini articulalecind ne relerimla noliuneeabstrnoti:
,.dftlast is nY talourite nealCone to lrtul tomorow! ?!d h ai live todaY. lThe) dtaDe. is seNed \Yon L rou shv lor sll?ef , * g .y ' a n o rh a rl v d s u ' d i w l d ' : l he ndl ' rq $i rh hP f noa? i i a i .,l. in; "* ,) Cind ins{ noliunea esto concret5, substantivul poate alea ambele devine numerabil, adic:i ore li plural: articoie ""i S[e put rh" rrd^/nsl nn lhF t8blcr'nj d ri c ' t' a ' l ' roo: i i , i" , . , ' o ' J -.r" h ,. s ! 'elc h l/c " k, d P l e J s.l Comc on. vou \iilj Pnlov rn dniM'. \\:c sold a" l, , r ndF J t' r* i to t, a n d Iv o I' u n d re tll e ," todaJ.
tastd! L\ t . . i d ,".rb inlr"r.lln: - d ar lr . : b La r , r r : r . r . : t : j \ L pr "l"r Tl1. m d J l l' lr oi , r "l . rr on, - ,1,,r .'r //i. dc " ' lt (\ ezi U.H. I{illils et alia or' .t , p. 68 J j \'e,i ii S i'rs.
ii
S 459
4t
rt.:tJ:
100 460 c/ In acceafi cateeorie f6, inlrn si urnitoarele substantive, care Doereu plurnl 5i ori,are dir ,"le doud rrri..lp. dr l "u o noditi,!r. sem"r,ti, alun"i "lrd se relerald o iDt rrr tir la n,sF".o p, rrFrarc.t... ./i"n". .parryr tait n sr-. Il:"y .g"u" " 0 arcarsurcess. Helen has iccn 10 r@ dtra,,s this we.k. W had d lovely lancl at a Sohorrestau.aDr. ,161 - Aceeaqi uzanli este urmai,e si ln cazul l) ItlijLoacele(le Lacomolie. verbelor lo gor to camq to learej lo lrarcl. urmate de prepozilia ,y (: ron. cu), care precedi, fird artirol hotArit. noliunca fiind abstra;rn, numele mijloacetor de locomotie ca bicuclc, bike, boet, bus, &r, ptane, taxi, train, tubi, und.er. graund eLc. I
I se nt th o D dc el Dz dt . lp f'IorL oDdnl; r r . , , / J ". r J "! . I n. b o v s q o i n F r y n , / , . b i 6 . p t o . ThJgr.l an(l 1n o ,lr !d. nr h s om ! lr . nds Go by anderyNlnd to "Piccedilly Cittus I' joi . rh-m,
prepoziliitein, l,n + articotut hotirlt cind . Spuneminsa, htrebuin_ttnd nolrunea este conoet5:
Sh " l o o L ,1 " /,rp to O\1 ,' rI L:r rs I/." L o d l rr.ri ,r \ in - tnin. We had lunch aL th. Thde was onty stn.ding room tD ,nd rd;n. 'fie.e \ras lo one we k.ew on ris ,ldae. I *as on tLe bus whcn you got in. 4) SubstantiTolo abshacle slnt articulato atunci cilrd, conform resulij de la ! 455, numesc ,obierte' anumitq cunoscutc, mentionate antrior"sau particularizate prin determinanti3: Hs prafa.pd pcansidpt:t; th" p.p,n. and tbF suqsestio! was ac.eoted. T l' nujh v o, n s . l J s i h . s rF d n m" t rn o t.] s;i .. " d s e n $ o l \..:.s l h S r r r dd lhD g o'o e j trd i rF o/' o,...i ,ri " D . ?he lile. oocurftd to t.im thdl ties night ldre dn ovtins_ AX,TICOLUL EOT-iN,II SI NO]INLB PROPRTI
169
s 1(i3
ldl
4 c s . m nr un b n u m rl n \p mD L t J ;h tr o .rt. or: . rV e?i S ,i JJ InF\i .r.nta articolului)Num ele p ro p ri i i ft t /J In s s ry -' , r ul d. t.t,i ,t,dt.. \i dp" i pri mp.. . t t t i' oJ ul hat 0t i l . a l d pl urrt. ..u ,e i uLsrarti L. " i n d s r' r i n trc b u i n :a c or unp. qiu , i n d ,l r I !d r i , u l f i z A e ,l a n dc," rmi n. n (d" i but ..pr ot oz i, i. . r r j b u ,i !r. .p , z i l i e q ,r t,o p o ,/rl i F apo/;ti var.
Rogul[ ge[erald Numele proprii cu formi de singulor,prin faprul cd reprezintn u n J n,pln r up,...0u prin,rs.arti,ol,.t lt o t a rr. . , " . . . " r! in J i" n f u a
166
..o m uno ?s im ilarp l o r' n a mb ri i fj l n ,i ti a i . p e rsoa' ptp apropi ate c ..t Fothpl Mathcr, Mummlt, D&dcl1J, Aunt, Uncle, Bab!, Cooh, N uise, Teacher erc.l.
1) Numeleproprii ile prrsoauesau animslc, lmpreundcu substanti\el.
Lrc:La s-p ,lrr.on $Jef d' ; , , n' , r ur I o. df i. r - r . r ' s , . . , . oI iald I n r , r n , t l i : u o f a t . n L

:olv' fb rra i m.r'" .|") z i: . s o_, d ". "1. o p, J b p, ' ar ; ,\ru at ?: t nl0lPnt s t r nt l. !ci. $ 4 44 -1"0, 45i- 1Ljr . i- 24. i! 6. , I dt"pt-.e.
r,ton : carticrd;n t.ond.a, c.tbru lcn1ru reslarrartete s{lc cu tr!.nfiLrie shnnri p;..ottiu!lprrJ',irtr'drr tp,L d.., ..n,1, .rm" I Lir, . ., !ia|;t!!t Ci,'.s
ua".\. I J.: Oiaa
AETICOLUL TTMARTT
IOI
ntr au articol la singular,nu au piurui sj so scriu cu inil,ialn rnaiusculx (VeziS 301):

Is ?,, on ihe Fa.iorY ConmiU.ee? Aucudus JohL'{ "$rasliq DiX" Iaigs in the Tate Galle.y r-i4.r. (Jolin) didn'l. !irg up yPsterddy. Tell Croft Urc .anteen hnoh is nt lhree todal. Diil ?ld.l.. call lhe .oU? s",ofty is a wise cat Aceeagi conrport,rre !i la yocdlitr
$ 46{;
I shun'l,Ire a ti\in\tl., IIunvL!/! Daggi:'. tet.n lhc bulll llar.'s a good boll
n;scut din recesiiater S 467 Numele tle faDilie este d.'fapt un .leternrinanl de e se particulariza prenumele lvrzi L,f:girea rumelor scolicne, irlandezP. scandinal-eetc.. care 4,, pfetir.rt lr prtruncle strnbunului flAnuldi. ir sco dl lui.. l, ial in in irlande,r a)' (-,/) t(desr,erdent) liann ,4{d.sar,11d(= 1i,,1. fl. . lui...). Astlcl t"lacDanaLd:: scandinavnsuti\ul .ttrr sau -s.,n (:liul descendenlul Ir11 Donakl: O'Do oea : dercerdenl,ll irli Danomn Chrislo' : dscenden-tii lui Chrislopher. prrersron sau Chri^'tophercen hot6rlt numele proprii care au pierdut caracterul de s 468 Primosc articolul unicitate: a) numele proprii cu formi de plural: $ 469 Concert ai the Loldon PlildDonic Orchesira the BroaasandilE Sttuhhs We me!, DJ numele proprii dc.renite substa tile comune ($ 7)i I was dnvins the ALslin: aulomolilul (cu marca Ansit').
s 470
Wc l o L t h? t ; lads t a1l,b .' r) o " 0 u " c l o l l ,p . ( c p a r dnl e .l l . ,,l o u l d p C ausui nj ^ Di d 'ro u s po r t u Ca, s l rr_ a l rh - r.' r" She ;as sitiins on- the chesleiictd (- canapca).
cJ numeleproprii particularizaiepdntr ur) atribut, sau pdntr'o propo- S 47r uilie atributir.i; dc un at but,: substantivprecedaL
tljt ..I.bNted John Gdls{orthy the /dtuB llrs. Sidilons
substantiv urmat, de un atribut:

I conld h.trdlv rDcosnize the Bd.ltarelt I didnf rike ile Opihelis ," the nad.rt o/ p.eaat ddys ier;ion of th; ptay.
substantiwurmat do o propozilie atribuiirn:

Tho r\m 1 nonirZ nds not tbe -{Dtr t had ntust in ny ch'ldhood Thc Tentrs /ou sd{ wus the (alll}Jsiin Ictu8.
Erceplii Substani.il'eleproprii praccdaie d adjective ou rua li afectjvi, srtu de cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu substaniivul. nu prinesc articolirl holnril (Vezi $ 433):
31' \i darl , j \Io n ' f. d '' !. "n. Eoo l ll J ^ . s . poof lr l l . \ n n r n u 'r '. . \ldy. bnv e liub, i llaod. por r f I ' rJ/ r lo,r. dry r rr n' " " i r s,lint Joa ,,, Yo ,,n" f'4 ' 1. oU 11^ B, oN ' \: ,,ri. , ""i r.;;;;. \t;d;1;o,F"r:. 5rd-d:sri.' I n F,ns'dno:i .ij',q:'" _ **' " "ii;l " R orna,,iJn li 4"4r..r , . o loq. ir l E, ' 11 . h. n, "dipldl S 'h i u . J "", I A -8..:, Ed " Jt ,l t.\, ," t a19_t ' , ; t , t i t , . r r i s r r r op o f l g r nu . r r . : J im i, , L ' . , ' d: \ f i 'p s
S 472
102 473 Cind nune.le propriu este ur at tto un adjeftiy sau de un substantiv apozitiv care constituieo ?ofccln. arli.olul precedi porecla:
Iolit n Creail (lhnrles lk /tdl.lr Fl.\a dtlFaor t . . . . i /" \,.-
s 1i4 s475
Erceplii: John Laclil.tnd6, Edward /,onXrr(rAr' 2) l{umele prop i lnsolite de tiUuris. - TjtlLrr;le (de politele. prolesiG nalc, aca{lemice.nobiliare etc.) urnate imediat de ur nune de persoan:, prln laptul ce au un caracter dc unicitate. nu sin,, artjculate (Vezi S53-54):
Niss smith
Colonel Brown Q,Er M.b loctor Rolinson tiin.c Cl,a.mila C,rnr, Gonzalool Lara 176 Etcepgii. lililurile striine (Empffor, En cst, SxltdD etc.) au articoL :
thc Arthdule Ftatz Ias.t //,e Ca.itto llan,. -rl R6hid ()zdr,1 Pcter ure Grenr f,te,
Canstr ctii perimt e: ,na ladv ]Iarion. tte ladv Roscna. 'Imarry,/irnrl"lail].,\nn;'flirl,ard111de$'.Shatespen.e)1';rlELordRisin ln Tl,. Bla'k Arow". fjlm 'r\ Titlurile pdmcs0 iI,sE arlicolul lofdrii atunci irind i.si pierd caracterul de $ 478 urricitate ssu ctnd stnt tnsotite de determinanti: o/ rnrur e rnra nDmp pronrrl
477
fie .,L",/ illlectcd the tloopsZle do.l,/ \rar s.nt l.r. The lt4i4eht .rddr.ssed thc neeling.
480 481
D) titlurile la plural sau urmate de mlme proprii cu formir do plural:

The Mbs Btoons (s a d,d r1t;ssesA.o.rtrl lived ncxl dcor.
c, titlurile prccedatede un adjertir sau urmat.odc prepozilia ot: ,n, ,/ar. ,{dmirnl Ncisotr r/'., X,,,srI D.nD{rk
rld s*e Kjng Solonon
7i. Pri(:! \\:rles '/ o/ lh4 riollcge rne Prcsidcnl to i]1c tlronr.
482
Cird tnsi Lii,lulurmat, de o/aro lurclir de apozili. articolul rln seexp md:
&lwad, P.ta., ,/ Il-a/cs. snllerdcd
r Iadn I ('ul llIdr.') 1135i-t433\. fpqe rl Porhiqrlil,i llrli l1]31. , CdtuI I I'ccl rlla,?;) (82:-sti). rcr1i Nt Friniei lr4rl 8;1. .ci.sub n!mete de C.trol Il. Imptuat al Shitul lmDerni Ro'nan isti-tt7:].
,tt t,otr,.'.
rd .d
'ttevic 5 AitL drd L lninil t t e 2. , irn .ird, r rr.i, Ir1 ll6'lao ttt.d. sf n,^ i
r"f. s ou' I 00i liaris(t rul, tiriti
o o o r d .ld
_ cd t cr a t- .
ln, i6. - r \ -li.i l1: de r,ortnlalia 11tj1i4-1i6it.
l 't , i,roNrlo.
al crrtori:dtor
( 115i- 119! 1. r eg e a l l n g l i r , i l t t s 9 lTlr j r, "l li i \'91,.lll ljlu.,
t1!!):nhatlrtc ^"..,mna. \ligno
lfd a I l: ^. t 110- r i. il A :. i '1 0 : . . . r , . r c ) i lll linsLnt rsrr t.r.r. 1 , , I r lr nJ r P lunc r . " \ sri @mlara cu S 4t6. .t.1 r' dI r . i q ir . v t . ' r.../ r ' ns ii L. t th st Na r . r i , , . o, ". , "not.l. ,,, ,. ;",, r r or r oq- r j ,i r!.. s.,u ,-. ,l Cilatul ale srroarcri ljnitii lli Siiik$po:or, dur rnj e nri !u roCll pfntN otito.ii . .
l 0B
3) Numirile geogreficc. pd ' r; ' / . r' n n ' irr' n ' Fl5 rr' r" a ) S ut.r ,' r i "l e " arc n'rn,'" ;n'nt !i !. In ' L ra) (\prr J e i : mrrn l r :r eiu n i . p rov ia" ii. lo. dlir' i ri d i ' l ri '
,,t . ir , a r u f or r n r L l " .i u e Il a r tttl rr \\' ' ' s lur oD"
$ 483
s 484
jii,:1"'
s frr.o r: R
i .i," i i ,,r,'" ii'r;1""#il;;!"

EtcepliL ,ne -{rgcntii.l ,le coDEo rne Ltvant r/r PalntrDaie
)'ro )'i,,'
iiiil*.;,,,",.".
!"#:li,'.'"
southrari.nsington
$ 485
' ndP st
forni
de lhuat si t arlif,dste cu ariicolrrl hotirit:

r / "' I os , , r r .
"r
Obserra!LL
r- ,'
,i' riir'",
"" rr' H i rh l d t, ;i ;: j _ ;;' ;,r. it | llanJq
,. i -
r /, P \ l ! "
l/" Bil
t" L' JmP dr' r, . I norn," rlP R o' kres
l," L" vi' s
r' 8"
'
' ' FI btd l ,r orkn I
d'
srticolul chiar dac[ au formd de siltNumele Sirurilor ile munli primesc jhe-P nninp (hoin' euf*r rlr" -frir.. tbc fa" o'r" B "rnod lit]de St Cathord Jdn.[]au'theS! "--Nr."t.alrei rrunli:fhc 'in'
$ '186
articulate. mnri, estuare' S 487 , ) Substantivelecare numesc intinderi de dpii (oceane, riu )'p mescarticolul hotdrtt:
/ne (Elglish) Channer ,r, Nile
Notd ari'icolul nu este exprimat ina- S {88 in cazul suLsl,antirelor proprii corrTlrse, j?l: i ;nr""'run 'lo" cr qr.l- dF rru L '/i \ Strailord_on'{eo' Newcas|e_otr_?,nd Burroucn_r".,r '\ t de un I'unrc S'189 lLrmdte-imcdis tnount|ad rdl.. Iakelloth. c) Substartivele ' ' r\Flr cltt': afllrol S ptopr', un r " dpo/iliP ltu au ""u 'on
'
-''J;;
C apc Con averJl
rr'r.'..r
r ,r"r',n,t"".'r' ll;lill :,";'i' I oc h Lonr und
ll;:' l"'. '
Cind sint, lnsd insolite {te Un atrlbut, e\e slnt afii''nlate:
S 490 S agr
del'rminat de u3 nu11 a,/ tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?ltomdn este rr' i\ul 'umu'' ntooriu ta{t; 'd\ ^F nr)J-t)t'1"r" ,'a":d/"r's'Fruid'qub (""i'ii""t"",,';t'i"r' nu"'.rr it 'ub;r'LalFb: , u" '',"
rne Rasqre Prolinc.s r,{. llirrhiz stepre rrP str;i ts D .t errrts
i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*'
i*ilf:ljfim"
I St slnne iNr
-lrsrl'rd'
?yDl, lrderai. tn -\ustria.
104
rr, Strait ol Gi!.alta. r/p town of GuildLord
,ttd tohemie Fo.csi I t / k ) US S R

tl, Saharlt (Des.ftl
$ 492
ErceplrL htrbnn hat"n' ,hill't ldnd' ball fitth hcaL fni'l'.'fs( Substantivele nu 3u rrtrcur(rezr sau c"rnurre' pL n'rn]P rle preie<tate rrrriiorg,clnd stnt 'prii
s 4 33) :
'on; nsprtrite rctnLnilor si alr /tin'rc art'icolul c$dinate punctetor N umele .) { '- 4$3 hotnrit,:
liil;i",fl;il .;,1;i i;;:i
.: Fllr".l r'-'" t i'ro''
)ll"lil 'i"i''" r'dnd
""''' ''',," n,:n'u, vijro,u: :;t,h.,,,1, !:. ljll,;;:,tli;"1:t,,:.;':]lL'l; "h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l; "1H:1',"-r"ll*lll'il * r.d- cs,i.n,, ;,l'i";,'i 'J,,T'',I";i,i; #ii*illj"stXli.;l;,,f 'f'""'",*k
Er ce Pt.i i idl ariltind dircefia' .1, numelepunctelorc'irdrn e i l'ebuinlate ddltf E 494 " nu au ortjc^l(\rcziS 49r)l
o. ' ' I h" wir d hlo\ . u' r ' \ ' \ ' P NPr ' dr ' \I)'
S 495
$ 496 I fol
de t'iput $ 602: b, in expresiile

We lcouleil the woo{t lrom io so"r 'or'i and l.nd e'Jt to 'ves''
4) Nllmele d0 strtrzi, parcuri, elidiri' vapod'rc etcnb'tdnttu rr'rrm-prnpriu"ru rom:^ I' i"t' iormaiedin (tot'.'r d, 0un,elF ' i ' rrru 'rrt Jrri'ulire p*' i"ii:'"'o1'6"1' '" .omu4 rd sr' "/. tq*' (Vezi S 433):
il;:. F;i iir,,l*i-" Rri;r;il;";1""* Er'"',:;F"'.y"''l iij;i;;i,.i;;,1 kl l,i,ll;''
lln*iili"
s 498 s 499
i: :i'i:r"f: Y:rirr;r,r
,d \ationdt oallerl
tnsi articolul hotifit: ,) Drimesc nn trntne cotnan: l,;.;'nu'r'"tc proprii formaie dintr-urr ridi"liir +
l/P Zoologic{l Cadns
:flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:'!"]"' ^* lon(ronez. '"""1 fri,'i"'ii"f;,i!.",," rer.rerar|io,,
AFTICOIUT
EO1'AR1T
105
E a c e pyi t
nr oad S rre e i tsrondwaL Suburlan Pari! 6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi. cA $fi foorle ctnoscutel tne ndoiralty tnd CFnotapti -Arch rn" Cit.vr ,nd Mallr rn Mansion HousC li, l\Ionnrcni ne Str{nd lp l-owc' ol l.ondon rn. Tare tGrllefri tlk 7no clddiri, nanumente eIc., prin
faptul
S 600
,l@ Adelplv (Tlealrel ,n? -^ldttrch lTheafei frlP/ DnrI Lane iTheatre) /n . Ol d Vi e ! i Theadel rle Cccil (Hoidl) rne savov (Hotl)
dar ldrd arlicol, d.s; loartc cnnoscurc (\ ezi $ 433): $ 60I Pall Unrl?.Co\.entcardens.Soho,Irdgrarir!, Unyiair'. 5)d),I'unrel" d,./ilp.tuni.sfii.cnotimpuri.birbnloriau o situariesporrp. q S0, . AcFsrF rLt,strn r\o sint | proprii.dF,i IUn,., uni.Htp. na ar, in g.n"re _ 9i articol (Vezi g 433):
t1 ,t n rd 1 y . ., On l^ r'r, r ' 4. t n. b tttd i ..) r;6 " d r.d .fi n p t,rt c U rrdl l i c. '.r,. a J u .. 4 r i s -rtr mo . ,;ro rrs c,sIi \a' i n ,hF r S A . i Y"1. r-,"* rkd r/ r ' la 2, lr , - r . . | \ r!r.r l tt.l J fto .t .i i th a fo r. ,t!, ,, To r u. i. , u c \ . . pr i F tF -H rti ,o ri . .ubsrsn,i v.tp dF n,ai s us q i n r n .n, r dLr t r [ r , r , ,l a .i r,r.,t:,.i D , ,l a i d \n i pl u,, L pra rL, si an;^l hot iri t sa u nehot iiiit . du p i c u m ' u r;;a z a : ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ. se spune: The (: tLdt ) artunni Nrs noautiiut. ll-c sha]l go io the s.asidein rt, ( . rib) sumniq. cind substantil'ul nu erprimn rirrlut jn rtjpori ru prezentul: On ,c X loiidal l, e wJ,i t0 w o rk a s l s L a l .
I'-'^L -il t .p\ ! i'l un r r:, 1" , r s i' r.
S 608
S 504
cind arLicolui eslI intr!hLrinlat .l,lrrasii\ |

Those werc his p,tstim.s in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na, :C . \ o! tj,'.d . , r..,.r nf used io .nI",r r m pr . , r , , . . . . r b. ", : ^. . . i, r : I.i ri .,.-;,r.,,'J.. h, ", \ d, . . r . , , r
$ 606
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trxodsc aristoc.ate.
100
MOE'OLOGIA _ AA,TICOLUL
506 cinil aceste substantive Elnt pdrticularizate printr un otribdt' lhp' "" ot l]F H' lPil s'm''shrroi'alty' lr th"u *.f tC4t.L,n:n;r; si'hsrnod
01 t helv " d,a s d a u l a l l av i a s . h ' ,1 ,n I' o m.. ; 0; pcn^fo1..\i sl d i l ri " l .usl i p In c , c i, r . l in. d a ,l s ta s u b s L rn l i f. ^ u l ntP l P . p ri !F:l e anol i mnrrl ' r no:runP sau .u rn l o rb i r^ ru l p rif i, ia ar li. nlul u i . d u p d lron Osloto AthcDs ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,. hail becnte.riblei sno{ }tad fal1cnin masscs par aliz P d C o rti n n l . o t th e m dc h aDd sls stow to .ome. rhe suine Sudd6nlr-srrtag ws there in ali its berDtv' pE Lel osoti t r 1. / A f li. olul n c h o l l ri l p ' l F i n l c e b u i n Lar ' i nJ. sub' l anLi \11 tat e x ..p l rd Part! tu . , n . tl l i fi ta t;1 . c u ,;" :t ddj- ! ir by an iataaeiv @ruNinter' Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr! atr,linn, fol1ow_"d it-i; now kt. ptn,e'. About this liare last ,1-cdir rvasalrerdv da'! s!"'s deratc iz dasr.d.rL, jlo lt n' i" : {Consi-
b sio 50 9
i'i-"i" luniior si ',rbslorilur tc s'riu "u ;ni!;ulu 1-ojus'rln dal 'ii"r"". au inilidl,' 'ninu. ul3. (\'czi c\.mplP mei su.). nun,rt" anotimDurilor \,rm.l" zihlor, luoilor. aDolimpL,rilor Ei b.rbalorilorpol \'er inoa,4/rr_ p dupi cum pol JrpA uoeorrEr p/drdl rot n hota l cind limpul n"dofinil.
*d O1 a S,!../d a i D D e .p mb rf,I te l l ." u d d p n l Jt ' d up ar l h" i dra ol ' l l l } P del ' nroi and aecidedto enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv ";;;,i-Gi"',, ';t;
611
limbilor vorbite alepoloarnu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia 6) Numele lvezr exprimst sau subin!ls lnsolite de un substanti\_ cind sint cazurilor g 433):
M v naii\ e t o n a u ei s n o mn i n \ v hai is t ai f tl a y i n -F .e ,.l ' r r ; if dr . s la t.d l b ; b o o k l ro m c " n o " i ^to Lnsl i sh'
! 5r2
513
Se spuneinse:
Is t6e nnalashlanstdsp rerY difficultl lYhat js r'? nou a"-id,i arlm;., tof frir Irlav ? Itun the'Busion ltdncuds") t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPd
7) Iiumcto obic.ictorde 6iudiu.alF jocurilor r'i il' lporlurilor nu primcsc arlicold Lotirll dcci' alunfi cind brnt p"rli'ulariTdt' pnult-un alrrbut (vczr
I 14 ErcE .iigav*d ,e;nis,sheiiayed otussand t'olh walchcda some or il" *ii r6"i "i had a oharce. thcv when ,iu;o'd! "-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti; pubricrvoe /oor,ail'c.;cir't,hocte!,stvinminsetd st@lins Se spunctnsn: al n"b' lr" \a r.s d look on t lF. t , "nis ' . ! l.a nn o ro "S t t eht llt n llo: J l- hnlny : . rl qibi0 lunil'
s 28):
aPh!
len;sL 4
atdain'
rtr
511
8) NrIIIcle ziArclor au articol ltotirit: Ob*ret, Th' Dailv ToleTh. 'l'nnes.The Cua lidn, Ttv Ne*s Chtuai'L' TILe Nunele nagaziDelor 9i ate altor pcriodice nu au articc'l (: inexistenla ariicolului): Lif.' Nees,eek'r%ue' etc' lunch, Tine, Language,
araPh, eic,
ARTICOLUL
TTdARIT
10?
ALTX FUNCTn -{Ln ,{R"IC0LUIUI EOTilt lT

1. i ,.1 rl lr u l, r it i, , " or" .' ..i _ r ! : .: : 5 d pr e( ada:
the Bi? Fiset
s 515 s 516
i l rp p d tl i ,l p !o rb i rc tn afsrE dF.ubstA nti r.
I numeralulcaxdinal intrebuinlat cu valoarede substantiy:

tha Eboea'
: Dumemlulordinal (la date, capitole,leclii, nume alemonarhi etc.): S 6U

th? f4t \on \lr(h rl" /:rl lne 7,i ot November hp thnit chaotel th" !"nth teBsin Edward the nilh
), t r u
par t . to l tti ' .. a 4 . r.p n .. I;n e . p d ? c, numbq etr. grrcatr . 31". -d p t rE la- 'd -L u l . ' df p. in dc F s t , d z . F q t. n u mp ro h rl ra rd i n a l cu val oare dc ai ozi rre: T\i" is Aoat T@. ahaptr Sp'"n: L?ssanSu, ro OE-
-\ se obsen'alipsa articolului hotdrit atunci clnd substantivele AorA. 1' s ot t .
s 518
i,;i"' ::i' rg il:r,j"l:,i:: :!,:;L' i:,,ff:; ::"i,:;.:!:". La hotl: Floor 5, room 51.
{Vezisi S 1lie)
:\ ota
L ri udliil" din g i00. iOJ. i04. ',06. tbt,p,te o icotd.nrcwttuir. tr:i h .' A rom;ni l:,,1...a. ,ai..Flp. e.Fl(a).ace{e)a r-r etc.).Iapr car" "rat" arrqrnProltrcolulurhol;rif.
s 61$
*)L -
: un odjcetir, cnruia ti dd asrlcl caracterulrte subsLantivabstract: g 520 . .,a | .ulli lul'. /r, b ou!;[utl ttJr|o tt). th" ip ffobt. (: inefat .tbitrd ,t. tl,".or.t t ". t l, I . ht t r
*
-
pi'" r"tt,r . .' i..: ;'! .,,, ,,,,; i.T..,l/.-,:;,,,,'::,::::!,i ^t:" j ,t:; ,'",!!i ,';^.ui. 1o
,,,f .:;.i r ..i l l .j','",' :;, Ir,lliY ':'1''t"t " d r' . t , ' o ' h l. t h p , t " Ma d
u',adirctir. urr parliciliu, un gerundiv etc.l care capiti in aceasti \ 69l ,lF .uD.rsrtr\ ,.ote.tr\,.a,btruit .u plu"alul.rar un singular: '
lf t ! t !
pt r .
1:'.,,i'ii"":*,:f;ii':,.fi1,,1',1",l1j#'frr:#;,#,#:* ','eri dttarii S itn ! huticeh d\ubetic, ia cuyn(ul SUBSTANTI\.AT) "'ff"{,*{i.i:'1iJ,"."".

;. eomparatirul, cind acesta are yaloare do poziiiv sau de superlati!3i ptir]' tE youuter, Hc is /le utc.r al tlic two.
S d2g
iJ suporl&tiyulrclativ:
She is llr atcrs, of aL Lti.i is tte le6t totkal ae tutiridual I e\t r\et. Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestins man I L\ow. L r: ccle ciD.i ita -" i. Sr \ . \ ldFJ 0i, dnip. I r dn,a . t l t i a , i J a ! n n i . , rizboi nrondi.rlsi .lr la nllf inla { e PaLc de la Pr f is , r ! 1 9 . I rh " c1 .* n = - e, t , , br deCo lns!.ezccc jucltori (ta so..e/, ..ichet, hachai eLc.). : \ rzi E tr ' r .
s 523
E:1-l
108
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tu"''i*'.]u*'",,*r}.*i"oT'*'i*i;l"liihl"|'"*eH"'""i o ** r iivar""i'idi"r"tl#fli:i':",i""'i'H e'rccrd' ) ^'eai"ar.
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9 r \ ar r P oat "
i,,:"Ili'.:l:"*,;j.,1,;";l',1:l'
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ur" j'; :;'J "'''i'; J i;;; "Y:;'"iiii:'l'liJ; 111 .;. ilinl ii ;tll''r:i
"" 52s ,"','.", "u.* 'iirrr,li"j'"" $ '1"';.; i,ri:"" "' 'TT;'l*i^"" "
tt'r*' " {x:,:,^:"','::"'':'%' zi-
s6ss "alf'*;"f*H:lTgl'*"""T o.1 ll fÛl"il;r""" s,rup*'I ll l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:'; - -. c""nru]"";',i;i";"'"""i;;"'";np [;rI cindcdP-",,]

iJi"'""l,r"t .a.'rnui cu'nnsodDerer: .i tntrebuinl"rza l r""i.it"t. "1":,.::l"i'::"i"' " "" a "rfl"' aspiraLaqi "'l"r""i''- ''" ::i;i""' I :li, ^ alrnsl:';:i" ilili",," "'"' se lntrd t'" nl nad 'antualr
rr" :i " ' r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u ,l il'i"'"

An {ptonunla lsnl 'lnd
a 'nvelole ' ' ' rrrr--
c'r" t"'""i't
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109
Forma dn era freovedt inlrebuinlatn ;i inaintea unui i aspirai in silabn neaccentualiij astdzi mai rar. Istfeli
u r his t o ry d a .: a' habr L
a rhdo
$ i):J1
az hrs toricat picture ar ha,hihral dnrnkard aa hr.oic selgeanL dz hYs terical child u, he rediiary ilhess guilarist aa Ha *aiie
Tot asifel so auzea pin5 recent:

dD ho iel
aa hy ' P o i n e s B
lnhiL qi lero, prima siiabn fiind prea pulin ln subsrantivele 'hLstorlJ, accentuatd, sunetul[h] era atit de slab inclLnu se auzea. E x c ep 1i e : a Hun'gdridn. 2) Articolul nehotdritti plurilul. - Articolul nehotirii, neputiodinsoli $ 539 primsola plural ardcrtu, decit subsbantivele cu sensde singular,acestea :4ro, cu alte cuvinie ln aceastisitualie articolul lipsegtei
Hc is a ba!l..
3) Articotul nehotirit $i o oonshuotio cu lormi alo plurol. - Articolul nehotdrit exprimi unitate; poate tnsd tnsoti o constructie ou formd de llural re exDrime o misurd si este consideralil ca un tot unitar: A /o&. rudtu is sullicinlto eet this work ilono. \Te spent3 ?i!asaa, ,rde dass in the country. Thesh.v wa DostDoned for tutuer r@ ,raks. (cf. $ 2i5t) 4) Articolul nehotdril, nu se lntrbuinleaze declt ou subsiantivele numerabile, nu qi cu cele nenumerabile,care nu p mesc ariicol nehoi5rlt.
S 533
$ 534
I\TRER IiI\ fA RE \ \R I.ICOLULU I : \ E HO T A RI I. inarntea subsianiivuluipentru a r\rticolul nehotirit se tntrebuinleaze specie sau cat\oriel rn erenpldr a.Lrecdre d,intr-o desemna
\' lh"sljtl-m" PLr ls r oddv on/ , . , l rrie rs d rnr.ro $ooae .P.o.'/ M/s Stuill has called. -{ pr lddFm ll d " d t h " l l o o f .
s ;35
Caznri specialo, - Articoh
nehotdrlt este intrebdin at gi tn urmitosrele
$ 53? S 638
l) ilnaintea ti urilor, a numelo. de Troftsii, mcscrii, nalionalit,te sau a lllor subsLunlilre simillfF. .lnd a.ac ad ronrpzinti e\^mplnreoare.arcdiotr-o categode Si sini numo predicative cu formd de singular:
Sl\e b 4 student. She became @ ta.r./. (Este sla]entd.l lS a l[cut p,,/as,d.d.) 1l G o L o , t . I, r ' t r ' d H" .vs d t,r,. ( Xs ' " & i : / r . l t - :ctosra psa" ti. n. qFf ld. I an Easlislnnan.\ (Snrl ^n ,nsl,: )
rospectiveDu aLr arlicol. A se observa ci, in limba romAni, subsijnnl,iveio (Vezi$ 60.414 41r)
"pu"" ".ri"oi.S" ln*{,1"Dnslish pt:ntn t'n tintltih csle trn adiecii! ii a{lFctiwl nu e
1IO
MOEIOLOGITI
_ ARTICOLUL
S 539
O bse r a a lie abslracl Areleaqjsubstantile,cir,d au caracterde uDicilatesau ln.teles D u r b i.i '11 "r i ula'. ({ ,"1.;84/:
af the 'Itude(s) Unian. lle Nas elecl.ed He had ben Headnastet "rdident ol trton lor seteml vea$. Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks. This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt. She sot . job as 'an.cas. He acted, as idetpteter. Hc held thc olTiceor sd..'ra.?. He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar' Ile had l.dned soldte,r. lve Inet Uiss Shalv, !iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writr.
S 540
af' the af' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafession 2) dupi cuvintelethe l)usiness
He vas ncring the ?dtt of a judge. IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tcaf a pouer' 3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score: A hundred I a [email protected] Inen altended ihe shor. 1 bonght a dazenhandke.chids. There-we.'" a s.oft ol leollc prese l al tho airport. 4) haintea cuvintelor l;lll, Ei /er, exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape
$ 641
S " 542
(-$ 687) pe careil au-aicste cuvintecind slnt nearticulate coniririul inlelesului great afl good manA, lat nan!1 locuJiunilor adjectivalc 543 5) inainta S TU' r :
A rcatt no ru r ' hpLc { r " A;rc"t n dn T ' lD! f " iir "s n"l \;.o .ld,,ri.i,; d. r , , r. pJ r t in J '6 l . m o 1 s t J d l i o n . l. . a iuloFo b v l h l n P o r n . h 'i r p n b p n d . I n l l " r o a J . ' , q s , r "a/ or ,; l
s# 4
6) dupe adjctivele lrecedate dc sa, as, too, lnwl haoeaoi

Shc is nol so qxdlilted a rorlrd as l:on Thev moved ro as ni.e a ,,rse 3s yours. It is 1aoltiflicutt an .xuci,e. IIa, p.rfect a oi.$ ! Iloee;er ttutLfal a sil lsl\e mar be), this finc she told m a ]ic. (l\tp:d nan!, quite, ralher, urmate alc un substantiv cu folmx de singulari 7) Manu ax ttallb lds admired Ure Danube De]ta. Thel \rere nllotted quilc a aic. haue. Sne \s rath., a dcar.
S 546 S 547
Idionul rzanrr o se construiette cu verbul la singular.4 8) dupn oifi"at, sLtch li Nhat (\clamativ), urmate de un subste.ntivcu formi de singular (cu sau fnre adjeotil'), deci numrabl, carepaate tnsd at,et) plwali
He broughJi me a senl eithtut d bult. Such a bilrla\t pifatnarcc $as lo ]rc e$ected of a yaruiiy cha.opion. .t4.1 u scattFnrainedcandidatc! trhat an ided ! I;t .d, a magniliccnt a.hbftnenl t\e Danrbc Black Sea Caral isl
n lon Dlir d", o s r d p " J i F . f 4 r m d . d d l i 'o l lr'd rr ic ol d nn . t ho d.u lnkl./'.... .!, p o . , m pr d " r I r m J l ". l, , , , nu, , lu r i t . d i n D r , , i n " d . u s r | o r : , l o *o d t r F , lor m r r lr r t uli' nl p. l . s , n g l r " l l t e b u i ; l n L 1 . dpccse.lr.l, p prtru . on' , / F s-vo nu i o nud , i l , t . 1 1 r J ) i d . 3 , p " J p s r p l 1 l . u i 1 . l u stt s on. : \ ' r ' r , &' "- " r n on! - . s utldr r \ ?lDt r ! ' u \ "r ou t . I p l t t d . M o n ! N n @ " . . . slil. l "olo ri,l | \s4 ul,. rfaln s i. i r tp"n oa tips t.Bahet. or lnd: I dn! , 8( n) lhr t i 6 e 'p
r ClndcstcInsl hsoiit de un ahibntsesFne: in '.euent ekli.d, elliat ol fottune ^ (d. $ 45r J. ' l n r d n ', lForn r
111
:\r[ico]ul nhotiril nu cslc_insi expimat cind cuvirtele mai sus-menlio- g b48 nale (8) precedi pluralc sau substantive care nu au in rnod normal formi de ' plural. deci nenunerabile (nume de matcrii, substaniire colecLivcqi anumite substantiro abstracte): .rfar caDnoL lire qithnrt ft;ends.
\ li' ing .f.sanis', shP s J - u / / , o \ olnr't : f F . r inL c a no t tr st 't t"o tt fa o d . d r r r .q r n .lh a r t,n tt,6 .a m.
,Sz.ft loyelr Seplenbcr dals I o n d o ' t l, a I r ' r . p. " ,./i ,.\a L i l . ot,t " rt,c/. .u \ 'n- . uk th . c o l l L tl , L ,ri n Wc had szd, lunl It&ar interesl,ingl.]k danca ! What tinc rapet ! l vh a t g ood r ; s ; It hnt t,oLbl. !o\ loot : oind adjectil'ul snci este precedat, de ro,?c aau ro, ori ci4d {ridf ste adi F. li\ i n 'e ro gar i\ . s ub. ' J n r' !u l r,rn a .ti \ n u i rp a ,ti .ol n,hor" rtr 1n ni ci un I.h .\tl , ' a" $. |t , it t u, . - d i n n rJ mn J rv trn | ,tJ rt.J oa mJ pf 5n[l rj p.
b49 $ -
Whdt ald! ol the nonih is Uris?
,9)
lnaintcaunui $ubstantiv precedat de conjuncliuas sau de loculiunea g bdo

The chil,hen nscd lhe chair as d lacomotiee. H. .rr J c o t ot h?' aL t ^F t { p_is r r y O f i i c e . :aF d op ,dFd ar , ho bJ l dr ' s pd oJ o p o F p . TheI sert her a doll oli a ,rrs?D,. A d rh,tC, ttotJrL dtF ad! $as . H. $ a o / ps r a M 4 t ha1 \ p nr qii' f h i m s p t t :
10) in uneleexpresii curuntecarenu au adicol in limba romanx:

: la disiantl) : multE/scririli nencl : cu roco larerlc{zutl)
oD d larse/small scale
s 661
: Ie scari laqnhcdusa) : pe picior.d-"egditdk) : : : : : a a a a a Ii grnbit) li In situaiia) avca raspnns la toate) afta rolH de niacrc) avea cap de {liloiof eic.)l
iL is d pil| lla shttu ll to lo tn ro to l.o to have dz dnswd. lor eveNthinE ha\e an otpetiE ha ve a n/,d lo r hhilos ol} y . c r , . l nelc d Jdry Jor t\^\e at aDpo.tulitu have a rtil,:, to haYc d raLn, lor
: r d ri i ,Ll l tnt l r, penrru) : a inlLAiine corespondeniti) : a tx r.,c.rpni l a)
ro keep xp 4 c.rapndcnc.
l It
is a shd tue !de ii lnl. ) es r l: "E N, s inc l"
119
r. Jrnd an drslpr to takP a 8ar
MORFOLOCIA
_ AN,TICOLUL
d lf im i l p
r 'b n u ! " l
to 8o tor a aatkla saitla di'.la "it,;\c.'
: a s' dute ra.primba"'e/p9,19v9!,19Li"' automobihl ralonuiuu tuasuia/cu
Notd A ss observa construclia foarte asenrnAloare celei romenelti' din care S 552 lipse$te tnsd articolul nehotdrit:
Tlat rascal oI 4 brothef ol tlne' (itrensa.ul acela dc lrrie al meu ) She is ar aDgel ol a womrn (Este ud lnger de lcmeie ) A shrimp oI 4 man (O sii.pil.rrd d! om.l i; : t I ' u{i l e se fdce ddesea conl uzi e l r' rr' rr' s rp u o u i I I J _A , - o|lc . n l ri l numerul ul rn sau o n pl ' ^rrri l d rl i Ii m b ' ro ' ,' j r' n , f aplul . . in o ri n _au "i formi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie s.i "p da multi atnlre deosebrrn a,-,eeaqi d i n tre eln: a este articol, ia! olle nutnoral: I have d dogI havc ,ne do8. un.cl i oc' T n pr in ul e: ' -rn p l ,r s n o r- rI v e d " r" /' rz 1 " ub' l snti !ul ui --,.am anrmal el or n,tki r' l ,l r s ' i n ' i s l ; aquprJ o u o pi. jc s ; r n r l d o i l e a ' r" mp l .r r" . h a i mu ' n u num ai |r n c li n F . --a '' rni; " " or i s p inr rc b L i n rp d /j ' \n d ' i a rl i .o l u l a cu l n{pi esul numeral ul ui o' P : n i ci ndaln lns i num rrs l L l o ,rp n u a rp j n t' l F u l url rcol ul ur d: 1 r :' ,o u d b p l o n s " r b t a n l rP .
Th"
She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d

d JPP f. d G:5 Pr
oa-
sa
I' r a iPn h f d $
oh hpdd
ld "r b J H, F a l .l lJ jr m u " o f.o l- .
sau ln provcrbe ca:
.4 bi.d in th. lush is Forth iwo in lle hand' ,:1slitch in tiDre sdres n'nc'
i\ C.\TiT AIiTICOLUL NtrT{O1rt,i.RITLIPSN$TT
i 5; 1
ALTN C'IZUIII
Umriioarele subsiantive nu primesc articolul nehotdrlt - cu alte crrvinte aa drticolul zero: ,I,5 1) ln generesubstantivelecare nu au plural, cr ad,'irc' .heakh'.furaitute, S " porlr t l,rciu rr,'rnJJ qlujbdrel' INNl: p rni'sioni prudu"P. r'rcJ"ss. '
t r uaL tle (a\' Td$ p aood, di, Th pih avpb od ghr - v . r y lr Pt u; nt ua' ot d r ', s h r b 'n - ' o4dl\ ' r " vP r y l r e l u r n ; t u r e .p mobli lodrr '
lrumoase") S ho; niov s r ad i l n t tu ' l ,fi .!u d ta d i a !l l ' ' l ' n : o ' J" rl i ' ^ l nfl or" oal " 1 I wm ' 8ii. n qi " l P n a rl o ri /rl i " s .ri s i " ). u i i tn opr m r s 5r o n -.,o @ wif ound v pt J i n r.ts s l ,n g m e d i c a l ., i n l h rountry{ a l erJ rnre| " sl rngaocr{' :,p m uoc J / , : lu: b i to u rl " i n l P re s a n l .r" ) (Vezi 9i S 115) 1p pf oounla ttp i :]| : p .n n ! s a u ? ? n c c , . V ez i r i 5 r l 5 .
2) substantil'ele cu funclie de s,tbiect precedaLcimediat, de ndverbele

Il er! authot Nas hader to translale! h(sbanll had a morc failhtul wile \eqr
)( 5s(i
exisl.riparolcl c:
It eftt dn autlbt l'as Lanler lo translate! I.'cf had d tirsband a morc laitlilul *ife
AIIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALEASUPR,,A.

d.numpr o blerie (au talcgorioprir.* lr \uLsrdnrilelp rrolul hol6rir siu nph^larll ,.i r'umirul si',gularsau plural fara deoieLir' nr:.1rp Jintrc r,ps,p tormp indidnJ s? ria:
T[o /;o. s 1u s l, on] h onp ol lhe s l r o g F s r a n i m a s Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.
: ;-'8
Toa1.ecele pAtru lornrc sint crtrente. cu preforinln penttu pluralul ne

Li.ls arc 60ni.r of th. sfrongcsl,rnimalt. ,l Sulrstrntivele farc denuntescp[4i &le txupului au arlicolul hotnrii' acsta rlesenuind utl remplar dinir-o categorie: the brain7n. tuad conl.ains
$ 569
Thr lta s ha\e live li.i8e.s each. The feet harc livc toes eaoh Substantivele din aceasti cfltegorie, {iind concrete !i numera}ile, av6a ambele numere !i articole, ln iunclic de context: That hoNe has a beautiiul tudd. and de.oa, a very rine colour' All lho hoNesin thb slud have wllgroomed long ndres and lutr!.
pot
3 ) N um elod0boliS i u n e l e s U ,ri d o s p i ri ts i n ts x b s t ani i vepl ni recent.sLtpuse uno r u za n le t r adir ionel p l o s rrp .o m p l i .d l c p .i v i n d l nLreburnl dre8arl rfol trl ur l " d puer m ina. ln li n h a tu l s ,' u ;1 . q .rF s a u v orbi l . In rare' i mpl i fi rsrpa "arc dicteazi regula. axticolul hoiltrit nu mai apare deoit, sporadic. o rimnEili ir
S ;fi o
curs de dilpflritiei nehttdrit: u) cu urLicaluL

l d . " 4 're ,l r' ,J" ' ' ro "J l' r ' l, od, o h d v " d n J p p .l i .d " ' ,' ni , 1 .-n . a -o r' Iro a r l n ." l o or., r' ,npr' r .r { rnecki l o a. uJ " k ir ' ' :l :_ ' o r /. r au, h d r a a ' k o r ( ro rnr ' 15. o
: 'l '! p, m 6l h l' s . I n' r qr ! . . . r ^ r ' Lo hdvr F:rrJch .. !a ,h"t t aot r ' I ' f , rh m ll:5 r, (tl9 t A o. I t h" h"_o: 1r r . , r , u- u" r h o l r ''' L p 'o '\ . . b. n' , . t 1"- r , , "1 r o"n ir I . r t : r o s . l \ n . bir-, 1-ro"tan c.rt"d horroN' rickcls, et'i l/F hlues: ,l' creera, tu dumrs, te lidBcb,,i'
i ;ri1
i' r '
b) cu saa fbd aricolut hotiLri/
/ / . ', rl l.rnliJ
S ;6t
4) \umelo ile mnsrui (LiimLnsruri, grcuiate, oa lilate. timp cl,c ) pot f" n' avc:, u ri . dr n din " " lp do u i s r i " o ' F , " u i n :.l F ' d i ,rr" i l ,u i v i i ' u pt' hri rl i tr11 lhr I 3; D a/,ne dosel ol beer. lu i ur r l h rm s a n d w i u h ,{ yr r" J l abpl . . t ! 2i, a(t o th " Io r' l o J u l a y !V.rr" t,$ tess a.e 50 D dlhe d.ozcn r - 6ir t o" su . tb r' d /,t" p o .t l . I Adici rrlualur cu attiaolul zetu tl o v d i ,' r " . i a .,, i ' fp -n c o 1 .d r' j bpP i . rrruti l p de h.cl " t" ro ' inur i uL, o-s hrrnb' Ll ,l g F rrl d ' elrddi .i otr.l 1. lb.ul r - 0 .4 J q k g m r' .ra "r{&,r ' r - ; .
S ;tiB
l14
Shocs l]e 5 45.!t !air' '1,i, d iorl,lighL onc-A a weck. t{irie tro worh I\' /n. da\r to bc laid'bl_ tP non!'h lr r L' J ' r ' o r r r l 1 I o' r lo hr " a l d' o. . / r h o r
5;61
6 56! "
5, -\pozilia'z. l, -pozirii 'pjnr'"LLinl'1rJ ori'drp Jin "lF do-d crli' , onlorm rpgulrlorrnnerul' r\pusa rar sJ(: , or" .su r'i,i un,r1, Thc Thanes.,ic ri!.r whiohitorvsthroughLoDdo!.is slannedbv Ditnv blidges' (q 44!l ' I sirr,, )".t . " in" tror.- $i1 'rp Dr-b!. J1 -3C \\'. H1,r,r. Lrri.h,r'.r, ".J165'J:i 'S i'lv.al $ 162' ri..",ys.bt 6l Atribuiul si articolelc' -\tributut estc o nodalitate gramaticali foade eficoce si subtili'Dentru Darticularizareau ui substanliY El loate preceda sau urma subst,aniivul pe carc il determini Ctnd urui substaniiY fira articol3,expdmind aladar genedcul,i se adruq; unul sau mai multe atrilute .& clil. fatnft.n un tut. o stnS rti ide' prczenra rrrlru nirnic id"ca de gerreralitate atributu\d (sau atribuiclor) nu nrflrLenlcsza exprimatn dc substantiv, acesta rlmintnd tol nearl'icuiat: ,ltaz is an jntelliSentbing. Antituniesaft no\t in the lorcfront of interest.
Cr e l: a n,n titres d"r in lhe r or Pl"onr ol inr ' r s
jtii",.i,;,
l l d n l d d or l. . r p in " rl i n ri rl ' l \' r:b u schimbl sensulscncric al Bubstantrluluil :5 5G6 '
t'i""ai;. tîtoji .'b"tt t ni, *t,t
4oi?d ri6
mrrl ' i ll u pl
nd."u/t;" .r 'r'l'tr'slrr,)
' r nnr)' rhsr' r" vi
l rdnn
Dar ou un atribut carc aducF o iilce in plus sulsrantiYului. ap$P artico s ub s ta n ti v u t c x p rj m a a c u n o j.l nc preci so, sau srLj col ul nchol ,l h o t i" it , l" " { tdrit daci subsliantivul e nedetinit: Thri Ga-Md|tunr ntD is belie!'dl.o liale belorycd to Llo same slccies as (fr' moden mun. antiquiticslornd jn the Balkan Peni6uh arc in lhe lorcl'onl oi 'nr'r's'' \rie Grcek
sau articolului.- Cind doue sarr mai multe substant'ii'e s 5G? 7) RrDetoroa " articol'rl: mod obiinuit p nc,ste in primul prrn numai and. slnt unite atlj"ctiwe
she rp ad s iD o : lo! at l dt : t : t t \ or " ,4 lilrh b ou Jnd . r . l "r c s s lhp r oad g1' n"t l} e l i t ) l ' 'rh" htb.: brathz; rd da / $ra ull In'lrPF He il.rced, E idn, nAat, so/i, sdsdr, rt., and /&er on the sticll' ro E filth and .,irtn Pages 'lrr'
.t '' 568
Peri'rn accentuarciusd, sau atunci cind substantil'ele ori adjectivcle se referd la persoanesau lucruri dlfcrile, arlicolul ljc repetd tnaintea ficiruia: ) The Dcn lu.niiure I boughtis ,ndsndf,.s,tzd,ft' {lccentuare 'sr' A se compara:
TIE bt)fesor th e r"o feJer A n on ;r:on I Eo aa .ra nnd Doct l.rt.1f.s on lrlondav' l0 sirgurit a nd t t , " r ot l t u- ol \ l. ndu\ ' l l r o u - , I n. n. r r o L i t , . o. . "j a n4 lr aj. \ . obiql and. " Z, r / . J , r i, r iur ' ". . ilo. i u leNoan'i) p o 'o a n " ,I '
a,nr.shr rioi i ln r , 1b. , r . r nLt o llat nat o r t. + c , r ; . : r
r l nt J r ! tt .l.u c . l: ; t. l ' , n. r lir i, \ , ?, 5 r _r 8l1 r tfl, d .tinil id . ' t o; ,.\vlnd adicl arfidur zcro.
a.ccn|!at, ii ins.amr,"t. uricnl ,:n ,, .. ,1" no" " I l , ,r " | rriD l o ro o' tn . l r(n ' . i l " -_ r dei ul e_l D r' l 'n nrndl mol " " n l ' J t r:,' u r ' .1 i ' ., ' l ;i .,
CAZUEI TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL
LPSE$TE
lltt
I,OCI]L IRTICOLUT,UI substantivulsau atributut acestuia: 1 ) -\mbelearj,icole ?rdrzrld

4 boy lne Lov
s 589 s 570
S 571
dar pd al}, lrothl' 2) Ambetearticole slau inaintea cuf intului vhole, " quilc, just:
?l,e q liol $rden \is in -bloom I worle d 3t it for a liak Nc eK
1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li "',*,'"0," n3'1iuffi."u,lil
i,l:" :tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i' " i. ; : , : i , / , " h ^ u s 4I s a c ro n u s

'i i l . j; " i, ' ii ';
to f or ilii d rv h e ds i tti n sro o m (:i rr- d ro" mx
li;;g'".'""
57''l sini rmdtcde articol cind reprezintdmnsuri: S holf ii double 3) Cuaintele
iu
@rnptrs \ -t1z formeazi un sabstantfu de articol atuoci Slni lnsd pi"eccrlarc -clnd o s,nlurd ide" cu subslan'r\ul urmror:
kli:'":""i""i',1;' fri'l;!Y.;:L,, "^" ','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr,tiu1^,!!'*ilui",n
",,i"ill""n;.,._ : :,J? * i::;, i:: :;r:!,i

Thp LolfJ@v The wod hns a d'Lbte wddng' _r
had slnrl
,{ \e romparR: '
;;Yil/j1it";uui*, i:ijl:',";l;il * ^;"u;';;';;:il ; t"'i::'I:"f:' "" .';: t -{"",i LLda,i' l; i'i::{ifi.,'fJ ,k hotr'h T"Ji;1'"t
t"ott a t , ' t : loJ l
I r c ' pdp' nn4r :
s 'I t J c l n L
IJPSD$Tf, !'r. c{zt'nl l\ c,ulD.q.RTICOLT]I,

rESurd
{ 57{
Reguli gcnrraLi 1!!4w'!!
s 5?;
.u ,nlp,-. I n'rdl,\\l )l"l;ilil1,:Jii":l, "buinLa,p r/,/N' *.,"'*,,. r,n, '; :;;:i:;ii,;i","* ", "i'
cu firiplc'ccncralIru prrmps' nroulDcrihilc I r Sub.tantireto lo rr.a'ra ca egoriJintrrunnllosrele i,il""iLti,"|'o "*.r", .ind,"int tntrebuinlatecu sensgenerrc: (S 35)l {t) srbstantivelecare tlen mcsc a'sildcltt [NN]
'n 'nttu X 'rdut i" t - u' t " t - uh is t eout ! jor n' s lr h er Per Ft c
s 57?
nehotlrlt' all ti Dod nu sc conslNjesccu arlitolul
11t 5 ;78 D) nuncle de naturii. protitls.t ndttraLe' ?i dalort fNNl: -rnir is nsed lor * lrng' The coin wns dadf ol -itlt# Itttual is a ce.cal Rcd afi btue a.0 ihe colo!$ 01 our iean' 4 5;9 oman''z manhind, qamanki/td, ]i ature societ!, cl s[bstanlivele ntln2, \\l : .1 d l q rr" .L i i ons ida ro " ra s' . ; / / .
1lo
i' iii. ir i, *. . ; ' , , ,.' l i -to ,r;c o v l rr' i s c o d m u n L o h ol l nont' trJ' n' !tdÎi nd' ,\'dtutu nas neer lamesse.l lrr mdn. we nave dul.ics t( sd./.,v as i'ell as to 6x'sti s PoJrai,y apprccialed PurQell'smus'c,s 580 d, precum ti substantivcle numerabile cu forlnl sru inlclcs de Plrrdl lNl: Bo?s lolc foolbau Da"n?s' rl " ' l i k o o \' .' ," h a a h a r' t notnl 'I J I' J l o l " " " P r d ' i r i n l l ' 11 pl a' " jlu eu lftirol - ln aceastd 2) Sttbstartivele cu car ctcr dc utricitnie [NN] catgonc lnlra:
6aJ -an'"
Jr 4
' n r I i' e ' r
ne'
6 581
c, numeleproprii la singular ($ 6); S 582 l,l numelciilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor,anilor. snlbitodlor, obiect'elor i ssr 120,123 124 502); " -- a" sporturilor li aleb;lilor(S510,513, "t.;i",j"*rilor, irr' u'cdrr r'polil.l . nroh rai liuldru'il 5\l
{ ./ '' '4" tudt,i (S i3 5i,4t;)rl .t) snbstantivele abstracte nnumerabile' & S 586 paradise.prcailence eta.; (vezi S 3;). 'lr'' 'nu"nit" hcaren' h'll' purydloA'
S n8 7
Erceplii'
desr au Dn Substantivele eotth, san' maon' sk!. Narld. uni'erse' costlrDs. concreie srrbstaniwc sint se afld cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-tain care hotiirit': primesc artioolul atare ca cunoscuteli indeob.ste
?/,e s&D was hot s" We l4? tu,, .omin! n'rl ol ? m o rel ran to ' JrrJ out hi 5s hcrnror' rrr& 'r" l n ,1 " ." _ ;rdl ,e d p ri ihc r 'aw i is not l,i n g W e s as ' a t t rrb o p ro l h i s l i u P i n ,i , s i g . ln limbaj literar sau poelic. "'ubsiaolirele rA3 !i rtd ar Di plural: ..under $resrcm .r,t;r,, is the titte ot I nov'rt. Hc sailed ihe Sevon J.^tr De IaDt, in astronaul.i.Ji. toate substantivele substaniiv[lui cotr@s deocamdati) au 1i plurui de mai sus (ou exceptra
d 58,'r '""
s,r r r "l a' l or ' .1 p. n Il 'd L n u l r ', u n r i l - l 'r '" i " lil. ,.,',,r l | )ll:-l n ,r,t r,. l 'r o " " d . , r.. \'\ ' r ., l r " / ur J.n dr ir ' \ ' ' . a !CLi sensld d" tu1aki.n,L t'.!pcat.t\ n)natttitd : V.zi si \ 1 60. 1t . ii. a I s'minra u.r d S 476- it , . 6 :' 8.-:: ||' r'.,1 ' r ' J ; nr i' Ll d' l ;li ;".ud ,t \": in :ri,r . \ r 'l J r 'r " 'r r ", î in r' n;nP l ) 'o r'": , 1, r' \rl; ';"," " -n (lig. pochcl. -. liiminLlltri .r,,,,:, ' rdll
UL LPST,$TE
117
}Lseraali.e S 5fl8 de E.neralil\te sau de unicilale dispate f]e prr]1 l lali, ce caructeruL i,prul .dunple.ubetanri\F ;r' p r". laplural tsprootcmpl.rnumel"propr'it'. :r" nrin Jauqar""unui alribu' .du a un"i propo?i!iislribuli!P .srF la pertirulirizeazl - substanlivele primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil atunci clnd ne refedm la nl andmit emmpl.Lrconcre!, $ 539 a) hotiirit, 3partinlnd unei categorii: he ran away. Whcn,p lt,D sawthe llames.
She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t, Do rou ;ind t'i6sing the suLr? Th. ink nt n! inkstand is drY Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc. He is ,n, tudDin chaq oI ihc !'all garette The aotuan nexl door is {n afi studnl
b) n e h oLdr it , nind unei catgorii:
at u n c i c i n d n e re fe .i m l a u n e :xenpl araarccve apat\j
S 590
sorla,"isau caliriili ale substa tivului nenumerabil:

b.cad velaei -heads - velYets earlh watd
/ lt,n ss roaring. I saw o mn al the door. A fuv noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea. ge n e ra l d Ob se rg alie cind devine Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural ! rdi. ; n u mc r s bil - qi nu i n tra l n \rp u q A d i n c a re g o ri i l c l rnrsj e pl nJ ai ' i . urm Arzr q a fi e f nlples c a r e te ri n d tr-F l d i ta ri L e " d l " Eofl i . l P tuti spcl .. tori P tdl i . - eartlis - waters3
5591
Exomplu SubstaDtivul cdrth. ca.e are un caraoterde uricitate', ilustreazd pregnani intrebuinlarea articolului : cind inlelesullui esie dlrfatt: articol &)nu primeqte
6au cind este \.ume de mdterie: It was rat {or heary) cdtth Thv filled the lit with ea.r,t.
H n Loe Fd h Fs\.n an d ?d- l io lind o, J oLr pFs pnr dd d r . s bJ . k t o . , . I h . T l"e. dti.'sm lsed on his " h m " s oon h"ougr | "r D
S 59S
S;)93
h o td rtt c i n d tn l el esul l ui este condret ,, p d m ef t e ar t ic olu l ' -i : aunosc tll san pf ecLzar ?tu ra.rn is rclnd. {: Tena-unioitate) T hr \ N " F l i l l ' rg ,n P d { ,L I- s o l ' rl l 6 l th" .arth. T ht lit $ 6 ru ' l o t \t l ' a t,.t (: Frlna - mrsi conoeta cunoscui.). n a i unci cl nd reprezi rl e n e h o td rtl c, p ri m eDt e 0, r t ic oI o ,I exemplar iLinLr-o catc1o'tei ,4Dea.rt on whioh the.e would be pe.ce amona pcoplff is an idealworth st.i ng for'
e trr' .;b" : arsintdna. 3t.r pt,",lt t1 . d ;ri.rp" m , 1 - ' t " s , . . r p { r iur : . t r . u" i . T t r j . o " r a n p p r . . . ' , , 'l r l ln num rorse fapresrr rrg!.4r.. . o44 p.n . ro n :.i,s. d inilial' m r lJ qJ ll. J s r ) z i 1 '1 u " . u 1 1 . t 1 'L r 'a - a i i l i d ' inairscrrli cind e ntrlle de llanetd (: Tcni).
$ 594
S 595
IlIJ
596
LIPSIIITE .\r,Tr1 c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLa lrLicolui hotirtt nu esteerprimat ln urmitoarelecazuri: (S 247): 1) dupir un substantivin cazul posesiY
Flf;rr's arotl,io! the \torke$' /a/d todaY's Dem
597
598
pososiresau alcdgtrminatede adjcotiYole 2) tnainta subsiantivetor m0nstnitiY6:

ntJ trnby t/r.t chjldrcn ,,a, mountain ,nes"lowns
599
ripricind acesl,ca 3) lnainteaadjectirelotlast Einoxt (+ un substant'iv) (: articolulzero)i mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul

H .a.6 L nme los t ) r ondau l- 1J np. t rh "j .lP l"dL ing t o" lh Deioiup , ( J t t . ' u' i) . ( s l l 'l m J n a '+i \ 'i t o T r P ) .
Notd, 600 prFzpndi" ri\'lp /!9lei t''Jl nusi l.or''i,l.rrlFinrcporl'u DdclrSnsi Itl, ,1" eiprimr ordin"a irr ro sFricsi su urmdrorulInlFlp.: /fls' .ulliriul: nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles, ;i earLicxlateclnrl sint singure san au raloare ale adv-erboti de prepoiilie laceasta din urm[ in cazr lui nert): ol tl\is monthis a holidav.(+ sul'st) The lastMand.au
r r e \ a! lL. ( o i -u ,s J r.. Iu l rl t th ' ,a tt Jtu " ul l ) $Js/l l aJ. o b s e e r,rr, d o ro;.\.' .,1 \\,l" . r . . . " " , . ir , " , . r r ,.i ;. qi r' ;r" " du .,o l h p l i 5 ro l f.o l i j " nl 6Jnna' ' : t h, \ " , t , t . t t aqtt\" " )t (\' l r' ' J,L" l ) :rbsr_
\l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins (-^dv ) $ n " ,, , r' rn u ;o ." I s houldlil" io - " - $ ) ;.u n .-l r,J , I' i , " . n . P.pa ll. \ . , F \ nar irC a L'd
S ti01 S 602
qi rcli./ stilului: 1) pentru a se aIaconcizie a.) in unele loculiuni adverbialesau lerbale ln care substaniirrulare / ( J' ri.olul 7.ro) lrLFl' " ./r./r'a
in {thc) lutuc
to deotare$'ar lrgnmst to fird emploJmen!
to hn plc utder foot
603
(: ,J in unele cuainte compuse

{lownhill in- s hom iidoors u p s ta i N
allicolul zero):
oul.siiic trpsidcdown do$n-at ltel u! io-daie
604
c) in unele etpr.rii cozs/ra;I,r/n.lr'tc, in oarc doue substanti{e sint' unite prin prepozilii sau coniunclii (: artieolul zero):
trom begirning io erd lrom hand 1o mouih dry _by day . lv hook 6r iy cmok oi.e. nountaiii and plain to linish ne.h and neck
lrom 1.opto lottom through thjck {Dd ihin
C^ZURI lN CAFE AEllCOLlD
LIPSE$TN
IIC
u'"' ..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili!;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"11 :"rinoril'e'' ( omiiunp\ ai"Lioni'e ;;;;:i;t;;i'i";i;.r'r:ri'',i'

""g1.
uea5e, lend rnone) s'lool rre (Tdeg'aml)
rt-m' lI'rt,-9:..".?til9l: 1,""j:;.,i'1".;"i'i.'*0"'il:"ri',rr'i,n:o d ir r r Jr ' ir cr n ;;;o ;;;r't;l rrar ill : i ; l t l ' ""# i ; l
.Jii: ';:n :; .,:;L;i*l;u - r iuu,d; i:l:"::i"r'i:i::ll t"ff:,lt",ft f equ ri o r' 1 !l trtl l S." lio"
a;d steari de
0ndi"rlii zid) b:"1';;;;;!i;;;;L 'br comianr'{^n!ir i ,l io (u v Io nn uo ' ,) ni l h ;u uu ss ;. ' (D .ito on ry o ,4 r r ; s r nr r : ur ' pe r5 iiir: bel i""r"* n"o ol rlonth (rrtlu arri ol ?irrr lnuiests l'ai on I etrol'
num r 'fprlpr,o* o" I br isr",Ii'ksupr'"iv'' dilrs "tg ;;;iJrl " t 115,",1i;.1:i Rsic)
I f ,i:,l,if if';'JAi11,
de {anteziste' Foarte adeseori titturile din ziare' ericesiv ile concise ;i etnt inintetigilite inainie de citirea artioolului' [In exemPlu: da'pre cunhrinll l' ni{d l SwimbuiiSuo!mit. - Tillul urrui reportaj ';;{il-;;; tinu nui'r'osrumd/ tlp' P'r'Fri Par"ur'lrri i;';'..lor {""1 15' I9;') (-\eqs'\Fek Janu0rt ;;; ;''";g";" rirlul. 'i lo uuadFlups
* tvl ii[***r* r'ffi t** :"1:i i;'"T: :ri"'ri""s: :;il;'* ;""' "'": i -giir' ;;fi''i;lil'i"il$ "''
AI}Jf,{]TIYUL
C ONSID E RA T I I G E NE R { L E
ji3
rlD JICTIINI,tr
CALIFICATIYtr
113
{.
co\SIDER{l II (iiiNxtl-{1,8
D cliriiLie,.
f i" t rr Fu n'.o jii s i.i
......
. ..... .. ........ .. .. ....... .. ....-.-. . .......... .. .. .. .
610 6ri 622

.. ..... ..... 6|ii (itg o/tir 641 052 D6 liltl 'l : 8 '1 1 8
{1. couP\RATI_{ ADJECTIYELOTi.

Com!*r&lir dc * rllfrio.itr t li. . . . . . . . . . . . . a:antrar dtiaa dje ctie elos t. .. r ldicctiv .lc d c o sin su ri s ilab|. . . . . . Adjeciivr df do u! silab c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ ltf t l.ii de rorb irr rdj{ c t ir at c . . . . . .
65' 6i t 6i 6 6i t 659 661

IttJ..lite .u f.ine lc.:onrntatie n:t.gurti.
t:9 l :19 l t9 1l ! I i tn r:1" 1a:l r jr:l li3 135 136 133 139
Ol sl fva l ii as lpr a adj. c l i \rl o r .u g .a d ed e c o n u tu ti e ri ,rcsul ai i .. . . . . ... .. .. l tt .. . . L ;tl " 41 t , 1, t . | fu l r".h lhr e lt r . \ t..' .. FI.lPr Fldc"r. OD"" 4t'1.1...
I o-h" . thrth". --la tt".a . F ta h ,.i ......
6t: 6tri 690 69t t06 ,0) tt0 717
Later.L at.st, -
Iiue r.I ^
...'...',''.'.''.''.'''''','''''''.'.
.............. " a oI' r. ( o mP8 B t iNil. . gdibn. ... (omp3r.,tlA dF interlorihl. ODso.rs9ii 3$rp.3 tonp&ntii ndJe.tircloritt snerel a :o n stnIr 'a pr nno' it iei'o m p a ra L i \' .a 1 ,, , | , i I - . | , t oit " r t-rm p . rt ,u . r,.,, ti , i .. r \ F t p l t in" . . ,.,i r,,r,." , ,... .u ,Fl 1 r' r : d pr " L, " . ir . i . rl r.l l :\ s rp r l n " rl d l. .. S t,+l 1 l i\ ' l 1" i. ol''rl .. .. " ' rl l r'fo t4 i l i . om p. ' . ' ir . i -l :p i " . ... .. , , t o, . 1 lhi " ^rn mrff,li1 .o p i rdlid dinlr un ob d ," I i rn e .J p I'.b -.1 'om par r l: \ . Dub l u rs rp i c ri v .-,r.l "r,1 a . . ^m F . a \ ' r t' rj i i .' rr.rL 0"rst .t ii idiom at i. ec r d o u .l c o ml a ra ti v e ..... ..... .. .. s a u s u p c rl ati ve.... I'ro ..d fc lc nt r u c - \ pr id a rc a s u p o l a ti ru l u i a b s o l ,rt.. -.. .. -. -.... .. .. .......
(a n p o "o' r na, t J " " t ,lov,
71a 141 i2n /r'+2

1/r:1 J2l 1i-)
,22 J23
i !4
r43 143
l 1,r
:34
L1;
1?2 II I . AI,TII CI I ] ' S T I I - NI R D I' I' IIIT O A R O L A AD J E C T IIN ' ' ' ' . ' '
-|
ia,o ,' 01 t03
ilD iil i))
ryqr48
148 1,1 1i l 1r3 7i] 1i t 't5r l 5i 15ir \54 1i 5
,74
t\. fcHl\.\l t\'[ll.\DJtcTIvAl.I

..... Su }srant lt . . . -.. . Ge r(rl dit . . . . -... Pn rri i j iniu r r . n\ t t . . . . . . . -...... P, i .i ; iir t r c dL P miiripjrL . In l i n i tiv , , . . . . . . -
)J3
7ia
17i 719
r; 5
15t
/-sL
t8:l
Locnliun. prelrozilio ali. ... .. -{p o rl ' rehtivl t'iotozi!ie
1t5 760 7bJ
1i.', 15r> 155 155 15i liii 150
v.
FoR\I-\nI^
ADJECTIVELOR -
..
Ite ri rer c s . . . . A'|j..tir. cu t t Lc. esntir ". Sxi i x o. . . . . ... -,... .
7S 9 ,-90
t9l
lrt
156 li6 Ji i 157 i 57 137 1i 9 l 5t l a8 li9
li!) ,l6tf
li n a l o -.. Du l l rtr ea c ons oanoi -e - ntut lilral
Schndbiredcrtsoricigrrmatlcal Pdticipii adFciivate .. adjcctiralt. . ,. adJccurarr. -qubstantile -substantile . . adjeclivate . \trle \,tte rbr nr i ' \rl r.o lu' r " nF r ' l' r ' ' u !b l o J r" d . ' l j ' l ' ! ( o Dp rn. r c n . . . . . . ADJECTITELN DIINR]TINATIYE sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X ,\diecli{clc losostve r\dieclircle ilcmofslratire rldjecti!ele rntoogau!e Adicctirele rcl'rtivc Adjf.ii!lc neiloLArile-
t9t i 94 ,94 t96 t97 793 ,99 800
30ri 80t s08 809

814
818 819 3!1i
'l 6 l
'10: 16t
164 1Cl
szt
A D J D C T I Y UL
(lHFi,\DJE CTM)
CONSIDDRATII GDNDTi-{LD ,\djecti.rul estc partea de vorbire care calilicdl sau deier1) Dotidtic. al acestura: r,,ini: rn substantivsau un echivalcnl,3 29 leloved a .rcqrwomar $de clinlk /i,e rerdins
t.ot me a s@,ng man ud the sam, idcas a 4.58 one
S 6(Xi
se lmpalt in doad categorii: 2) Clasificare. ^djctivele (r 608) ,{. adjective calificatilc B. adjedn'e determinalive, r,umltc 9i adjective prononinale (S tt4).
S {n)7
CALI}'ICATIVE rT. ADJECTtrVELE

(D!]SCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES) I. COISII)I]N\TII GDNDBNLE 1) Detinitio. Adrecti\ul ualiticati\',care esle de fapb adjectivul pror unui obi".la ,l- i rl , alili" r6 : o ln .uqir:e p rl r - 2 i . .er eL .i
anes o r btutrn elts
renDl. .io[.do\
s 608
S 609
2) Caraeteristici, I n I i mb a e n g l e z n , a d j e tl i v u l a re, cu ci tel r exc' pl i i , ' a ) Itor m d. . n l i mJ r s a u a z . El , u .o pndl p dp.i s ofdd sina ,a l fa m d, ir . dilar p n r J " -F r.. l ,rl r.p s l u i s 'I p e at. rl .l i l i rd: .u b .t'an' i\ . u o .h i \;l ' . u ul L. J u ' \o t mri sS l \,o ,,c Doa s , ' k n rk i n F ' l .n s l ' n P \\'e '" r $: ll, ; ' / o. , . . r Ei " / . r ' " " -r , g ,l c * (\ " lam pI l ll^ l h " I dr " s o lt o u n r t+ \e t' " ' rl C n ra u l .l r pl | . , " 1 r " r - t \ o l l tn J .u n 8 . D a l g n n ' o mu 1 p i . adl rub(rJtn\a "Jo r
s 610
S 611
$ 612 Ex c ep lii formeadjecscurtesint singrrele qi superlatiruladjeclivelor Comparativul tirrle {lexionarc:

' \o n g J (.u! tl J i vl \ o nc \ o .n i p r ' o m n ' . i \ o 5 r ' u p r- l al i rr bl ." r 1 o m1 rr. ' r ! o*(Cl. ii unele adjcctive prononinale S 817-81e) t \,rt; t ; . 4 - r d. ri " . / a ru a e ri i .n d ndi ' ' n i l rl ns " ' ri . ' 1" r" ' " d Dr nlir u r . l, r lp n a i l J 6 J b a n l ' p " " l d 1 S.drJ ! Intdesui untrl curirt. a pr.ciza, a lluri ietirmim: ",4 3 ve z i S t ! 0. nola 1 ! sels sr{matilal ($ !i. 4 unui
o! .'t
114 (Adj'ctinl Phrcse) Loou't'uDea adie.tiaald LocuIiuned ."{ 013 impreun; " ua i"Ji"uriii'"ons t l dinlr-un grup de crroli"teteie p""aic"t coreiuatc au'\.aloare de adictil': T. r-a i's , rto, 6,'dPntr" rl P: L s l d 'n r ' a1
. t h" aPa in{ o"; n L "v 'n i n ; " 'l s s T,i r,.l r'Ar,\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn? lli'.:nt vou folnil arvole glad la h?:]P !ou?
ddjettrvulni b)La.uL { 614 " rnoiutca-ub.l.,olivului pp rere ll
esie pus in genere Adiectieul 'lrribatiP 5: "lifi'

houses - thc nlce o&.1
615 616
(Pcntn detalii vczi S 2668 '683) 1, t j t i, ut L, r' c l t.a ti r " ' t' p u s .d u p d -\-rb 'au ddp" ' ofl pl ern" ntul (v ' rr F re mp re S /o / /oJr' .1 rd I c\i ; ",". are Itei funcl;ii sintactice: Adjectivul 3) l'urc-tii. a) pot\re li d.tributl Madse' a /iae girl. wa!-comi g to lcaI bo'urht sorne ioallen He is-a man /drd 10 ':lo!es !l'ase' ,) poate face Pade din P,'edt:"r: Conplementf: l)'')'cd nnme pre(licatie l(hedicate) The sLY is Dnr'' It sre; ddlnAD old shoe ieels eas,' 7 got readll i^ a lerY shorl trme'
Ji r" ' t
I $17
618
inteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i; ,') pentu.a campkta su'o*,r'",? .:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii" J.i,i'i'l'f "'i(

Resuh'!)l ( Pred.icate Prtdlcak of )| ' Re.sultt \' P" i n r d l l r { l ' " " l / ' l h ' g ' " u F ' _ o l " l L - 1" 1 sru' l ' r' s'l'' I boiied m 'ge cl poate fi complement circtmstunllal de mod: Thov came hom' 'ied' Tre'$ind llew coli''
620 S -
{ 621 s ii22
S 6f3 "-"
($ 750 760) are luncliile substanlilului Adieclivul substani,i'rat ( s 347-358). Ir. c0llPAnAlrr .lDJECTrrEl'oB
OF ADJECANDS) ICOII"ATTSON
"
ot,i- i.,"1, .:,.i.i I'i".r "u, ;, /;,,p. pri\in,l""

' ,rk.,, dmr -i-^," I l f 1
it.do.ud tno'J-r': it'tr 'l eomfa,alia adje'ivFlor p^"le Ii r'alizsti laeiobie'rr

He sas nn ollef workman ilrm his brol'her' iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory dd balrd'" [ler health lad been growing tJelr?/ it $as Des,l6t lundav
t'iri lmnnd' consii tle lart dintFo pmruzi!ierelaiira t-,t,"" r; e tttvt" ' ..) tk ti t" " " " . . "diectivah .,t:.' i ...;" ' . , ' i. ; : : : i ;" p ::;,:. , . . i * r, : \i 7 i Ino' ' un' ' ' d pr' rrl l ' " 1 lt on. r r ' r " n : ' ma ri " a ro rn a n r' d d i ' 2t 3f l, .A 3 Sens granaticat.
COMPANATh
ADJECTIVXI]OR
l!6
2) O compara_tie poateli fdcutndin rrri punctcde vedero: a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai

lle b 6 lizl ds Jane.
{ 624 s ii:15 s 62G s tig?
0.,)pentru a se
^rdLa
saperioritatc&i
T I" i 3 i i ,d ./ t,,d i J .n e lle is Ure fttud,r, ol all
c/ pentru a se ari|a
inferLorihtea.. He js less nt4 than Janc. lle is nDr g,,/os lia.l as Jue. He is,,,,p i.ds, Ilad oI alr.
3) Pe plan gramaticalse deosebesc trei gradode comparatio: a) gddul pozitie,clnd adjectivulnu a suferit nici o comparalie:
cold n ) o rc dul . onpat t t ir . rior .d u i nlF r ior ar aluiJ bcautiful " i n d a d j F .' i \u l a -ra ri o i n (u,ci retntr-un 1T" d sun" \ffl m c ' tri n g ra d u t p o zi ti v. sau egsl ;u arebi J: ' coldaf n,fe beatrtitnl tsnrerio.iratet lcsr cold /ss ieanriiut linfu.iorjtarct as cold n! ds beauliiui as (csatitare) not solos cotd as noi ro/as biniiliil as i r.riortrab) o tnsrl i re tn gradul cel
i 628
s 69$
q ,::i rl
g rd dul s npLr lot i! ..j n d a d j e c ti v u l e x p m i . t.) m ar tl )8 tt sx u c el m ar srd z u l :
S ft
most beantjlnl lsuDerioriiate) lctBt Ieauliiul (inlerlorilale) SLrperlativul poate fi: , i n d a \p ri m i e rd d u l .a l m a i tnal t sau , pl msi s .rzu' c') .s.up" t lo. t ir . r . , t o,,r. , . a r rn e u :i n r I nur ot , t F . l i1 i n mp s rr' tp c ' l a t' F o b i F c to sau l r. ti mpl Hc is ou. @sr .'italr. tracto. driver. , r" I" ^ t s rc ." ..l u to t ,t,p , rl d i d arp.. ! , i" r q r , I h. r v " b . n r. ry .tl 0 l t $ rp I b u t I I.rt " ,/j l roday,
.: r,:tJ
c" ).superlatte absolut, clnd arati o tnsusire tntr-un gradinalr ldri stabili lea urei comparaliidirecte:
,ca,.sr Fathol Tldnt y "u lof ) ^. r r d. , / jnJ ll, y { r n aor r ", L r ^ I ' im . Shp ; , . o"t ar , d. a. " I, pr.
S (i:t:i
Superldtivulabsolut, aneliticl se deoseheste Je cet relativ.sip n acfert: sup'rla i! ul rbsolul. liind d".nripLiv. ar",, "pnrul p" adierrir. tnsr."irea exofl mcri dp ar..ta allinJu-." pp I,rimut ptan st inLpr".utuilsup"r.Lerivul relitn ar",..rn,ul p" sdr"rbIl /rrr,. ri rqta Ajp'imt, d..,Fl.tL- tn ,:arF s. and obic,. 'IrrF i5 rl," 4osri,h,athc ot rh. boohs in th" librrj. tSuD""t. ret1 \ lle I
h thn 4o :l H . r" Trk! tq ,, \"p. t ir x lar p. l< 0"a. r bs . r no s t t nler t : . s . ( s up"r l olr r ,
. tj:]1
rve zi
5 638 ii 6i3
120 DE St l Pli Rl o ll lTr\TE collPAltATL\ icolljl-\illSoN oI sLrllr'IoRl lY) formeazl ln doxli uo'ltrrj' Corilarati{ul .sjsupcrlatil'ul do superioritale -se G3{i (tupi curn adjeciivcle sint scufie sau lungr' _'r i"nF' 'u i\"1- - r ' "n û 'on'frr'''i".:i ti:l; -\. trli$rlitolo sr'lrl. n rrr 'r lto/r"vrr' "J ,n"' r,r.ut,"rlu'i'raJ'u! la ll ,JjF' i\ul | ^'1rsI sau flerionard satoli): 6];
VioleL is a rdl, girl lPoTitir) \ \ .1. is r/,. lr ' I nlJ r r " 'n "r l s uip" | r I r ". ir . \ro . L rt" r" . 1. r ul I r f r
li:Js
(lenlru oonfnratil-) -:l LJ. Adiectileto lu gi primesc adveit)cle '?'rc (metoda ,nsl (pentru superlaiirJirare lrrecediiadjecti\ul in gridul fozitiv r:): n;ll"\ionJr. hJr' 1alitiia 'au (Po7ltirl
M\. sor is iut?lliaezl r",;o '", h' 1 1\ l"r L r "" N;:,1 ' / 1,buiBt r,' 16' t uo\ ' n ' r' 'lr -.n -/', p"r' l' i!orrrt
!lnt in]poFihildf Lrrlicatii cxacte in rrrN.mtaronrlrarli!; iLLjecrivelor l nrar!uio'rz rI rual l lrrr' .l1l i,,.t1diul:n crr-,n rtis lirnla in! r-ld i' " " on" { rrl hiir.irI r'-"r:i r '.,' t" oio-t,"'-".r0'. l^rm"lor ' L'/'lr ' ' ^n '/i" "r rntpns":r lru'rualre o d-rrn'i crpli.ilri. p"nr.u lol" -s, ^" '' l",.;";l in uzanla curent,a. crescindi ''-in cvr I ii .tl' Lion."n,'spi'ul'rl '""rnd11liFiidjt''i\"lor " l- (,caI -l pFntflr rel p\pmplo '..'nrri' 1"lu'' t'le rnd"roni" .1u exocdiftl!uma..u '!en sarl aDruF sir aibi'trasate unele reperc, ahiar instabile, ' ontradr'torri onErhrcc ull"Llertsur' inlrlni jo.. vor i rrorii erpu.e mai ,1,. finthl 5eamrd" drirpl" nrprimori drt"rile, ol'i.ii 'onlrJri: dsr rLr \of ri"a 5J.rru Irc,inL4rp:l 'iur. pentlLr int'rLocutnn'tnt tn'! $ttL sau sn lie acuzatide lipsi de con.iderslic he on thc safesidc. ri 639 a. colrP,rRrTll -LDJltfrrvrloR, sorr-rirrl o[ sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul) lcolrlAHr'sor ,{cessLdcategorie cuprindc: z I adiccti']e monosilabice :
i l a b a: .i l -Ld' , d: ' rr' -,' r,,1 p " n ri rr' i! . . u n I srrl D J: b /s //d i ' " , 7 nim - r oa" " a d j t' ri \p ' u ' ' ' pnl ul l n Ll r di adjectirelc trisilabicc ct preii\ negati\. l\Iai{fitatea acesLor adjcctive au ambclc forn]' tl conparalie: [ot" ' o Fl ,t0]' i : ' tr ' rr- F" ' i o11, , *or o i ' .r s u l i r" l o -' ' ;i t ' ono ru b) h l
;i ili;;ii";i;
ai";i,ai.,t"'-i".t" ir\'a' 'L!, ''r, r' -o", -ro'rcsi srle
Dxemllc UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive fofireazii irr tnod norma] conrparati{ul iIL -cr ii suDerlativul ln -esl: ' 1) Adicctilele ile o si guri lil^bti ( nnosilabtte)l lnrc olear thitr, otc ga.r llrctuplel .iear -.l e u e r lat - htter garcr ga),
-.Ic a r$l - lattcsr - g.xesl
! 610
127
2) Adjectirclode aloui sital,cfD8ildrfu, terminatetn -y _ay: fi

bu: . . Dr l elrsy !,l !p j likely i \.h m. ]t\ sicktl:, etc. _busiest _eastcsf. t.i 6 n d ri p . " | ' L t .t _I0rclesr
s 641
E x e m p le :
Dus y -h u s i e r easy - e8ie. ! : " , 1J' .v . tr n d t," r ..i ,.\t r loncly -ton,"lier Ob se rv alie
prefc s 64! cu ;i superra'if, ,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;':!:';i:,i:,:'nparaLi,

r',/ ml j ili bleJ i' r j- . ri \' t' r
glad
tn a r,s ;td b ;,..
$ 8,rs.
sii|I
llji
i,'iIfi n"r,,,ul
adjectil'cre ,Islrd'ir' tcrninate in

arg_ry
risk-\'
-y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe '
6t+
iliifr'!Y
'x.tx
"1,""v
l.id r
locc.i
.J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.t.orminatein -er, -Ie, -ow, -sotne gi -urc: biticr teebl. hollo* g.L,esome 'i"l i"n :i ..'
sol4
i 6{l-r
tend.r
h u m t.t" noble
srD[e
lo$ stall,,w
vc]ror,
wholcsomo
",". dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.e bisilabicecn acccntulpe prinm tabd: qlier ..r!r" nile ,rretr rcal s siupid,.tc. lteasui 'ppie ,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntul pc Ltitna si.tabd:
ibsurd dF.reet Irrolound .oDcjsr minute: totitc .cmdte sinccre, ctc.
;illlli:.
s 616. s 617
. .n,,,j1orri, ,a .j/ u.r_-o . /l .'a;",,;, .la +..:tol,. .t, ! r.t: n d4t .1..t bt.tlai.t.,,t r .1rr ru ro.t ior. Et, trin ,rti\rr.:
nnkindly
( r:tr
l lormelc llcxionaresilt ori..grariatctr tiaba..ng1ezl: nue .t. oa.Zesr.iar nr Srr\ rri d t.l r x t r J , r . t l{ : m i i !s .u l l e 5 rpaioi a(ljectiv (cu lrononlia dilrtr.le roc.n .-
t9t
urt.rD, unl.;i,nv fr.: $ h rr\u inpoini lt.Pleasant rniidlJ u n h o | t; - i'npol'tinsrxfd insi"..r,. er,. trnhary "s imPatitEsl
'
lilg
lor' nono' si.bisilubiucu gradede compara,lio adjeclive llrceplii: rnate analitic (lumai cu more fi most):
4 o.d L mun osilabld i ,.' n 'r d r " r c " n r u . ;;;:; ia"r . t , " t . . t - s it . t "o! \ ' I l;:i;;. .oanl r ' o nth ",. b i,o-., b ". r . 1 r a do. , r \ ' laL' r ' 4 1 r r r r ):01 1"t' (-' Itr r m ' id r ' ) r or I d " (a' t r ' l 'r , r " ' i p' l lur n .1 r.n;r t a"' t ': ' ' ' 1d '" 'l r' :'l u t 'r' oDir r r ilr . otat n' . ' t ,xlj"cfirpl.p rnJna"! lirer upr er i\ ul ^ 'l n ' r" irr' n l]Jn nJ du t o ' . l a h i l i r ' adiF"' : \ , 1^\n rf.Fr",o-rp rrlli"i
tl'r,rezi.'..r .lur,aan'rmi -,rirorii . r t ur .,l n . . j u' l i . i o c" Tr mud r'^ rnrl '^- m,i nbi:rruit"'e ir,' 'u 3 l'rrrl iu-r''nlorll nJrat;" d'li,clii"lor hi..ilobi"p l:"ni* ri'i- " qi -Fv,,,np.lnd "Jj..riv"l" bi"ilibi" mir pu{i'r ohi-'ruir"f' d" ""miirair" u dj,rrurulf^t'n"lur I 'rlp)iiorr"r'" unirnri ' 'u "'n' 'rr.'d"1. cu ambelelorme de comperatil'li super' adjectivele lt;l ln'ceea ce pri.!.c,ste in D:trc mnsurn dictate de eulonie, riLn:lativ. aleqereaiirt.e icestea esle exrres;''iiite. Pe linsi aceasta.in lir a votbiid si l preferato fornele llcrii(naie. pe cind in ldba Lterard se lotosescnrai mult fomele oonstNite 'tnarL si nost.un.l. adiFci\p.u nusn!n"\clu'rv lilprlrd - 'J onl;qa" b;:a"l hd sir7u".t". avin,i.aEr, um .-a aru ' i649r.' mJr torm'la nFrl'\ion1' "r sc conformeazi acelorasiuzanle rl Li;2 . 3) ,{.lto pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte
loor ' \lho li\r on tlc r pp' . lld r r'.vn "5 r $ 6 lf . . lir lp. , Lr nuLr ' . Ou tlfu inchdcs ihc proauction oi lhc cl,i.,r, \1'eren't l.he littlc bov's {ords the
,ii,[
witfs
4) Concluzie.- In englezaconternporani au sparl tiparele in comparat:flcxionat, lotme ca nlore!lat1' n1't' rdieciivelor, pe lingi mon;- ;i l0isilabele .oi|t. n"r, obt". niro prau!, not sutl 'au n1r" hat. n 'lauda - rulrt" i n'o'" o"'1. t"ore ' kn"" bud l" BllC -,bior uulplin". 'nplcorul^si;o,le w'tr-al,'t*d. na\t tr ll'ihlar d. n,oJ 'r'tl dt'ss d - plra tinaar. no.t iormFlein i/{ si -pd ru gradr dp ,.rnparali' lln\io rHr'z ro0l- 'rpbrrr' r,irr,rri im. dov' dindu-seuiranti lrdi leri'iL ;r''pi"1r" li irlpr"idr)l' elocvente !i lraparrte cind se abat dt la ltorn{ decit conlornindu-se, curnni: acesteia.Iiete de fapt, era noului. a ruper;i iuturor ldnludlor, a incercini : oelor nlai indrezn!; fi ,,trnsnite". din care izbucnesc adesea idei genirl Excnple:
1 " t , ''J h4t L t r ' r l " r ' \ 1 1 1 " \' \ o nc ot th c aood , a/ 't h " C n ; t ' o \ b 'c ''l r o i Itth . lo"t 't'- 'nns ! t nr lb' t ol 11"' t t "t ' ll l\ r ll r . lt , . , P t 1 " , ! ) . DorF b c"f-tno sn lo n- t hP. L - , , i44 'th"thrt r r ' t r J l r '. . 1 r 5 'r p p l " r l{ m n"' j"' l. r Th .-r''lu/ 'a " 1968) . '1...) LMdon nn:: an th. ,.t!J ro ,.,,,3 ll't lciilinscs{ ll"a I lJohn os|onf. ''"""!l; ,f tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i'aftt ,*t"r,"*"., ' 1906) . (Pcni trltimele l. c i . iiat ! , . i. S 6t 8r ' llhc tLLrcv comcl' t I
r lii'i
*7.\dall
r" ?1 .* ", r1.^4li,anno,at

t \ l . o l "- .r , t"n d r ' " in c,- l
apa a -at , e t . n .
a ab
,n L .ta "t
t-rnu.
1!:-.
l a:
COMPARATIA
1!0
..Iar pe cotorutcirlii Guinncss Bookof Reco s 1971,printre alte superla:i|e este dat mostestr." E\.ident ce aoeste citaie nrl constituiemodelede urmat. Ele alrartin . nuid o mFniu . a rc 1 na . c . t . a z a l lu r u r o rli.pnlplor- dom.niul srrii' o ru lu i, !u poatedaclLsd ne edifice,pe unii locindu-ne, pe a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
B. CO}I?AEATIA
{COMfAIUSO\
ADJECTIYXIOB
I,TNGI
OT I]ONC -{DJEqIIYES)
s 663
liv p,.i larli"ipii formeazrcompdrativul Urm;roarplF d.ie, Si superlativul | 65,1 prA pdind adjectiYele ' L djurorul adrerbplnrnorpr .:i ,l?ovz ;i participiileln sradul pozitiv: 1) adjoctirele mai lrugi ds doud silabe: $ 666
atiractiye }eautifut (rcativc cu.ious despoidcnt imporl,ant
Ete mp l ul rtlr!(iive nore atiractive nost attractire dependable -more depndnble -nict dpendanlc
2) numoro:rse adjective bisilabice pe prima silabd: eu aceentul

lSill. d o,il. tdr ' , t e rraglre hostilc acid . , n ,,i d t i \:d .onstant ,.a s r tr.re " t lrddent ; dd. t1.:o..,.. ..
S ri".,6
advcNc t.opcf In special adjeclivcle bisilabice termir.rte ln ,t.'. -tsl, -tlc, Jcss Fi -o"s: r.ri r. L r ,i ., Ioolish tnilhlcss .toJous.ctc E te mp l e: r{ti* more fttivf .omic rnorc comic nrosl lonrn loolish - mor loolish - nDsl toolish (Vzi ,!i S 611 61,61 3) parficitiile adjoetivate ,si adjcctivele cu sufi)ic p&ticipidle: s k rl te d I h a .m i rg u!!rt lrdncd .rnvnicilg. el,r.
E r e m V Ie:
m.st. slrn - morc skilled - nost skiled -mo.e cliar.i.g -nost cha.ning L x c c p ! i i : crooked,Ei tritAc.l. care pot aiea lsi formele fleriionare. skill.d charming
h stilul tatnilidr, pentru a se accentua si mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv, 'L n er^dFF ddj,,li\F. tn .pe"iat.cl" in -obt. -.t. -[,]t. -;J :i -;ng. ,oru:i .upFrtai!uL ir 'FrmiIdre 4.{ nu au .o^ pdrativulln -rr. formear,J -...t.la'dFt .J lo.ma netlolrorArn l
Jq ktrd rd -1 . biflp n,. I I ,r"rr'p s, .h, p r'.rp. . dnd d. s ' o. j, nlr ir fr J gLl, sr ' im pid. . r p ic id. . d nm lab, ps t .n"ible. r t im idpr ' toyalest tircdest Do yo.Df damnedat I He was the .asgrd6r clild. . 'r n n 'n q p c sinn,ni.sr ss.nsinsN doAs"d.l dninlenest. etc
S 658
I CoDptuatjvul adverbului nr.r. s iJuptrlatirul idrp rn!l'r' ni, / l I - c..natica nmbii cnehze
130
659
4) ntte ptuli do rorbire a.dieotirate:

The v dall' ^m P:
" mu liis nelheNso lle loted-o* than uncleio him

660 """
Yo; d,
,, i'"'
bd !r: 'r';,,",P
1,J1"1,', p,n., -.
Notd douir comparattl e Un substantiv sau chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de adverbul tn're cu cotsiruii ali ;et tn -cr terminat unul * fo'"t"" aii".ite. pe a'alitica {concea prccedd .i.teiice (h -,. sau'e'r) i; ;;;";;;i;;; struifi cu mo,'e sau mosl,):
She looked ,.ot" ot r\e Lwn ti; ?!tarc' and rhe hoft cteeet ie iii-lr'" "ia;", idpii de.progresje Pentru simpljlicareins6, pntru rpdarea "ssu,pentru jn lnod, obj\nuit' trrfixul -l la adjdctivele scurte'care pnm'sc *"".t"""", mote: d!Frbul on'lrrrilS comparalivpoi avea si forma ' ' 'r a'd m"' e't"/ftsins llian erer'
'
ilffJl"' ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iix o ' om" dd' ' r rnot"t' tP dnt ' P at f o r" t ; . fi o ;'
' o ' r!R " r' a m' s,:;" if ;'i\i,"i"ii'^!:o r. R;a'"i"'""ii; "'," He te)\ tu e deld thaD axve
S 661
S 662 """
oRroGRArIrl
!o'al; dF o siDgurd a, Adjcclilele rPrmina'"ln r o 'un'oana'zprF"pdar! -Ps/: onro"nJ i4ainrpa'uli\plor -pr $r 'ldblpa/i sl ".rr'l'qi "i.."trr0ra bigg"r - biSg' t,,c - th nnesr rrin - hinnFr prcedatd de ln celelalte cazu (adicd atunci ctnd consoanalinale este nu est'eaccen_ precedenti vocala clnd sau consoand, o alti doua vocale ori de iuatl), consoanafinalE nu se dubleazi:
sweet deal solt qniet -sweele. - dcate. -s o l i e r -quteler
663
,J Adjectivle ternjnale sulixelor -.I sau -sl:

nice lrue lree
jn 'e mut sau in 'ee pierd pe 'e linal lnaintea

- nicer - t.!er
ri01
jerminrra in _/ pre''dsL dF o \o'aln neac'entust; , LJ adlc.li!Flc (nr sr in.ca amprrcsnaJ: In limba pnglFTn / fin-l eslts,l,rblsr -ca'elullest -ra'etul]er -cheedullest -cheerlull'r o ellest "r'-""ii"t ordcl -cruello tivele lernrinst" l n -y p re cedat de o consoa i dJ '\dji srrlixelor in -i inainrea '/ :L - dricst'r drie.r drJ -lazrest tazY - l3zi|r
r Uniis.dirori nr|.rpreiear. h a|sr cazconpuati{ulnde r\ d" ' i n ,.i d !,' , d ." i 1 1 ' o n ' p;' J r . le- r , t , : , r ; - " . p ar nl, iv ulli! ' l J n g l $ rl a trr trru l /d rl F " t Cu t r c ep tra(o n s o a rP ro,, r ! tr _ ' dtYest. dtyet aaris n't "Uncori schi nbn p-:l
666
0afiind sinonimo adsf,ral : orrrnJ )' r' Lrroi '
COMPA&TIA
t81
Ctnd ins[ -3, fina] este precedaLd o vocali. el se meo.tin: gay - galest -gaJe. cov Eacepl iil shy sly
itl,{ wry1
ADJOCIIYECU FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId )l-0riDour, aT-tr Urmdtoareleadjctive ar fornre neregulatepentru gradelede comparatie:
Pozitie
s c66
Canl.lratir
Superlalir
l
ilt lilile
I
{
\1o.st
I litl.lesi
t t
{ J I
J oldcsi I l.lihesl. iarth.rnost n ' .th emrost I l ,rrl h c s tr.
rarc
hind
I iitst hindmosl, hindcmost
de ad1erb, Urmdtoarele cuvinte, cind sint la gradul pozitiv,au tunc,tie iar la gradele comparaiiv Ei superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv: (beneath)
{'D )
s 667
(our) (upl
l compdaiivul
I uLmosi. ultcrmosl upm0sri uupernosL

adjectivelor ,r.v 9i,,y si t adeseo.i ortogfatiale ti
qi.sute.lativul
r Icn ru ,.1 1 si ,l/. ru va oar e dp adi"c liv . v "ui s i { : 64 a , - 6 q b 3t d4hc" r Ia -t r,rob dL : 1,la or ieine, . onplr ali\ ui ddv " " l , u l u i / o 'e . s d . d J p l 'r n i i !L o ri. a l" i /o rtr /u";t .I f!|. un s r n: r lJ Liv ior m dt dupd . , r l* . npd. ri:n d la oris n . .o m of f J liiul aJ v Fr b- lui , , jn; , "d"" . e r '! u n d 'r b l u r o m p " r a l i v i dverbulu jatsn. ncr, a losi sunolatiiul fo,l d or ' s r Dor n"t l, iv F t or ' nar . d r , I d l . i n l d d s " " L 'n u i / , r , i " rcrcn^t:tr;''an - d . pl 1d\ "t n ) t D 'n o r t t n l 'r , b " n g f r l , -p ? , cslp ul i.omp ,mtiv ror nr ' la n". ' '
132 668 pu'otele cardinal au urmitoarele grade de -{djactirele rele toare la comparalie:
easlmostl. casternmost no hmostl. northernnost souihm.str. southernmost westmostl,w.sterndost 6t i0 ru l orma nprcln s r ar i da a' F ' l e l o rm" m a i ' \i ' ; o -c ri ' .' l ' sunprl sl i ve l a unpre t?' s/ . p ri r' .d ' u !' a rF s .u p F rl l i !L l u i ' r ' prmrne!r' !u l a j e. . ons lr ui adjectire sau adrrbel
n p
i.d
n c .a .o rn o " ' i J o r l h "I r't\csouth{nnan leak ol ihe range \ " old. f i; 0 r, fo' .t' P a .n , n " l p i d l -' l i \F C. s i ' n lin, b ' r ' o' 1" d .o" ' puo' ; nt l ^rat' o.tP quu' apt' ^n4t ri , D ' s l ' ' u b t i rp ri ' pc t . . r r ' " ' r ' rf' a iie ' rrr d ^ "i i ip l ' ' nl ru i di l l n' l r\el ' si nr ,' rF p n rn t. i rc n " . n t;t j-ri r.-1 L n ' o rIo l rd r \ ' cu ' " l .rIj ' r i r' r' . . -. , , b. , r ,.''"l" , .r F . ; J i .i ' l ' i m, p ri nt r e ac es t ens e a fl i i o i e ri e d e c i l .c rr L rrj n t. Iro\.nrtP tal e qui re urn nmra ,l r^ l ' i , F .h l u rn ;:i i r' l l " ' Joru\i nrul rpo-ra' ' : l d ,i n ' i. ar l' J r "
r cr n o r ,
b@1. of
r .p
P\ nJ or
opt i LUnl
671
n E a numpro (F quD'l I n,ili 'r "n""'/ 'dra'ler:7 'r pri- praT' i ,in,l '-.I oruti in -od "ul"r'r',r sjr'"ial tnrraiul lerni in laLi,; -..e tnrrln,., "L.otu - adeseorisi in ccl masculin - lorme ca: ihe mosr P.r/4" lit e lat
ine 9t,,a'des' jnzz brnd a rcr!/ tnique clild p"*"r poise in anvonc lor hcatd a nDa ?aled musical)' I harc neac. seer ".ou she sill do eelg York ler olporllnity. Giren '.DrlaDle
\t ( d t itu t" . s\
neregulati obse alii asupraadiectirelorcu gratle ile comp&rafie
$ 8i2 ! 6?t
Itt
1) Adjectilul tll (: bolnav) are formle de comparalie neregulate ttors'
Sh " (d. -,s" She \Y.rs tu.. \ t h, l I c a\ hF"lis r : s hr h J J c d l l e d u p l a r d o ' o r ' ak n to noop|ar' s h n s h" \ "' f adiJ tZ /@ree, ihan rYc thougnt"
674 "''
si'ft ln SLiA' ill estechiill si'e arlie(Livului 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnul avindacela;iinlels: i;;;al ai atlieciivuluisi(A'anbeleadjective ""}".t"i;ii
t Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate. : hr1dn61 '3 afietu^t los.rmost : lae.st.
in the e,s n dle 'tui.lmost: 6 tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap. r tn l.tna st la! , s l I\'?r ri r'.h-'la\ t . ll \ l: l ir j r 111 oP. r r ' ' p r a
5l
co@aRATu
183
l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este iDtrebuinlat numai prdical,iv.r\tribuliv ti ca adjectiv substanlivatr, este lnlocuii prin st./r (: bolnav):
t l. a, lt c oti ! ) t ot t ibbu! )
(substdntie) The si.l musi be caredlor. Cind lnsi sic& estelntrebuintat predicatir. lo &dsi.A are in ,{nglia nuanla de: a avea greatri (la propriu), (iar la tigurat) a ii sAtul pestemisurd de cineva
(ptdicatio ) "You look livid. af. you 3i.l?"
_ ,, r.s,rd'\ - l l.tsl t , | ..,1 6 \ o u l o Jk,// L,1 ' nJ H F F 1 .r ,l n ' "n . 1 p i\ n n ,, /,.1 i\p on n" . ", ".1l l o.\:
"As st./. as a.atl I am alwavs sdst.l *hen I cross the Chinnel! - it's alw.rls ronsh. and I nm such a bad sailor."3 I'n si.ft la;d lire-,i) ol felliig her fo do her job t.opcrry.
3) Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle {r.ll sau in good ltahlt. In bad heaLth S 6i5 este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti!'ului til. tnsnmnd ,,sdnitos" ln sensul de a fi iniotdauna sdndtos.rezistent la holi. robust. 4) IlL ri trotst, norst poi ii !i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:
I woD't hale Jou think ill ol Jour felioF. lSlbst.) l' ll t binl @roe ot l,im il he doc s r ' l c om e. { Subs i. ) Let him d o h is !o rr. t s ! is r . ) Ii wiil 80 il, $iti Xon il ]ou don'l oneX Iour doclor. (Idv.) I'o.J plaJcd Dadly. fiona piar.d,orra dd Elsie played ao.-"l. (,,\dv.)
Little. A littlea,- fcw. A I$a

1) Lit e- - LittLc are cinci lnlelesuri principale: O lAlhs \lntn substanliv plural) (contrar: narn) : , pu,tin(i)" (: insuficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs ti supeflativul /.asl _sieste intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile (nullle do Inalcrii, d abstraclii etc.):
lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri intelesl. She has lri& (: trea pltille) knowledgeol DnglisJi,so she .a.'t rad inis boo[. 1..$ joy, lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn. les.s noisc Hc look the line ol lcas, resistarcand accelteii to be pui on a diet. , b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci fnre substant iy plu ra l -si gr ade de c om p a ra l i r) :.,p u l i n (e )" (: .rceva" .,,ni qte" :si noni nr: son1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele care nu au plurfll: a til1|emone\, a tiltL winc,.r little wliile. o lnre jnicrest She has d hirL (: cevar krowledgc or Xnglish. so shc ran reid thjs )ook. p rl nj , t L " n . l ' .v ' r : I' a n d b /s b p .d u .dI l J\d /,,,r J m oiP v . ].1 n .J n ,s 1 l i v ., ) | 4d n h ' ,j ' n i - h l n d b .s b F .d u s . I h \d o 1." t" ,- c" \al I m on r! \.a n a ,' ,ri i v r' l v e ,i i i S 6 8 7 ) cJ lilll (+ subst. p1.) : ,,mic(n)"6 se referd la f.irsta copiilor nici ;i a animalelor tinere (: pui); are comparativul yourger ti suprlarivul Soangesl (iD stilul familiar,lirer qi hlles4: Ji m i s r l, t r , boJ hp k m! t,o o k sF ll ilt F r ' 1onr / i rd o ;ts l \l l a p ,i i ,l " .D r" ,4 r sl i d d" Iranl a. CanalLt i InA I is h) r har " 4 'Tl s p FL. a bal siilat .r rotdcaum de .,lu de m re: !r//,ti /./bint dJ " . t j\ p, , "uieri ri rrri v " s d u n ,h o ' a rt" d e r" rm:nari v.r.ol i utesi of,! s lD ' ad j .ri vp npholr ' p ( dp rp rm i n d ri \., 82t . 6;\d j cct , v delf , r ninaliv 1 S 8 2 1 ). t\p 7 i S 6 -{djectjv calilicaliv ($ 609J.
s 676
S $77 S 6;8
g 67$
g 660
134 Tnp sn arrca {a s lr J ine I ' r / ; r r L o' P' Th" /;,/P' kjd ' 5r r r pk ' d r n or nqnr ' He is our /t',6'| (onc) (Ian l ' o i;
S 6!1 "' '
1 p tLinr'1rlor'dnrrai plrL ' mi46' .r,liah(r:ibubFl 'l'F';il:':. compad' gra4F t' l; d;m'r'siun' i-do1"r'LJ"i r^re'd ..rn* ;t,u, lPast "'r"hri asrazrr 'ru I s''13 si superldri!ul f1L;r.ompstr'rt'lp'.s'pu1rnu'i:ar (j!i stilul tamiiiar' lil'61)r
i r' ti 1 " m' nd " u1 I ' ' . llr l. r oo d i ' 1 l P n. r n- , no t , " a n J n h l l h ' n d n rs ' L
'h tlrc t?ss2' tead h rr l.ssrr \o'L j, ll' r l' iet loc r q
tr 6 s' J(
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o' /"' r /
' lF a "" i" , . , ' " , t , . r" a ' ' o " i J U " u r ' l L ' j tn e /td e s -t c r nLlPlla r lt r i l T lt lir , . 5l lh ' n A' o l d a rrYIn e J o nrrrnl d afecri { 6 v rrs l s :' r d rr' " run" ' ' f" ( C\i J t nJ t t t 1 1 " - IF l " ' l u ' Lu t 13' I LLLt s u r d x n rn u trv : lls dulins lt'rle girll (|'.tila tur dragi Il Iliess rour li'l' lrei'L l ((le ntimioal1 bun{l) . . s hc hadillc l n o s td c l S n l l u l n l ,i .v o i c e ' th cgal estl i l tl l uugh,tl l eni osti N oi l ati t' g lirlc vars s c ' ' F i rl o' ' ri ' pri r' st" d// " u.grr' l el e de ln li r Lr " i l ry d mo d e rn a /J // e GD:i mar rFt' rn l " si mpl d drrnFn5rurre ! t l. r tt rq i s n ttt" \t' o tu n ri ' i ' l ' ' ""' ,"- " . i, 1i" i, i ' olp' r' u n ' u b s rd r l i \' o n ' re l : ', "i " " " I s aF aS we tl l ,l l c h o u s c .m n c n s n a /l ? /| h { nJox.si i ,l l csnd]/' s,hoIB eIl l ' Lveeve
j'"
$ riAl
i./.CuvintullirrlePoateli '"i:
ll'he /tl, (adj) (subsll I caa gile votr is, l'n atraid' loo lirdc
,.o r,/,r. dome ,Fve f;:'i liJ;"li$"'."' g $c l lPr ^v er lr

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S 085
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lt lc I r . l. I n
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A tenlLe
" ""'." "':,', lj:i ii i;l ::"ll r.*:,:' F.:'l; r l:il ;"1' *r ""if, n '" -'t'i '* !l i - t' / v ' ' ub' r ' pl r ' . pulr r r * , , . t " ""' r , i . ' . . ' i r" *l s''':f;1;::r,,,ti.llijj:::,ll::ijii;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1
r r lr r f r Lit r s f oql ': ,\Lj(r lrv l\:!rrn ri plr r r al. l" r s l' eLr r t e
:t:f.':;l i
'til' O(.',
,,',1;,rl rl,;.1; " Id'tDredrd'iv ,ti 'j :, l', ,:1, :,;:1

LJ o d' 1Dt hll
coMP-AnATb
135
nF!".j).]:i 1l I' nuanla puzrtrir: arri'l1l"l:

tI. Lal nid "
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.
,-or oo,'ul 'oncr,., r:il^rlr t,,tt .i o [e'.'.,tc

., "r , t ii nt".r \ lf r
ll-',q rp
n.,q"
/,"
I . u, in. , - i, . d.
nrd mJd
't,,4 ,/1
.,iifd
.' / , r
lr i"nds
o I n, r ' l: m
.;
l,,nelL
de p r i , " n i
ILi.r,
1l :i ft{rcr. Leasl.i tc$c.t. Drt tiind .r t1l/p( cub.,..(./ n, pri. { fbb . I:\ pa. n,c i ar'rrra r,!r/:r i- -ub-'. pl.rn,n ar.t. /"* ri /",./,iin. rn" n"t",," ";^r rFntrta',. lptFr Fi /Fs"o' p-n,ru ru n if. I o,Uti, , umF0ro tivul /as'.,rFir:a raondndi l 6 ti" Flirdt ppn-rut..t", irFn f^rm"i r. .i, rr. i in/r 1,'in rrmba pnsrpri ronr.mpo,a,'ap",|'ru i p\p"i_d I un,..rur, l'1::l: ri !l"gl' op.r ,rr .ompJrirr\ Ft pozrl.\ut,r' /. r :
ks.s r.oots Lls clorhes lprs leopte There ]rcre Lsr thsn ten p-.opleir ihe wa,uns-rood. 4) Little ,ci much sint antonime. ca ;si pluralele respectire te\r si rrany.
ti^m..
S {i89
llnrb. lli
Ir. -
urh. Long
s 690
q ri rt
l ' ]l u r b. llant . l tl .,,s t. s s .rc .tp rn rrFb,ri r,,a,,,r.ub.." nti \p n num ta b t t ps t F \ pr i' 1li. d n i tr..a :" rb d i " rp ^ rrj v i . n o n,t 1 -rbrt. nt r. i nrl e. D y! n l a (u s ubs t anli\ . nu d p td h i l .. i ma n L ,rd r rt . D eo.Fbi rasdtnrr_ rco.te "\
:: l i " i , , : i " . 1:.",.t,.,.h r cp4'i,d.i,r!^ c'bi,.adinrrp rd i. , r; \ F r,
/ r, . . i
/.,\.
.,mu{:h', ,,mnny', prin sinonimele lor. . 2) Intoeuirer cuyintelor !i Cu_ vintele r?rci Fi r?anl sint, adescorjinl;cuite p"";'"inon;,"t" tn", ,-"*rl fi*, a La..t)dpdl tott. pt.pntt a[. t t,,! tat) ttam.\.ta6 (of) \tarr.). t?.)|u t,ton1, .rnonime tl d.Fstp se a.langd d tvud qara:r.tttt tnanu . o yod) nunbq (o[)l sr d /nr:p {sAl,o "t,al Tlr I h a d J i . n ,'hh"d In In F .o o o F r .,' v,
a
{ 699 '
..d | 1 soot) d.dt ot thc n,t\rF !.4 t b""'1,"ri1""1!ii.:""f o " 'vprd' oa +H,:'IJ':'il";i ;"rl!.:'"""' ' ''""" . ot t i np^.1'
" r,.
T ha'
i l; '" rl ' ; , : , 1 j ": ; ' , ,i 1 i ," i 1 1 .,,,,,

\ "F.
lot a t too . l . , t . oi- " ". d, lv t o L. . 6r t ot t , , t h , . j r , t F n s n m . . . d, I n- r na . , t : 0 r I , n d _ , n U , . d s " r s . B,"ot o e. . d ) t , nt b4 ot t h . r r in, or n,, h .i ,,,"t,,t ".te mai t i. , Lr j , r t t ^ r n . t d I s , r i - . . i t
" 'd
Jd' iol' ,
mdr i{ .
lll "chr ln r"Fdi.p .rrr - inoni , , ; nt out .. l o l ^ . r Jll,; \..F\it.,.u.,'rlo lat of . t ot s olt n
lil,llurb. T.or-9. lLu,:h ,t lun! -jnL uneo sinonime si se traduo jn Umba .a 69J roIar., pfln r.nur(;) . , i ,[ ,],o-pbi,^l "ta1r.r n f, exprim.l cantitatca. numirrrl, morc sugerl t jdeea de ,,. ,,artiijona1,., lrzs e\pinlA !durai.d,, i r.inlp:
'l'ip r is . ' t ioo d. n r 0r !) ro nos. Ilt tilf s 0' ie, , r . c ak e. . . " 4o, . qu. . r o i o, , d ll." .- ' p tri n r I o in" Ar . I ne s o, , p -,r.-
" " ;-:t r1"r.1 i pli:,i,i,r: t,'rl'" :iLjl lr,,Jtitr'i*l]. ll;,ii';iir,i " " " " '" " n e n !""r ' r ' ""oud L Jnlp":,i rr\" .. 1 .rn r r r. ,r" ," rn:Iarj \( ,6 82r.
:1 !..!, s i , t , J
,.ii."1 . . . il J , l : ' . ; ; ' , ,l' ' : "" '';';.l rr'
r30
""11;'1,i,l;;,, t "1;,"1i-: li";: i),l',T,, *"'". """':l'1".'"i'l:;':

S ti9.1 der de furclie' - 'l4arh poate aveati funclra 4) Schimbare a) subslantLe '
i inT;;.::''';;"""
':'l''"i"'t
"**' y,' i"i;l"4#"T'i'if :iiiti','fi'1"

He js ha'l belter toilaY
b) adterh:
s t rig; "-'
lrrelor pozir'i!Pr}Jx"l s' E'r' forrd dP sulPrlarit al P'lj' quoqran 5r llocl. /r'x"" ) :r 'u ,,,,,i.':;';,.Fhu,ni esz;.u."r,-;"i'ri'.t',",""o4tl
r.r"a*o )'1il,rrl'i'ii'" .l'Tj"'.1"""i #-:"i''"Tf
'
*a" r , " :. i, .a ud " r ' r r c,b s'n r ; '; 11n i, " , ! , i , " i l ' , 0 , " . ,d ' ,".r u b . .r ' . <r ' i \ u
h at" r hd 44 r ' on \ ' ' " Tho ;"n^ r-{il rt"., n{'nle lik' lnlstr r ' ol a l ^ '\ ' l i r d I 'd p l r )
-''. i: .sr;" iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n; i';Ti''''"b""r"'

less' more lqr ca;i comparativele ti) llost;i lcrst rint antonime, Elder' Dldest 0ldcr' 0ldostl
.,i,;1. i!'id?:'' ;'I :l"i:',1"1";;: i:ll"
( 691; { 697
s (i98
""
Erdosr. - q":;",r:,1,i r, ildts,. :"0.;i1"""' 1'. lf t nr r x pr r o ll,:l".il;'iil.j'liXi,i qe rr'r P nt em lr ilor io a pli";

I i'as an ,lda son' {h",. m! rt . \ r \ r s lr .
i ; i ; ' i i ' "' ; . :

L, . nr i. o c
,j .li ,; " 1 ';;" " .'mr'" ' ' /p ) """
H' Ii"h s"" r no*lr Pd

" l ' ri at' rrl ui l ;i l ' hm
Ti: 1"":": :'':i':';'" .t],i';,':' ;l;;ii',i;*:tii';l ::*:i'if t,;;.'; r""''""" ""r' Iir:;i,,; llli..'.1f".''i:i l''ll,l'" ,""' .,1.'';;: l.'l;:ll, ":l;1'"
n iaLa { - n; 1i t" " ''
ro rn p ' " rp l i c a l i p ' r' o a .ral ol l i rr 'p
i1 .;.. ," "li::;î1..;lj.;'Iml ;rj:"' rrd'a' ' '' ''' p^ 'h" r'rras i",;"{i li l:l ri'i,"I.1.,.::'":;"-li;*
: v i 'i 'c e l o f c r \ o f u r m d l i n 1 'e cn L., c,ou, ". ' ,
*illi:: liiii*ll*-* iilr;rrN" ;,1';,li*; llil-.,,," "*llir !h? Etda. ;;'.;{,:;1,i;'i;,,-ii 'Hlii'"i'ii.,-.. r-oB. ,.:d.nu,n,' t n') a 1 t'
*'i*lj"illit,,i;i';;,:j:r';;:,l.rtt,''"*i ]'::",,.,"..,r,u,,s r \u dit /,ie nld' ; lr nt ' u J I i deos ebI o
COIIPARATA
13?
tTdel poato fi ,ri sub,(tantiv cu acelaqinrleles lnrgil: Uv b.o!he. is Da ,lnr nv th.e rea6. Yi,n sb"dld onslnpr louri Fa?r's She rcsistedurc adrice ol he. .Id,./s.
s 699
Comparatkr .ld.r u poate fi urmat de coniuDctial/rd,. este nu',L.ri i 700 . riburi! .i n'r p Intrpb i ar tF,lrru a',ir,,Hlsi tu.r,rri. F.tF sub.ri,1i\'. .ou lnsorclle intoideauna un substanliv. ij este ln genoreprecdar de articol ori de un adictiv poBesivsau demorstrativ al,unai cind-calificd un substani,iv la singxlar.Cu un sub-rlanliv la plural poate lj ljpsil, de determinanli(\ezj exemplele cilale mai sus). 2) Older. Oldest.- Fornrele oldd,'!i ,ld.sl sint, intrebuiniate atit pentru { ?01 fiinl, clt Fi pentru lucrurj, ,ldf,'fiind folosii atunci cind este. sau poate f;. rrmat de ,ran: ]iis .llr sistcr is ten yeds oldc. ll.hanhe/hjml.1
I y d o g k o/ dpr t hi, ' r o u 6 of \ lilr " n. ko rk s i .,o n s i d m b l y q J u _ I o ..n p , She is llre ,idrr, woman I cso mel. ln vrenre ce c?derEi rldsr sugreazi in eenere o comparatrre inrre tralj sau r uror i . Ii i sa u f iic " . t or n, el" o i .i ,r a i n 1 dri s i n i tn rre b u i nl oi " , j rrJ , ump,,-runri ralia nu se face tntre membdi lamiliei restrtnse, atunci ;hd comparatia nu cirnstituie obieclivul prjneipal sau alunci clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are o alt6 implicalie decit, cea comparai,ivi,. Astfel: she had an dd./ sister. (Avea o sorl mai mare decli. ea.) Slre }ad aD ou,r sister. llrea o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott accca despr care est.erorba.) ls there no ol&. son? lDi dectl accsra?) 1Nu exisH t]r nlt iiu mai competntp n vtusl.a (s ar .ldtst) cotLsinin mod obiFuit nu tnsea'nni ,,un vtu MA eLd.er ai mare (respociil' cel mai mare) al mu", ci,,cel mai in vt$ti dintre doi (sau mai rnulli) frali, veri ai mei". MA alder cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru intelesurite ,,vbrul meu mai mare decii mine" sau ,,.e1 mai tn vjrsii dintre doi veri ai mi care nu sint fra!i.'3. Formel r/dn (cind nu este urmat de ,rolJ $ olddst indici rirsri tnaintatd sau durati de tinrp lndelungatd: She is an orlp, woman f: o lcmeie (mai) tn !lrst{. tn etat]. Tlje ,ldar hilding jn this to{'n js the Gui)dlall. Shc is rny o?d.srfriend ( = c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a. \ 702 " n ..l' j o/,,. rtJr th" tl u' rm
S ?03
I'arther. Fart'hest.-
T'urthcr,Furthest !i ?0{
1) Farther, torthcst si further, lurthest sint adeseori intrebuinlate fdrh pentru dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat, cel mai depdrtat): deosebire.
I s\rari 10 l.he fatlhrt b^rL ot th. rivcr. lDistantel \1rr .onld $! lli. /orlkr cnd oi th-" strcct. (Disi:inlii)
I V ezi S 698 . 3 H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n. clder, -est. 3 H.W.Io\rlcr,ot..n . cld0.r -cst, C,rrtr liidl trn s[]rsi{ni.i! saD...v.I|i"), interlr'rtara date ai.l lentru glDul nasfllir.stc
tle s.nxt comun i ..!arr,. rlalrni Fi UItrr .el
4 p. nt1, sp-,i , L r., r ' r La dr n , pJ - t i n"op, ii", . , , r t o d , d \ p . . r v . . r t n r e l + r ,, . . ^"a ma r!'n. r--rF , ' b/ . . pt i. r' !. r.or dr,r.i o.!e .fill'r'.,c', , r nd n,- . |,tt. ,o lnJ, i. , . , LA". | \1i1"t Ac.lntnt.t , i. lt t . r1o J . r t ' l ."iA" t] t , . r o. uo ' , 145' " lt
13E
al., ,',i" ..,r,'i"''i i" t dc djstanln lipse-ste:' ""|.".,i
l r L lin Li c l s l, r; .o n l c m r^ ro
i"t"*i"'t to;n'"t"['/rth"t'//i/'ai 'ind ineea
fo a h r E i fd h t ' r' l
l cgarF de i dcea do
plus rrrdus ..rn ..rupl,mcn,-r-. ,,,^'";-ii,l,i .1,,.;i;; ia""" a. ,,"aitio',"r.

uoeriri prin ,,alti, ,,mai" etc.):
TIi.r d is r o nded f o- / ' , t / , . "' dTpl L u o / 1/ ' " . on idPr dr ion h" d r id' d t o I .m told there is no /u,ftr nevs' r ' ds on inr m y d ' i 'i u r ' t ll u v " lor r r / , / ' "" T _ ! I i' k r ' oul / , ' r l"" dplll' s r \ n o n 'n s lo br dv } er p ' o" I $:. /,/r" 'I :. , s I p / r "i/ F' pnil h' In l rs nn rusrons' ' ou- d r p a 'i [urthq li futthest
at the lt1hzt end oI ihe room' 'lhere was a st.rhLe we headcdior l,he/drtn"/ sho'e ft ii"it*r lo^; rion the sohoolis nine grad' I''l thersilu t, / sa rplpra in mod oLiinuil ld rimp crnlitala ssu
ln li-b a pn rlP/ a . onr am por s nd s F r - inde l n F a ' a l f f 'n a l " lot r ' ale t a h||ifo t 'l 'a t in lo a' . ' r z "r ih . , inlulJiri.. ' Th town is ier kilometrcs a$aX at the /uttust
$ 705
2) SuperloLivele larthermost,l ffffienmit
enprnnd un grad mult mai
l n d l l d" . ir t or m oln " o i F p u n ? d l o a rF /d ./rP v Si /rrl l P sl l
are siudvins the Idfth{t46t ls^\\furlhettusr)ends Solitt expcditions
3) Pentru /ar cu valoare de adverb vezi $ 2283 c S ?06 Nearest. Next
1) Nearest(: cel mai apropiat) se referd la sldliu sau.rudnia. e'' comla ordinea in 'are se rfl6 obicrteler la timp siau (: ""i""e "";;;"-.O.;
\1:e rane np the nrd.?s, doctor. urc f.oi lrrs zzarasC road. r TheY are mY adr.s' 'elahons s par ' n r r F m L 'r m p l o t h " d r in' p r r v o . s ed J o \'.f, L 'r ' 'tn be c onLi ir r nL" / r l n - pJ ''l'\ I n I P r t u Pdi. nl lle t : m \ EJ ' al + ; " 11i ' s lP I Ud l 'r'li 1 t ; n, y , ' J ' , / r ir ' r u d p l i l F m a r s D r o p r a r pI lm i il
nP i '! au p F rla riv u lu arli'oluluihoL iririn a rrrros l i p "n i." inr*t "i"lntea vozi S 600. Fole. Formor' - foremost'First 1) tr'ore,cu vdloarede adjecti.!"esteinircbuintat mai mult in formelo
lorelcg 6 ?oR 2t lormer, toremM deli cumpar{ti1 fo'$to ca formi, nu e\primi lorc'urnr intotdeauna o compa_
2 l Pe ntru r'ir . , u
! r los f e
dF adt "r b
vPzi $ 228J "
S ?0?
iost{ p'olesoar{ a nea) a /o.tu' i.acher o{ nine (: un lost proiesoral meu,/o

:,,.a.a rl : cp l m ir s c ur L,
COMPARAT6
189
3) SuDerlativele lilsi fi loremost sini aproape sinonime, amindoua tnspnL- ! 709 nind ..p ri r;r ul . F ar " nn' t i . rp fp ' b i o j ; l a p o ri l i F . 'l i t01F. i mporrH nl .;.' u r" : r .nc .i .ti rui" a. npr , iJ pi i d c i n I i i a t a l F . s v i n ,l n u rn l a da: d) ...c1n ' ai s t d nFa pl ' .rr:..pri mul di nr' ' D / , , pri n "i p alul' . . . F l m ai i m D o r' s n t d i ' ' i n F . b u n m a rc , +i di n l i i : pF . in l / , / s r A r' ,' ; o rd r^ p . i n r' o s p rr.: TIe /or.,ro-.rlroons had reachedtlie riter. th " l l .r o r s -., p l a J q i s h . F o. na" ^n ro gh t to r4 tu tn n g ]1 " i l i ' l p . n " r" O nins hor ui live o'clock The /rr nns pa-ssts I $iil lale ll,c /tst lrain Thev sere tl,. /t(r to comeN'n; is the /^, placeon rou riglt ]t rva! a /,st nigj,t lFrromance)lntrebui ,tarea anrbelor suprlative ir expresia firsr nnd faretuast acten lneazi ideea de inriiet,al,e: The t{o hothers $erc [iN ann forcnastin thc stNggte ior bctter qna]il] Soods' 4) Pentru /orr cu \.aloare do adverb vezi $ 2283 c
Lster. L:riest.- Latter. Last 1) Lster. Latcst.Latter,Last. - Formelelolr (: mai thziu. mai recent) S 710 ln funclie da qi ldlrit (: ultirnul pina acum,cel mai recent)slnLconsiderate timp:
Idrd. rnmours saYtirat he is dead Iashio! This is lhe l@,es, (,lin doi,. doiled ulrimul Latlerla/ lopu'lui lormer): l'l r"lerindu'" "l mod,rn, a.rual. prP/"nrl: la'l I u]ri' d" rirnpt "./ la llirsitul ;n"i Dprioadc mul rdin mai In'it!ir tnpu" lui firsll; ulrimul dFfiniri\l se rplcri la lo ul pc ' "r' dclFrmint: rl ocupain lll,p ,au iitr'o s"rip "o1r516n1ivrrl {erc ine later l: Ih conbine6l hnd ben ovdhanld; an.l tombitres nl The tlactors
bt ' 't alr.adv Norkrns. T \ r l;2,, hd tt;t Jdn dv $as \ r r J "o' d. lashio ns a .p h. r dlv b. om r ' g lautdar ' rhp lak; p oa l- an rlL ing pair r n lh" iiJ hr lor I ' bpJ v d n d p n J l p 'fhcsc were his l6t No.ds. He caDe ierc i,st FridaY three Nceks r ' gr I F I o, r lt j"ndt T 1p , asr h ou "p on " 1r r lhom . on. I h" L l g u".t
2J Former. Lttter. - l)upe enunFrarea a doud obiectel,comparalivele trebuinlate pentru a ardta: former prinw], corelaiivo forrrrr ti lallfl snri rreilionat: obict ultimul obiect. ldll,lr
l' p m n u n r a i n s o r _ i n " s p a - : d . : s F Ih" r" sp . tso .,.;.s. - r : o, - f o- t h, u"pLp r ' ' r ip lh! sea5r4 | t o t h t a" p tolo . t p t " latat ' rto rtd ' "E lo ,a't ( Vf z i ii S 965 9e6)
S 711
cuprinde md; mull dP do 'i obieeter' $ ilz 3) First. LaFt. Cnr(l enurncrarea li\pl! .^r,l.,li\p /rrs, :r /dr/ "rn irr tpbuinlale n"ntru a aratj': /r'ri suDprl, primut obiecl. ldsl ull.inul obiect menlionat:
,,c. li\,^1 Ilt . Hdrll i'"* o nlit'"' L : r' o\ pli,l. ir "l cD r l. ' $. r . i 1"/ r "' ' r" ' r"rnriish$ri r '' 't ' r '" r
Oricare dintre adiectivelo /o n.r, lattet, firtt i lasl pot {i inrrebuinl'ate s.i singuro, |nri corelati\.ul respcctiv.
I Sens Cfamatical (v!zi S !r'
S 713
140 ;ll l , Lr lo. l. I a' |. r.rA.r . el ' d /'r'; ''l ,rr ' i' nut i -pri n l Jpl ul r' i trp e l d i \ e ' ' d' d' br' ' o rr \" -r.' ' pc rrnr' ta:r d/ l a ta tatad t ' L l ' rm rrr /rr" ' 1 ' ttn o rd i n " a i rtr' a s t' I l " rtta
in viuie)r tiitrd atrtorur ,"1""::'#,1llit.t;i"iii"'*:i"lL'll;ii ultina' s'is o artir] nu a Itrai aotorur, P'i'f'3'i[:l*"",'1",1i";5.e 'nu'jno'
i.ezi S 2283 c 5) Pentru lald cu valoate de adverb'
'rll. ldresr buscs aft tcry 1t6r' I cNsht the lds' bu$ holle
Uut
s;lb
P\rre m ) 3u r nielP! e b s trrd :
"L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:":
rh..,,".rna, ou./ cloll\es
nn &ll" stlanger
llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,
ttt liltili"
&lrd.onrrsron
mai inalt decli '*iii un grad muli Forna de superlativ dle''mos' exprimi forma utrmost:
c''lrih oIthe il"'i"* .:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:;
s ?16 "'"
$71?
2) Contparaiivul o ldr este antonimul -comparativului-;nner' in(F t)tnott our("'1nos' 0nronimul 'up"rlari!ul|l ''ul-
iarsuperla'
fo mp rra i h J\" r h. lof inr 1/ ; o ra c r' rF a F ' P.l ' i l :' -:i :l .i :::
lrr'" il]Ji'l :iktrul,* $:;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fl ;r;?j:ir """"xj

-i :-" " t. ar,,n.i ci nd e l om enn:
t) .A.djectivere "i";tii'":*i'tL :1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT,
'?ffi*t*i iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii" un sau adiectiv
r;'1";o'1"1'"-' o ;:';;:;riY:' ;"1;i1" l"''"' e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins i',*ll,li f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1 o-' l,';o,"l'li'';'-,n'' 'j::,i 3".'i%r;;:13 '" :"lii;'
'ninn 'Pd primul elerneni foF ii Tost atunci oind lJ./ 0u ajutorul adYcrbelor mold ru rl doilea: ,-.nns un ro' indiBolubil -pn7"'
rj;g';11i1; ;;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.!f3ll -''",,' i" I \"' " ri" ,/'" ri;'i;
#';ii'i,1:;';iilif #;: li:;Tlillt fi;,1;iil"li' "....-'.,,,., ,,,r".,.,i i 1"r,), i.;,,1,.::,ii"lT"111"d.",. ",r,r., -. ll:,i;;;r;:,,:1" ;1,1'l: fi :',ijil:J"*""i _, srgrr ./,,rr srshlfil, rurr srLoct "_, ra o ' r i rh n ;;' 'E;i ' " p r' s r' l
":;
i:tii:i",1H lJ:{i*;Tr**-1ff [*;i'*'i:t$:'lll##dil"aq,"'1:irjltfr
COMPAFAFA
141
fh d ! adopr r u a no* h i s h ' n i rd t l t' n v It \i .s r h; m . r ou, a[ th " -rt4 /" i ,.r.L o .,o .rd rr,n k o. i n l l ' r' ' o nrrv' /o / i ': n :oir t , ' t t ! nli P .' J -" i ,n ' .r H rl :' ' ,a' 4d' e p 2 ) ,^'ri" . r it " la " om pu s F ..l " rro r l ri m F l a .1 p n rF' un ' uvi nl ' drP n' r arc r :rad.d c.d -pr r o1ic . t or ' m c a z aro rn p o i a ti v u l i i ,!r,p " 1 1 ' ri \ ul u 0j u orul sJL" tbPlar mo te l r ' r qpec t r v m r \ l : darbtelaced,.mote dol1llc'Iaoed, uos, dottl_laced n tu ., .F ,l rrL ro k t u. p hpartb ro t" n , h e .Itb t ol, " n. .fthnni, moP oittdd, nos' olr and M * . o" l .l i ,rq s , @ r ' o u -.l i rri g ';u l "d -stiit \rc, o llLh. 4ol" " r 4d -o l r-_ ,ru s ' s ' a n do i l ' h s,a todav ihm vesir.tav I loud hin marc doenhe@ted Shc is the morr selfrateious girl I cver .ahe aoos-
COMPARATI.\ DE EGALITATE {co\[P-\RlsoN oF DQUALITY) 1) Comparolir de cgalitate. - Egalitatea 6e exprime prinir-un adjectiv 1n gradul pozi'iv lncadrsl dp conq'rufrrd:
David k 6 lleased as l/ne!.
S 718
Construc.tiads .. .tJ se menline io propoziliile interogative, negative ;i interogativ-ngative:

ls D a \i J o " p l PA ,d e I/mP ? I/m" ' I D a v ' d ' ' n rt d s n ' e a s e ' l 'r 1 _ David is not ro nleased ds I/me. Isn't Dalid as Pleaseddr I/mc? in n rr s, d" c so estF di n 2 ) Co mDar alia oc qa ti r5 . - l n ' o n ' l ru ' \i s 'e o i madi al l n dpa.i al .. ma i d .s inloc uir c u a s to p ro p o z i l i i l p n F g a l i v a . ' l upd l ormS.o o l r s s d r a is , " / , t .L tn t' M rPn t.d ;d n -t ' l c i n vrFmccpsocdl pmaLmul l lntrebuin,tat dup[ adverbe ca reall!, qnite eIc.. He is n o s o k i n d 6 t" i " i HP isn r o s L ' n d c Er;' a Our task eos zo, so had/rdsu 1 as ndrd ar we ealectcd T h" n Ps m L s i rl s u ,P, r d i p o p u l d o s l h" o' d nn' s ' lh" e d i d a r a o o s fd _ ri i l r' ) d s (l h " v d ' i r JA sterddv
HP;anaot
$ 719
so Inst at I thonght' ara zo, qtrne The sardens .on.lru' liai ds. dr a .onlribuiL n'r numsr Probabit .d lr ra,!pindtrFo tpndintoilF.implificarp'atitdp a' ri!a aclualmanl c 'i9i inllu' nl3 sononl6Lrl lo"uiiuni idiomri.. 'lP lsrqacir"ulslip mult aprPfidlcde Fprrlul niLore-"iilor anglo-"axon, ti ,onsllnd din jocuri dp.u\in'P (puns 'r-ont 'alr'nbururrr respF'6Jje.livclor. naslru$r'i'' ombinale'u sullqlsnlrvFlc asuprasensurilor precum: tive,
(do.')D at. os t l; hl a . o b a t , a < . l osp o s o i o ' J tp - . o s d . a d o n u ttar- ns 4.ol o' 4 4s snatP tl aLhha"' lP.n o "n L r d ,l d sn adrso d s g a o d ose a ll.o o sd l n bo a l.t.. d, e needle, etN. ela. .rc
Pa L lu b P s
b d d d ' 1 ll
hdl
lAdelco.i adverbd ds, care pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop 6 a reedle Th e b aa tt,' d -u ns J ' . 1. Hp : " , \ ' n a! o t uk . ros I ' o r m 't l : "rp ,o"."r xrim lr i. "t inlFb. i^lar I n - i". i limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit (\rezi ii $ 87i)
14! ca ambclptofmF ins (op.r't.. p.24- 25) ajungela con lu-zia Anchela ,,ltiii pnrna in snrul a"+pjabrlp sint Ji'culdrP. dp nrl so...arr8i noi 3b..4, alll jn o Frpi ln fnpl da t1'nlliar' \orhil; srilul in limba a.r" i"-, l; l*rn"i, .;" lenta disparilie fina16 a forl'rei not so...dr'
DD INFERIOITITATE COTIPARATI,A.
OF INIERIORIl'Y) (CO\IPARISON I ?20 qi .i ls p.u sF inaintco adjecInferioritatea se e\p mn prin a'lrerb'le 1rss'? 'as adl'rrr!urur: Iungimea ar Ii li\ului ln gradul poTil;r' ori'srp
r ohn rs t.i p /4 ' sd l h a n I m F (C omP r.ari t J ohn i ' rl P i d ;r ri " 6 ' d o r ' s a ll (5!p" rl al rv' as.) F or m a nF s at rv A a .o m p a ra ri ru l u i d F e g al i tal e l not o' e ns nat 50' arebrr' rs esl c prel crsl a sj co re s ound" c a int p l p s " o m p a ra ti ' u l u i d e i n l F ri ori tatF de compa'ali\ul je'rivclor.curtc ,"'"t ad
ii" iiHl"i;"-i";;i"i. r; "pl'"i"tr" i n fe r ior ilal. l; ind s o fo l i r m s i p F d a n l .
AD JECTITELOR OBSERVATII,\SCPRACOTIPARATIEI IN GENERAL ?21 G o'-'
Cazulrclui dc'al doilea,teJmen ici romparstite' ruclia 1J Cotrsl nropozil l doileA con!inc rare un - li'irlo piopozi!ii al eomoaratiei 'omparativ rfttn rdecrtJ conjur'1r3 prin 9r' pnimul Psr; de lPgal term.nal ci,mparaliei Lprmenur cu ln a"elaqr se sfld t ;etlciP orai" dc din Dun"i lanoti"dl. ''r 'az care esteeomparat(Yezi 5 881' 882):
?,Fygr\. n,r b"llari ecor. lhansir,ldidl Nonina.i\) /obiprtrvr b"r'.t rsond rhan Th.i'Ea\" Ilhevdid '. ', nu cslFrespe'tat6'ln urmains;' 'pcslaregulA In enelcz,contomporana ambele curentp dupa tntn: p.ono-inale, lorm" &o,i tntilniir ex;mple toarele I{e is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r' kind lhan stultu'' He is leEs He js not so kind as ttuln"r'
in arpaslt situalredupt Cazul nom;notttts"?r/al pronumFluiobligaroriu ln s'ilul formal !i.ln.lrmbdjul rhan.f{'t, promattcot "arPit'i "" \ntrchtinterza in lrmblur'oro'este folosil (r'./ insriiit. tnnrom" cc cazulobiPti! 'urpnl
i;iii'ii1"itii,i
^;gi,:;i aDropiate -"'"i"i."lri"r"'"" obie"'ivinlo'ul nomineli\ului'repsza ln'aamhipor l6muri'itunlis rlp'"" ronulsi 0ncenlul -,ului ,".r" gri,Jfi. 'arp "*i". "i;i -"i ln conl'ersatie Spr. prl,l '. ev.l'Plul .lasi : th.tl ntz'
fal I lilie hcr morc i. e ll "' i tdl d r r"' 'n llb ' lrtll ir, dP_ d
en i Faur"dc ca' rc priFi el scrisoriror mitiar oriin""r ra
tert, completat cu po4iunea omisd !i interyrtat corect gramattcal ,q.cest lnseamnde!'ident:

/ D, | ' {r' r '
I llr \ t "' "n "" 6 't 'n n " ; d or ' r apir ' lr Co."l"L li--'. o i "r ili ' r "' o ' lar ' li d r o r d ' lFp' a A "(I'm.iri o L 'p-. - r CodrarntiLtl jrd\rrhbr i,rrre 3 Supdrtatirnl adverbului ltde
r l i 'o r " ' a'
dlnmatr"dpiF
143
Totuli, tendinla actuald de inlocuire h cazului nominativ cu cel obiectivl. addugatd la omisiuneaudei pn4i din coniaxt, face ca acelagitext fa,i de mai tfd, I like tier morerhan nm.l 6d lie folosit ln mod curcnt 9i cu inlelesul nccorespunzitor gramatical astfel: I like her more thatr ne iliLes trerl. f.) (: Ini llacc nie ea mai dult declll"t./ .caa.F aqle.u to',rl Eltcpv,t.liind o,nbiguu. A. S. II ornby, scrie: ,,ln stilul colocvial. yorbitorii nu isi dau intotlleanna 4t'n old so ol ogn pppla,t ,4r 't .ind nu a\i.ri ri..ul ambisuitnlii. Is "h os tsll is mel Cor^.t gramati.sl .5.o a\ | aml. Gr $"oto-oiti nu est"erotd.Cl. Inlr^huinlafpalui lt's mp'. 'Tbat'q bim her', dpdut d? .uta td in stildl colocaial." Dar ce se lnilmpli cu linba englezi in cazurile cele mai numeroase.in .Jrc vo'bilori; ..ntriti dau orlpneala sd lic rrFnli la.rps.c spun {sau!ma mult lnnaj au uita' sau n au vrut .d rrip niciodard ,lcosFbirFa lnLre un rext corect gramatical si aitut incorect)l A.Fla.i pro.ps s pFtrp.Fsi da"_a. dup" rl,oa.pronumclc sinL inlocuitc.u numF proprlr. Propozttt0. la) vu li 0 uI. r: /4, I likc Agatha nore than .Erdd. unde interpretarea ambigul poate fi: (a'):ln:, place Agatha mai nlult decit Fred. (4") : Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.
Clarificarea intenliei vorbitorului in aceslicaz se poate face numai complpllndus" omisiunilF din ."n,-*1 u. t", fa'l I like Asatha niorethatr (I like) Fred.
fa") I likc -{galha no.." tl,aD lired tlikes her). (A se ledca hse nertilrat qi 5 s81)
.umpcrarive provcDite din . . 2'. Comldraiivclc l ati||e. Lrup.; ,lr.\s junior. p"st..ry. yihr. s,niar, sup.rior etr.), linbi lalind, (unt,riur..in[,r;at. Fsrpttuo.u r cu pr!p0/r\tr lr: ronlunclrJ r/?an
Their sooils $ere infqiar ta o11ts. Oxr team wcrc rlrs.ior ,o ou oppr'nents. IIis clajm {as J,'t. ,a auu!. He is th jarD, padnir iD the lirm. 3 l C oos t r uc ! ia pr op o z i l i c i .u s u p o rl a ti v u l rcl sti e. l nLr-o propozi Li c . aic .o n l i n F un s upF r lr li v re l a ri v . s l d o i l " a ' p rm p n l .onrpai al i ei est; de obi .pi
I 722
$ ?2t
precedatde o prepozilielol (: dintre), in, rn, under elc.l:

Lilies are the nost lmsant ol fXnaos. These are thc f,E;t ;ppld ia out ochatut. Ile is the Ds, an ;\' tutlL Shc was the dp;s, @naa undcr the Nn.
A se conpala cu $ 87t. ^ IA.S- Homby, Gat.rd to I'd ans d l asasein Engtisn,pag. t24.
144
4,supcrra,i,ur i:11"i":iii"""?'illi s;2,r ?i'1ut""-llr ll'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l "'*:l:'il':.,i'il:iil

"*'lll"l" "#*r
*t"*"t clnd substantivul eriprimat: colul nu este
Hf']"'f;"ff:ti 'ro'"'"
*iTil""n"
i:f;:]fjil o.if.".i"",i', prcp'e orr'!!-" oause in the
art! de un adjectiv dctermitlatiY'
"--'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:, :i,;if l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;" "".'- i "'"'" i u p e ' l s ri \u l ui ds rrl puri u nLrdnLs l o' ' i
LioqA 0r li' ulLrl rri //" i rrd rn l " r
" t , r ,r iii'"*
FmoriP : p .i .i"a o prorundd

t ol i1"nd 'l rr ' na l' ; t ht t t A' - Fns , t r Pl' '
esle precedat de articolul hotidr' De objoi' superlativul-ansollrt nu
'*';ffI:'15i;"'i"":*li"'
,n'uh''.n'iv Cnd "' '1 :"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"11 $726 t a i u n ' I c rrrd n u se r epet i
Jsid"i'Il, '..- 'm^ 'ld ''' ' r'ul^" .
"""
5J fonrlaral ia rrr trnsrogur E 726 r' cel al 'up"rt'tttut'n: " para!ii poa " lil'r dtr' In "azur 'ornpdto'i\ulLri'c1lsi
1.'"**'"' xij!,tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'# "ln'"'f'lix; sl ur'pi'nTlPrman l'loilcd lrrmeo - LclJ'

:":l'r"] ll; " " "'a'v ::,;'"" :'f".; .,h",,'re_ra""l,,lTi :; F '' no.,
fi "nii' is*iu*';' i;'i:""itf#:' .x"T;
-h" .",- ,"*,,,...
' lec
' ro l
{ ?2?
un'l:r; eliplicn'- \ trbul din ptofuzilrs 'bJ Propozili r/z/.romparirlrli eorr lro'F'la(I omp''1ii adF caro'onclrlur.dl dorlcarartirtslirrrei
2? -'- 2 8 . 8 E2 - E8 3 ) o 'o rnpr r aLiplnr ,r PdoY:l,"lil' "";lbi d o u lo h i o (re 'z'i t f o r n p a r a lri a S'" i2 8 ' au"r p^z' ' r ' n i : : T ""i : .i ;:;i ,;;..;.p " ;" ri ri rr i rro"ur iur *r r r tir Jr r i ;:,irf
\ ?2 9 '
"'i"'"'J'i'1""' llili::i ll"'g"li*,'i; )n;j';,] .;' l,a'i::"";T-:,i'.,;i:":r''li'iillii' i;:',i":1"f ,,"" " ''' " '" '' A s compara: il':liiffi:";iiil"'""'""'" i]': i"ll'i\ :l lll",'li:;,,1;,[1 ;',tru *: I i,,,'; J" rump' re' r\' L o-' J
"
' '' Cor r , p, r r r ir trl ' u In -l a ' d F trr' " rl ' rr' ' ' hatnri t ' u:t o rtt' w tul d t' -' tt' t 1n n r ' nl, u / i' pr , n l J l ' rrl ' " rul P ttdttt' u
1,'"' ""î I ::" ;i'[;:;]:,,;"ffi ;. l,;;, *,ji . i".;,-il -i' i',.::;";.il'j:',,"j "ri.;"lll" ^:".,r l;;f:;l:' ir""-"11"" -"'"v *i i::i;;: t or - Lnt 'r'1I sn pn t tl'e 8 f P' r ef pnr
ii';i"ici,,i"Ii"iill;1,1,,,'') ]" ilrr, ll i: t:j[,i;J \i ; lt"iill,

I l' , nt r ! dur i n i ti atrd r li, j "' ',r"',",. ' ", ' "
|' pl r r nr ' ' /r"8i
ffiiLn"#'\'" ii"',","';iii'i"",1l ili,'.:ili:1ii. tii?i """' :liiii4il::;',ti;;ill:
COXPARATIA
145
douii obiecle superlaTotusi. se lntilneqlc unoori ti irr ronrparalia dinire lilul i locul conlparal,rruluri
\ ,e.i-1., Ln n.lru .l
",,'ii'","iu* ih ?i:*""1':i:;'ii 8l',,i: '",- ""

p F ' 1. . In gr r or P ' J r ' ' i' lp"r ' i la\i
n F ! l i i 'n l d
sril
Engti'b"' i. n iir.r. runsrijit: 'tipstrod ( ;ll(l r url ohicrl dirrlro :i trtr.crrrn rlrn'lun uLi"' ''rp otnpdral I oDrpam!in '. i nd ' r/r" rl i n !' up el ' rn' .i . r r-p u l Jr " ' ' r ' lJ ' ' nd rrF " ' ' " ' ' t" t' " i " rt ' rt llt t t u t, rp i1 ,r'tr" s' .' , ; i : l ; ; i " ; ",,r "i i i " '' 'i t "cuvinte ' in rH" :ca: /Derrsr S 73r 'nd 'nrr" '"' unor ." iace prin inlrodur:erea ,t'i,rg"..,p ;;;i;;;'"" ul : ariv CornptLr
:\
/;J;"^';,," ;ii" t alrccre ct)
J oan is ?t u fe d i l i g n ttn a n ttu r4 ' o l tl e cl ass
** J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll "ll:,'ilfi;f|:li'r.,';;;ft " "t,,
Dinlporli!4. lntr'o propozrlre!'u in gtupul "u .1ra FsrF 'o'np 'r'rr: 'r, h,I- ';,//r ,\up'rlalirul:
li : :: ;:;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l* il?iiiii. ::'/-"1',""iit'ii, f;,ff|,',#::itr" ii:::: ;i'4,,JJ'1,;:: un saP'rlaiit' obicctul supus comparaliei $ 7:12
is u,., n.ff:i".1""i, ,t n"a.c,,r J^6n i,Jo1*":"i,1 ';"'1"1,:,r;lii: 'La 1,r"..",",;,r"1""fr oir,,,,ji,L .nh"r.ra... ,",1.Jfl;";i;::.","iI ' ,,r"."":"l i ,,l l oJ ttn. o,p ,t,. r qr/ $ ,r.r l " ' ; : 5 . f i: '
iLa"""L) Th ,! $ erP t h' / t ' es r oL r (CarecI) 'lt\e v lver t hc nt ' s r t hildt un in t llc pa r k
"i1lf
" "'|/;-.,",,',
prrria parre caneriini, race Hi ;;il:L:; nii'Kil,.",lo ,(J;"x;;; il":l,; ':1.11; .r.r..ar uraD her sisrs'
srre is (Cotect) \ 733
sistcrs is the.lt"'sr ol the lJodesl -\t\e t tle dublu-conparativ 9j Dublul comparativ'Dublul sulcrlativ - Formele e'nnstb'r't'st)1'F InotPobt dubru.'irp"rrarir | -.;:';:i:;.";;:'i;;:;rri DFsi .u'pnr inrrpbuinrdlcIn \r' n Fa lrri ShaL"pFdr" ti "it\a "',i" "ri1",.. :i;;;;',;; d.rualrrFnrprr;d"dz lip'i 'lc 'ulrurs " """.
-
' '"' ";il.::".'Bii:'i::: .ll.t,i;".nli':li'?;"1,?:lliillli:ii'i,''fl'Ll,".,ll'ii; '", ".,", i" ' : i i i i : ' i ; p tp i i ma' " d' d' ; "" . ; ," " -" '" ,. r'r'i i
sau/dr'. ori urmat de 1)Y lar etc :
;,.l .., ' " ^' ; " unp r' ri \u l F s r' n r-' F d rr
i'orse lodaJ
"
d e aJvqb" l "
tr" r' Jl
na h
'|r,. Feather is (aeu) nr'L lr ar l \n1 '/r' " l
l "'l :l :"-'' - , \ ' n r r \ r r a l : :',.:;,.'.n:'0""," il" i i',' ramriJ" n, /,,.. t'".

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li :
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r ' :.n id l
de la S t3i. In gramrii.i.
140
llli'll ;" r ;;" ':: ;: :; " i] ;""i'il'r :l i:; :::l.,i{r't;\ i':r:rr::: 'r,'. "[ji ,,,.,,
sru Prtnrep( i*,oic, P"""'al"Pto'
rindu P r: uLr 'J ll:: : ;: lil: ,i\,",u, .unprr. 'r-'|J c^n,parili,
,,.r;.r *" i i : , , . , 1n" i" 1 ..] ; i "'1"'' "ltlll:i"'l:'""'-'",' \ : "0.',:i:,
*"' lrlii:1,i";riii {""4;;;il:";":::: .;::,";,. : s

i\ o-6itu" o""i':ll':; compxral dorrir idiornAlr'o. l: lI, construclii 'tt '' 'li
rr lilx.i:i;;,i;':t :'{i:');:l'rr:'
.:',;lit,l?llil'';";';':i': "' ' dnf'"" "o "'" "" -l,l"t"'l*;lw$,r'i"":"'ilf "," ri"-';;iiH;
'la pozilii dihri'P drsnarrna : mar"cu at:li.. rh? sta4., tn, dJB "r,4fte ;3:; ;;,.:,j"'i .
r : rt
'
A'l \" l " " rn rp r" " J'l c d "'F "l:"lYI' ]'prrn l' l' ' ::ii;::.' ll' " cu i r"" b / ' l "d c o m p a llnJLr' p"" ii'g"t"
;,il: :J'i 1:' i":;',r";'."; ;'t:,^ i' ]'l;,* * r c f^:n: "":i ""
;:iir,l jr]#Jlii;1i s,,,," l; 1 ilL o i ii.,l i,",:ii $il'iliTt't "".,,"1,

RcFsi n .n " t t i. Un" L" { r i Z e ' i z i. 5' u rl : ;d ev ar dr p th b k rp .
"; ifif;n"i;;l'#i:i,jlr"I;"!'i:rl;:''
'f;'ii;f ':L:t; i'io'-' '
,e h ,trtr.
s r ' ?re ""
,-,,*,1?a!iiii*iii'i"'*ffi ::":i: ii;*$i$i",11

S ?41 a) intrebuinlarea adverDe restrlNd, loo':
"ô ,rr u " ,ii ., .",,,:-:;,:,;1,,1.:,;,-,. ., , ...'r,,,,,".," "0
u" * i:'J:', superrllri\p. Dour 1":ltl,.l;""*l:ll" li i:i:'i';"J",i'"'
l't\:'*tj';*tl{'#'; "
-,"., ,n ri'-,
sLrperltrl,rv LLsnl'rt drn
t'i'; ))a""a ;;1 '"-:;;"r;'!)t''
;i1:tlil',"";':L1r;';.;l:ll '""' trmotr -'Lr ci
''"' s"- n,rnJ i:'....'.?'o
a"La r'II'! 'p - q'r'nrn
COMPAEAT1A
147
unui Dumer foarte mare de adverbe echivalntecu adverbele S ?42 _ Dl lolosirea oau stilului mai multi exPresivitate: tare .le mar sus.
dp_ao\ .
l l l :!' 9-l ' r" t px rJoror \i P J\dr\' i i sr' l v h^r,i b' r.h' real J rl ' ,' l i r fu h j r.s ., , : t , l c,r.,\.,r " nit f . " \ r ' . ndr m..5 d a L.\' 'i ho Lrngi 5rng!rrrrv. m d' ,L . r' p ^ l l J . ' ,p i n n, i,,h r'.r-tr, - , r , , , . 1r . i' n " d i n ,.r' 1 .1t" n-ommol rj fl i b l j .rra r- r\orn j h ' hn, . s r , , L' 1s l .f " o n d o i ' J . ':;;i \' ,"" t t \i 5 rl r ra m \" n d ' ru rl f 'l; lL r l, : , dl 'i'. - : i ,t,r. lntrobuinlarea arlcerbelor eragerat tle erpresive este una dinlre oaract eri"li rl " . ilului t , m r liar i n l i rrb s " n s l " rd l > h p u a - o u /,/r" r,l p a ' ' d t \,,- /.rR 4 ,/,//JL i l d o r" I im drea.lfutlg sorrYn r' lr \a ! ,a ra J a ' f n d l . ,: .i D l ,/-1 'i r " ' n l Yo u S 7{3 cl ui,ilizarea unor adverbe cu nuanld de superlatiY absolut, ca: irut. .ruitc.' pasili(,elq, reallq. s;mplu eLc.l It was ius, snlendid. I q d a u rk d i s d D Po i n t' J di'E d l I ll P^ n ,,4 , ;s i n "A was rimFit aslul ' a l /J , She S 7r+ dJ lolosirca unor anu ile prelixe sau a altor cuvinte la formarea adjective-lor: ."'rlelalnuaid ngPelsensitive s'rra dry JuP erttnr o r,.b l .r' ' "-o .st ion, l o .a " i z e d ipnr iods rJp p r o ns , l l i ;:.;11" .,.
, lF ir'rlli L.*hti" lJ P) im d h r l\' o vPn o r ' rl r'
ad mi .d blf . J l4" mn8. y . d .p .rn s h .
i \\ru rl r
rd
ro o$Jl !
c I folosirea superlatjlului relativ tntr'o propozil,ie in care al doileatermen esle l6arte general sau lipEe'qt cu totDl: ) U has Ure ,o/sr ol temlers. {: IIc is e:l.ao.dinarilv bad_1empe'd I saN the s,er&s, batY 1: nosl. s$.et) !\1 " m " l J l u n n y r Sh p i d , " / ar . , ip" , ' n ,l d H" sa. n l . p , nt , s , b rr mu \p d
$ 745
Je1 come aorossl.
T ha'
,l'
"kl
l,rd s oi n\
si\tp r i
n o ct a r n ^ !
n 3 : h ps l l p
ro
'Fst
ict $ 633.itl) tdri interjec!'ii: S ?46 /J intrebuintarea unor constructii exclamative, cu sAu t|'rd, a /,r' sFechl Oh. Father.Iou are so &tndto mel "Ha| GrceaW8 UY ValleYl"r actressl' mos,e..?aisitc Isn't she 1.he ! I intrebuintarea unui bubstantjv sau superlativ urmat de prpozi,tia r ?47 i\ sla .l' 'ipul urml ror (S 220): u/ tni' ^ (on.r tu, !ic spnir
Thc landowner was a lnrae .f knaoes riluP t hp \ nt uP Hc Dr o! ' o t as d' "d ''^ oih : ne"im m n on r his 'J i i s i^ rl o/ rtStI' -5 { o' , ld ' ur pit o lr tt t h?a\ ol h"o" s ' np k nAr hp $a 5 r i g h Ile Nas thc l,(c.'r o/ ilie lod'
r o tt"4 ! - e dnr 1 I , r.n u n l :ri tr ' -n ,l i " ,1 4l n l d " .: I r:tlr] clnd Inseamni Fi 'rl f 'rJu l ,1 ci n r l lns eam ni, , . , rr{ z. h "p tu br c t obt ut n i i l 3 T,u ui x nui r om an d e tl . L l ' N e l l J n p rp rra .l rn s rd d m' : Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ . i o ",t i" , ; " ' , t . ' l' " x' l d rJ ' \ 6 O B. sha{, Coaot onn CkoPbo
148
rloRFolocrA
- atrEcrrvuL
S 718
ir, lungirca li accentuareavocalelor: r{llow IIc's thc r("sr I ILt:trrdtstl

I halcn't gol th! l'dsr I lj:i:stl
idfa
S 7{9
cu D.d ; 'n tu "i t') ' . "n 5 n' s ao ad d!!a od' t
unei aile'dolc: proceileu pe care il rcg;sim li ir rona ctte la auz-Lrea 'odrdl iJ repetarea unui adjectiv ssu adverb: rump;rde sisl'rnul. 'lh. ncocrnewsXsten: dl thc hi" PUrh{sesJstem' '1r ri' l tmorun I a l '
I r " a 1u t d' r r ui lr ) - - m o' il od i i a
'*:,!1,'JXi|.0,,
du'Ic'a li;lJli",iii;"ff:' ilii"i?!u*" '" "." 'Nnosu'j X:'""#t?fi' +T;""

ciddintirneitio tate !" E{cramaiie srumalr , (: ,,N,,p-ij cuminto
dd t inir ' l
pljmb lnilu se d
L]l' ADJDCTM III. ALTE 0SDSTIUNI REI]'DRIT0AITD (luscnr,r,arDous BllllArixs) $ 750

faz F"l" in dI AdiF' li\ul poale li rnlrFbuinlst'''uhstantiv'ii irr..am' gener6rnu'.t.lusiv] pr'"ed1 d" u'li'olul Lnr;rrl Aslial ulrlr/al dpsemnFrzA ( 'io:iindi'izii crrc Io'cJa in'u+irraexprimur; i"""]"".;i".;,;*';;le,ti' rnloruprnnA he nai*,i'1. D"'i lorma lL,i romrnFnps birnl'arn a'P dn'orpa j" plucnl: rprbul ia ronstruiFtrp cu arun.i se i"i"i"J or"*t si
the s'ise (: lnlcletlii) nra' r hP liv ir ' g ( : v i i i ) r h. ac edr ( : i a i rl n rr) th p nobl e[: noLi l i i ] r c r iim inal i: c ri mi n a l (i i rl th e l ess enl husi astrf 1: ' er mdt t' i rrrn (: ro t.0 ? trr) t hc unpm plo y d e nl uzi astj l rhe wo.klcss t: sone.!) i h e hF6i i nfordP .l{ :.er r dr ci rl r s a u thc iotrlc$ L: sometii) t he inil' t r r y (: mi l i ta ri i ) The Daoersnublished lisis ol ,n, ddd and 4d nif'ng' i h e j ndi .i ary (: mi ai \i rdi l i r th c E ncl i sh (: enC l ezrrr tlLe moie intcrestins (: p'6oinel'
substantivate' de lunclie. Adioct:ivolo 1) Sohimbare
oba,, ll: ;'{lr:",h.,'-i v h., ?ii#',fft?;;'":1;;:"i.j .'qm .The" n ttr stto.*

b"ru. {6 not
*n'"** Tl",e;#;i!, i'fli",'?ii;'',)l'-.,i',il ":i*'f;","."'/,"i'i"lii "
hT b'loid t',ai "'"iii"r""i"s't "i;i""i, î'', ercintended .lerarted. his the -i " ";i;j;; i"ar"ia "su rJ Ln nu'r.ir.'F'rins d' indt'lizi ;;"i*l;li
"i".,. prin insulirea ardleld da adjp'ti! adjeclivulrrFbuic insnliLJP "".".i""i"r1' un substantii': 'l\\e Lnclishmdn s'as ialking to the rwo 'ttotcirutr bv thc gale' I saN i nilt,a.3' ryaDstanding
dsr'r' ,,dn, She t's i Ling f ulL bo r " /4 .J,'rr^ , "4 $. r ' t n\ p l^ b : . o; a' ll 3 o l i". '" on, . Pt '0
i nl rpbui i ' l al P Cit s v , . ii. c i i v p , d P \a r,i ti s u b ' L " n r;v e de gcn ' o' run si nl th'd PosLd hisbPtroth'd,
r 5e pr o, ' unl e| .l -rd . p .i rl ' i r.tq ' rr l Frl d:rIP a s" d pt bt llit n. n y .ta L e t' \" o e " dL d rd l r' ' " : G . I a. bhaw . .p . .n 3 ['erdrrd]
nod dscd: nnbrltrinise;
149 bl ,{dicctivul lntrebuin[et ca substantiT cu tnt']les numai de tnryuldr J. b"m ,'F,i r I n g. " , 1" 6 a b .i rd , l ;..J U l i rn b 0 u ' u i p oporl Sroa and skddy Fins th'" ra.x. lProrerbl IIc has io stu'sent rrght dtr etD'g . 'lhe uLln&sn holds no lenors for ]Im Iiindlv nddD, is Lindlr/ tnkcn ll'rolerb) \Ye k"no\t litlle lnsltsn but spcak goo'I French b" r : i .1 . rh " a l ,i o n l b h i n 0 rr' F l " t. rhd Frr. ne. rh" r" rri bP 1r,;'",'r', iii. , ' r ' . dtmrnal; tin lilms, ctc.). thc t u n ,l c s uur lot it ) pt iti "n ,r-sr, io. t ar " s r , r ' . \ d .r r,.- $ o ..' . rh mu r l h ri l li ng. . No td E 751
intrebuinrateln constructiiidiosubstantivate A se observaadjectil'ele

1t) lo tlL ttal. Trr"j w'r. soBc' Thiri6 $rrc "t(oine /'on ba'l E,pn ls , ' r p , ; / , f { o r t ' t ot 'o h bet t e r . I'll do nrl b6t to holp T "t .a r at derd o/ ntL,/ .^ HJ\p rou s aP, m 4 i' t s / . ' Cooo: , o qui 1l, "ir k b\ $or d . /r, U. rc ailr I fo 'rnJ ' rn{ q' ll , r / h" lblc } ol lr ing" s hol+ ll. $ c , lu, t ' lea"4 o, l,.t lrim ri. its wo$t. ", "
S 7ir2
tt i qt^" th" LP rt i a \n th " o l ' s t t dt . t o E o t o th j b o l l -ro rBk F -' A ? ,a d $ i l hth egaod o elr'l atl ot suddPn c"a.ot.itt ttu nain'in tfu oP"\' in sho't'
idionatLce constr tlclii AIte cu un adjectiv substantivat:
cu forme de Irdrol: -si goo.Is, 6h@ts, tuins. aces,
etc.
culori au atlt singular,cit .) Adjeciivelsubslantivaiecare denumesc ti plural:
S 753
t/iolpr happPnsto Ie tle colout I liLP s d b N " n ' o r a u mn l .i \d b . Sh p Dat n; d r ' r c a. ans P 8 5 rhp pi rl t' " s i fl rr rn o i l r1 ," ' . ' rh d n ,o" F [" i ,'. i t , . ' . . i, ir " ' 06' Lieht Blu*z Th. D@k Blue;', \he d, L n i l c adip' liv F A u d p \e n i t a d c v a ra tF " u b s l a ni i ve si pot av' a formd d c pl j ra l . ar t ic oie. s enili v ' i d F l e rn i n c n l i ' r l i s u bstanl i ral a propri u-zrse:
a catital a daily
S 7i r
m gqral
a lrcleta.ian
Rath er a d ed ., is n i s lr P: y af t s u h dPar yr r ^ o rnr hp rp, p v , lor t t , B, : I L.t mc look at Yon, ,tv ?.ell'"s l \\^ d..rl i. tib : . . 1 ar y r ods - nadPs . she Llo ps n ot d ; r r d r ln judg' o"nl ol h"r ? 4 " 4 . - onold. t u"'"',tiliil ;i."i:I^l/,i,lX"l ,tuziBld tii"i;oxrordi 'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili i r ni!"trir,tii dp la C.,.bf:dsp. r' rl, p spo riv.u r"j.d r { s au a jur t t o s r D l 'P - l n r P p r z " q i P r i \ a
ar,*.
,:,p.i,-"lir'i,
150 ?i6 F . / | nF lF s 4j p c i re . p ri n a J -u s 0 re d r" r r,' i naLi Fi { i n trFbui' , ! at c numa i l a p l u ra l : rrl' bellers ' l pti n ' ub' ranri rL
'256
E r c e p tiii substantivulnrs. .are! deli cu forma de plur'dl' esle no c6re are singularulio (: un cint'c melancolic)' singularfdra ilural; a Dlues pluralul. iilp!rlic cu -s (Pentru ditalii vezi 9i S l2?) /./ Ntrmele de nrtionaliti,ti f't AdiF'iivele .s;o aratii nalionalitaleassu pro!pnicnla r-sionalu !r por fi Inrrcbuinlatpca'ubstanLive sirr j;rminirF rn ., Ir[]. -s/i. -(s./s. 'PsP cu tnleles colectiv de piural (toli locuitorii din acea !ard, regune sau ota!):
&e f'renclr (: lrarteziil t he S c ot c l ( : s c o l i e !i i l the \ltlsh 1: locuitorii dln \l:alcs) tne lrish (: irlardezii) $e r'lemjsh (: tlamanzii) thc SR'iss(= elaelin'i) (-' (l'inezii) thc Chinese the Geroese{ = geno\'zii) (: lietnamezii] ihe \Iielnamese ihe Viennese(: tienezii)
1i8hls necessa.ies movalles lla\" \o. Drl on v our r o, 1/ , s - s oollFn lol I i r 'i JPl.' lle .l-,in t ie a' , lie / idls r . ' d. l aam "- in 'r l , l r i 5 ) . lir . l ' ls 5 s d i r i a s P q , Tre r $crc n o / ir s , s nn ihdr l, ain i H. dl{)r- pld J a r l' r t a' i"c \ - \ ilI J ' ns pom n o r ' i m p o r 'a r " h a r u 'l 'r :
{ ' ?57
?58
Cind esteinse i.orba d unul sinqur sau de mai mulli iocuitori, adjeclirel jn -a, l t fl .ubslsDlivilF man t pl. npn t. so an lcrmjnalA "nu -r, slnl urmite d. r"61eq1;'. .'om bsrbali \i fcmpir: \pl. ).ru !,opt
scveral lrish0,,@. lwo Scorch,rn many Dtrt.li tcolle
E:x c eplLL Danish - a Dane Finnish a Fint Polish a Pole

Je$ish a Jcw'
-a Spn ard -sDanish siredistr - a SirPd. Turkish - a Turk
[ " ?59
rdmin insil neschimbat$i tn aoestcaz: Adjectjl ele terminate in - frrr, -esd a Japanesc a SFiss -some Japatrcse -selcml Swis a Pekiness an IroqDois -rvo Iroqlojs - many Pliincsc /") Adiective]e Lu alt trninaiii decit cele arelate pin6 aici sini intrebuiniar'".a'subslsnlive' u totm.r dF "ingularli primesr un -'la plural:
ir ' . \ m " r r an \m p ri ra n \ ,n Asrd -\s:Jn. a Czechoslovak - Czechosloraks a Dane- Dmcs a Fjnn -IiuDs a Greek- oreks a Je\r - Jews i \l a l a! \l dl Jrs r PoI lolp' a Scrb - Serbs a Slat - Slals a Spariard Spa iards Sweaes a S;ede Turlis .r Tuk
E ?60
0bs er v alie Spre deosebire de liuba rorrAnn, tn limba englezd atit adjecLivele care rdr r ; r lr ondt it a l " r s " u I' u \c n i p n !a re g i o ral s.,i t :i ' ub' rd' rl i vpl - rp' p' cri \e r,p s . r i' r lnlolJ ea ' r' r, rr tn ;ti o ta n o j u s l i (Vc z i ti S 6 1 . 1 5 ' ) I J.0 nasc., Jc'cas fem.
l 5l
2) Adjectiyele !i advcrbclo idontice ca formi. eaii fornre ca !i adverbele corespunzetoare: we look a /art l.nin. (Adj ) TIe lrair runs tasr. (.q.dv.)
{ Pen|I u dc t alii r ez i S ! : 5t l
Unele adjective au ace-
$ 761
Acelasi cuvinL poale avea v:lloare de adjectiy clDd determinn un substantiv, sau raloare de adverb cind determini unvorb, un adjectiv sau un alt adverb: Ad j e c t ieL ..Littl ,Udr" qnile contrrrv...", lsubst.) Titian's Nomer hale rcildiah llatl. (Subst.)
S 762
A i L r e rbr
I se?her verv littlo norvadsys.{Ve.bl It doesn'tmuth m,t. $hctder h is youns or old. lvobl l v z i i i S ? 6 t) I like the roddislrrmo4 colour ot her hair. (Adj.) She was wea.in8 a light ,l4d lrock. lAdj.) The sky wa5 hlue-s.cain the distane. {Adj.) We drovc l,omc lasr. {Ad!.} 'rs (Snbstantiv Tl!.y raD s/.dt!lr homecu raloire de adt.)
prediertive.- Adjectiveleatribu- $ ?63 3) Adjeetivele atrihutivefi dtljectivelc tive3 preceddsubstantil,uldctrmiirat; adjectivelepredicativea sint legate p ntrun verb, fdci l astfelparte din predical,: de Bubstantiv
th " b ".l,lr r n. r d nt - ! it g a , "d r la g . , A d j . a l b u l , v pi, r r r . ia. p" di.Jtiv) uc |" - d {A d i .
d,) I-lnel adjctive stnt tntrebuintate \nll'ai predicatie. Printre ele se afld urmdloarele cuvinte: d') adjeotivele compuse cu pretixul a-:
S 764
alight
a") citeYa adjective ca:

drdk ill well
grup (aJ au qi un sinonin cu valoare atributivd: Unele adjectire din acest, Adj. pedintio Adj. dtributir Adj. ptd,icalie Adj. atibativ liShted blazins alighi
bur Dr n A , ' " j ,' " bur nj, ' g ,n' rmi t lodlin" walkrn8 s dpr r e. glosirS
at<in
S 705
tl L p a l i tp a l o tro Bskew 3 s r" p P
l i .p, . n' i l dr l i ri n; l on" l t. l on" .rmF o}liq-" -r .p' ns

$i (rng
k iiidf d, :i 1 ,1 1 r
L l ,L i k r1l
conscious,ktoFing 'rooL"d nka 'sick, 1, etc,

determinat meniio-
l Aldinele reprezini{ adjectivul sau adr*bul, 'A Nureetu Rhune. cu iunciie de atribut. '3Adjectvfri .AdJe'[\4lp u t|ntlia dp nuM ppdidti, r i c a pnshzal. VFzi $ 25 20 .
cu$ivele culhtul
L1unit ( Prdtat"
.ohpl"np",)
In Sramd-
152 ?66 ! " ,.) ,\ite adjctive nu pot li intrebuint'aLe decit olri'driri prol'enite de la nuldele de materii: b1 ) adjectivele terminate in -dn
.r 'utk,a \as ' "| lto t l trr a leot l' * P k "d"nol: o/kare^ llour B" adPn,6no' l r o 'r r P ' l r m p Pr
Nas 'noes i.t"r"s'iiq""rt X" * poul" 'p"n"' lltr FSr"prop lu rr: , ind .., "ensul .*;'''.;'.' 'rhe Jrue'\\ere n'adeor 1\o'{1"' '" "ood,n'. i'#;"fi:;i;;;i;-;i sens lrgurai: Se spunc insi, cu In the sun his hat had t ned soid'a'
Thc skY was le4dtn uis s6lennls wcre e'oden' Her trssesshonrilfta'
* predirrtjs q:"11, nu pot li lntrehrinlatF adjecr.ile .{ceste llli:i""l1t su I Dc Noollen : ' jumlei
,')
the
adjectivle derivate de la nunlele Punctelor cardinale: counties ilre Pes'ern iolrtulz }eniislhere
Nu se poate spuDe:
The hemisPlrre Nas r'trncrn Tne connlricsN"e 'res'an Une]e verbe intranzilive predicative' \ erl,elc esre eer ailiectir d l v F rl p : l o " o djc " r i' e pr ed i ' d ri L " i n 'l' 'h' $" ' " i rl i re 3i l eD t' \ ou lonl s p l p trd i d . llrla^ ttcn'd rd rl lh" I /,4 wotrderlul. nsppl ' Th" -\ l P t ror l h' rard' 'nBs ." * r. ir l. , - , . . ir
[ 7ti? '
cer
perr.rr. r,.F\r,orp 'r,np.a,,.'.

The milk lastes Sood.
l]"f"iil"'l;
,an" auttit1t.
E t68 "
sus ru arat; Cu!'intele scrise eu alctine'.iD cr'emplele de I'rai "rr ''r/r alre stt subi"ct.ut ii F\prin,rra d- r"rb ',a' iir';ltii ',u 'uvrnr" 'r"' unur ""tni, ua'".t'. i a',oai-'i' ,i. in '^nsP'inr6 rnrr'bu'nLdrpa ;; J;-r;;,;;'J; acc-csbla:ltYi: in \'trbFre cazun rreuui" Aitdi; cu grjj; a.lyrbin asemenea prdicatrv (\ezr + cu ln b'.,/'iar djectivulest'P (sinonime l"p.i-ti"" ii" "r.t s 251?-2518). ind'eplin'-tt verbe put' fi insolite de adverbe carc si arate cum Aclea.st lcrh: Jp sub, "tL,td.{irr' .r "rpriqatd
:F loal"d nr ut dnd d o s n m i 'd i l i l i r e l t ' Tlf n' r a" k l' nt dnl' lp n a r e t u l l r ' . . . , laJ delrgnrF(rI' TnFv { - _a / ! l/ r aa' llP HP -soua{./PdhP eong luiousll' qlo$ l i . > np as , ad lr P loo4 _\ ". t dos r ' ' 3r Ft ll' n d l l hur I o' rs r u! \\' /l .,. ' ' 1\ d dPidlY' E /t/'6 m t id. r ' r ' H" . lhF " . t ) LrF "oom q x r f B r r . scnzori le delirr tl?nzili!' c ii v er bele legr t nF p' r t P l t i i l e -\ s ob se r v a l^' ul r \ u lur' J 'l l 'r In .in d" , r r ' u l|n, ' " 'J\-rh slnt urnilloarere:
S 761)
.ilu ""-
i;;"1;;"re
cer adiective in loc de advobe
ctc nu inseann *"r,, clnil se rehn la ur miros s{u la un lrarlunr ' 'ari""l*.tr tt s v ,' i mo q : l a rru ml r. du] t r ' . ", , -. t .? ^ " p In o r' r rts - old. , ; l i " " " g - b F
1;B d) verbele copulatilc aritate la S 2i15: to bc. to see continireimpreuni cu sinonimelelot; spre e{empluli ta became i t')
h -
rl:l;;i,..'l l;il'i,ll;ri iP,, "l",ifilv;i iffJ1 l;t;i. ;;JJ:";J,|', precun qi:

cJ
\d i F/ri r ul pnir c f ilt
: b t at t aloo An^J ' a t 41 r 1 n n ro bc oui l. ro.._ s, ot 'l 'i l ' " 1 ' p i / r ' ) 1. r . . dt t o - , it : t o t oat ' t t \ | -i i iui r t _\ ' lr P pi: D I r o l d l i r J so r d \hi l, u ' t \ ' t!)tt,a ;{ b btov "t"": ' .lc la f,z, son r' -;n . " dt \ : ro.\dl: to ltou tr)" Pir . ir - n : r o , / "1 ' nd J;,:;,; 'i'n ': - aor ' ' ' "n' Fnz or ialFl Fxlt;m " p"t . eplii 6 / v"rb"l".u r" r o u g h : o l : ! " t a a i . '. \ t 'i ,"r*r, o1,. ILn q',..;.r l, lhiFr \ : ' . / "PllJ r d. painlul
| -: D /; b-ri d , n ha n tJ D /d /l d d d . i l l : ' o s u P F ti el t s" orea' i ,, , . " *r . : F tr 'i:,o p o i ntgr an $ ; ' . . ri ' p ,o ." ,o ' .t " _ o rs to t;" bi rgl ' ' ' l u' npatl
"". , L j " " i i " ;.'r i . t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rl

till. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnt )a :
H " I , a." /Jd ln u li.'d ! . r ub:
.uL ia r,,l ri-,1 e.rpru,, . prFdi, d ri! s u b ia rrv .

' : t " Com r l F n
r" h u i i ' i a r i n l o u r a d re rh u l ri nu ' rai dd " l ' " rmi n;
rL onrp ' dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rce
s ri' '
ii" i'"t^s i ""tli 'lt 'r'r np !'!' i:..,"t i;" i;; ::'" : "irh ljt t t l | \ . i_ so',r,d tn' t
T hd idkr 1,,.t /. ...' I nû-d 1 5 .j'.-. /,lr ' n 'r' ol \ \ ; -. * hrr. " so .\ r r lp. '
nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr""nl

( : o ll { r ' . r om p"1' r l
1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo'- Adjcctiv-ul cAre ub r''r'i\- rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd liF'; ri ."u n. rr ult ., lifi:. ,fi 'i ''
S 770
.,a,h.! snar,$t lvotu rhei, itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ #11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike

df el: Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie face pentru accentuarcaideii eriprimate :') .tdir.li\ul )i Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ': !"tr'-l" 1di' ir"oor r. urnirtr dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r "rrrr^nsLJi:
dclioienl. in $il diil-"rent /mn nnvonc 'fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN a'rd nc'' conbines
ru
i i7l
r"", r , l r ' n ' o

im tlrr1 "
learnins keen liabi. 'D a [a{ p 'rL 'o
pentrrra 6) 0n0 (pl ones]. .\cstproluloe Fe pun dupn un adjectiv F\l'rin rlrri o'lar; r,rb'ldr'li\ s" "rira r"p, tar.a -l?: l oo i o
Il sGa ldk, ll l i,, p r-J io "ll li $ (liczi :r ' . ' ' ' liL lo { 1 6 4 !e n lN e o r tl Ic \h r " d orP d e la lii)
"'l
lr r
'," " '/ ""' lP' r )

S 772
l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: ele nu eluizcazl lista adjeclivelorde cme Dot ti d rmn t eler belp r P s l p .trv e .. . , er hi\ a| nt al s u rrs ta n L r\u tu r 'sa u uo ,5t4. 3 Vezi I \'czi S S t i2u sau ' ol o' J ti - s" si mt" i ti t,i' o" a . s - im " r1 u T l n J n " rf" .i o IL s rn rrdH de s P i ri t). r.q re ie D r o si . ls t J r e ' t\'l !zi { : 64 a' . 769 b e "n rr ir, , " pr on' r m "\./i G . C rfm' . o P i r' S l 0 J \' I04 A
( ?73 '
7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is (tn u'po't"rru1;ln'inra; unui parr:'ipru ir"rrr ire "rlrcrhrrl l;i n-i'i""u "',.7 F.lp lnlo Li' print'u h.tu t"ra nu h:
I I i.. r-L 't. pl' r n "N '. ,j); r "4 Pr er ' l- - l' ' adj c " l n / i 'i \ l u. . v pr s ; b t . r t . . ( 0 J i . g r , s u p p r ) a l i t " . , . . . ' h" n ) i[ d ' r ' , f v , D , , o l l r g 'd p l r ' I p a r | r 'p n l
)iumeroase participii trcul,e, dvenite aderirate adjective' sint prece,laie de adYerbul ,rg: tired, tc r..?.oBpli.aitd. t.9 dislinpished,efls pleased' 'cry Proredul ac.sta s a exiins ln engleza contemporani chiar qi la simple Darl,iciDii trecute ' Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar: It is scitine n!.t colder'
I I P r " f PI ng , ' - 4 n"' 1' \ \'t n '" li t s / , r bplr i. ' o ; it lor lhp r h o l a r 'h i ! n o w ( Yc z i ii S 1377 )
t 77{ "---
qj li'o.!rurlii ad.ierli\alc sa|r crbitrlenle cu unelcron'lrurlii impcrlonalo I-'rale''nsr''u'riiinp*ru"nol"sauadv'rbiAl" ti;br iomAni. a,lt"rrriot" 'lio Jn.car-e adjel..tiv'ul sinl,redate in limba pnglezaprin djn limba romani -propozilji rc'0a liv inlrpb!inrdl rrrcdi'sliv lmprFuna'u Frbrn ld D" cdlilici un "ubre't pcriorral.C'a moi frcrvpnte 'onFlru'liF ilp a F" lin 'clp forrnal' drnlr un idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv: Shet ccrtainr" Dein. Isi(xf c] (ea)P nsJ l lltisn t lili./'/ ^'
pr obi6 i a p l ) 5 l !' n a a ra i u ' l n J l l\ u. ' ' na polm j- d ;l' l ; ' 1 1to l " o tn b J l ra rr' ' \ , " ds l, i p. / i - P s l p tr.u d , ' n v b l a ' Il p d r n Jrt, ) Tl,.Y're ru ro ,e away - r . r | , , J nr n ]p ,d (i d i n o rd i ) \ ' . is a, , . i i n d F s i n g ? \. d lm b ta .a t re l rPd e l l f LDr " , Don. i b" t , nx a to u t i t! 1r ' r m r n. ' r ep. o ts r
\od u' ft ha o*" 'r ta Pko'e l; n l!L m e ,."a ,ir a r i E li uF'r
d'
Iur'i l
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
FontLia adiectivului poate fi indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de \ oroirF '-J .o sr' u't;i "djF'ri\ Jo ir u; 'rrl'cl anlivsau o'' onsrru li' sub r'tnr:vAl"'u \eloarP'le. adjP'r.ie S ?76 e cDrnrclnd sensur atrjbulir sauprcdicatjv- ln generp,rr i',rm; de singul0r. de plural (v. $ 1uu):
-.t. - bt n .
".1 | ;:::.:L;::: ':,:;",.':,T.:! ,;"',:":'".:,'2' ,'i;:";i':.::";i":.i';i,;1" , ^ ot d . ' , . n! ". rtit , h. t : : . b". ,...,-.,.t
tndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlraDin rc iD ce mai mult ins, !e acceni,ueazii chiar cu ro1 dc adjecin' (v. $ 167): lului substantivelor
'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile r'l ti'ts ' t . n r.it ,t'l;tt t-'otiong tlr r ti nual Stotes cu ditltion, "ikd lr ik p a l h p L 'l l o n s " h n o o l I o n o n '':
\ t t r n t at L i n " r' l i 0 /,,o J l i / r" . b " v . - os a r . ' . na - ru b r:' .,1 ,rtl ,rro r p p \n n,l "
\l i "
'
p' rl l rr ra dn /r fe (\rrr
2) un gerundiv:
n' ,,rIo ol..' ' ., lc"t..,; I I nj n . n o, A ..1 r - \ int . . t ". o1. d. t , , J "l i^t or '"r r odnr dd : , |)d ,n.a rS1:to. l:.tuoh'
S ?7? $ 7i8
ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg irrnr. the
3) un pa icilirl
trezcntl
Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom. au t s ains t lne. e t.r. 1 v si S l; 0! r :
4) un pa iciliu trecut:
-L.t dnupdn . l\rtp d r.t 1o . r " p1lLpi" at . \ "t ' n. . . "$i' h t a' , b ) lr l. t "' ; . aa t 'a l . r k i t r \ \ " n l. - r ' i Jir. -. \
$ 7?e $ 780
5) un infidtir':
an int)r1sc b sir{r thc last lo Lar, ni.v rvisl\ L ga to the pictxrcs;
6) un adverb:
) r'" n. . lh , . r l r / "" n/ . . th .t t L iL-:J.i -r..',b " . v" . '-, r r , l v ' tsi S 1ri9 2 56 1. S 2l_ | lP datn :bi.'. ' ' " ' lhd '/ . ? h d l n 'r " r ' . t l ' 1 o '/ - t ' ' - r b, l" t .
.,t?81
7) u
genitir:
| 782
lne lno\rc .f tle rlot!; nlt ftin.ls sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s silen e: Itjjt: Lan,lat tarins's n o th Y eaf r l' t ' . ?n , a tu | ttu n rn E mo t| 0 r n a s .a ucd tp Ct'hatu GreeLe's' ic an"nas s et 1n \i e L n a ' n .L v .ti S :.8 , l s l ). " Quie i ,{me r
8) un :rticol:
e tsn ): one: T o hr * l \v o c h i l .l ri : a b o y a l d a Si rl i a hrnd(di r thousardi a nill i o n ; l v. s i S ial. l3; r tlt/c (denlo^ttattr ). rIe s " ./" 7 n . ? tn a" ) -" Il .ri Ir D uf..l l .{" is as ain s s t tmrs m e a s " ? ftewools nc k r ' II r Du u e l l ? A r c t ou t p f i l i rl p o e l l " ' (v . i ti S 5 r4 l :
s 7t3
9) un rlumeral:
fabteen sqnat\cts': thc thi..l door o n the lett i fttTn lverue6; ,nd.te.ri.l World \\'af l
$ 731 !?85
"l.T l L Jr ' l.
t o ) o l o cuti ue p r e p ozilionali:
' f hp I 'ol r l r :
r u . t . r -.u b n "- n. ,
t or n ot tl c to p l $ i
JL .l
q rts i
.'
.),
fi m
$d
d rd\i ga
o_
t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare: dorn,.atns: cnr. rin de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai i)ri!.ipal (atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat'fDit
nlafrm : aefunt. ' , o. ' , r i 3! r ' d , , ' , ". 1 ' " . ro"r C"hhim ii;,,, r '/ . n L . . . I n l 9 0 i 5d. . u ,, n {u '. i o t c l t i i l d , u r m 't - rF rto ot'd .L: /d./ a ro s . i. ' uf idin". u ! im ll . J / lo' of i' iall l L o r d u l , , C , , 'c P l a r f - I n . d u l u i d , \ . , ndLou .1l 'uDo r in,:JT"r.' l^v i. or . ' r nd J : r s' , nr r . . :d d : i '1 1 1 i / r b l r p F n t r u d : o , H i e h. ho, / eit'^ t r t t k r ' t opl" r . oJ i , r J : '1 a r l i 4 o l u l . d r c - l d I i a m i l l ti n" . D lu u foPilo r idu r ul 6|r h }aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./ dcn!nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_ Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\ p\ pr "iii, . / , r . I l 'o o l . & rrv,rfua".i" t i mo ll j " l .ti op ll@1. "l,l- ' r ndp. i d i or.t Ldn. la i. Lo nl-r ,a, . . t dr I no, Dlii"s r F, . 1, J , - I u, l, i"l " . r "rnir:br.udl ' unr " di Lur ' d e A p e j . P d s r r b o r u \ l d r " i , . . r i l i ei. r^cr b ru rn l-1 Li. '. pr ' . J r ' "l : . e i _ u c. . k li sr ra o ut , . . , " u. d p, . , r , r d. J , . j t o . l i n , f . o . J t . n U J . e r J L o r - , , , r lrb .i Jlliuntesd,l \; d r, flde!jr;o n - \ or b. a- . b i, J dr u ar t il l ', l o r . 'l I/ r, r ,!n1fl, J r.d,"d lapl L p r o p 1, ..1u i,mo.d p ir .-,n lppt r r . d, ' " ' . l' r . , t d. id , i J n " ln i rp r rb .l I n r ". nr lt r dpr F/ r n r r 'l d 'r o p i n d s d p I rJ r.lrs : . n. J r ' r ' i, ". n r o r , ' p i,"d.il r ' ou. ii"r l"o l i.d i J.p PFr p' 'lio. e lC L " l i : S u p r 'r d . \ t I a Ap.l.r , o, m bo, , l l. r , li iJ'p ; " . . ' 1 ". t"r rh "u .a , n rr, t , u nrdt cr rt.u " rn Dr,J J ir d i J l14 public : ' $- hal L ll " o p n i o n o l r ' Ilnor,o-l , n rj r, l T , a, . rar "ri rol o. it p"r . . - d il' s pr nd J n gr 1r r . t L n ' l i d d " j u l . ' u t t . ont . ' . p G oE" bu r- u pr onunla F, 3i. dr r d' . r n". . U i . , d ! " l l n '. . 1 1 , ' l 1 l t . p o l ! i rohax(i.r cnslpT to .lrle apr Fc r at . : ier.0 inb .Jr ; or J r r . iAc r d. lp d. p"opl. r ar o o r ; J " " ! . u r i . t . m r 'l o '1 1u cas;i ,j1:rtl libere. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-
1,56
s 786
1l) o apoz il i c : ._. Sir Nrriil lIoLL,qn,,t
.f the19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnightedin 1961 1or his scien-
s rt?
s ?68
c i. r " . . . n. / . . . A1 .,,...' r.p o i l - . ,,h ,.ro" /,1. /t \.ar" d.t,rm1d tl .tt, , r n ' o .th I:. o t 0 r" 0 ' l !ro p o ,i l " r,J' \.i ,.tr." rg_ri l " l ami r,l /h" l r 'n
12) o pmp0zilie relatiri:

Lord Rnfhcrionl. (ho eat a,va llt Lh. 1908-\-oLel Prite. \ras ihe liNt soienlistto sr,l i t t he at om ( in M .rr. (v . i i 5 1 7 !0 ) 0I t s t : r t at t e UajoritatFa erhiralenlilor adjectivali sint, de Iapt propozilii relatire
or . . t t . " p. - r 1. : p : $ ' ,L i d d .,rp "um. o-o,npor " m h 1 p .:..It ' ti na-ra. /,r./d,r . , , oF pi ro p ,. o , .:oti i ,, ' h.-sti ,aar;s.l u.o: "j , lcaec: l\e l.st ta srpst Fho blt, ri..
s 789
I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R
(!'oIirI1ITIoN oF ADJD|_]TrYES) l,inba englczil.ra ti limba romdrln. cunonft rele trei procedeee obi5nuite de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elorI al derivarea l/ schimbarea categoriai granaiical ./ compuno.n (ct. s 35t, !:011
s 79n
DERI\i.\REA IDNRIV-\TION) Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vorbire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele adjertivale rele mai obifnuit ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarclr:
s 7tt
(;ermanice:
Prefixe
4r ' l5puk 1. r , / s r r 'd n g . , l . . : u ul-: or lr oir c . , ", lJ ins . tre.b ,. ca nngr , r c . . as l: o. "f r onliLlpr t . t . .r r i i l , i l , . t p f d n F , o rr": "''lon o u , f l 'r l l , o u p r . ! o l r t e . ,re.polulai.d, d!rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.
Lo anic e: r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;
/ lr i1r F. , r g! m ol. . hi-:,r"n:".. Dl s a. . D . i o n l h l \ . - i , ci.cn m-: ..r.&nr t ex i c r r c am lac eit - , r r , a, r poa r , , , ^ r , , s o r a . j ! 'f t , D r s p P , r . . 'r ! e & sianlial, el,c.: col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl .r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.: ro ofrr-: ..r,"dir lor v o. "ot nt n . aan- : . orl,stJ. pt.. !\-..I-...:,J|Fn s i\ F' P' , p' ' - : "h|' "[ |nien|: extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial, .r//o{agani. elt... o' !ot
I O r r c iijili la E BC f' o r o u ' o ri ; ' o. i o- J C \ l t O"A4nqhh llFrn limpmeridiamhi Grcenwich). : Ntrnai rfel'xele Fi snlixele au o.jginea indicaia, c!rjnlele citate ca cxentl!
16?
intcr-: ntrallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc. inrdlnational, lc.i el ' lnr.. ,P;a nnt . . Pt p. t . r l: l, / lu' id I ' . F , pel: tpfn l p t r-r r-li o'\. P-'^ 't r' /Feous P Pt or r ' o"\ ' / + s Pnr '
l '. _ $ a r '
rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc i rotro-: ..tuacti'e, , inr. l' : ru t r -. sur-r . ,ru 'din d . .,bs"qu"nl. , D5idar Y. . , ll' " J ned n ' ; Pr it t nr r . . dr ' l' ir il o: 5"4p a l i l . r 'P d i n a . F l . : F U t c F . $r-: s/,qib un din t. Fr t , La' : t Fr'. l ru s -: ran,rthn li". zll}amun' nltla': L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine, ,ltdmontan., alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc dane, dltdllanetarJ,
sufile
Qermlrnice:
_d uo di"Fd , m o pJ , r . lI pd. s r Fl. h r ' . Fl. . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l -F d : ,. I b-J,J, p ,dllFr, g old ,,, pad"r , $ood, . , $ooll r . F' . . ; . 6h : a. -. n etc nardd, outr (slacel, nlp'. -er llomea,a com!ffaiivul): {'rn: easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $'este'n. elc.: pr,.: -tu l : l, e" / i/. "..t.lut, a hi t t dt , g"r "l' t , p"1t "l . ll, dk &/ . lre rl r4 . r i' 1 , ! . lo' ir ! , ollia, ' ! . r l. : -in c : axru.,n p. . Dps l. $l' l; 3h. pl . . : -kt -: lrhr, r. u1 ],./': roo l, , { . ; lJ ; . n. id/, rimbl., etc.: licl/,. b.illl.. -le: etc.; hol!.lifr, lilrt^?, rnrlii,, -tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?, q!.1/, d.r"1u t o t ! . , i. \ ""1! . i- "1! . t anl! . ; 'l t t . "1.. -l ! : : r. odi,/. ,1 ,.i/a. .t.rrtJ î. . tsontP). rtt: t t A: a4p. \ \ ' at ln. +o m ( A ): ' nl'o 4".|^ A r l . , t r ' , d . )r.o i r aa, S '2 '1 r ' -n s f l ij | 11"',d . ,. r lr . bd, , i' , od 'l J $ r . " r ' ' rl. l'r'ny. "i J ! 'l : . r , ' at ' . J . ' , ' t'i b l c , I r ^ : b b '1 4 ttt i itnot ' . t ) / r b|" - m t r c ll, -! b f r . -il, lc: /ll .,, n nt: . ! t / . g- os t lr hr t ot J . t ^: ' r l ) . l ''o t ; . / o l t . 't ' -i . f u lt: , ^m.r.//, u' J dr . , ln. r l. lid '/ " r ' -s l : !n- 1. 1 - m n l. o n. lr u ior . / amplibi?n. GeorgiaD, Elizabil,dn. Dnroped4, .rnslaolar, -&n. -jon | \meri.,n, G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r - a D t : u" id, / , o is,o J,.i. d,. r a, / . , alj! n- ", . I 1, , , , . " c . : innou, , . ! "r m aD4, , pFr o r 5 l , , , , 4 l ' - e o l : d D nJ,l. uilL .,.ridF, / , d /. lh li-n ,;1, f l1". d/ , : sl iu li. m l, adr r ond/ , . li. i - , a l "F la ..;.. li lor , . t . bI , . , . ' r lphuli, T' ulonr " e n : - n : Rvron;, .1,.i - i r" : ,i, t i.,, ,o "r,,.", ,o n.r uFr , / . il' , . r ' p. ilgr , ' p. ! r "; , p. r p s r ; 'p . ' 1 " : " Ul. r'"iltl", A"n /p, hr r m bl", nim b/ ". Fl, jr . m F n d o , s p r ' - o u ! : ' ourd s o ,s. lo ro"i"h . gr or io, s . jo) oas . I , r ", io, .
s 792
Romaniee:
AIIJtrCTIINCU fiTELXS NIGATIY Pretixo Germarioe:

unwise, elc unpleasa!!, uDtrne, u-: zzcrt, znhspty! enintelligenl, Iiomnnicc:
dh - : di,asree ab lc. d ;armin s . d6hon"! ' . d6lonour r blP. di n l . a s P d , l . i it r -, lg-, ii-, im-, iF: ,a.jp ti; ilp. ; s nobl; . I 4p8s l. , m m o\ dbi. . m a r i o n a l . p l . : nis dar pd, n; s l a i d . P l r . m i i - : /traDplFJ, no n -: iDn-t s rilish , ro ,d'$ fi pl, @ 4m or al. nor pr r dil. i. t s etr s 4 . t u n '. m o ) . i n g n a n ' s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.
s 79:|
791 "s
Sulixo Gcrmanice:
pitills, tireLss, etc. cease/trs, counu,ss,lolcldsr, pennildss, -toc$: carelcss, 1 Sulixul -tu&are ln gnereo nuanla depreciatir{. , Su l i \L l Jy , s r " . ar dc t pr F ti cp p n l ru a d v p rb (8 2 2 5 0 t. 3 R cl e ri l n r13 G . B . S la$.
$ 795
s ?96
N ;C;
ORI OGIi,ATIE
;";,' '' ''T"i';i'1"".''o;'; l:":l;:i:;"""": '''-'' " "1""; ,:"ll: '"':"rl;f" ;;;''
-:l:;l ::;-1'ri;.. "' '-'
Er cePl i i :
il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i o) LacuvinLFrp 1"." l:i:r)'i"';; '"r'i"'"
1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoilirralc'
i,lif?''"
in fe.able tr'rls lerabtc In ' cl'laite ' azuriio fud'"'r:'l::':;:td finali nLrse duLlcdzn D) Consoana a saucind actcrinl rLeaccentLrol t i" de d"rla de o alti conloand' ' "t"i" ""*'i' silabil: nu se nnnline Pe aceea-si
""":lF. '3;;-x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u til**. . :" ' /'rr ',": 1,"T"f li i;,1": t;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'. r " "': ,li ;"J ": :l'1""';:"':; i". :;Il;i:""" ;l:;;1'l::.ii r:,t'r'''"u' t:; "'; -'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i.. "i',"Jf"' - !:"l,ilil'f, -,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"' ",
Eat:':!ltr:
Peri/ou!, trn larill'/r'd
'?"i ;:' ;;l ';
:1, ,f:;
,;sb
, i' : u,ui .u r ir" " , " in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : 1 l i ': i 'l il 'j ; ,,,r- i n.i ,'FH
:"i" -,".,,,
Ll:,:::,r1,"
1t: -;1;:li'
ErcePlic: igrcous gllt'I, uucJ' suliri ca'e incepecu o conli""r * rrrelrlininsi indriea unui Aj -" ''"t
E:r ce p lie:
ii'ii:li"::'t'! lt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli? .",,l't,eil

b l; J,"i l;;r:;ir;"
m dr gt r bLu
lliijj .
s i'rli
de ronsoa'n-1 li!al seschimbn Ln-t preledat ," r'r'| tirr:rt* ;)ri.1'lll;, .''r'"' | -rr'le''arrl 'lul' -lp " r' ' " rr' : 1 " ,1 ]"l i :'
'' ';': l ; .''-
l:.i
:',"'
, rr",- i:'";'-'
lorlnei lalire g/d'i'sLs litl ln acestcaz _mrt s a hltrslormai 'n -L strb iDlluenlr
169 ttrtt b l ' rl a -l " aut?oJb' rn r-D.nl p' t ous' prs d u ./ - I' d 1 0 ' p ' tr' i tt """ D/ 7 ljnal s c m enf ire i n s d a tn n c i c i n d e s l e p recedaL de rocal i : . njo/ . ' b l e p ' d ,a u l ro,,l p.buo. / a' . oroxr c/ I t inal s e s c hjr n b d j n to td e a u n a tn i l n a i n tea sui i rul ui -l y: bodY datlX - bodilY day d) -? final se mnline lntotdeauna inaintea sufixelor -tsft Si ItAe: c o ' r1 trY bt e - bdbJish ' ounl " ,l :k" ho! - borl i l - g rl " n c"i e) La cuvintele trmin at in -y se int rodu ce un e mut ln ainta sufixului g:
SCHIITIBARE.A CATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE'

{CON1llNSION) p ngl pz; pr i n trc" Fnl a l ui p. Are -r r r r oc pdp, r r !" r" , l e r;' i p .n r ru l i -b a p i r l i l p. d' torbi rc ' F]p m" i pr i. " s r " tn rms r" J a J ;e .ri \d o r. ln """a " obisnuit adictil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul. l l Pa flir ipii A djpr li\ a te . - V d l rF p a ri i ' rP i i l rp .ul e sj pfpzP nl F si otl nl rP buinl 'rp a djF . r r \ al. r r ne l e l -v " r.i n rl a d p \5 ra l F a d j F crrrp .unsrdpratc ' a sl arc ln di cl i o n a r e:
s 80o
s 801
ple$eg _
0harn,ing
Lakng
Cn.ori Darticipiile au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu adjectiveie Inctt' $ 802 ca ."i acestei, lonireazd adverbe prin addngarea sufixului J3: ,mur.d1u. hrrmou.dlg"ic sood 'pJrnpdl!, "urpri""d/v, el!. l0Lingly. lovinglyrvilling/v Jd,ns1{:AnosiDglt. (Vezi9i ! 791.1rr1) ln maioriLatea lor forme verbale mai vechi, sint S 303 trcule. Unele DartiLiDii contemporand. deosFbindu-Fp rntrebuintaie nuniai adi"' lival ln limba enql"za lvezi $ 1756 J" forn',le cor".punralbar.ele parricipiuluitrecul propriu-zis 1?58. 1760):
11! bound.endnt! a .a4,rz Blaiue lpoetrc) jr a d.urfteD ioryor
sl,e hrd ,.nr her knePs.readv to laU i l du' \ ro o\Frl u i i l l l hp ! an T h !v (o rp D o u p d He iad .arued a head iir tle marble ' ' On H i r " r. t,o u -a l /el mv h' Jrl i n l $ai n l I had d.!nl rnv sla$ cheprlullY H e n a d Po rh i s d i s re e l v l rrd $ork. The lam-p has noa hffn iir {sEUli8her'l Thc heat has melted Ihe \nrter. It trad prc'4d my sood lairh H e h rd s i ,' d i n l h e morni ng.
nohea Slass an rnt.oqr accusaton
l lnaintea sulixuhi -o&r, trecdat de consoan{sc ofiogaliaza uneori-_'pronrnlia -I cazn.r' remlnlnd aceearioa si In celela,lte i D.hirdledii adj@ti',li 5 )-i5. '\eti '\e zi si c aDit olul Com p l n P | F c S 804 .
. \\' c n , . - ; f e . , F . H o r .ta r . t .tr . ,it D.t 4 .4
lG0 The mate.ial 1,as ri.znk i! the wash,g the conl,was sr./dez iriih rnin. The conNc ol events \Ynsslagrd. TLcy were vr".l Nith paric, \l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin? The storm had sz;n thc shilShe had o,n'orid. (v e z i $ i S 1 8 a !l
!/rr"8e d rn stru m Fnr s szzftez wrcoligarden
80.1
2) Substnutiveadjcotivatc. buinlate ca adjeciive:
Numele de nrtedi
pot fi in genereintre
Celelalte substantive pot, fi ti ele adesea adjeciiral,e: l.le Bz.nd-4, streets a f1otbdu ream /a.u eqnitmenl a sree, \rorks the re,ur4lar-" 805 ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a participiului LrccLrtregulat:
&o.scd .ad,iag.s tlie Doa,r.d interesls fl .&h{rcd \lonan ,/o-!p d r'rn l'rlr^. a t b, o n"r r : t l o t | 'l " t y Po"\ ' t dtu: d ;:/ / !,rfi t "' n "..:tta in 1lrt6. Thc \\rorld Ilorlins clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a had sal lh. di.r bcio.c. Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,ataP br the Eome J..r!la.r H, lo ok-t 1 1" . r ' . i ?1 , . ld "we adnrir.d ttis ftann.kn ind r',r?rr...l p.$on " "\n1 Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl " 1\ ' ez i ii S 8l L i
E06
3) Ycrbo adjcotirato.
Unele ,ierbe pol avca raloare de adje.ti':
S h e i a l k e d $ i l h m,.t s o l .dni tX . lle \ras only a sidn captain. Ther sa$ in lr th. acircss e 0.. Onipnpil, iho so"ld Deorator, hns r bent ro. toelrr. 807 4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc. Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate tive. unele arind chiar grade de comparrlie:
thc o//-side !laj
fi ca adje.-
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt these /,tncrl, results
?ur, mme. o&r.r space
l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.
This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{. Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain? Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se 1 \' e 7 i i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1,1)
806
5) Articolul !\i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele doud adesori numeralle au 1'aloarede adjective:
tne fridsP thcle a pounua wee k
?n oterativ.s the st.onl steike. iYc z i ii S 520, 12t il I : g[zduit
iicole !i
161
COMPUNEREA
{CONPOSITION) ln limba enslez[ se formeazd adjective compnse(CompoundAdiectioes) atlt din adjeciiv;, clt qi din alte pn4i de vorbire: a /D4..i"sr m0jo'i'] s.\srpm. subst.i subsr.: f,ont-xh"4df|v?, \ ? l";r-pu\hds" tu
$ 809
lIFt sat rtla'. ct' si.lPm, * - -; ;rtn .-"t;; 1. , st;Pom'litu shrpP "auad.o,? k 1 " e d " rD l rJN hi rP s" J* orl l rt b; F ndnev. c d " k .u -.4 o ;.:-d ctu.i sotrnrlprool, fb o rn o t ' ondi l i onpJ rgg sh0pP d i u b sl .+ Ds r t . : t " ar l- r " n d i n g .l " a .r Io \ In g erc i thoushtworn, heartlelt. ' ' "ii i . . i J i ii .i '
li"lt;i'", rcn.n",
h 'inj ldJ,, ""
irrF s rk a L t E \ ' e : lt ' t
h: ' \ ' . oln r ' d pl" 6 d n l s D o l '" n e l ': d +p .lon "d . har J bo"d ;dj. -psf.: dt' : r dv. 8d l.: d own ri;h', . epr . ' hd"p our bJ nJ . pr ' c r ' idv. -r nsit.: ra'\-c"in s. hs r d \ t or } s oul "ndr n. l o \ '_ b a r r n ; \ ! F r l m d a n n g ir i ndr lnr n Jo s n "d l. l,;sl,sh J\Pi, ha iv r _la' l' ve.b + snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc : \ p d' n t . \ n 'L l d b " ! l " s 6 4 t ' : a dl r rrrr + re tl: n ok? b't:p " s at ai ' J o. t o' r o dr J lr va u eerb i !dr.: a h :J.4 i. d ' u 0 " o ! ' g6 l , nr ' r . o,', D , r g a m " s . t h " o P F P '( s ) / n..; b"l.:a1 lfr,../i,, ". \ i ", l t ll -s /l it. roa d, ai,,rh, tf t d e . - batl ar\ h rondu"t. "\c Adi. (,;Dme ut i\ : dr olrr"m t 1r . h: a llr d odL | o t n t o . ^ - I '1 " o n d 'd 4 o t h . a' ' "4oJ inl.: a 1 sPAq' m; i mu riF rre"f'..ti!sdu ' J 1. . ' .t . u Q elc. Jno, 'o n,o L,|:)a ''JIu 'ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . |] o' t al-d ' " I po Ps an o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp atr :l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" . ."t \ n Joyothona \ lh' n. t r oonstruc lii rrrrrs:lc: :t+ . t 1ui E""o, dhl ^h nltv t. y\.o n '. rh! srorl 'r ; n. o b" 4n' t - l \. \ " . d . / , utd; t hu a ^ 11 ! tp o - i, Unt \ t t o l S p ) l a 'n s s l' anuh \ ' s r dr . h, 4do' . "rt ign. il lnb -,,ds 'pa nn ^'
Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general sau scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:
| $ "r,. , "r F ", . _J d. r . \'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc Il is a lans disl4ne aw0! (adj ) cau. Ii lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'. Th !. u", p linl bt , - o' , i. aplt ; ! lo \ r '. T p lo - , h" t t a* - and t F: anal . , r t ? o d t a b l "
S Sl{l
Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart mare impoltanlA pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective ,\ se compara:
(: 1: (: i: l: (: o camer{ dc hotel nicl o camri dc hotel nrice) retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit) ; pchu de trandalir stdfita) calrl vcchii diligenlc) leirlDul c d diligenl{)
a cndpled
/otr ledl
plefgdlt de !l adjectj\. i Sll un substantiY in linba englzn. Foarte adcsea al a.p.ruie prim".l" !uti\ul prrli.ipiel -'d1cbi3t aluo' I !du dF un FfbivclpnL un sdiA ri\ ,ind nu exista un !erb .o'..pun/d nr 1n limbdr' forml d asLtel
(cf. S 805): compus

qilfedsed a ane'kgge.l rr,an bdtu ed 8\L a double
Thc chair had dn upenr)ed\o\ tor one l e g . 'rh. restalrant \eas ;rcrnaDledL shoestring : ll - cran.lre t\\..
linbji encreze
812
Ailiectire telescopate(Partmankalt ll'ords ) cerea termenului):

gald nr " inr I u r'i m Jn i' r n! l d r';r lr"
(Yezi S401 peniru eaplithine
bl:l
l-roarcdadierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r' rli/'ar.arr pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'I .lild .r:Jf.nl0 in limbd - el.zi a '''o'r'p "l' lolo''l; a 'accentu tn scris qi in o\presiritilrii area subtiliid-tii. lldsi,icitnlii fi p entru la'J.|l.rJ e\en p|" '|- ",nFn darjp'li\F In'r':rrrrd" I lrmb6 rlrFl' ,r+alii li "ra." i,olH-;. "i -'d,\lnil ,r'i"r -'r"d" 'l' 'omn,r-Li' 'onlurFr l'-cedelor ourente:
an daclurrsbtel nnn dblel l]hces u n_ge,_al d r n \ , i 'E 8 n d , 'd g L . s t s ] , at ano ; n f / r \ t r . l d z zl E n d lhc r !r.r ", ,,,x1 -,1?i.,ish: {ir Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r' lntE., l' ; l I i' ) l/ * r ^ r ii nd /t a lidli. dr ' I L, . , - nh. . bo.t 'J
lle $a5 rod- St*'r ' ''_ \' ,o ull lx q |d L '.IlL rllplh . u. ' 1. a. "r "i tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r z.v l,' ro a '/,,a frin "Here'!
Iatn rqiadjectivc tormato dintr o lo.ullrne snu diitr o frazii tutrearn:

1l\is h.k'a|ain'Co&a!(ilr
:i ;
'',1: n:t" ! .
,a ' "i " ti".
;.
: r,
'
oDt " l'
t.:.
lriend oi lis
t-.l/,
r' , i :
'| l r '
l on
i { ar d Adjeciivul trbuie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul
NALII S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl PIi{JNO\'II

(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS) lirrbA proprirrzis', P\i\1i in ljr bx enql-/;. (a qi-in In afari de adjectivcle lc lo'rn iirbFrrrni"lor' rrrui plonunle rare nu dc romeni. o cateqorie lirr 'i i.""i"* .; t" ditermini ca $i adielli\tle. Ille lu nti dtr. r: Llrr' firr '1ie (le udidit' 1"" derin adcvirati adjecti\e ii de aceeasint ':rtr\it.. "; poarln ""o'iuln": ele n1ai e trliiitati\ d adjectivele Einr,nflr iominalc. Sprea se deosbi .lettmlnatLrc: a4iedLw de
Tlls lot lf ail is r f o. c ir r t er ' s l l n s t l ] l n
i rk ,t ui el tc ?i. al es t e n p ro n u me d e o a r' e i ' e u ' t ul . in. d a lt c l i ! p p r,rl r " ,l rts rmi n i -. l' l " h l . . \ P r ' bt , c P ru n u r n r onunelui int e ro s a l i l ' s n u rc l a l i l n /t' r' ' pLrf ur a u 5 i u n c o l e s l o ndent p r onune nehot i ri te
subsl rnti trtl ?t' tml t: p" ' ' " t ' 11' rLrFl ' Jr\ /ri rl !r01' r' rri arl j | tl i Y al '
''d r '
thts
-i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'
d. L,\\,. i,, 11',,nnqhtui Ad,anu,e! din.7ti.,s

(}'hatosrut 't
trR. .n. -\ldinstor. or. { iala o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali" 1 i" w r ' i601. " ' P u \\ \a" "tl :ng Fry:\ ',J' ou.P. i 1r ' l \ ' 6! n i\ ' . /o . l o d l r I i n ' r' b -: l
163
Adjectivale pronominale so tmparti ca lsi pro umele respcti1-el in .tncl S 815 .ategorii: 1) adjectivc posesil-e 2) ad ierin e demonstratiYe 3) adjectirc inrcrogalivc 14 adjective relative ;) adjecLivc nehoterite prononilale sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia adjccti\.e]or posc- ,s Slti -{djectivrtc sive. demonstrati\.e ,si a cito a adjocLive neholnrite. (Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi amnn nlitn a adjectivelor prorrlS9'n 'll |,inil", \"/i proru,'l.r'.p'rr\p '012. 1049,IIjl]l. lj tdic;ritolo p,'sc.i\; I Po.-s,J" AIJJ T;r's.t : nt s 617 I ou' {.- trostN, nonsha..
"s. { ,a . {
il ffi"l=ii,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'r lw*
{= (1'cnL.u dcialii
{: rosrru, voastra
roifr! !oaslrel
$ e00i 2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0(D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs) stllL. tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Orzi $ 444)
vczi
li: l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"' ,. lui, ri) ln PUt r ul
(: lor) (nascnliD, l-"ninii, rt 1,t,"," nculrn ir conu.l
S tl8
I d i d n ' t k n o F l .h e ma i ,/E Ii m e . ls he rndrCronin'1 ac s t . ac eas tn ) (s g -) ?its bol goes 1o e dax-nu.sery. these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.) Arc ,tusd cigarctn's yonrs? t h i s (: that (: acel, acea) (sg.) I'ndr rcst l,omc h6 jt6t been bnilt. acei, acele) (pl.) Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel
those (:
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte) Givc me ,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood. l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, ihey're g.ecn. thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)] Doesn't he p.eler th. latwr ?f,Letn.\tite to the laiier? tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?) Aren'l rne lo,rd !.oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr? the fi$t [: primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l rvas lhe best ol the thrc.. ?r. ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcd the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc soundsUfilllngSuch (: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de) \there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn? ,ta.n rvre his wo.ds. .lL.n goodncss is.a.e. .larl, liorsps ,.e Aood lor field sorlt.
':Pronu,l t [0iJ rezi ! Ir1 Srnsgfrmatic.l(S tl.
1|]4
acelaii, aceea;i etc.) The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie seside 'l ory (: chiar ao1/acea/aceilace'le) We arcstandirgoi l'hcterl ryot Ftrcretlc baltlc\rxslouglil rc"i a""t-'' u.rdretbp \on. rt'url ,i !oniitsrrur li rdi''ir"r ' 'rel r'"a n jr'lul loprr': cl JialF' o olol"ii irt -'rr,'i nû"r". n -"b rrnL"l .J \ 'l j Soms (:
ln r n | " l' \" o r \ o' " " h4 ' r n J L '^ d 'i / \ d \ lnr ' ' \ ' 1, p"- . '' i; b l"' 'v d l\iczi tnrtN detalji s 93r) '
S i. l) '
/i' "s./ sir. : J, .\dicr!i\elp irrlprogrli\e I tn' rr' -at"1di I-'lrins rrn'-1" 'Frp'rrrl Whi.lii 1p"7 ure Jin -Ln rru"'
.1 oj , !" " 1 1 / , . f r \ ' d- o " b .." o r' : ! 1 y t, , r ' . ; , o ! ' ,:J " " o " n nr" \r t'trl I\'hosc? (: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale cui!) lfr,se sor \tas h.1 rnos' roice did l hcaf? ' lT bat ? : r : e? c a re l p c ra re ? (i n fc l e s l n rg ge cral ) lr'ial rclatives ln!. Jou got in Buchrcst? ltla, lciter .ue lrrstT iry'd, cha.act0r did lie inrpersotrate? Ho\ l m r loh? ( : c i t] c i tn ? ) ,'1,n,,,rc]' llnslish do You kno{? H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he show' r onY l (: c i ti ? c i te ? ) llo\ t
lh. 1 o lhp nnnor ' ' 1 5 - ! m 'r d 1to ' rto d o "!u - \ p, Ha r " aa -t \r,:s , . : d . \ o' r pl nLl {vezi Penl'u detalii S 101!l
S sJO
inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD's' ltcnt The li|rrim lfo ntra nkPr' nan a fo l u $ d r d\ r D W to'l h'mlo ' nr obd ' r lil
ri]|,tl 14 ,{djectirelo&lttire ffielrtti'e Adiecttues) : (pe) care Which
rld
Jones' oni'l'
hll'r
lvhoso (: Wh$t l:
al rafui. a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc)

"n s
Thp mln Lfta i;:' ,s ll|o!l
idrili ls b- dn m r : o1p| i o " d o o I r - r " 'l p r J 1' . r ib m v $o k
ce, (Pe) carel
poi tl pronume orr Cuvintele compusedin *'har l\ Qhich +erer sau soer'J' .Ldjectivc: 'o
. h m u l l o 'l n' dJ l- . ll h dt rro f.,. r c llls . ' p r' t om ds f ir lr m or n h : he ". p\i "i delalii S 103j) lvezi lenlN ' r"l
te rd ir ^ o . . nt i' ( 1 tYl,, Fl li\r n 4r r ' I do _ troL { "hdr s o. ( Wnal liitle tobacco rmains is at Iou dispos'tl
i 5::1 "
il tdiertitelo rrebolnrile//ndPl'l/P A.di 'la)'i",t: cnur' rr' o inJnrrlJr a ccrtitin ( un/o

d.rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him Hc broL.lehi,4 iii" *;;i i'* to @.c.'dia exrent sadsractorv cedsin (: unii' unele; oarecare) h a l e ro b rp to r i d /z mL s' t f r din oP oD l p He I ' a" , - ; or ' , b o u l s h a m rg h l ' n l " n 5 r ) vu
somel (: pul,ine atc.)
cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste,ceva, pulin, pulind, pulini,
Wc sarv so/re teasets at worL Shc will buX srru rrce. llhe ernibiLion c.nlaired somd
sorrre... or other (:1'reun,
vreo .., oarecere)
Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot'tet. $'o mnst liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence ltom the party
reEpeotiv)
d, (in propoziliile S.terogaliv-e,negalive sau ipotetice):i'run, vreo: ( negaiie)nici un, nici o; sau nu se traduce; Ha\. rod dra rare books? 'fhe\-\ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren any plcde. It Jon trale any llorr, bring me some, &l : orice. oricare ,1,v ohilrl conld do lhis Toli niav tale du, nro magazines lon like. dilerili, difrite; mai multe; mai mulli, several(: citiva. rjtevn:
Jarrii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA. I rn re 'b ee, , lo \ - enic ; re /e /a i ti r,ra \te oalled iberc or tlircc .v,t.ral da\-s. 'l-h-"sresis said sood |yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays su dfy (: diierifi. diterite) \Ve liaY m.t on s,nd'! occarions. Tlroc wrrr sdn.lfr reaaoi( lor his alliludc o n o (: un, o) Orz dat l.hc cosros \rill hold no secrek ror nim Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln pafllcul{r Nliose rngs were Folks of lnrc a alrother (: un alt, o ali:i; rrdi, hcn) 0!c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one anolhef. Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica. trlease? Stir LnaLhe, th! rinulcs. Fill XoD? (5 133) other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e) x lid! orllr peoplc callcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc c'rEl da]s, ,rll \tnys. rh m o .n i n l . . Tl f " $ d : " . , 1 us : You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-
uch (: mutt, multii) (rezi $ 690 694)
mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi S 690 694)

_
inlo orttr -lIa,y \rtsr tlie resnlls iolloring !!0n lhc:launchingol tlie carth srtellites I halc mdr.! radio h rs: auons mI lrinds I savc him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork. H ,; L n n \ s r r , L, ludn J n ( ' ., l a l i u .
(a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine)(vczi S 677-686) (a) re\v (: ciliye. citel'a; pulini, putine) (vezi S 687)
. . 1 / t u {o ds a,. o rl.n o, p plol, \ \ p kno! /.- rFop le i, ' t "t r hur "s t lhJ n a long s p 'h
1 as le d ! o bicdi n d. srn AT lorm' "nl . al ln, onr . * L- |P de. i lo r m a , l d b l l p -on! Jnde so a ropo?iipi v"/i r T' t - rml nr od r ' "ials uuda! 65eallblJ b l r r i i l ! l '.nlu il !i Q ll: 8, lt 8i. r fdd,o lan J : rJdlo am at or i { c olo( \ idll.
186 enough (: desLul, destuii, destui. destule) We have iood cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing. Thoc arer't ,mLrn caks to go ronnd each [: fiecare in parte (accntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)] We should see a tuture Dromisein adr ohiid is $vil..hed or' -Eaci applianceshould b-; ovefhauied belo.c it eycry [: Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io!i, todt] /, './ L ' , , 1 v ll' ov J " 4 \p n u r i ro t' .n , rrt d .i .n ro a r" d " m i , ri ; d, . i" " r , I'i i i * E e.e Jaok had ltis Jiil. all (: tot, toatd, to!i, toate; liecare) He worked l,afd all dar ai the lorttiit ol an acadoni.ian. .1lI peo!]es stru3gle ior Peace. cither (: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n) ,1 .1 .1 " F o {",j s l r v o, ' t la" -rd r o r 1 P rn d d / 5 h " I ral l. r \ p . t i, . . r o o m . s h ' ;.h r r s h " p - ' .: noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui) ,{.id.. I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive years oI age fi,nnd. scheme was accepied. both (: amlndoi. amiddoui) to,n mv cliild.en are at school. Lct m have totn testtlbes ior the etperrment no (: nici un. nici o) ,Vo ma n k np( r Lourqd d e n i n s a s m " ' 1 . 6 \n Tn p p o - m d ! - or ula@ h rr.rs .v e s t,rd d j nolle (: nici un, nici o, deloc)l P"d .ri .al , \ p" r : ar r p h" h a d .o r b " i n S ) ' o o J o ' rD c Bd "k,rdt ur ij lur a. r hn rew e re to 4 p i n l \" o " p h a n d Cr' Genius he is naE. (Ve z i i i S l l e 7 l
Nard determinatitetrebuie studiateparallcu proounelerespec,A.djectirete (Vezi 1152) tive. $
I zond, despe.liI de subslantivulle cn.eil determint cind cslc adjectiv,sti iI gcnere literaf). {stil
PRO\U}ItrLE
coNsIDtH{T1t GE\ER_\L}l
322 824 8r5 427 828 838 ii39 839 L PFO\I \ LE r ll I t F s U\ -{ L Delini!ie Fuclii
N.mn l Iratut"ElIi pprsanol
pts
til
trt 111 171 t1r \t! 17' 1r_2 1/-3
Persoanaa 2-a sinsnlar PeNoanaa 3-a siniular Phalul antorjlalii ti al

fa: ul lonun .lot t.,.o nt le
8t!0 1i4 841 1 7 t , 842 1 'L 3/r4 |,.t, 845 t74 846 lt4 849 I r-4 85ll 1,-5
869
870 873 887 888 890 8-46 900 901 !07 !09 910 911 918 IJD I^"TiRIRE. 919 920 grt 92t 923 92i 928 929 930 931 934 9t5 936 939
1r' 8 t79 181 11J1 181 182 183 183 r33 184 184 184 1l t5 1l l 5 15 186 186 186 laJ 187 18rl 188 188 189 189 189 189
189 189 190
IL
PR ON|IE I , E ! t : \ D, J E C T IV L L T O S ES IV.
III.
PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T
-qI
FlI']\U]IEI-E
P rn r.l u rJ - r r or idr ii i. , . o r r;.,i ..... ...... ...... ......... rl n ru ar dr e f r n' ll r" r' .n l ' r' ,,1 1 ,\i f i l p l ro ,,,In!tu d. n,1ri rp. ,. rn n tn /.- pr onr m - 1" .. .. .... .... I"o u n " r n r l" \ | , ' r ..' n r ' 1 . ! n " l ronLn frn n 'rn r pb r o|F \ r v .,I,, .u t ,," ,,o ," ,,,... , /fu J l t r nr r eDnr r lx I r Lo ml p ronnnr hi ; eit . r ir .i a l t,l r.u n i i rri ri e J n i ;l ;.;... ........ Ft ,,\r \ t F Lf . t \ 1, . L L ,I:\tO.-T | | \' t,\ ' :T .\t
... ........
I\ .
t6 8 945
{r48 !4! 961 gil,
't HLS (THtiSL), THA'1 ('tHOSE) lu n cl i i ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... ... .. ... . lo rma . Gc D.Nu: lr . Ca Z . In|rcnninlarc 'Tl ,L r,- lhx r ' ' .. l, onu ,n l _ l r\ \Jr. rb " , . or . l ' r . " -l h t ..... i - r . " ' : l. r 1 TIlD T'ARJ]IEN.THE ],!'T TL A lu ,rj i i .. . . . . Fo rml .. . . . . . . . . . . . hhelxinla.c ' )H1 .: I.I A S T , ' , t HE L AS ' | ..........-.... I H f Oflt l n. l111, utt1 l 1 :. .....
190
{90 1)1 19rl i9J
!66
191
96t 1161, 1 9 4
1!5
s A l r E ... . ...
,i 1 9i )
195 rl9i
v.
PTIo NUI E LE $I - \ DJ E C T IIL i . l Y l l i L l .ra j -l T I\' ........ Dcl i n i l i . . . . . . . . . . .
i!l:r
ll .
101t 1n l8
Siualkt ..tut\ ....,. ,.. In te ro q aiiadir c . li s i n i d n e d i -' Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii . . . .. L o "r pr . ' o/ li i.
'o co n struoliim ionilic e . .. ..: .. .. ... .... Proa , l o i , iF ' r .... ....
' rrr r?-
. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . .. .
.
1011 : 102b ln_ lotll ' n' 10:10

l nl :'
1035 : 1057
'_
\.I
PRO\UI { F I LE lI
A D J IIC T IVU L R E L -\T IV.... .... ......
189
4i
wHo
IYEICH Inteles Funclie
1053 1059 1060 1061 106, 1063
205 t05 205 206 206 206 206 207 201 208 ,08 ,08
210 210 2ll 211 211 2t! 211 A3 .. .. , . 2t2 212 212 BUT 2t2 lnr.l"s . .. . .. ..... . ... ... lnsn 212 mrPrlrnl,rr .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... tO99 212 2\2 Ake clkstnrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a numete 9i atljtti, eleretatiee... .. .. -.. .. . . . . . . . . 212 Su b sl d li\ , , ol " liv . - l J ,.o -n u m, h rp tJ t' r .... ......... .. ..,... rrul 272 urrp sap o' uad. r r r J . v ,P " o . ,j , r" l u l i \ /..o to l . ....... .... rro2 213 Lo cD rp rlnur n ....,, 2t3 ' r,,6 214 c u r r n .{ rF d P s u b s ta n tr\' .,. 2t5 ra t6;i; ; i; ; iii'; iit i r ; i . r i p . l . i i i i i i i . ' " i i i i i"!................. ....' ...1 1 1 2 215 1120 216 \t21 216 1t25 216 7124 2ti 7129 21) 1130 2t1 1133 21i 1134 21i r\t' 2t) 1136 !l r. 1137 at?. Ca z
I'tadutrh \:II. retalio II .. . .. Pll']NU]IELE D ' irili
WHAT
1083 1084 t0a7 1088 1u91 7192 1093 1091 1495 1096 7091
I DJ D C T IYIT L -!-EH O T A R IT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........

.. .. . .. , d. it \ q r . dt r ot J lt ....-. .. o r rr J r dlr " r f . t or Lr hot J r "t n , u alt p p r o n , r m . , ,." f."u.t
ri l t
t t(2 It11 lt41 I t4u
21!
. 1. :t. l. :.jl
170
j
protrumeri sdierlieo oetot6rite . EYE RI . . . - .
t1r")
'I l5t tt37 7116 Llii 1t5i
,22
:l2rl 222 l.!.! 22) 122
I ri 9 223 tl6a 1161 123 1163 " l 224 116i ' )2L l16i 116,1 { 170 ))1 tl14
Inleles.. . -.
.
' ' .. . .. ..
Acordul cu alte Proaune . F un o i i i . ,,' consfruoiii idiomatice SOME, ANY..tIO, -i\?NE S o,tl f lnlpj e . .. . t nhe b u i n l a P Pro n u n l i e Funcli . .
1r)'5 :15
1 1 r - 6 " 221 1 1 1 8 22i
... .. .. ... ....
. . .. ... l nte r e b
lnhebuinta'e
^f ^rnN/i
ANv
... .. . . . . . . . . . .
,' -
l-la l t74 22ii Irl t' l l 8< 1186 2), )t1 iii* :tl . . . . ris a 1),119t 924 .. .. 1205 !t8
F o rmeco m lus r
P N ,O N U IIE I,E
(TIllI PRONOUN)
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI] l) Drtinitic..

dt
rn Ut pc nr \ dt enli
PronrrnFlecsr" _parrea de vorbire care ljne jocul unni

dl ac es t Ur e.
S 8gz
iub.'-,,ri\ut ,.ru c.hivalanrutluir rnto.uit de pronum".e numeqlejn g 821 llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcnt tl pronumplui (lnn.pd" sau Prinrr'parl.Desi nu r..'r', rotul .3ri.15.d'odf..a,pa.tn dFnumirpfa fi tnrrpbuijr!n; pon,ru sim_ plilirar" in 1rr. r*r'a <1" l;,; in lo, ul ppriha,,Fi fnlo.irFin a.c.t "az dp gramati"a 2) Clasificarcr proDumelor.
d/ l"o1r4d r o"":o na , " I
Se disting d obici rsdprecategorii de

r a s l '4 i | . $ \o l h 'J nr m . , . . . ... \o" th,q I I nin! J o. r s . l, is \ F r ' i l " o \ n I onr ( r o r r ' r hqr r ! o r r ' ols . l" lour s l' . ||: m r i . I . r p l l . i , s d , o u r e p h , " lonr s . l\ es , lnPn\ el\ P s i o n c s c l l ntciptace: eat:h othe., one doitrer r i. . i! . hdr . ih o . " , r h - t o r m a " . t h " d " r , lh ' i. . ' hp las t . I n o o t l , . r t s , . s ? m p , s u . l I'r. $ljo? Nhose? whom? $l,i.h? Fhat? sho, Nliose, \rhom, which, $lEr, rtrat, as, bur r nor nl l oo r u \'r' ) o! .
g 894
/ / t , o..,m-'r Do.,c,i\ c ' ., Pmnuml relle\i{c
d, ProDn fl.
(lenro,,stratirc
e.) Prorrmel-. intcrogal.ire ll P.o.um.le lelal.ive ti I I I I I
d. h. J l. on. . , r ' , or h . r . ^r tr hp rr r jrr.l!, " i r r , , - , n . r . r r . bo . . r . s e. J od. t h . ) . s sunurr., aj I. k, s or F. t uv . , , on4 . om " b o d J . s o n . , 1 D . , ". o tn r io "th D;q nnJ DodJ . anJ on4. a n J l I n g . n o b o d y oi n ,. p! . r ! bodv . . \ e. ) o.. r . 4 \ d r v r r i . a
3) Acordulprorumelui. cu antecedentul siu:
Pronumele se acordeinge/\ nutnb Eipersoand g BZb
i rnl ,rm, i. : .a. snc m.\ d1.gt,.pr. Th, n,,.- Jd aL n //",r,I.imo"b,,or-30,.Sd"\n,'r"r,at-. ln privinta ca.ulai ins6, pronumcle este ildependent, de antecedant. q 826 cazul pronumeluj liind determinat de ro1ul acestuii tn propozilia alin care \ j 4lio 1 .l , a, ' r ' 1; l n' $ r , " , , , . , al. o ! o _ . T p . t1,n t.. N\ , $pr ( ur k ing d n t dr t /r,,, rddt.l. .o 0(p , . . .-i i.\roa nr r v . o . | to th/r . . . 1, . . , ? ( . jat . , , e, ( "nT Srrc mel lhe rolrd, (ac.t. rrnose lgcn. ob.t in I kne{
. . Pronum-tep"rsonalp. 4) F po.".i\. ,, rt,.\i\" -i d- jn iriri au, { 822 iu il. \., 'rDlri. ts\.pprii Inrn- ddcritF pFnl|u pFrloa16. runnr tl" p,r.oalla a3-a sg.) .r ^pn. .-",,lp parsondl.si ppn.ru Pfa.unFt, in,"rore,i\ r_td.iv "Hz.
1v. zi p a8 . 62 rlta L
r?9 dpmun lrnlivp //lr ' rftdl' rr4 dre lorn, ditprirelpnlru '1r. P"lru nronumF on, th ,t!'t.):i unrl nehotrrit (n'14,arr plurllulditFrirdcsrnguLar'LcroraIe Pronume sini inlariabile. genere valo{rc de 5) l'u 8!ii. - Formele cu valoare de pronume au ln 'si adjectiv. EacepliL pprsonrle pro rmelp \ u au lorm.1Jj"' li\ al. ' orplpun/droJrr: "irpllptivp' t'lo' cu cazul int'erogativ-relfltiv Dronumele demonsirati{ s(]: pronumele *a-t; pronumele relaiive that, dr li D&t; pronunele nehot'dritecom' iii""ii' puse cu some,dny, n0 | erera. formi de Adiecrivele corespunzitoare pronumlor poscsive difere ca 830 maso' cu ercepl,ia pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg acesl,ea. lrma o.rel" ru\inr. Pot lr fi: $ b3l 829
8r8
s832
s 833
s834
i 8?t
illl"l'1"1;',1" i3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig: ".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J; Dzneldlr: oDe, lirst

alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but, eilh(ri neithef, little much no' sone. sonelhing, (the) sanc @aiLtulii: 4. botli' bul, ilhor' neither pepa.iliet brlt.
s 8:r0
$ 837
lunoliile sintrcticeale pronumelui stnt accleaqica !i aceleaale tivului ($ 347-35{l). pronunelui' - Substantivul (sau echivalentul 6) Locul tDtccedontului 838 de aelemai multe ori Pronumele. ln rare precedii pronune lui) tnlocuit de cazu inse. il fi urmeazn:
" \\l'cn lh. 4 r l, sl,rr ; r -/ ! - - at nt . Iylo lo ron , i s 1 r hr , , dr puo. o i:l;".;' d l o n 'e r "1 '\ f t / r 't r 'n ' por . ( ! _or ' l ' v "t J o n e F a o E n " r " iant e' ) at t h' ' loo '1 / i . r 'r ' l a '. 4itre t hat uau Bpt la'' l" ! 1". t r
strbsian-
s 83e
posesivo 7) PronumclePorsonale, PososileDi rellexir0 ti ailioct:ivele

(Ndtudt) (Pds.) (cel )
ss.
l1 toate j r { I masc. | 31hm. t neutru t

I
it
i[
"l'osAtre (]'totu ) (Adj.) rni r. yours Jour his nis hers her ils its oslr Jour their lours tlieirs
F.flerit (l'ton ) trrsel f You.seu himseu herseu itseu Yort!$tves llcmBervE
Pl
tl i
toat e
ioaie
PentN
on.'s o1$r onrsell lo.mrlA a.lraroe alc lfonumelo. vzi S r5l
1idverb sau coljunctic
CONS1DERATfl CEN'RALE
I?3
8) Pronumele li adjectirelepronominrle Pronunlie.l,'ornLe tati ti forne sldbe

he her htm /hir/ / ha: / /hm/
/Dt:l
S 819a
t) Forma leticald /;rn.r tale(accelluali) Farna slabil.(neaccentuarn)
n,s
lry she
lhtll
ln.\tl fomd nutudrd lli:l /s"rn/ IlAl /ttun. rclatio)t l6P.Unr th ci r J i 6 ..i + rc n e a n d I la..rl + eacatii !!em /irem/ r.her l6etl us /^s/ rre /wri yov (adj.) l1t:*, p.*, n@l 11dne
rIdIjl/
tl lqhd
ttabd frc.eenld
ij.:zl 2) Pronun.l" nFntiondrd mai jo.

,\tt st .Pd normald,
yon.s
fu a tm d L e )
"u osirs.ri
tatn.n: funnd tar,,.dt.
* fil{ al pronumetuiesire pronunlat [r] inairtea unei vocale si este mur Irnarnieauner consoane. prcnutLe Fi a,ljectia denat6tntic
ttutzt
?ranum. inte.asatb2
hd' ", . t t , ": s-, J.. / ll
3) Pronumcloreflexirc
1. ". lr' rt\rl | J |. n xf.rt\ hc , t r / r t s . li/ m'r'' ! / a ." rF I / J',. rt|
r ^,.'"r
No ta i
you-.dr\ ds
,.l
. . lf . | , u . / o: r "lt / q: . "1\ /
.,,-.r,",, . . jJU.- h /. ,.d". :r:
In r ,r . " t \. "
n " ,n rt\7
l l y. . olc gi; . F un ;\F r.i ra F i i t" L ro n C o l t" g. qe ot i snri ptrF .j ca , "T n "oo( . l3bi I m rl p .r.l ' u ,// 1 n r . a s'a ronna !utor\ ri tua r^ .i ;l p .p nri al - rrrl d d?'?... r o a F r r p. \ F nr i F rte i n .5 ,r p ro n u n l -\p H rp r tu i l /,/ Lfr rl !i i n u nptp e\ preFi l .om u n c !F:,J F r . r / r ng t t /i . rta t n u l n a l tc o .rT i i . l .s .Fn!. i . pi erel e seri oase p \ r s'i o .ra d r t i. . r a! pbi t n td i n .J d . m u l l i a . o ri . d . s prol unl a fml | ori do , p n tr.,},, . s t a nF lc . en ru a r. rD i n ,E ,6 ti " h p ro n oun,i ng D i .rt" narr.t, Daniel Jones.) r !.q i :i l, r . pr n. :i d i ,,ri v J " m o .ra r,\. ., l \ r,:8.
,1rn :illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j: o".,, ;,i:ii:l"., t:iJ",,.;?,,#i s"nfupr .dQ m. : t - e \

toa rp la 6d! o. ier d. s ' , r dpnlit of J in in r i i . . . t , A i u t u i .
l'i4
$ 840
I. PRO,\.LTIELE PEITSON,TL Paorl)tN) (TUE P-0risoNAr, 1) Detinitie. -- Pfonurnele personftl inlocuietie un subslantit. sau chl valeniul acesiuia. desemnind ln acelaEitimp fr persoana 2) Formi. - ProtrumeleporsoDalesini urmitoarele:
s 841 s 842
(:
Pc nbe. I 'rie, 'nrr (- tie, tii d-talc. dr.; pc iinc. te: Pe d-ia, l: hi, i: pc el. il) 1: ci, i; !c ea, o) ei. i; Pe el, f:hi. (: roui,- ne. tj; ]re ror. nel ('- roui, rii l)e Io,, tn. vi: d!,. Ire d\'.1 {: l o r , l e i l e e i , i i , ! e ele lei !c dnnncalorJ
( - ei ele,
then
S81 3
tormJ p"rrlru,Iip'nr' Cu .\' Fpli" pcr'ua ' i a I " rl'ul 'r' p' r'p' :'"'tirp dih'inl 4i r..'n, r'nr,u o;,;";.i-"" "-.,'i ".".;;";;:; dupa p;r'âru, r"rrnir :i '"/ ium"i /' / por I' sr pronunP 3) Fui'rlii. - P'o 'rn ' l' p"rorrrl' it ! ' !')') tt 8 844 ' (\azi S lra4) nehotdrite. p"orr^'"t" p"i'!"'"t,i pot aYrja Si frrncfia d adjective. "u \ulfi.R(ll, PRo\ulrrlltr rilrisoNAr' s 84b
O bse tea lie
$ 846
s 84? s 848
4l Persoana I singular' lntotd'Ftrnascrjs tn litern nare chiar irl r'; p"".r"i"]" j i:: "'t" "'l m locut llr'Irozrlrer: I Ln { l to_so' n "nlro1 i r'' ll in .ril'rl ,u^,\i"1. rdFt"n i lt^rr,m"l^ / r'r r" nrprirr'" torbul peotiv Jipsind uncori li el:
l'" : , ''i T ' ' ,- , r l l. r ' r , r r . Tl' ,,

to. llc
,i s k , , ' ' ::C "_ ., r o dr{oa s I q;l' H )'
J or r r om or f ow
s 849 s 850
l' dF l"Forrr ''-l s ' , r1,' .' '.re urri pr^r,rrm' trt',' '1- ' l1r'l^r:-Snrr\ ro\c t r' pl*-;:,'ia; sL,rts. r'ortut,i " lvaitins' .. (l an1) sorr-v... vou ' 5r Perioanr u 9-n lingrlrr. mele de peNoanaa 2 a llural:
.. ''u u' ^, I 1 I I
d/ i';;;;'-r"i"n-
" ,n '
: ' :n :u r 'r
'''i
n"J
sL .l Ynr df . I r r , laugi' r ' l r o , dr . i t r r r t il' lr n tt l I aot r luur r ar lsc la* \ \ " - J $ d", l . I r l ' in r
nnrh I
176 ,, loun.le arhaice ale prouuntoior de persome a 2'a sint: r,z l:tu) (!ron pers l { \.n
| ^ ';.i !{r'I:" I o ,,
|
$ til
h. t I
-l t
ta u . td tJ r. t..l Pl ,,J. r!' . ,d " i J. - ,ro... no" ., ' a " r.-n p r ri n ) (p ro n . r" r' .' ,i ' a
' a. r "l, r i .o ri,.p \ndr(prol. p^.t
t N oo. I\t" { . 't
r,' I ''
]
"" "."" I a,,"
t ,.
' o ::J ..
- pl .o r
Prorlnd. fcltc\ir I ss. thlflf l. (rcll.): iDstrli, insat,i (le inti.i.e) I d. !o4'scl'cs : lli lreit.); in!i!i. inscri (dc ltrierifcl ;i-de Intirrirc -{cesle lorne nu sc mai gdsesc iD limba moderni decit in "(tilul literarJ i,1r 1[e., ,e ;i in sii]ul dialectnl sru in cel colocYial. c) Pnnnnele de palitele l-, dumnaloastrn. dumnrata) este pronunele p e r so n a l d e per s oloa a 2' a : Io& a.. a mcmbcf ol thc Union of Artists:? . ' DunnrJ \o tu | ro s l n l ' n .ml ru d l II ni \rri l l ' r P l d-ri r Drn n "i n lo & ,., m m ler . o lh e U n o n o l A.L tt,' (Dumn.deaastnj. Pl$iio;?l .tnr.li .rcabri ai Lniunii lrl\lilor
oh l '
It ! _ "'1i ,I
'"'",
p fo,. (rp df. !"^ . r r.
S 869
6) Porsoanr a 3-tr singular neutru. - Pronumcle tl erte tntrebuinlat: S 8;3 d, pentru a lnlocui numele .rbiecielorsinaninaie, pe acel al iiinlelor $ 85'1 al cdror-sex nu este speciticat sau nu intereseazia. precum ,si subst,antivele colective privite ca un tot, uneori chiar qi numele de persoaneconsiderateca abstrac,tii:
t rJn g i hF l. ll, )ou hcar n^ ' lid bdD " r i / w 6 a s l p rt. Sl e l o nk edat t h. Hc caued the d,s. and t came at once. The n?ru addresed tset/ to ihc ia-sk bclorc ,,. i; him would sseli tbef wlcn i/ had an opt ortunity. She iinc; the 'tsnnaD( Ve z i ti $ 6 7 -6 9 , 8 5 , 1 0 6 0 c ) D/ casubiect aiverbelor unipersonale' refe toarcIa timp, orcme Ei distaal.i: t de{$. lr driztes, i, r.eezcs, n haib, n lightens.t rains, n sleeb, n snows, t, thars, ,r i s !rr iUv hool/ s dr m /h o t/fi ,,e rd ,l l n !s coneI o f loc k i , , i s p a rl v ' l a tp ,r i s Si ! , dnr . , r i. ' r ' : d o i J u .y . rr." s p ri r. -\l n a t t ide is n. " a / h b s t' -c k b r. 1t is three miles to the nexl to'vn. Ir i s a lons wav io m v o l l i c c . // i s th r p- weeis s inc e ' l o u \1 o l p 1 6 i . S 8i5
A se compara: 1, ,s [: este(impenonal- pentru timp, vreme Di distan!e)]:

t is dark, ir ts laie, t 6 Uonday, t;
S 8;6
2 o'clocL, it is lar. t, is a lollg way
Thercis (thercarrJ l: esreGtnt) (: se afln. se giseqte,existd)+ su(tntrebuinlat biectul (: il y a in limba franceze;esgir, ln linba garmand)l cind subiectulvine dupd predicat):
?iald is a saden round tle house, Th* be peipre i the ga.den. (v e z i ti I2 5 0 5 ) t y, esle prorultrt lji:1, nneod ljil. svezi a/,i-d pas. al!. rota r. ( r ezi 2 ). s r am , iiianl $ 'Scn s rV.zi 67- 6! . 6 \e ri S S 1196.
1?6 S 8 57 t al unorvrbe i mpersonal e: d J ( c u v aloar e d e p ro u m n e h o te ril ) c a s u b i eo , l hJ I ppn \ l : s c i n i l m p l ; ) n appears(: se la.e) , / r han, . s l : s e i t r t l m p l s ) x seens 1: se pa.cl (stil lanilinr) t says, n tclh iin d pla), a book' elc ), tl is said (:6e spune) 1, aplears ilai sle Is woried in ihe "litsi ol llav" fa'torv belore /r seemslie wants to be a nDsrcran.
. // lb o a pp pr"J lhbl lhpv \ L r ' r \ : r ig in ll' s J F l r ' i' . m ' J [ L\ d Ln N r r , ' , 1 o, -1r l$ r claxcp d /r.,a vs in h rs !.l ool r po, r r \ ' ( r ' p : . ( n lnL l i n r l l i n r 'l ,p r lr oni. l" no\ . 1, . d, t J l , l ll, . r ' r n \ . .// t- tr :n
Ne putem da seana cd verbele de n]ai sus sint impersonale.in caznl de si pusah mijlocul cu il poateli Lleplasrt' consiruclre fald din iaptul cn aceastd fi ljpsit dc l?rbul nepuiirrd ir sa fdr[ ca sair uneori'la sfirr.itul frazei. ']j'f.'i, subiectul seu: nr the "first oI IaI" laotorXb'lorc' Shehas \'orkcd, ;t app.ars, n J in ll'" dr'' slr -l l Th,v r"r'lr\"q, rr' 'or ' js i rl P l i g'l 1and li l' : ool In : - " .
-pnrl ' ld ô
\ s58 "
Mult construelii tnlpersolaie din hnba ronanir se traduc prin verbul r IjH-i'ifiu. J\in lcubi p'rul i/r limbs "ngl"zi: to l', r unddiarir '
j p 'r n i , i' ad a ,J( i, F "\r. "lu- oaJ ' ' - 'd . . r l, l' , 1 ,l is Flp' "l-d ' u p p o i 4 ' r/ 6 lhoudlr Fs r F i los bf ,/ i' tr,; po 's:b l h r pb. l ,/ n "n s'Frr I It. is impasible not io lPel erl.Iusiastic or.r ihc last constnction ]fogralnnc socialist countrtes. I. i. r.... a -J It . '' d bd' Lr n- ' lot s r ldnm br " A lew'o:.1 luratl the.c $as lile on thc ]rlanet Nds Icos ago, ir 0ds 'a@o!cd
in
in limba englezi, de ceie arixate ln De lapt tnsn. aceste construciii -lin, (h) (S punctul 864). g us$ dJ jn Fopozil;i impersonaleln care il are ln!lesul general de: ,,impre' jurerjle". ..starea de lucrun erc I a sure ;, shall lc weU$rih l'oul i is wel/ill sith... llo$' lares Li t iares un nume aii\, in spe.ial ca subiectal verbului,,,c+ S 8ti0 _p/ ci donorbtr predlcatll lrr nomrnauv: 1, iB ten miles lo lhc nett lown' "$ho is nr'1 'Jr is l/nc."r "1rs a long way io Tip!era.y." \\:har is n. (JonRani)? /l ca subiect al verbului ltr r. + uD nune predicativ in nolninatj' i')so' 5 8$t pentru a sc accerlu{ rclative, construclieintfebujnl,atn 1it de o propozi!,ie un subiectsau un co rpleme.t:
/r h I/m. who havc! ron lhe lrizc. lt .ra! orerc l.ial Lidioe6 uscd lo be. \Lho di*olcrrd thal. llrc earlli Llrns round ils aris i; .;; C"p""ri;. I ir: rnd ! lnro r r n, e dc uons lr ' . t i1l. tIn rm I r.,--nr l . . , " l 'I r '1r ' r r n J . dJ - li t;rrl/rid I r r ' ''u / a r r \ r l""ap i I nl df t u r " r i b1r.: pro nu n' l" l r on, i , r : . "l " i 'r " 3 il : rhis s& Aat. ou antcc'dentul prorL: Fopozili.i rdrtive se acordi ln nunrir;i ltAodri 'Vob!] i /,i.fur, sat cehoslovao disl.rls d. armalu g.tuanii, c{ r.ptesalii' JI' 194''
tradusi
cu consiruc,tia romeneascd: Eu sini acela carc'' A c o to -s tr to . rt u rd ....

C oPPr n i' P"" d e la
(V e z i i i S 2 5 5 " ,
'd'
precedenrd sau urmdtoare: S 862 g, pentru a inlocui o intreagd propozil,ie

ir do, s n l m lllp' rhz \lep ha . bp pn pd t . t t , ! ) l1P ds ,li and had a lFrI bad tin. ot , It l/ i"n l b .k:l'A lno m ' r , h. , odld : t au I Pad n" ludr r n L P l k , :
Nati. 1 1, este in senere omis dupd {,s !i t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e In caro it, subict; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:
As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x're accelied. I sill he lp vo u 4 Ir. t s r , / , / lt r ' v it hin ns L' ! ' r ' ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des' H . erprL "'i -im"Pl n ot " t hon I : t ) ' os Aoat [ a" h: : I '" o l h Orr team weren't in tlainins long.r thaa (i. teds) necessaty.
$ 863
il introductiv) ca subiectgramaiical S 864 "I/': D) {numit, Fj prpparotor42 al unel pr.poririi ;l c;rFi subi.c lugi" a'ra un infinitirr tsuu o 'onslru {ia.u infinitivul); un serundiv (sau o constructie cu gerundil'u1),ori o propozilie in apozi.tia lui t:
lPh ./l is good oI Jou 'o -4, tikes me rr hoor t. !.t her. $:hen will ll be lossille /o. us to t2atn thc .esltlt? 1ts tro ute 5u?/rtza. /r $6 .u ulth !o ;. p nb"' ng 1] " . an Put : a4 \ 1r ' ' . \ ^. u h r o r o l " d i n i n g 1r nd n.. ssd rv thot it s @ e l p; ' t h" J ag t o \ p t o t i t P t // orcur"ed lo i'-n r " l; , P an nF "at n. t f t a o t htEh"- tP , l, imDal..ia l to t.ah- hjt "t Does , mattcr ahb speths firsl?
ri.e cu .arar'rpr.' ursive.in .ubie' rplF)ugr." tCurintel" .i propoziLiila ala vprbFlor al c;roi subi."L grdmrli.al P' P n./ il introductiv) ou lunclie de complement direct S 865 i) (preparalata "ia': p;Doziiional p;ntnu3 anunla un 'omplPmplr dirpcL{un infioiri!. un gF"au predicu iofiniljvul sau .u g"rur,Ji vulrori o prop^zitie rundiv. o consLruCLie lui il: in apozi,tia directn cativd sau compleiivi
I lound n hatd ln slzPP \ ra "ou gh l , \r"t ,a t pt t k , ' a , , , v t V J . b; . , . - 1 1 . H p ha sn r tol :t 1 ltin t o . pDr - t oL t ' . . ., d ^ i lJL" /o" trnu .ot 'o a .p t, 1,.1! \\', , o,..id,.-. She ihinks n'j danscrous ?rotr. saLmmutg tL (g eat.r. t o na P' Poal I lrkp i, ,4 rr h"i r aat "e* I but ir to vou qhllh.r h? da\ ttBht Iric. -; no ll"irs ,", ; b r ' , b"Rt at t a, t d\ ' n t e t 4". t 1 I P a " 1 'r ' lll od. o lr ll' l 'h" t "Lt " ' * r ' t ! r ' t t..' P\ blt at oat J n '\, rplr o 1 :ttlr t )o
Notd A sc observaordinea carinlclrr in acest paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat direct sau nu de prepozilie.este prs inediat dupn Yerb. iar eoRrplementul
, \umii.i i,,,tud ,. t 5. t o , t t - r ! - ; . ""vd \ "r b, lui, . r p, , i, ' ii1ir '\ o p r 4 ! o z 'r ' u. ,,"n* r" ' Ci (l su6 i".lu l lo;i" "JU introdrclit su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit, eiLc prfteratf' consiruolir cn 'l
S 866
l7,J
a$;
apozitnrall vinc la ifirsitul froloziiiei: in ri:rznl uriFicompletiredirecte, tocul acst.i se alli la stirsitul ira;e;. j/,,.\il,,,e,1-trnn,,,.,,.r Luto.ti,,tr,...,,n.ri",,4 L nrJrlempnt dn, , r, In..pf,;l il n nor 1-cr b{,rare au nceea,li tornrnca ti substan, Ir r-.nF r\. .. ,u dr.t; : trppu,,rt,, ^ '1
lo niakf ,/ lti
Y ou' ll c alt J r , r / Notr lor trt

To r"d (p. r," t n . 'I-" h ,r, d.,,!J o J r . i Sri\ rJ r, || !a .,rp ilul .,ln \;d r p 'n r t , t , "" i. .
Ito \t l tl fs i ., H..s i; ior ir.

t . , 1" ,,,.1
I . r i6 r : , r , ' i u . ro u " 5 : t\h " rp o i d ,o u ri c k ur D i .furL I . dn t s ' 1nd ' ' - a ' p i s s D d rteI -,t" -$ ri u " rc ki - . r t , i, r . r, a L .o ' .' p ty .' ;1 " \,trn i .J l : ;... r , . s , it . : t he , o t l n n ru /i tu m ^' You musi mccL himr he's the ..t,,, oi rh. ih.atrB rlortd. irmlo.rantir No Nonder she's a success: shc's goi ..tr,'. iIarn..)1
S t6! : l
d" . , h. r ar . r r . \ r J , r,rbi,td 4la. rrJi - rn ^ t.runun -j i \ nr i1, " . ' l or pt . . . . , n t i . / t i - . , JiTpotri!i..a.t.,i. 'r . .
., r,,r int,.t,..utJ F ..i rnL . r ra l
.,f ,r ,. -r:
;. P lur alul au l o ri ti ti i :i rl u o d p .l i p i . pronurn" tn Ja r,.rro" nJ I f " .i p l u '., 1 in li' nDA r nl l , n J . i . to , r" 1 !., i ,, ti muJ " t-. d" .i n,.ut,,r ngtnz. r.,l nrar . l u l i ' ' . ir d s o r " l" r i l .' u $ i n trrd p o r.4 d n a s i pq a "(nLrebui de l urori r" ri . .u \Frr ni. . ^ni" r pnr r. ri . a u ro i i .n i ro rr , . 1 , , ., , ,u ;i i n Ii rnoe crgt" " " " " .' verbul are formd de plural: (Rcsina are tut aa,sdd..." "\e Vjctofjnt. ' t d, . , a. 1, , a . _ .p , b u r rh :.k . s .d } l r ,-. a oLpFn. _ j 1 ur i l i ," .u." " ... ([l l h ,l r" . .ta rtg i . n r r, ,. $i .t -" ' .utL . ,I t ' o " - D- r ' r dd . 'l
S 870
c-{zur, pnoltutrllon
pnRsorALD
granaiica actuati lace ,I" c.e,r .c pri\este cdzul pronuinelorperson&te, o dcmarcatrenetS intre: o) stilul fornot. i:ntrobu intat ai,ft tn scris (: Boal' rngl;sD * sritut livresr : 8?1 si apisrol. rj. r' :i in v^rh;r"r .u1,,'. iolr ald. rrti rlta. granrdrirlt6: $r b) stiLLn infornal. colodridl.intrebuintat tn vorbirea curntn si rn scrisoS E72 rile sctise in stil familiar sau negliient. _ Totu;i, aceste doud stiluri se suprapun in unele conpartimente, sl,jh: .,olocviatindcpnrtind chiar forme gramal,icate ( cfolom inlocuit cr: esen,tiale nrr.. sau nominativul pronumelor personale1, D, ;re, {rc, rr.g, tnlocuit,cu tor mele de acuzativ Drejnn. ner. us,in, n 1. lrstlel, formlc coto;viate au crstisi si ,i.lir' rapiJ rcrFn.c; insrilul lornot rorbir. n oara,dr- na.uri si 1nqtitL scris. chiar in cl olicial.
l Conpl-emntnl direct erlus ]a accst esle considerat tn linbR engtezn tn a!0?i. !urct ' pronumehi it. : ld.scori s.fis c! iDifiaE mniuscula: He txtier.s hitullf t. be.'11.. 2 A se obserla ir a,iest crz Dnirz. far. intfrline nr rorb;e inainrca nfonunFtli .i ,,a ' L .n, . . hn r i . ' . i o, . d D r o n - , e l u : . ' u rl d , t "1 o al hi\ lp rur Jin ". lim t . 1 t r . ' n. / . - Llt " a , r ' r , . , i , . n L nosiml roL, rJJ \ nuani, aclsrcr cxpres!. r\L Shakespcafc, 'Ihe Lilb ol Eins Uenr! |IIL fia
tr0
ri r J' rr' \' rI -, u l r'r pn^/ ir ipr ' l, r pa -r" ' i ' rr' l ' 'u l " ri r -i ,l l r ' rJ 'Jrr' :n l L-rr' i i rF r H r' ' .,Ii .,| . . ,1 ruarl r, a .l1, n ulu: ' ' ' ' , ' ' I , ,; I . , r n n e si - hi b , r r l" ' lp / t, " r" " 1 " - 5 i ' l: \i J-;r ^ r' -I' d t , i" r " , r ",n n -!tl .i l i rl us e d efi terl Ltl l ri sl i l u]col 01] s L ts rra r e\p u s I r , ele l s o v a li n e sea il de r ;al co re sp ur z elor " i n s l i l l rl g | a $ a l i (' rl l o D rdl l fonLrni el e personal l) l a zu l nor nint t ir . sllii i n ca zul nor ninr l. ir i r u rtn n l o a re l e -s rl u a l l : "c . ,/ ci n d es t e s aDt f f l: / rm xo r s on.
!L i, . inr. hNr.
s 87;l s 871
{r
rir lrrera't of Hamret' i't thr rla.v,/it r)tiilg '{sr -" l'', acordai h caz flt "\rbiettrrl S 8;;' 1,] cinci esle ttrne pt.tlicatir (dupn 1.) ( } ut lt ' 1t \ t 'rLpt n' rt ): 'u ore crr\ u , d e pre' lr .r1 r! irir.i l;i",, i'iii
ll is 1 \ iho aJ nl lot r r nic nd' I u m le { ] lo t x t , : s f lr ar g. { ll. r s pok ' w$ r l' \ h' Th i Jou 3
prErt;faiir al 1-erbului/o , se acor(lii in caz cu subiectul verbului ropulati\.:

/,,5/i\
S ETlt
-.-\' 1' nol ''l l :\ '" I \o fl ' I \\ ,i rer t i\. r ' l l_ n I \, r r 1 ,, t. n ,/ \\L btlj,.\,t '1 lo h " 1' l o.i -l "
1\ 1. _. , :
.,
/:!o
o "r h
l :,,
o:
{".
r' ,n .' "tJ

I \"
\' ,n
h'r'
\'
. n p . e : ori
o lorm'rlrr" l' r "l' -* r "' nr u r": iL " r r ' i' ' ' ' ^ r ' ' i' ' " i ;, ; , ; ' ; i;";,; ;" ;;' " i', , " ".t r "'r' ' r p r ' ' " ' r'i' i\ ' r ! " r I " r " i ' nu"'| r'"c ri "., i; " . 1 "i;,;i" ;;iri.; 'u rr .r'r'.r i; lo'ltl norrinarivduis icuzatirului ia Iolrr:i i,?. scartl rn "i'bintri,x. Itri rerb.sautind rronunere i""t" iii'i",;p;,trlii., iiii""ii"l*i"J-'-," '*' ifirtitul propozitici:
rcspeflali in stiln) fornrLl sL:ris' -{fcastii reguh trebuic r ' lur"r r''r r'j'rl" '1" r, 'r In lrnld t)orl)tto. "rl: r '- lpl rl irre \irDAr ! H U i r 'l l' r i
''
s ll7?
, Whols rtroer' (f/r:s) nie.-'
' ' "Insleo tor Kr ox l" ": I ht t r m _lt r l' o "1,'s-on lr I' n s o r ' r ! o! s " "see iI ddts htn ' r" "iare wants vo" on lhc rhon' " "1)h 'rl "l m rhaiil n tvael't thtnl " 'ill Fish ir t ( d , . . , r r " '1-ou'rc alNa.ts liglitirg hiBr'" -/ls 's or /'t'
r 10 1o'l
"
un gerundi!. in lo.Ltl unui adjc(:tir posesiv: siu prccclirtl

r. ;r" , \ l' 1r
{ //
r i;$
o p P i \'
"
"'
' rr
/" _
ci su i teatril . \{. Shakcspcare, r:s ,!z Lil' . lt . ! r . 1r " . '\ \ . n' l '"n l ru , , nur nt s P r ' 1r _ a u t* . , z ' i i" d c . ) uLi 'i r 'r l t ' |ebo tn6 , nr ii 1 nt ^td n n a .l \ t , { dnt nt \ ' o1. ol "
""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:i
! / '' r 'r l ' I 'i d F i r s n i n n o r n _ '-
18C 8?9 "'" "
MoRFoLdca - ?RoNUltEr;E
Y p' hLLll ' r b' i n-p\pre{ a Cind ins i num e te p re d i c a ti r u a re s ta p P l rr' grr ds i ' ' z ro n u , ) l -,' .' " i ' " J " ,,' ,' i .";;;;" i" ' ri r ' F-n " \' " 1 ' r " n to rml l ' r In mo J n " r1 " l : cu Jco' - i- ' ilLl 1) llt i. l v t' o o n 'l ^, lon / lllr ' - s j t' r' : ). me " ro rra l l ' " ) ' I a It was ru rc gi':a thc ea'ftikcf lritt' the kels l/"r''lal)
,r ,p ,l r "
I
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t dL,
*1";"1
lt hot I
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S 880
'.
, az ul nor ninit r \: l : | t alt . t - t ilt .n / " ' r! I . " rl h n ," ' n i'l r" ; ; ; , i" , l ' n ro "- l l $ p l p, C r' :l i " i. ; , '
*'lo"rz //tlil sau 03 apariilr \lnui stil mai ingriiit' Iersiunile cu pronumele t; cnreprimul termcnst; .j a"p., ,- !iir,,, ii, prup"zrliileconparatirre
' oo\' : eor' ' ' ^ , , ri oro' rrrLL ' Jr' l r'
:: iTr;;j: {,,::;
al the pl{l
fc.loc'n,l
S ' 88 1
"ut,.
H .!nld pcr:onalestin acela;icaz ou Jupi ar .'i lia' pronumele l" F "o,"rr*ra!ir. .n'i.'ri s.'r pr"rrln"l' rr ' 'oFl 'i'
Sc ra spunc deci li: "p
,{i.\ sugLtslnrn1tr! Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint rs gold as 4r'r' ?lkt ltno$lcdse .l ltrglilir tim i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II 's 'ah! ." r . , n,l . . . ! . . t: , r ;; \' ' r' h" rD rL ' rp ' , i o i ;. \",,." "ii A s o . , om P |lr a : ! 882 t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n' fkrr'ws herl I k no\ t n. / be tl .. tl a n l l k tro (J /' L ' cl & ri Lateda' :d ln c az ul c e\ t i c l e n l d o i l ' a c re m p l u , fro p ozi l i a ar ci ;ti ga i n hlocurior: verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr !i Finir un /, I' i n I l. ! o, \ ' . b- | . 1 d i\iczi r'i S 1918) na exp nrat atunci rlod ditrn de primxt i'iotilea .U doiler vcrb trbuie { 8SJ s ru c i n d i n s u ti a p rb rrl P ' l c a l tul P ropu/-i ti a urmi i odre' del t ' " -" ." ti; , ' ; ' ' ; ; " od. r I p"n l i n l u r;l F v.rl i ^l or ' rrr ' l rl pfl r^: u r;rr ' a. " . . - i' r ut '' ' u Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd l'haa votr at liLleen Cor p. l ' i. t r " P o z i l i s J a i n lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded thiLnvou c''rd ai' lilteen' r A t enlLe persr' ral s a c u ro a rs to a z u l !0 ra rt tre } u i e stl 0i }; Irontrrn' l ' a P ent r u { o 88.1 "" Lptbul u n' onozi Li ." \P dJ ' fl t' : ,l u p" " o ; r n' r ' i' " , 4 r,' i ' o rr' p l " ' b ?ne? consideiLim norc ddpctenl tlu sld lconsjdeN]rin-rl
ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i"
/@ tlan iuret oonsiderl -.i"t*t (V c z i ti S 2 t2 41
de la S 8so sli4 slnt lalalile ii Ftrtnr subslanti!_"' '-r".".ii "".g"U;i cele 3 O llpsa (Pronumet'ri ftlrti!)' -
l 8l
ln stilul colocvial, nominalivul dupi conjuncliile r,hdnti a, este inloouit prin cazul acuzativ, consiructie condamnate de purilti. Se spune totuqi in Siierrlr-.Xou.ge.thio ru. Ile is ar nrch tauer than ,r. \\'e a.e a! rrlev.r as rtun. lVczisi S s7i) dJ Oonctuzie.:in slilul coloct,ial, pro unele personall chiar cind este ul,ie: rd, iir'.b?ul nomin"ti\J r"- nu.. - d"t"r;ins d"ni"i oprppu/iii". ia. t 1o'ul ,.ominatirului.lorma ecuzeirul rr. u rrrrr-i lr tFr"orn. l..i ll loate pcrsoanele:
It nas zs \'h0 had been sidEjiAl. \1'! sair him at l]|. corccfli al lcall i thirk iL nas nin. U:c -Uother md Lr -\rnt lor a trial n in or. nNv .af. am I "I sorn. rPsret." -41: nd (exploziv) : ';,1t too! lu. tooIt-r. nDl" (NeE'anaiicitsi trutologici drr c. i.struei.,pp ,," r.' , 1". m . 1i"., , a ' 1. "r ", 1.in,J r,-. r r r. gir ilp A rJdJ , i",.ar .: i. ar d" o lor m ' I r,-r" '( , d , I 'rn 'i c r J J rdl n,'"q i l rr p leon. o", I1 t, .V, r. Toa- .11. , ). I c , 1. , d r , . r ' , lu t \
g 885
S 886
Dr. P. Gurrey, Readerin Educalion and Head of the English Department in the University of London Institute ol Educalion. tc. etc., etc.. scrie: "'fhe use of the Nan Nominaliee form of a I'ronoun fllter 'is' in rrr","edt rcltoquial speechis 'Who is that?' 'Ii's nre"'. 2) Nominatirul vocativ (Noninuti,tc of Addte$) (S 192). - Irronunele g 887 este in crzul nominativ vocativ cind se referl la animate sau inanimate cdrora ne adresim: Hey, goul WIat are you doirg there? Mfuties af tuy childhaad I $ty do yon comeurwanted? 3) Caz[l gonitir. - Pentru forma de genitiv a pronumelor pcrsonale S 888 qi adjcci,ivul posesiv" (S 900). 'Irronumel O formd idiomaticd de ge itirJ intrebuirllate Ln NtiluL foart. fan.iliat. | 889 lonsti din pronumeiepersonalin cazul obieeli! precedatde prepozifiao/: You wilt I. thc dcalt' ol mcl vezi
I wouldn'L do it ior thr lili 0l ,nc.
4) Cazul obiectiY3. pus drtrt verb. a) Pronumele personal tn cazul datlv sau eclrzativ osl,lr Ctnd acuzatirul esie un pronume, el prcctdd ln generedatiyul:
I g d v r, (1 ^) (r' ) l e " a l l d o "oa I r Jv " ,/ J , .r /" r' . 1 7 , td , ' ul Cind insi acuzativul este un substantiv, el rjne datd dativul pronominal: I gave lf (dal.) a s,aer (ac.). I [Ii tl i n s , or . . i/ , naA .9 0 . , P. C u t i, t . " 1, ; . ; Lt K t .h L , o a a o . p t" . rD Jt'\. r c uz a. iv s iDr c D o :i l ,o n d l !l 9 i l ,R p s u IL .ra m-.i cri rarr orr\ .c.ui ,trr' . 1i\ 11li i n d ,i G aF f p \ . r . , 6ir - s ; t" i rr.,t.o ,,,,n ," e n i \s F n ,rr..b.rd" ri ,uJui .,,i i Joe l ,i a . g 1 2 . p nri u tun. rl I i . d:.l l ! nlru d 'f:n i ii da i\ ul. i. S 1 r0 p n a l o rma "i.l ' .r' -l u i ..5 L i l I nl " un i i ni l i J u"nlr u .J-Irn iad, i z dl v J lu. S 3 " 7 p n k u fu n " .i " .,/ .l ' ,i {l n l i .ba r o' bila. . nd p r.n u ,n h trs l b In a .u z a ri r.5 " 5p' rn un or i i : -l ,l 4l l sendsoz {dat.) ,i (ac.).""Don't you slve ne. (dat.) t, (.tc.)." etc.
S 890 S 891
182
Erceplit:
Sul,\tantir',rl | pronunele iD dati\. firrl se urmnresle -c\tzaIi\ I'rtctdti jn mod sperinl H,'" tjrarea da'rir1rlui. care este.iJr a|easti s;rnarie. pfcedat, dc lrpozilia t0: I gaycl.Iero,,l ia..i io tur ldafl. not to r,, 1dat.r. D, Dupe prepozjlii.pronunlelesi,n h cazul aruzativ: S 892
.rbout li,. bI 4.,. oi !i. to ,p. \rilh r/rf,. eto.
$ 893
Er ce p li,: Pfepozilia,/ poateIi urrratn lqide un qen;liv:

T r ja r.i :h l l d ,/ z i ,c i s a 1\_czisi $ 196l personal .r.,/ Pronumelo in fazul obictiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic ln unele irterjeclii din limba vorbite: lvai: -{delirat? lir lrai spun.:) lv ail v ai de m i n e :)
$ 891
de ir.l) rsnra{n1/s::r.rc{ (SdJacarle.acul de ti.cll
ir 89.i
d/ Pronumele perlsona] in razul obiocti\. este uneori intrebuinlat {cu o n u a nld des uet n s a u p o e ti c d ) !i c u re c h e a l u i yal oare de pronurne i etl eri r' : I loid ,r. i: Drysclt do$Jr ro sleep. Ef t,ad built ,t, i- li;nseut a trous.. T he c anar yloo k l o i r i : i ts e l l t n D te . "L'i1]e slars mat hide r/pa ( ihenBel\s)Nh.n lhel list..' \'. shakesrare)
$ 896
IOLL-T,PROIITJITDLUI PDBSO\.\I, a, Plfi)umele personal este pus de obnri cit llra; dproape de aniecePronum"l" ,1, pprr,Hnl . . a th . ,h . ,1. //,FJl oa,r "d-deori n"-'pre 1.. ,.'rlu/ii ln.,.p".apirint.,.Tr"L-r"daim'rltiit.nLi, 1.,irtrpb,.rnr"rcator:
Ann's Diotlc. mored io Ll$l,c. Nhen sn, sas h kirjdcrgaricn. f\t nrana .ra la grldinjl;i ciNl s-a ,l.ai.in Llster. ci .\na. Fraza t.cbrie rcli.uti: astlel: "$'hcr -\m $as iD lindcryirten Ler moiher movcd \i,jk iord tris brortrer d didi L know Engtisl. tsh larc nr ilia engiezeite.Fraza trebuie rellcria asllll: _, _l\Li lntelc. .i \i.lt er.r rL, ''Nicl<said to Lis l'rclri.r: 'I dor't know nnglishr,,l P er t r u ac elas jmo ti \-. p ro n u n re l e p e rs o n al de persoana a:l -a nu l nehui e rn tro dus ir t r o pr o p o z i l i i n a i l te c a a n te c e d entul l ui si fi l ost menri onat: .." rt t! .d D " o .o . d 1l L " ro 11 r\ h " n r ' a{ s. . n l l .ql o h;n. otr ' l "p " ,, PromLmdc de peNoana 1 singular'. cind apore jnsolit de pronumele care se refer:'r la celelalte personna sau la un substaniir. na lr"erdd, ci urmeazil ,1un as \dl ls I/m.r hlls to go al oncc. Io a a n d l rn e a re fri e n d s // and Iile cou. lo b.eaklasL .arly.
s s9?
i 898
i ri!rrl
La piur al. or d i n e a e s te u rm n to a re a : $ e , aou, * eu: lt., ,,, rnd hare nianJ tastcsjn cotudrn. 'tuV
PIiONOU\ '{JD ADJJ]CIIYE) {ITIE POSSESSIVf,
P0SDSIV . Pn0NUIIELE$I ADJECTTVUL
s grxl
S 1)ol imz $ ll03
dord lorrre tjfrriti\ul pforumFlri personat.are' L) lrcfini,tie !i rornll. re prri"li lJp'rivLl rrr r i n^ e'iLr' p' r, , r,, numi ll' {p o -'it "dl' 'i:;",: to"J'r1s; f""'iu t,',1",,,t " l^' Iunui 'uh'"n'i\'b'| "r' 'lhrscoat's mr'' determini ur sub"qtantiv intlicirri ln acela;i timp ;i ,tdjectitul posesit'
Tltis is D!/ (oat
- .".n'i't nu"itut,'i''
,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'"
t""'ilj;*t""" sint urmdtoarele: !i pronunele posesive
s 9o4
I! ls veDs
Ii is tu. dog
Obser p&!LL
,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"11
906 bJ Formolorp.ri al' sdj"crivuluipo'e:iv ra;t" -si/i;,?P"rnl inlrFbuil.!dla s orr adJerrrve_ subslanlttelnr dupd un \o.clit sauinHinlcs modernO in onei"za poatic' sduarhaic5 .du cu un t. panr ru a dd o nuan1a i;. ;;;,;, ;r. ;; "li "' " stilului:
r nt n I os l n r FonlJs o n t n r l " 4 r n " ' ntn p"\,s,m i, "aa" Ftr rai, n -\'', Lddv m ; t el t hi " eJ ' " t ht lc h c d t t t dJ oqn | \an l lo do ll"nJ " in dir P I dd $ "1 ' or n"d bY m ' r ho: i: al neu s i dl ilu) . ij , lt , e i: Ce F aL m eu e - i i r l U u l .
s 905
produmolui 2r IBtolosul $i al adic(livuluipoqo'iv' DeodrP- fronumelc p"*[i'-.;-o.a l' io tirn6uengt-a-(u subsrrntitul cdrcdPnume:r," * .,f i- i'i,-r' ';".;;;;;i' ;1; se traduc !n limbs rom;nr'u roarelronu'nele sal ad:trrrv'rp Ind'lorFnt oc pospcorulur' io."siv" rehri'oar la p'rsoano 'orespunraLoare ex'mplu: Spre pospdst obipcLului i""J ri "r*a*t
nir ' { - sl n ru d 1 r' a i D d i a r Ddhl r n" i. si- 1 l l o " , I l n r, a i l u r' rl " l o r) l: tiu. ta, iei' iale) "olr i: noslru, nrasl.ri, noitf!, noastrc) Lc' ;ur
s e07
i ',t"r* g, *' t i, , t l ' ..' S r' m rr\ p o " s i r n u ' e ' ' i "q i :,,r llr . r , onu, n "' T . rd' l i fornil cont.sl' ntr trn loseBrs' ,, ts 9i esi.s
ni ' i oddtl ns' dn
l r' ' " Jmnr
184 Natd S 908 Ca ii in limba romand. Dronumele Dossi\-DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de ..lamili..'udc. prie'eni. sau ..propriouare-:
H e { i l l a l (d 1 5 ,h 1 r \ fv L i rd r ol ror and u-. .. I m' (- n o i l ' :tt0 rr' o , i e t* e e i n;i c ana 18." . (Pentru
S 909
i n g F n. num J r s i . p e F o a n a . .u q u b s ta n l i v u l .src dpnu.n,qtp poseeordl .nt -,i ''u obr p,r ! r l pn. oJ d l . .,r' ' .a a .o r,l ; l n g o n .i nu.u. tn l i mba fomend: Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r. Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.) t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs. [Ea a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-i.) p o s e s i v l ,e r" .re speeti v l rrs. si nt l a D ersoana a s i p ro n L rrn e J e [ { dje. t ilul 3 a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul sie; ele nir stnU acordate !i c'u obicctu) p u s edat , r / / d, c J r e .rp n p u tfi r ;i , i n p ri m u l oxempl u, l a si ngul ar, i ar i n al d o ilei la plur dl j 4) oaz. - Desi pronumele Dososil rorezintn genirilul Dronumelui Derso nal. . l r ^ " t ' z ut p ro i ./,,i ' l F p F ;d e , IJ p c ;ru t ant" :i de.rtul ui saul d" .rmi na. d c r olul ju. ht dc ;l j 1 p ro n o ri i i a d i rr ra re fr"" parte rvazi si S 826) j ' Itz a (pron.,nom.) rs . will x on lend . l a u N a t (a d j .,a c .)? t: ny.o4, (D ol l r.)] t t at h?, a tl .j !ro ... lh, . l d r.r," r' i \ Iom. i s d g,dr re.to..,bi t,v. / ur , t s Nv lpo r --g v . l /s o r /a d ..d " t. s i -rri nst" " .brt tr,.J;n\;/r... l t'ron. , dar I lns l i o t.s . AdjFctirului pospsi\. in propozilie este dtorminat de rolul substai,-C0zul l i vu lui ( . nu Hl p.h i \" l c n t.l u i o " ^ l u i J t p p trnqr .1r^ .ta ri , u cdrp formpaza tm r up s int o. t i. . { \p /; pri n " \e m o l p l e d e ri r,r " u-" i l di " a. " ur.i r..1 I ' r . bf ^r gl zJ p p a d .l i d e : ' d \p )o ,.i o' yo," . p.on.. a..). r et-s r l- r r b r n ||' ,u .rh o ., r.rJ t.. d, p" p. : l ook Jr t;s (pron d.. tf!f. Lo$. - r Nat il . T h" t . br o b. r /,..s r rra r" l e s , F tr Jt .i i e.,a un dubtu g6oi i i r. \ r r p ex em pta :" / I m r ai nl ,,l ra " ' ., .a rri .t,n J .a t l .u T h' . o bu .rn .. a l t" " ;.. ... -rL r.i N. t , ic t , r r . / l i (.,s e \? r r, j r.t.d b y th ; Hansi ns eommi ti ee.l N i ci un radou
3) Gen, numir gipersoani. Promrmete qi adjectivele posesive se acorde
adjeotivele posesive ln spocial, rezi 5i g 817, 911)
$ 910
s 911 s 912
$ 91 3
{ V e z i , p e D i .u d e ta l i j , S 2 9 4-196,:esl
5) Adjctirul posesivfzie Passestiae Adjp,ctire ). d, -{djectivuiposesiv insole!leintotdeaun'1ut' subttanltu sannr gerundie:

This is mr./ stsrer.I ' subst.t Do ).ou mird my smahin1l ! (+ seNrdiv) , J Ca or ic e a d i c ti v 1 n l i m b a e n g l c z a ,a Jj ecti rut poscsi v rf,c,' da substan d " F fi ,,i n i . n u l l ,rfl ,' a ,,d ,r- i n l i rnbr romJri o: !.,"F 'i t,rl , ,., a l T. (Aceasr.n e;te pilirin nad.j IlaYe i'ou patsd /oh crarn iJr maths? /7 ,-a ' l ,r(u t e x a me n n l { l raLcmal i cl ?)
PRONUMET
$I
186
livclor cu tumlic dF $ 9Il lnlofuies' arlifolul subsjar .) Adiectirala Doscsive inbd inintP ln rFtF' d( oPi"alp pdrli trupului .rr; olP I denumoic subiF 'su iolnrir: arli.olul lalrF .azuri sF tnrrebuinlpazb
S/@shook 12. head I askcd goa to Put on Y'zr coat' Se sp u n e lns i: I took tu' bY ,nE a.n I oar nover'look ntfu in tfte lace agnin They thnmpeil /,tm on rre nack. (Ve z i!i S 5 i i I d / so Hr , ic o i, , s pp" i d l l F nt l Tr b a 1 '0"*ii . d rn li; beer ili r n e a c c ent uat e: 1 lnt on tu4 coal. 2,"";"r,;;l r';";.i \r $ " nn / , ' . l" : nd' ' : (\., . n " d f 1 |- ni H. took oll nt! hat F n l ;d a ' ,,p rd Ir-o n ' /i ri i l at i n " ' r^ odi ' ' i f" l " r' 0 d u r l n l i n b d 4 ' n sr; Iri n Iorrr' ' dP ddt' JO(. elilitro ha{c leli lor tlie Pioneer' Camp fre au rlecaL copiii in tab;lra dc piodie'i r c \" I' / I ''i' rn ,/\r_ d p i d rd ' rr i u"
I havc paid m,/ shr.e. fMi-an rlrlljL paltea.)
S 9l ;
c) lnlr'o enun(.rare. adjcctivul posesiv nu se repcti inaintea liecafui substlntiv dectt perrtru clarificare "(au pcntru accentuatc:
/,' d b d - r hu,; ' ud II' .rnotmL ',P p. . . nb"i na. eo " l 'n rprq d' 1ii ]]r f,r"tJr,.n 4 or" , . . u, ! 40. r f i. ft dn d 4 :. . t r t ;'n 1t . . .." \ orJrer uJ r ' nd \ ' ' ' /Ir'.-an da ll"i o& p o.p .i!. s r F bdp. ei ; r nl: l dF ' u\ r n r u l \urp.ri\L l //
gl{i
D r a p t i u 'r '
S 917
,dn inrrFirp id'"' no "sirul,ri rPsn".ri\' J-r.1t" nu '' rr"Ju ' inrold"lund tn lirnbfl rornnni:
"TIe aii.l's Ora Boolt.": TheiL iltcrests are mr otu (Inl.tusele lor snrl ii alc mPlc)
Llo m-r ,0a .ookirg. (il11l,cseshRr'm.l slrc makes |o 04? dfcsses (lli fuce singnri ro.hiil-" )
L,r Adieriirul Doqesit :i gpru r-iirul. P r,"u ^hrirFrpdu 'ri 'rrl l pids' optu dr\' p"r tn limb" slezev' rbul prcdir.ti' ' Inlu'u: .rc ad'Fori 'u rr' pronume posesiv sau a urtur adjectiv formaunui stn sub p Iingn care"sribiectul persolal ln acuzatrv: r Do vou mind lf I smldr deline: 1 Do you mind /y snaltzsl
i r r i, , uo, . r . ' . " 4 ., /o " th " tr' \t' tte q 1 wi llo. r . r t ' t" .: ' h .' r ro i " " ' / 't-ri n ": (\tuzi li $ 9l ll oon
S Clq
DO iIT'4.RINE s 919 NEfLEXIT $I PROT*U}IELD fiI, PNONUMELE GEn riEFr,o)ul-E AND Tm n]IPHATTCPRO:{OUNS) 1l Dcfidtie, - Pronumelecare, tntrebuinlat pe tinge un verb activ, 5 92{l arata'ln prin;ipiu cn acliunea"exl mati de verb se rdsfringeasuprasubrcctului se numeqtePrununerelkrLe. (s"'1fii"T:l"Til;i]"
The Ba!\
runeori adjcctivul ,au calain o nuanle alectili prDnnnlar!: Mv awn btuth't !

Aen Baak.
care avea vremu,i, roareapreciarpe ii pe.echea,esrectire ",sreze
186
$ ,21
Pronwnele rlc t,?rnn,'. in-rolaltF antererlentul pcntru aI acccnLua. 2) I'ormi. - Prouunl rcfle\i1. ti pronuorele (le intnriro au nceea!.i fornle in lirnbr elglezi:
m \* l J { : di r L o x l s e lr l : i er
{ I | I 1 { t
: i nsnmi : : : : : : l " 9rj Insar in rsi iNiii insgli Dsa;r
( I
Pl.
linRu (: s) lrersell(- se)
Nrtrd
iiserf {: {l ' our*lvs ( ncl ]' o u s l * s r= rri ) ilEnshas r= sl onseu (: r)
I I
: biine : nr_si ri i I - l'iqrI - tns'tl : ir$!i
s 922
Pronulllele refleriv ! cel de iltdrire slnr sinqurele prollume care. ja peNoana a 2 a, eu fonna de ,singulal'dileritir de fcirma de plural: iss.l Jousef - lp] ) r'ouse1.., J) Pluralul dutoritnlij $i al Iotitctii. LI 'i lronLm.lp rp cnu 1rl,." relers]3, s;r:&fd pprsoal"it,tur.lL, au.!. rflSrii :i polite,iill. rorma rFflF\i!d Fsr" ,rA4l qi ,rc,ns.tt inu o"r.t,,. "l !i'e oz.rcry belicle this to be ie rnrh. Ion sa'd so loLru.4, Youf }lonour. (curinte adrcsare judcontoruhi.l 4) Prinrilslelc funrlii proo alo m0tui rcflpxiy Fi atc !ftnrunrrtui de ixri. nrc. - rn i,trjnli \rpmp.p'onu1.ta rcllFr,i\ ,r.f,lI a cipj, dt o i.rrFr uin.dr. todrler;jpindild.i rpdi."rirnrnrtori".Frecarrru,irLrl e.ri.rno.lesrrr.inrret;in lare. Dro u'l alor d, po..o,nn l. 1 .ru a, . liin4 .o,rqidord,p to !". er! LJ Jorinld d \nrbrrorulri rl".r .. pun" in p!iJ"nlj. fi, .e. ,ti-)porfir". ,,r."/ rrrn4un .uiinr n rr | ,n: t i,, pntu0,.,tJ .rilulDiur aopp.trai t^,r t.," , drn 0lle morirp p^.ibilp -, rr\ tul tn vll -" de, or.s azi.ri nre" rnutt "ud" f.]r.,,1i.,"r ln'1 . Po "nalpr',rlo\iv nI rcbuiei"to,ir ca .rrbe i, ltoiler ard 1/e fnr inlseli)hadrca rogethlr. Pronumele rellexiv sen-este: aJ la fornrarea cnnjusdrii r.fk::ciw a vcrbelor,:
,, a,d '. l\ 6 b r . l! \ ir I '.to v .Tl' n mDr' rla o p. 1eo i . d s t ' , r ln.IidPd sing trd.l \ ld 4t t f . 4/ \ ' , - L 1,,," ,t , I d., ,,.. id.,
s 923
s 921
$ $25
,d L) rn ",F,,; - rrppo.:,,:. p.-"pJ. I dn onnozrr:i. 1. "t,.,t;.) n/ $i /rr. prnnun Fl" -rl,p\i\ xr" ln1"lFtt ,1c ...in;ur.. dar.u ;u1 ," nit-r e
l,] a ." // s in; r n"r ' . ol I s ". r n, J . Lbl | I c am e dt ll |J L) r D. \ , \ n. r i . 1! r , 1" t ot _ n"i . o t i Sh-" did it n! hcrclli. (A lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.) d. nim".i,
" \ ez i il $ 1i; 0 .
SI
PRONUIIILE
DE 'NTARIRE
r37
ot oz6.lf
l: sir(tr.. de la snl The cdD c.ackedd/ tsaf (Ceascta o.llai de la sinDi lor o n * J / f : s ir ! : , r ( t u In s u l i c L l l l;".;;j " / . . , , , " - " r r rp \d - i a r o { i o ' ,l d ,n qi -,-a' .' i ' ,,,.r" -.o' ,nr,.!jl"i ,' , r i o rr' l r' ' r' l r l n l " r ' L : \.1 . . i- r ur \ or r" :\" f- ,' "o ' r" i " Cd. dhe prcpozilii: IIe k.!i. hinBdl r, itnt'f. She cadc & n..rall lSia rclent ) \Yhat .rre rou dontg oltk t!.u'setl lr:orbeqie1int.n iinrftr insrilijin nu.rclc lC-" Iaci asti{ea.d?l i rootr iL Lrh ,m$tf to o o n re n . tL e m e c l n rq . (Ii mr luat sarcina de a S 921;
c, Pronumole ale intirire tste intrebuinlai pentru a da mai mrtltd tirie dnui substantiY sau urui Pronume: TIer hcard the ncws lrom ihc witness ntnr.l/ lAri anzit resLca ohia. de la martor') I nin it mysctf. (-\m fiirut_o u lnsumi ) \Vhen in Ensland. I p.eld to \Yashmy clou,es nyMf al a launderetie'. ralher llim Iule thm $'6hed al a lannd.t'.
reflexir se lntrebuinl,eazd I 997 5) Functiilerronu rclui relle\ir. - Pronumele

rn g.n"r- ,rn sobiectul: p;lp n"mp pr"di ari\ sdu Obj t' ,i la s."Fdii p'Foani ' u
!n' {as not lefs.r/ last nighi. {\d c Ir.Pdi0.rtili Eob I\rtL hinretf- (Comrt. dir.) -He x-\" ]"i% .tt d mr, , nl I r I { Co npl ' nd "' di" rh ; n ,mba- r o h?""t t . t c âpt . i-[ f r al $. r 'i . 'h dlo n a r 1 : 0 s t 'o r a d o adr r'u I ' os s h" J' p& r. rliJ rr'a r /,hrp .4/, r_lo lrold ' 1ana3 r ' J " or poz i, io. J l r : m p $6 J mr' rv lco np ' p_ l o r , r o l r r L ( c om ll "Ho' n' . . l/,e hou!,, h l.s4 /: i onJ' ,, ,ipr ,,/ b . .nnt " I ^' , dr tt. r"h; L.omt
rnlo.ul .alli p.'qonrlppnrI-ud:nc\irdsmbigurldlca 'FIle.\ii.-LFinlretluinls propoatunci cind folosireaunui pronume personal ar da un alt in-teles create zi!iei: \'as prefer.ed 10 nPrscn Sr, k@w that na' datrshte.
' lrr .d lrr"r '' ii 'r'r lr . r . al- r
- Pronumele S 9'lS 6) Pronumeleroflexie cu raloare de pronume Persoual.
f"wa! prefeued to l,er" ar li insemnat,,era prelerati unei alle persoanedeclL :rceleia la care se refetn subiectul".l 6 htms.lf r.other was as caDable -aiir (Frutele sau cr{ tot alli de crlabil ca;i Fl \ l'as /r" s ar fi relerit la o alti persoanddecit aceeade al ciirei ffate eravorba.j
shc asked nc to look alL{ nJs.J/ (lli a centt si am griji' de mn'. 1 sn aibe ea grijd ["She askd me to look after tr." ar li insennat:.,\'ti a cerut de nine".l Cind confuzia nu eslc posibili. sc intrebuinleazn pronumele personal: Hc srve nd tle nPPl.s. \fc sa w it m in lhc s tre e t.
l lduz.tz.rtc : sDltutotic cu aparatcautomateundc lnblicul hi spale ii calol sntgd! d " " ! l u l s tn ' o d rd l or i lr' l t t rll",!t'n l .u ' pi" (5 ::or. ir ir . . . . I n q i rp .r5 a u tr" p o z i r' o n d r 'co .n n ; m en
188
S 929
7) Pmnumele refleniv tu comparotii. A se observa qi tntrebuintarea pronumelui relle\iv cu valoare de pronume personal ln conparalii dupd lilxe, than i as in locul pronumelui personal: Hc is l,ol-hcaded li.td n?s.n S " i. mu t' \aut t tLA" nJ,tf.
T'r'
S 930
..u..t. r.ia,il Fntiu: "1 slaq" in loc dc r'l ;ndrc n?a.f". -\c,la!L 1 loc de "l dBs /r/sl/" ctc. i\rezi ii ,,Dinie7d .elle\ivl,. I ri76l.
8) Iipsa pronumeiui rellexir-. - In contrast, cu linba romend, tendinta limbii engieze-este dc a tnhi,ura pronumele relleriv acolo"undeacestanu esie necesarpentru claritat0a f?azei. \irbele reflexive stnt aqadar foarie putine la nunnr tn linba ongleze.Chiar lqiunele yerbe cu formi retlxivn, cari au o rirculalic mai nar, Fjnt i locuite de prlerinld cu o {ormn aliernatild intranzitili: ''| ,,,t | 1r ,r,rrir_ "r'n,"J .i |,.th-u,f...
"I drcrs', tI
'"
nn
( "ad
s n) r "e. . os a' - . . t r .
S 931
9) ?ronumclcmoiproce. in limba rom6.6, u eori pronunele rcfleriv nn a.ai; o fcljunFcsfc!e rd\fringc asupra subiectului, ci acliunireciproce a
dou; rdu n "i nulrF .ubiF. .. Tn a .Ft .,/. limbd "n-tFZj nrr mai rrrrpbrin. ,eazd pronunele relle\i.i, cr ptunumele reciproce, ctLreslnl urmltoarelel eech oth0r cind este vorba numai de doue persoanesau lucruri, sau de o actiune rciproci lntro doud persoanesau lucruri dintr-un gmp; ono another penlru mai mult de doLri pcrsoane sau lucruri:
Thts t$'o hierds wjll nol sce.d.l ori"/ nsain lor a lons line. (C!i doi ieteni nu se vo. dai redea mllliL vreme.l I n o . ' " ' . 1 \ p ," ." J o . ri ,.. r .t t !' rl o r./" or.,. o J rr, ' ' .:r" sdu d L p, ' u. r a , r ;, !. .,1 ,. ' ' , lr i l , " ln ts | rr.ri l to \' n tI co ,o,ri t on. " .o N si gnraD re i nbccerea.) LUi. , , F y u; .tu ti rr.rtro ., r.h i ra n o $ h ,' 1rn N i qi i qu Not d Onc anotho esle rdeseari intrcbunri.rl si pentru doui persoane sau luorurr: Siie nrd L,,r broilrr arc lor fir\n ol ant: an thq. rlusbard .dd Ni{e (ere siltins Na. rnc alalhn. A s e c onp& r a : Ther kncw /lanvl.s. (Refleriv) t 5. " , , u. r ea tp e ,i tn s i tr).) T h. r t n,\ . d /. o ,l .. i r.i ,.o .. d o .i p " " ..o, J tSe cnnoneau (i1tut pe ahrit ).1 'lhel rnl kncN one antnEr \tte.:itrot) n{i nult dc doun lc.soare) LS e, unoit P { x a & r,l l l .l qi r e\pri ms' p i ,l i ,!i rn n Ur . " l" r pr l" , u i r l i nb,.o..n. ' ^ i l ,ro c a p \,rh ' l i mL" ,r,,' tru n u n F rp .,p o" " tS Jl l : Lr " z r n in l]'e,.r jn ujr Darl<.sdd a l.w {ords. slorl l/ids and Da.tcd. (Nc'an hnlniL in pot:, z az sp,s cifera ouvhte. ne ttu siins nita ei nc-amd.s-
S 932
S 933
O bse r a a !i e Prepozitia sepuneinaini.d pronurnelor reriproce, nu tntre elc ca in limba

'lhc.t t.\ll<rl Lo .Le aiotker. lvoibeau un1 cu altul/lDtre ri.) Tl,.\. couldn'L rt.IL hotr edcl. .thd_ lNn_ sc lutcau desr)jir1i unul de altnl.l
5I PRONUMDLE DE TNTARIRE
189
sau adicrlivul neboltrit. - Panlru roflexiv !i prr,oumcle l0r Pronumele pr onumplprefleri\ cora'ounzdiorf r^nu"rFloli cdjF'li\ alor n'horari F \'zi s 4145-1151. " in ]"sBluri 'r llr 0ne.plt. intrebui0lare. un:1[PrF inLrpbu;nLJl 7'o heoe a Lnits ivell doDe,a? mu$l do it oaacry is bad nanne.s ?'o srcdl at lensth ol ozes.//
Eihi;!: b! aneself is the besi *ay lo see a c.urtrj
s 034 s 935
ln "onlrH.t rollo\ir ti nl nronum.tuiJc l0iirir.. t2r Locul oronumolr ri pn ',pzH cu limb" rom.rru.1n dra p'onun "la r"rl"rir pr. - ta r^rbul. rr, lin,b pvte dupd rcrb: se rellexi!' lronumela
I lurt rt u / '/sil|| rh 1/-d r -i r , ro 1 d h. \\' '1 - J " F . ' lo"el " . m ui. lr ' l lo r l _ b n I 'a l
s 93{;
Pronumelo dc intlrir0 "<ep\ne inediat llald carinl&l p: care il ittdrclt: I n"sdlf rvroie ure rvordsflr tl,c song rDtr-t;dDut arn s0ris cuyintclc on,tecdui l him*l[. He had rews ttom Unde fnt'.t {.\ avtrl rc;ti .nidl de U ut.rhidl Vin0entiu l U re o .i I r o r m " J . r" rrri ' a - a r l ,,r' ,i r-t" ri l ' ' ' r\i nl " Ji l ' ri r. ' l i n "n i t rF -dl t ' r ' " " , r . i ,, l ' ,r,.,,r' ' u c u ,:rrtu l p r ' -rl ",l i a .El tr"t 'i r' _ l ' ," r l l , I |, l Jt"{../ ' i a rr\' p ru i " 11i lp o'' r'r,. I lJ rf r. r lr " ndd dojp l h ,\, 1 .- y \" n t: r' .t.^L-stl (t','lc!sc e:eruiliilc .hre thiat de rrolasoarn) l ' o n l u ri i l ron.rrn.l " J" Inl ;ri r" ' i | rJ " I Ci rrd n op, r i i' i. lnqiur ' . jr l e l': l " ri ' 01' ru .r- I rnl l i, 1' o n ,r' :i ' J i i i ' - r "'"r-i -l " ' cu deosebire preleriin ln limba ! orbitn: t .lin it nleU. {tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn, l Ih.! \rcnt thete thtusele^. /Cria. dt s au d6 acoloI /Fm,4. !lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st had desigtrcd ll-muia in blo l pe (am .d ,nsrift il ltorciavi l , \ pr r Li_1, , lr , r ri .' ]
L 5a \\ \1 1|Y fu. s , / i-\n vlzu fo.fti al ! e Uar ia. ) I sr\ llrr\ nrnl/.
s e37
S u:lt
I\'.
PR0]{U}IDI,E ;I ADIECTIyUL DEIIO\STR]{TIY oEn DDlroNsTridlrlE PRoN0Il\,1-\D,{DJrlTrIE}
S e3e
inlocuiclt un substantiv (sau un S gao I\onnnele dt)/)lonstr.ltii, 1) Dcfidtie. preciztndui toLodaLi con-tiechivilent al actstuia) erprinat sau sLtbinleles, nutul in sFatiu sau ln irmp. std pe linei un substantiv (sau un echivalent al S 941 A(tiectie l d.emanslrdtlr pentru locul ocupal,de obiecl ln limp sau in spa-tiuill raporl a srita acestuil) cu vorbit6rui. Pronumelc !i adjecliv{te demonstral,ivese acordii ln numir cu subsirntil_eie la care se relerl. Pronumele demonstrative slnt urmitoarelc: S 942 2) I'ormi,.
this (these), rtiat (\hq.), same. suctt, stchtitt, e, the 14u.r. Ihe fi4t, the hsl, th. other (the aherc)' the fond, one (an4)
1OO
MOFIOLOCB
_ PRONUMEI'E
s 9tB
\ 911 "' '
demonstrative pronurne celelalte Cu eroepiia lui so fi,nc (anes).Ioatt! r;r' Lt"n'hn*t"o'ir'1 ru' li 'i tti' i fdr'F.o'^'Lm'i l' ' l\"?i a\"n,rl l" ii lr"qu .F I ld ria.dr' prnnrrmr rralrrc rr'/r !.6r.it)l ar-; -P2t.837. i .r p" r'r sJie riIrp dpn'n denoDstrativ adjecLivul Cind ' i) R;0;h;"4 edi;cti\trlui dcmonsttatir' bar' el nu sar'L .ln'J prin conjuncl,iile unite sribstantive nrlt; a"t".i';'l'"1"j sc repctn inninter fietirui substantiv in partei lh' ror'l ?nsd bovs arrt si.ls \tant to "oss *a3 nisi,r ?na,
Thc atnaieur P rYe.s were Lh. s' ticlds ' _-'tl., btt IiiinfirSs sellllir"s "r afe srldom lountl
lt-1"j,liili, l;t,11",#;.;" u., r|,orL in rhe ":lg:,.-bl:i ".,

THIS (Tl]trSrl), TII^T (TIIOStr)
.IDJECTTI''1 Dtr]TO\STRATTIE)
s !{t
S 916
.'his
(TFONU]IE
S\U
1) Furctii. mY look
This (thes(i)' rhar (thas') pol li pronumo sau adjctire:

LProa l ?ft'sa arc mI
.:rl;
?h6? are nl.vsns iPionl. . , ii.j iJ'-r''s"" te-".] ?&'s' boxs nre dv sons l-ldl'r itur a,,r is tlai.i '"r "l". rezi (I'enin ndje.li{c !i S slsr ! '1tcnlt. C.r\rnlul thdt dre parru trrn' ii ptrn'ilrlp: d,tia1tu ien; sraie e aeela.acer' cer, acea a!ea' ;i ;;i; p;;;,^" ";,, iotdeauna tea), f ronunJati ldetl':
fia, is ml' bol ?ftdr !&e ts dr'e'
t-ra;.i iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii". 's
7/..rcbooks'ar.mitr,: (-{dj'l
hoolis (Pronl
b) prcnntlt rel.jtie (: carc), ptotlunlAt [o'eL] (forlrla tare) lilat 'tl (forrm siabd): Niling about \cff do4 thc Thi6is ure loundcr laFrs .) nnjunxlie (: cn) ptonunl'atn ld'ell forma iate (rar inLrebuinlatn)' l6atl lorma slabn: He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre (l) ad')crb(: atit de). pronunlai irtoLdeaunr accentuat [6eL]: 'l'hc sro\t Nas /n.r high ia.lllnd inellid'"i otr mloal S !rfR Zr -Formi.Uetr.\umnr.(az. " 7t'+.tl, . '/,r/ '/,o "uo'in:ur;forfl' pnlnla cenurite ir .azu'rle': ele nu sint dilerenliatedecit in . ',"',t;;";i; irrmirului:
itti{ ,,,,
r*-r { liij { li:l ::::!:,, ,,,-, r"')J

{li:l il:::,"
[ruu:t{lou:]
i li:l ii:ll ', 'o'"" .,,., I t oo : tI tB; il,' L" grI
llil 1 ,"
lrt 1fr'r I ! ", L tr i :l

adj,'.litel,tr, rezj I 8181 ' tt 'a t t L 'l t (r'
) { ii:j I tr'"-
{l,en|.fl, tNdu&rea
: f ru nxnlir dr t r t n io nc pat r r az r ir lP oJ r " 1i' 0", ". r ", ' - . ' , ' "' ",.',;;;1 1" e ste lom ' at s t c u pr . poz u, ' a t o' 'Datilx1
,o,.: .jnraloaP ste nun{arsax d. adje.ri!. ,"., PSI I ,lllilillL,Ti.x!,{l'1".,,,"
r".'""
l 9t
3) I tret'ui lare. s 9{9 jn (ttuse) inlocuics.j sau deterrni.i ob;eciel rpropiate tin,p sau u) Thi: spatiuin raport cu vorbil.orul: depirtatejr timp sa.r that (thosc) obiectel spatiu in raport cu r-orbilorul: Tinp:
Tntr t-. Iinc Neathcr oe dre l{ving. (Prczcnr) a. lhc rvcatlcr (. iad li6t Snndal iTr.ctrtl ?'no, "rdr rill De iine! (Viitorl Thxe arc \a! remarks. ll'rPzentl Ihasc iete t\is Nords. ilrtutl I shalt tatl to rlosa preseni. lviitor) Sp a !i a W ho js , nl- " ? (A !fo p i c ..). \\:h o ' s ,,l a rl (L retarLa.e) / iu t ' r r L ' y l ./ d o o r;. J o .. D p . " r .r ' n J to $ -!. t@ p d p i " | i . th d." .\' .r. ' pr ol' r " rlcri la i,imp, demonstrativelc this, Cind se thesc sirt jn genere lgate de lrcrent, iar that, those .le lrecut ran de t)iitar. Cind se referi l,r Fpaliu. demonslratirele this, thcsc desemneazi numai obiecte din imsdiala aTropilr a lorbitorului. obiecte pe care acesta 1 porte atinge. Cind tnlocuisc o propozilie sau parte din aoeaslia.this, theEe sini in gerere intrebuinlate tumai jn c:rzul irt oarc curintele Ia care se releri precedd ine diat sau urmeazi 1n aceeasi fraze. Potrivit acestei reguli, ioarte adeseori in limba englezd se intrebuinteflzn lndt f*oseJ acolo unde limba ronAni {oloseste demonsiraLivele opuse,,acsta' , ,, ac e n sta " (. , ac ef iia' . , . ac e s te a " ): ?/'a, Nas onr decisioDat tlic lirne. lAceasta a last hotlrirea no{sili ]D ac.l non|Di.) fld, was a lortrighl rgo. lA..asta se $tretiea acuri doui-rsliptnmini.l Is rrzr all lhe lrgga8e }ou a.e iakiig? L, t ^ a- n to , i i i .l l . l i"i ' \\-1,all r}inl ,,nr l.l oti (n,dim usrt l.I ?ra, is ny opi[i0n. csn, I irna nica a-.1.errro lvhat do yon Dean bI ,rar: icc $fi s,-L su'i cu dadsru l, -\p l i ra rc a r c E ulii r l m a i s u i , 1 -a l a b i l ni n o a re fa re nl i suri r fi i n l i mbarome ni. e ste mu lt m ir i s lr ic l, d i n l i ' .b a c n .q l e z l . 7 ' ra l i n pri mel e doue rmpl e se r e lern l a u n lapi t r ec ut ; ln a l l re i l e a e x e rn p l u s e re l e r d l a un obi eci cfl re nu sc a.fh in imediat.L apropitft a celui rare l.rrbeste; in ultimele trei ennple sc fcfcr, la.iufinte spuse inajntea propozjtjei in care se afln lllal. ?rts is lvhat I advisc Jor lo do: make n list... rtis st intrebuinlat aic; pentru ci !e relern 1a o propozilie explicativ.' c^te ur/.ca:d. in at:ee.tti lra.d. Ti d i ar e in\ A o niult ma i l a re i i n tre h u i n l i rr' e rl cci l l ri r, l ui nrl u i acesl r)i a adeseori locul. In asemenea cazuri idiomatice. el scape regulilor. ;i poate lj 1n\'6!at numai p n obrerlaiije ,.i notare.
s 9;0
Lo lelcfan:'\\'har lral:" 1:Cinei acolol (ia distan,tn)l "rnis is e Gene). ,\proapetoti, incon;tientrridicn tonul. strign chiar. Gene"(-,,lii rind rorbesclir tclclonj aiii derie e impresiadepiirtnrii.Rarcoriallii tnLrcab;
1 sel]s sranatical {$ !).
109 (.\Vho's apropicrii tlis?:'. prcbabil pe un ton sLizuL-\i?oatc sub impresia 'nl1 u r c c n a '
.onriian t.rpd lp d F r n. P3 !n la v or bpilp
S 951 S 952
b) This (Ihese) sint intrebuinlale in corela,tieN lhat (those)l \ hi do Jou Pr"hr' trb o" 'i'' ' \re lour slamlrs lidI de aceea a adr.erbuhri ?trs este legai de noliunea adverbului t'l'
I'ut rnlr lich.c hrt. and that 'ir th'tt
S 0;3
! /ltenlie i\'lor Puri lii 'o',dim ' " lii ,l u'r pl"orr'rm rr'lr^bunl r% I' onslr_' r stttt4ltn'ra r'.Lu tr"'t'to1t":1' i4;. i1ro, lr.ulir. rr;l',r r\d"/r 'i 'l sa recomandi:i'qi fic evitatc. ea !i ir linba ronlann: this nuln hte thdt child Se aude 'Lotrsi a,:lseu. de aiei, copilul acola de acolo) ca o rccentuare sau (: u"o"iu on"ti Ih$. eLc. clarilicare. .7 L ri inrr r,L,or^m"J ''.is t,t ^ t \thl| /'''s ,'inr Inr'"Lui r":i Penlru a se evlta repeLarea
m . on' - , ' oll. r ' . . t . , ' H""h^ $.d I r,"""-.o .r r o / h. " t.- -r a le - : . I. s J s " l 'r ''l !4 . a $ - 4 '_ a a ] '
S 9;4
.J) Irronunele ttis (thtsN). Ihat (tha{) sint lntrebuinlate li in lo'nl denonstrstiyelor the l1.uer. thc lbrru:r: is rs ruch oi a! cltrerne6 dar' Hc disliksl liolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1nis homelong alie. ihe c ldFni ltlie 'lrild'erl I'ad Nn al ri-" r--nt...,1*l $ d I d l o \l \' 'ftcs' r" l l ' $. , \ . i\ ' l t hn. th
'l E r ' c eplt iel La singulrr. pronumcle li;s li llnl nu pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e care llenunesc PosLrane: \l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba!: the ltrz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as ttE Fritt. d' l i }p pen ru i / / 4is s ' , , . ' rn l i n rr-h ,ri n l s re In p r un r i d rr' :r ' l i rrmp rrnrrosai o p' ri od' l ;44 a re f c ht : l, nnz " n . r" I p p n u I d -' ' rn t nu se t'raduce construct'tc aceasti ronand. viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha acesld, accatlal decit rareo Ptln Sce you aaain fils di.r x'eck (\_'iTh.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ereîtgs lLn+ zcnt) (Nd reledcn de asLezi inl._o sllunn'i ) (Vintul esLctnlemrc searal liis month Sinain is lo (Tr.ortl she eoinq rvc.k asal ,ris bcer He h.!1 {Se dro; lr Sinaia lLrna4..dsD.) lEste Dleori dc o sipLimiraL. (-{ losi rlccat siPumina a0edla l Iou Fill rcsret jt one oln's The-l.l,avc ben norkn,S hard d,s lasl. (\l s-o rcs' e!i i ntr-o zi l ) Itu luo, l t onr t " m ' n t i n Il trn ' 1 r z l l r
l; ;
,\ se observaintrcbuiilarea i'lje'tr$lor //ti\ sJ thdl.c'rp Lr li arij'ohl { 956 unprpenehotartt ($ 529), de;i ou formn ila sinqular.poh dctrmrr5nurrLcLe oade de timp cu sens de plural' prif itd ca un toi:
'1 nd \'\e bd ar , "r ! bus v t hh - dJ l. r do! \ r "J h1"l o n 'o Thi; Jo rmy / i"* u, . r s bN b+ I'!c been cxpeciing lot this taert! mLnutes r "
sau, pentru irecui: Thst lrst ,rd turntnsFas cndless
$I ADJECTTVUL
r9g
Aceeati lntrebuintare o au !i cu alte plurale care pot fi privite tolectirl sixty 11 (sau rn.el no* Beiterhavcthis t{o !ound(s) Did he rcturn t|rtt tbee Nunds? Thel: coultlha.dtt walk that lst tqo hitomres,they wereso ljred (Veziregulala S 2i'5t-25ts ci. S 533) Natd A se obsdva lorma de sirgxld"" a substantitului ln urmitoarele expresii idiomaticel Wc hare tilcd heretn;r seren,.dr a lialll coulle
ttp ha, b.-n ,4. , i n ad I d do o.
precedet[ sau adesea o intreagn propozil.ic f) lhis ti that inlocui-qc parte din ea:
kno\ ,i; n, t"r. t S he r.it "! t " ut t n" p anat , 6t . l tn r r ' lo' lor i 'm o 'n : e I dJ /" I p' omi.o, -: l " anl thtl .)1 Th.a ntt\t !. hanP lle i,s the;epulation of a rn.^l lrnt 7//, hc cellainlX is not 1a r r th6 p sin nt "ir i' f^lo' ir ' S ) T his. '.i ' L"
S 957
s 958 s 9;9
? les' are m! childfcn. (lli/\ { r.eziil tc copiji mi.) h) Thi,r (these)\i tm Unse) + ta ,, sc traduc prin .,iati": T7z.r. ar. his lliings. 7/,;s ts sliat hc told me. (Ia ti ce m i- a s lus . ) tIat,'!i l,rcNfile (nici).1 ,.\l'hioh is 1-otrr por olio?" ,.7/,tsts il." flior. afc ltis Dftenls. ilalli i Dirrinlii lacolol.l lcre este'scrrii,t.rtn? lai o ) Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt. (latn jr c! fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l *This" ,i) Toate Pronumelc demonsttal- pronlDclc relrti{. ,si'thii' r" ' du j " hrr:' l " P /} ' ' si t i\ F tu l i n J li ' , r - s r " J a t ,o u n ' p rp ,d r' ^ . , { p ,i ,rdt sint supuse aceleia,siuzanle: lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci? nefor' is a ditTercnL nroblem lmn that (.tltuh) \\c discussed d l o ' k ' r,/&. tn h ' .n a t" an l ha ban' h d mi i l n r 1 ." \ n " l1n. b1ll" i n ' "Lir n8" /rha Th p .u l l ^l; " lr n| . , . r . fl d r ' .d l -" ,,r' , i l " l d ' a v rh -t.t" am A l t Tri s i s Jol, n S nit h. {lli/^/d }ronri t. JolLn Smith.l Na ti i . Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr, (s au s,it, {tlD: H. ( 1, . r r n do p . n u r tl ne" l ' .1 i P { pahd. ' s3. ' r,i l o " o l F .p ,l .' 7f r ; - , ' n. J o n .. .i r!l i . o o l ." g " J ,j r,l p ( dl l l ^ F{ pdl al . (pl prelerete prelioase. le slnt urmiitoarele socotite acum Acestor constilrclii. conliderate mai pulin pretonlioase: Thc siudctri nho doesnot submit... StuiltsntsFLo do not s!bmil... 5) Adrerbe compusc. - Thi.s \i, that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at. l n l o u i l e i n li nrbd ]i r" rrr6 " cri rS ori in L, t , , o [. o n . t . ) . ur an. r ' 1 k .. r' ' rn .^ ' i oii"ial a "u FJ v " r ba . o' np. .., d i n a 4 \p rb p l " l | .o u th .rp-: tratrozi l i d ' F.pp" ,{.sifl: her . alt c r: a l l e r th i s ili.reniter : alter thal
S 960
$ 961
S 982
, p' onun lal p I : ri. , / . " r . , rr J.+r .13
s d, r PP, . ' ' nl l . I n a o n P d d n o u ; Jo_r . / ?r ur . L'. pr 0num . . I ar ir . pf on I nlll [ d3 ] .
cramalica rinbii eneleze
194 iherety - by. ihal hereuron: thereipon : l,e.Nith : th.rcwUr : rpon this tlpon that with this with that
9{-i3
o, -lbiq $i{h l id{erbc. ln' ilul rJmilirr'/'l''"i/nd'l"tfisisd!'r1." Jpn'^r"lrJ i\e I = .ol Dl' sinr a un'i urrnllF d- un rdje'li! sJu de un adr!rl care e\pr;mn lniltimta, cantibaiea, distanla, timpul etc.:
r l. s h. . 1 = \l ' i l (c a :r ,. /t" -r,, 1t us 113| ||t u !)n i g l ' { In /i l l i m ' ). P , , , . \ r i, i G u u i .' ,l o J l ( s au a ,) i a r' (D i s tm l e ) " & t r aici (sau acoto)l fPlnl Th-a $at.r $ds Inor hia} ,i n d L :-' l ' I I n, w / nr s m u rh , l h a l ' o u s
96{
He rvcnt tldt iat and no Inrtle. Did wc stax the.c rl4, lons? ! Atenlie ?/,it ti lhdt cu in,tclesexciarnariv (: dialeciale:
'' J
aiit de...l) sint expresji vulgare ofl
I s $ r/d t.o l d l (['li_era aili de Irigl)
$ 9ti5
6 966
Trr! Fox-trx& Trrn r,ATTnrl

(},IONU}Itr SAU ADJDTIIIV! DDffONIT'T,ITTTX)
{) Functii. - Demonslratjl ele the fanrto l- pLimu) ldin doil pr in:: prim ii sauprin',leldindor,igrupr,rirlsi 'l' tdtt'r ' ult.i rll't r<lin,loucr. ooi), ulLinaioin do r' ullir"i"u 'rlr m'l'rd;ndou:grLDUrrrlpol Irplo'l' sarr adjecdrel I lravereadBob's1\ork anil Jan's l ptekr nk funet {llol\ work) to /r lor"' (Pron.) iJano,s). '-- ine;"r";ked l.ochoose bet\on Sha$dd Ocas'): rn' /n/'/' snbie'r (Eh'tr
$&. pelsipr, t h P 10 .t \o ' p \ Ocd J ld mori rp" r!'cdl
{ 967
r/r lbrmo ;i tfu lalter au o singuri lorm; 2) Fonn5.- Demonstrativele InrX distinctie de gen, numdr sau caz:
, \ lic el. lNasr 5i l. m s g no, n ) Isaw lho ho !6 r s , ig b"h: J | ' e' t L' h' \ 1a5. s i lpm . pl. : , . t h b "r \ ' e d Jl.' p 'n t r|| b '1 " ' J d d 's 'r " ' I
Cecil dit Alice arc hothr and sislet: the f.'rn r (C.ril) is youger Uran /E larr-_
t]l ' /r' /o'"f. tiind^dnua th fnm". Fli Demon.rralivcle 'on'p(not;r ''ill rar I numprari unpi In obi"c'pr. la doui se r"tpra site numai arunci,jnd 'zul conline mai mult, ale aloud {iinte sau lucruri, tnt'rebuinlarea acestor dou: sste incorectir. demonstraiive -- -'ti fnrrotruintar". \ll dFnon'lr"ri\ul [om'r. rit "i d"r"on' -1 . 969 I urLl de arlul 'l"r "u morrlr "r: tattpr pot li inlr;buinlaLe inJpp"ndFr -.i 96E
m:r lomr Dteits { toe ii m' rhri, th; fun{ dcin 1 - lostul dc.d) in /o.ne. tines (: ne rremndl lhe / dt lpfhalj o t l h ; c " n l u ry I a d o u a l . nbl a' p 3 s" ol u i t he lolb, Dat Lo l L h Pn o v d (- u l ' rmr Ird l n a romuurul in r h" : " l; r pf d s v s { i n ,,l rrmu l l i D t. 1 n ,i l " l " no6k" r a .l J F . ' p :D i idp ul rrmi o" rJ v iew ! a I r r r p. - dav ' ;o n .e p l i i I S ensx am a l i .s l($ 2 . Pe ri ru d e ' -a l iv i p z i $ 9-n ! perrrir o enumFf;re d mai m-lt dp douJ obipctp vFTi 5 970.
nv tonat t . a th Pt .. lo b l , n "d p to i"r d "b )
$I ADJECTIVUL,
lt5 S 970
THE TIBSI. TflD LAST

.PRONUUE AT ADJEI'IIVE DEUONSIA-{TrIN)
/r" fi.s, ( -primul. prima. primii. primalelsi ilp /arl , ulliAdic"rivFle sini lnlrcburrrlat".a m Ll, ullima, ulLjmii. ullinFlc). liind doua s,/1,./d/i'P. pronump Loolrnenar in eazulun.i eau'nFrSri.dre si adip.livp dpmonstrarirF hult de dou[ fiinle sau lucruri. (Pantru detalii vezi S 965-968). TEtrJOTIIEIi
(TRoNUMtr S-{U ADJESIIY DEIIONSfRATIV)
THE OTf,EES
(PRONUME DtrIIONSTRATIV)
s 971
(: celetalt, oealaltd) este consideratdca lnd' Forma de sinqular llv ol,{r" jar Iorma d" olinind une"ri funrLid do adi..liv sau pronumpdomonqlrdliv. ;lplil .prlsl ni ea pronum" d"mon' rali!: r= i fiind numai oth,rs ilurdl !h"
j. r ' ( \ d j l r nd t "t ' + t |' at h. . ir Orinc rl' b lu" \a5 . r'. i o .rr J ppt d, t n, r LaLp , t ? o/ f r - . .s I . A k" -ron.) ' E a h", . dan' pd l P " o n r l n rir. l h i l in a "h ro $ ; 1nq ; nt l SAITE
(PROr-UIE S-!U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR-!.TIYI
$ 972 S 973
poate li (lucru),aceeali aceia-si, aceleafi] 1) Functrii. Sazrc[: acelaqi pronumesau adjectiv demonsirativ:
lrllatrrryNew Yearl" "The sand to yo!I" (Pron) in rlre sdme way. (Adj.) Thei irehared A tenlLe ! Intrebuinlarea pronominali a curtntutui sdrzste condamnati in unele cazuri ca nclitirari !au desuetn,dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre exemplu in vechiul stil comrcial: Wc liave Xonr aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once Samc poate avea li valoare de adaerb,cn sensul de,,la fel", ,,tntocmai": work wnl on i'ast E satu. In his nbsencc I leel thz sdne as yoo about teaohing. Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie:
A lhe sanc, I don't like hef.
S 974
S 975 S 9?c
Sdmepoate inlocui i a tntreagdpropozili):saa frazdl They alplied the Dcrvmethodol wo.)r,and I did the saru
s 977
are o singuri form;, lari distincliede gen,numlr sau S 978 2) Formd.- Sam
'l'hcv all s:rid the saue. (l'ron. neuhu se. ac.l T hr r df r p op l " w r' - d ,i .' o n l a i o , o n l l ' p bu' ro l -i ol i _ 1. \ dr m ac s i l e m l l n .m ) Sdnc est"eaproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit. 3) Accentuflrc. - Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi precedat dc cudntle ter4 sau sef (: chiar acela, identic): This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost. S'" \.- r h, . " 7/ . dp. Li " l l I' a d m i o n p L r,,i n .
s 970 $ 980
relativ as(Y. S 1094). S 981 4) Corola,tie. - Samcpoateii corlatcu pronumele

I Demonstrati{ulsdru poatetilsi clnd este treoedat ile adv.r}ul tery: "This is the $r
198
S 982
$ lrbS
so
{FNONUIIN DEMO\STRATIY)
D"mor'lr,litul s,, { a"rqra.r.r' r e'rF lnlrnbuintHi 'J I fur.lii.pronu ' :i "lun i In'o.uiorIpo Intr'-ei propu/rlreprpiedFnrd: I knewsnc wasr'l ri8li, and I told her so
"C& she IelP us?" "I tlLiDk so-"
E 984 '
\'erbele cu care pronumlso este tn specialint'reluinldL tn acestcaz,sinf: la beaftaid, to b(Ii.ee:tu do. to fear. ta hape.to sa! : 1otlqpote' to leIL to thLnherc' So poate inlocui lqi u Adjectir; S 9Sb
tle $ -Etre1,snaod sn rre \e I xse d to -be , r An, s , iLL I am o no lor ge. "It ws .old lesierdal." ".!. it $4"
i 986
,So esLc ;i adverb sau conjunclie: .to Dranymer, so many mnids lAdv i
| \
(.\n 1 .1 S he is s i r t r e l .tl ' L I le s nok e i, ' a l m h l i \,rL ) k r ipt ; on b tJ .j .o . ,o L r.r h d " J r $ ," . ,\c\.)
T1e-r i.r n l I' . ,L '. ."d ,. 4un_ l
s $87 s 988 s 989

\ 990
2) Soandso. Lor liunearo an.l s/)(Fubstarl,i! set'raduceprin',culare l $ilh ihe lr'_ozl sos lsubst !l ) \Y stayedovcr ihe \tecLend ,ctala : 3) So"so. Sr-s, (adjeclil' !i advcrb) inseannA ,,a!sa (-{dj.) is ro-rc. a clcrk she ^s sirss io-so.(-{d\.) lIe
SUOIT
(PNONLT]IE S,\U -{DJ}]cTY DEMONSTBATIV)
g91
a-c erLl { dFr' A ' a/ a l a ra . i rt' l ' l ' S a rI I , hr nc lii. " pm' npa p as laj r' i ' dJ^' rr\ d' rnun' t1 F r..l p r^ nurF poilp li s " " pi; r a1 .3 re " tc 1 rr o, s"/' rs and eell knoND Hc Y'as a .lNm man {Pron l Sz., rcsulls are rery uDsr$sla.rorJ edj ] rh i 2) Ionnfi. - ,9r.i are o singure forrnn, lirn distinclie de cn, nunir I can'i ba slackersand all sr.li lPron Inasc.ii lem l)l ac l (.\dj ncntru ss Doml a\raJs Judn music 'tlcornc. 's dternrinat de adjeotivul sD'n '= al substantiruhi Articolul nehotarit p u n e dupi ac es ta : Did vo! cver see sz'l a tJiing? It rvas !z.l a ,ine drYl
S 999
s 993 s 904 s 995 s 99{i
a) Sar,t poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele this (thesc), that (tha;t.'

rd .n I Jr./, I lh6 i, r ha Dq, / l . or J i . L' \ ine , n s i l , l o r ,:", onlJ r l, , ar ; n - od r Lr r ' ! I n J n n l .. '\ 'l j r o n l F I 'o ":'
3) Inteles. -
J ( . / . li: . , , : d .n , j r,\' , ' . J rp r; i n g ru l L ! rr' B " l JrpJ : (V.zi 9i S 51') cJ ,A.deseorisar,t nu apare in lraducerei romaneasci: I t is dps i" ab hro -.u " l d l i / n l ra * d -:e . ' . r ' Jl o" oprr-1" lL" t e d. dori L .a r l rJ d ..r p a J F F p o lt' rr' " m" as rof" dl ' 1m' T hpv \ v " r . a L " d l o s l o n ' l l ' Ib u n l l ,/ Io:a' ' ' a m4' ' : sr \' l ' p r," ' i' : ir ' i s i a .n " r r iu' t oq
b) Sach aN qi lnleles e\rlamati{ (': atit de, aqaJ: uutF"a\P hal ,, t a bumo| 'rol rlrF - ' Pr'lrr"rio,, ThF Asri.u'ru,dl '
o r
FRONIJMELE SI
197
S 99? 4) "Suoh" -1' prontmel rolatiY. esde aproapc S 998 a) Cinn snch este urmat d u,n pronumerelativr acesia rro: as (: care)' rareorr iDtotdeauna
in l.r ' l hi t' , m ig h l l. $ r . h " a 1 r , i r p w !"o d ' r ' r ' \\ i\ : l, d\ o'' ' | o n p p " o j . | 5 / ' l n ' r d |lo u l' | 1 | .| l' .p n r J\' 1 0 1 ll, n $ lp l' n ' lo L J lh p h ' r 4/ , u. lj J l o l ' 1 r 4 | | ; r d r'nl l d rr \ar po r'
b) Suchus este sinonim .n thoset\Jn, tlv)setrllich:

ils dcicnoe' Let all slrl, ds t: tl,oseshol want leacc e'ork a.t, but'l wjll shitlx lrr d Jotr.rd,/'dr ( : I hoseNlich) I nav' i!;,s."; le; ".(,ik$ "' dl Srrl &s poate avea Ei tnlelesul ..ea de eriemplu": The Sl,alcstore ad{crtised loys sr./, as lraUs.dolls' drums aso Do lou lnow therc is se./, a piohuesqucplaic os ClovcllX? 5) Such and such, - Locutiunea srr.l, dnd s ,]h se lraduce prin -,cutare': On sr.lz and sai a da[o, it sacnond nr.t a llacc SU(,lILIIiE
{-{DJ00rlr.} (= ascn'{ta)
S 999
I 1000
S 1001
s 1002
! 1003
.\ 1004 ihfillers and nrnltne
l're neto hen
sr./r,^. iDlrdinccl
rrr.'rrr (Pror!M!/ (: asnentn He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies, plr$
oNr,! 0r\Es (PnoNU]rD DrxrorisrR"{rlv},
s 1005
On. si .,n.s sint rrrolrrme denr.nstrative Ele pot {i qi S 1006 ltluxctie. ..,b"ts ri'o ii I2641.:ingLrl"rul nn pu" e ri nrrn"rfltil2lSr'prorulr'n"1rntirit !!u a!lip,ti1' n"hora,lt (S 1104) or' li on r d r n ircurd iormj panlr I S 1007 2r Forori :i lDtrh..- Pro'ru'rFlc jrr pri'inla nu'ndrulrrr' ioaja Lpnuril..i 'rlurilp. EIP nu '. d-'Fpbr' dai '-'1008 lnleles: S -^ au urmntorr.rl demonstrative C; p;;rril acccn, cel,.eal o,, l: acela. tss.) (d ) cci cere) acerea, ores(: accia, inttebuinlate pentru a se S l0og Pronumele one !i ,n.s stDt, 3) Intrcbuinlarc. erita repetara unui substantiv:
I c1\e h pf rr'" r"d riL lon J r d I , pl rhd oo( olr I'e r,,d g lo! "" r r d ! . r lhe L, lu o, P in s om F, dk o4Pr.
O e nu lnlocuielte ilecit subsLantivle care pot, a!'ea -siformn de plural: S 1010 to tlai llttle boY. l.he fair o/ SDeak like tncm? L;ok ai thoseplroiosl\touldn't you lilt to hare ones Se spunc tns6. cincl subsi,antivul nu poate a1'ca plural:
I IiIe cold milk ieild thlln hot. I'll lakc re lat neat not ihc lean Llneori promrmele onr precedat d lr adjectiv tu are antccedent '{cesta este insd eYidenL: l l y l i tt lF o, . i ( P uiul rn .x r) Ou r l i iile ones { : c 0 Prr'n u s l .r) l rl '" \" r ng, 4i' ll" o, q o t d n i rn a l sI p ' ' ." r' i m d l " ]o_
198
MORFOI,OGIA - PRONVMDI'E
s r01r
Dr] oltSTBATlYE gl coNsmucTtl lDlo)L{rrcD co ?EONUIIE ^DJEmlvE
oi'l', i"f"h"',"i'' #i"T"fi."tr"u noi o sr'rna'"dr L)
iit.i-;J,a;' (: asilcllZtke tirrs//ndl Ji tu r"r" ) Vii) iiiij 'i 'a'" r' cla"'iu,nm
armi :r na, :;i',,' il:", Am' ;",i":,,."'*,, Ii: ;,Ui,."
l#ii"'111''at "^";'i''n:"''"' o :" l]';,". i $'1"i: lj:';,;1":,"' i[lir;s. "iS'" u'"*nr :'l:Hrll'"i1""i35:'i":l;l; i;;"';l i*: out ,rilft tndr, sh. ran
r S r r alnd o' c dr ' fu g r a ri ta l
*11;""*;'t *l'n"'"lfi'a't a gaod Laa'

't"n 'li.l it Tho' tAi reusitl Brdt' rl r 6; s and J Ir wac a lwrls J ol' n i e.cu lo n in Fus . r on t n J ns l
c'rI c@d
' n ' ldr '
'Fii"*,iliii:1;}iq:i pe irinc. a,a,i a,,a;,i ;fli"[,.1; :' *"r \' i; . ;"?l,Y';;J; {

ll il^,",, i!:;'l,,,:
;l'"i:f ?ii"ie3 s1012 .
t l0f3
a hr ' 1 "". 1 ' *. "i , r 'p ,,, ;i ; '" '' " t ri ' o;'""' ii. s" orat r ' ''iT;'","' r"*"... {: io .u,adzi,tn .u'd^4 ""a 's"'1" "; " ;;'r ;;?l' ot,i''.1"'";
(TEE INIERBOCNr'r
v.PRONUlrE.-L!,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*tl
F're f'rr"s de "' t I" ;nt"togoli! I) Dotioilio'- Pronutr p'tut iv rlp n i't'j lu la ""ll'" '\'orbirt s r' r e ' h r n r p r ogrrrta D r oDo zilie """' "'-"i'-i'O'r""ri ' ; l ixoiimat ln r[sPuns:
''1 4h t ra d,r';rs l' \ lv ' t olle'
stl intefoEatit' Adiectialll tntrebart: nnei
- / /i,., ., ..," n;ii';; -#ftfTl1*"ltf-',"-,f:i;i;i l' forl LulsfeA pe ]ingi un qubsrantivii FFrre:te
fi $djcciirercintcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""' - pronu,rere 2) Formi,.
- '.::ii*"* " ^'o' ,X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t!'" *t ** ;;"1

ltlnol (: cinc?) 1\om l
$ 1014
are ai cui? ac''? t;n:ii laloi? .", 1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l
{': Froda'i s,'paL '""J#"1llr l=:itiil:ili \#,:\\ t"fflg*i ""' IFiilllil""';,,i";;fll'1..,0,',.'1"1.''''
FRONUIEI,i
S1
lv
199
T \r'";:l':t':rl ',;l:"iq,T { l"#!':lj,l\T" ''-'n 1iY,n:.', ';, i- ;.,i''l ;- ;" :;' dt"*, I#l;;l"J,ll,ill;iiTi;"J,'".liii F r l' I n dn ; n B ' L $ o d ''r " o 1 )
I lv nol
t|n4,'(',:
iii:; J';.i"i:t;.ll,i'n"iiljx.l . ,-' ill';;.""';,..):r;,,cj.

l l'i'" ::: ,',,0'r" ,n,.7.'oli:,
TbseraaILL $ lorb
'\on. -rr.
ltl,]"""
,,, Jirol.iiJHi"
alti de sinsular' pot alea sens inr'crosarire ei adjccti'rle
iL" ., ,, "i .u,- sdip. in,,, i', iii;::::i,l:;ii.;,ll ii,i'' ,lll"li"", ô,i rr' nora r: u i " " l ura I , jr , d i n Fo l c i, un s r r b. r dn l i \ r-r, .rr
" ' \i rrl -t " p"":;,, ._.pr. a .^\FJ..,n " .1"*) *h;+ .i l:l,l.j:";; 1,.1r:1:;, i
'a.i'li?ll': ,"',r ;,,,";' ,:'i"': "a:-,i'" ",,,'i,,':::#:iT";l-:ol; n'o.l,l;1";'l::'?;'.i1,;!l'il:1,]Jl;ll;fJllij'iiii'ii"ll"'h j'|.rG
:l', ii;i:fi ; li'"1 1,;;t L'''i;r{: llili,ilirXl il:l'lri l:;"" *"1'l ll;l;;i; tu tt lt '; 'n ] . u . r . .
fofln1.indit'r.nr ,1, gcr':i nu'nnr' P' n ru
l0t? ,," :i r l j ' i \a l "in ' u' a' i\" "' o ' :ingr ,r S a "2 . P ro n Lo r dil"r t rpFr I arurrL'r'
stnt tnirebuin- S 1018 5) lntxcbuintare. a) who (trhascl, Lvlto(n)' to o/ro'r, tate nunai Pentru Persorne: ' iwno is ihis rnm?" "Un'lc l orn" _iv,l" ."o' î.t? f i ' 4" I I'n" rhp!J ri -\ rulr'y -ii'r,,'"". i:".,; ;" pr s"roud nD n ! _ s.. "-' -whr'. is i r p. on ) "Th" n \ ldoor I
_ T o n v \rd rp $' 4nd hrss Lp.. i n ' ').0:""':'"" - who! n. t di d v o ' r '_ P" ty n o -: ' . l don l liL F r l' Whon: ) "
',;:f, l:i8;: ',7',' i:,iH' """
)l -riq llnl,lni '
; ll"il; ' ;j':rr'
:lT;;o:;'-:"::',;.J; ;
-r1rbrbr'.^
,;;ili jJ'ff Hi.J" :;i' dFpr"poziuia ;,"T.'iJ'Silil,"':,tTlfi:JiiiY" "'i"li'ii"",ilJ,ilTii o/: li' J t'"""i";'"rJ Ji;ing;r sauesr"utn'61
, j which intproseri! e.ip 'plc' liv ( 'arF
' wh ich t/nr ,t wh ;.h l1|6i.1 f a! on"il"j o l vour br olhpr " i5 \I^d\ oLc p J lx o " ih is $Fk c t ilm \ ) o t"p s won r hr r 3o- r \ or I dratr:ns do You P"f"rr 'ôl i Pron'
1:'-',:i ;i[ ]:ir':, . " Tjlk"Ji, {fiT',"
din'rp) - prFupune aleepre S I0l9
o*'Pff"l",lj'i,i1 J-.1:"J8iJ'fl flil'';3f'.)i'i;ri#j:"il'.'f,

lI;;lJ'."$,".';.:* plurarurui. p.ererarr **"rui esre
i XflH]i" ;l"J:'r'";"{
sr ri'.p.r', ?"'*,. ' i r."h,ip 'datdeprFpoziria 'o '?lh,f '
Whieh iiind invariabil ca fornil, sint situalii in oare numnrul (sg. 6au pl.) trebuie toiugi specificat: I'vc lound sonc smpsiiotsr /ntul, (pfon.)wouldyou havc? Ambiguitatea lntrebdrii creeazi o sitralie diiiciln: l.cbuie a]esun singur insLantaneu sau mar multel Solutia:
Which .ne \!antd, you h.r1e? s a r tfii.l o"s s'onld vor hr!e?
1020
c) 'lYhat, ca proDume.sereferl nunai Ia inalndatel gi indirect la aninate ; ta i anim&te: ca adjectiv se rcf;rn atit la aninate (iDclusiv persoanc),cit -si
d i d " ,,. ^ o , pdno:
"n nd, (adj.ld,s nit him?" "The }utch.r\."
i r1,," r,"
i ..-
eb". do rou rrcler?" "\'rolet." gtts did I'iru tnlk to in the hnll2'nTo Jill and Ar.r." 's lhe ,tmcr" "1Il's), itrst goDc livP." di.I it .asr1" "T\r. rrounds'. js your nafuc. kleth'n. nnnt,a, oddnEst" nati;natiht, rnf.s!n'\ 's i'our \rife lil'e:'1 "Swiret and .os) to be Nilt,". I "ttrlo arc.rou?" ",\lec Jores. tour nrother's rricnd. .oDP l,un :1 s. canPan { the stares i: sL,{j"\ !,. J ' :\' I' } 1 /., ,- ' u .' 'l
1021
Aten lie
Se atrage atenlia asupra intrebuirtnlii incorecte a adjc.rtirului inlcro,JF "J "ron1' lolo.; d" .ru,lp lii ro, ini t'-,,r,,, rr" Lu -i, ;a rr .i;i. TI/; /' i, i,nji'r\ -''" 0djari\ului inrpo-J'i! ",.- din IrmtrJ '^,,';1. srlfcrir (: care dintrc...) . Cind adjectivul iDterogatir ..faret nu eslc sclecti'. ..e-. cl ste tradus prin }'hat' al firui inlelcs tn limba ronarri nu ".tenr.rnrai ci 1i ,,care":
Cdl. scriil.f lLi nlar! cd mai niull? : Ilrld, \vritcli d; Xou likc best? Cdrc din1rc scriitorii seoobhi al IIX-l.a ili tl{!e? : Which of lti riih cenlury wrilcrs do Io\ like?
1022
What erclamati{.
n?d, a rvisesa]ingl \.rzi S t46. 1090.239t. SITLr:\TLI,lCrU-{I.l.
1023
.rJ IYho lYhom. DupI cun s a mai aritat inainte. iendin-tade sinrirlr ri'.-diir Iiml , !njhir drn.lrlul .o,.';"1 -rri. prr".ii', r.l 'rl 1'u ' 'si r'r" ,vhat4.tor". iiili\,.lui ri, rin?inJ.dinlo 'ri.., in l^d. iru-lrr ' ^,, la pInu^FlF )i cJ:p'riv.ln i.lp,4,d i\ ' torn,' oLip.,i.ur..r.,r',/,. r 'r | . ls,FlFrFloti\F. I'rrn I9'o. l.l"rr.l 'idpir.. s in:Lorq,ri1". r"1'. i: lrom now noi el et Lil safto prophesJthat within a corple ol hundrd -l'ears nost leirned jurist t'ill be saling''l|hom did yoir see!" Evoluria actual'l acestui pronume confinni adel'drul proieliei cilalo.
Jt,r. !ro"urn.. nri\..- o t,,' r Jrd J - t f / . , i. I " \ n. nr ' . a! r ' . ' L d I.i -at ?1 "qtp tn"r r, ?,o /,! n "i ! j , i t d . n obF : nanim a t , r " e r r . ' u i . . j i r ' - l r '/ , o . tit pl,\.: d l . / l i d , . t r o r 'r n . _ u : r 'l u r r . '"'"+od ..r i. 1"i. |lpl. n6r am ali \rfe' "\.o u. "tanirL I Ul tyloi's the time? [: urhal tJ...]. 11'r just s,ac live. I: ll no6 6',8...1 r' S 1::' 186t, 3 Citai de Drian Fosier, The Changing ErylAh Ldnguasc, p- 2al, 19;t'
PRoNUMEI,I
Sr
lv
201
";ii: li#;i,,f .", iiliit: il:i,T i,if iil;i,1l.r t". :j;lll.f :l:l;;,1; .n - ilul .oloc\iat s,ri". prin ior^r" ,,o j!i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:J " ",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x!?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji;
s t i tut i nfa nnatIcok.aiat {ro.ntt sau scrjs)
lllat.). prcp.) Erenple:

'.rylo Jid
ro Nhom lor \vhonr.._

, pr
(9 " t 1 . pre!.)
' vho
.. 10
who... ior, crc.
r"iil;s ;''r'i'r-,i ,. \ ^ ,i". jj, r.;i'rd I;0";1j,.; ' ' J y , no t t , . h ,,o k D !

'. \, p-
,.r I ni,
nn
I , pj-
,t.r..r,i.-.-
1 ,. ii.jt ll l; 'l I :,;i,i.," ; ; 'r":,"lflooll;, ' ,,," ,'
;'liI " i_11,1 illli;:; ,,,l;;";' -t'll:trli; ,Jil,l

, n lo u r.,.oL . ' r . , , p t r dq r hi1t . . gol. . \, I' r
;:i;":r"'lij (,:;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i
Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi
;r"': irlj r;*';ir l#:, i ;ir.lr r,ili lr ;i i,r' ii;,in:li'li"r "r"u' '', o' i,,,i".i^;;;;; ,
i;il:
arf grlcn js lton\.
. ri $bi.b "i $hat c" nanrir "., m,i su. r$ t^t_ ln stil,rlIo ,,at. ni.j jn cl Loloclidt. ',r.i
tu22,. t.,r".,t,ir,,bdri q t0Z.l
c, Which - Nhose. cenitivul o/ eht.h. ltni o lorma pred greoaie. { 1096 p!re dp.Fl. rnai m rlrn ori t,,tocuit, u'it,F.,,n.,1r, Dr: Esto inlocuit,cu:
T,rP ro om r1".. t a9 r , , dv . |lr. ro om .,./i . d . t , - "r . .
iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;:: i;fj,:;it' (:::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")

ir b"y nin4oq . -
Inljrogalia diro.ri \i inrlirccta.- lnrratbr;t".ar",onli,, qi { t02rj pronu,,,p . ,, li LrJAsrr\. Inl"ogr i\p. r r d' JuIA htuflr ,tirp. _:i inuirrctc.
FF ri r'''Fopro. n' ;;{,t ti' ; ",!'1 :l il;\; ;i'1 ""'i;;;, l' -":'iii',iii "p.' "1;[:"i] tt'tal is lhe lran,s namc.
IflBtn) .tid vou rt,E rD. I t 1, n i l t n e e r h l r ti i i i n i
11,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;' "'',u "i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTf

| '( J ' r "l"' ,,/.n \,, I _l I r r t , 3 . n
r \-czi R . Q ni. k c l. at ia.
909
AtP,nlie ! ver\ul sau aunF La jn orice propozjlie interogat'ive'tn interagalia'l'irectd 6 102? " liarnl /r.t,rdii subieurul:
m' aa 'Ptul: \V "t h g '"" f ido al l|" d o o ^"r r \ \ nul n' ' 4" d /P al \ Vhu { l 'tl'
propozi'ie interogativx' ci declaraltt interryali'1 indl]ectl' carc rru esteo \ Prbrl se PunFJl/Pn 'ubi"' | : I i\ ",
qhd ln ' ) ! T lm I r ) l' d h - sn o In Sn o d o o "r ' l "1 o \ s
t9 5 1i { V e z i ;i S t0 5 2 ' t8 9 l '
tu t ro""l "Jk ' iP h a lJ touan at th" uoot '' n /l fto r sP '' Lh4 s"rP Io 'r
s 1028
inloroeatit' "' ' DO ln ixl' rosd!ii' Cind pronum"l" ?r lttritiurrrt ji,i':"a"a:""1i\ Jl inrFfofairv Ll"t'tmin; 'ubiP'i-ulnu 3e inlrcirurrr.rr '"1' propoziliil' in erogr'iLP poriLivel: iil,r" ""'ri'".i;i Dti in l7lD thitrks so7 loD:
lt ' t t "c s o1 r am " or ' ju l n o {: |, l, t r n s or nun ] ooLed in n"'1 J""rProar l'"ta' l3l!
E 1029
: propozi'tiileinterogativ_negabive) Se spune insd (in oazul obiect'ivsau in
i:"'i:"*'! 1):; l':':" I":#, wn!!

W h h "a' d: t lh" Por ' m 8 n g o '
tt stilutlornal rcgulilor.srdm6li'at" - Conrntrn 8J Lorul 0repoTiliei' 1030 ' "" " p r " p o li,i , p r o i"do phnum'1"'sr adj";rit u l in re ro g u lr\ :
i::,1"'j".''lLi' **, EL',,=n Hi;;' ^x:
:'li %xl'n" f;,,iYil.,' 7or ohom did he want it?-* ' langhing?
At ehat are lou
1031
il prepozilia pe care rotul este .{cesta "":iirt['ffi,il,ii1'"x'rgli:i, esie I curentriinsn.

In aorbiett Prepozilia
Ilrl'o is Uiis |ook school does '/r he conc l'o4' I/l;n it lb'r Itl@ did hc $dt
t{l'i#"" ;-,tri,; l:: J"-]"""
1032
lrr s'ilul Ln'iliat sp lnlllnp' rl r' 9) lronumele iol'rogaiiv compu' exnrimd surprrnoerr' t/'dl mele conpu"p: i)rLotPr' ettt';r "'/ li '"/ 'sre nedumeriri. indignare elc : ,tp ,in"': wl". -"'.,ro d tthD a1-: "rounill'i :i"iJ:'",
::*: ##}1i;' :iit*r;lii'*l:3r{
r? f;:'::;:'i ,.::::" :"' ;;;;" "::,'s r " n'a,',
oede acediar". :. po?ili\ nu r upr ind p o n e g a l r P : ,.Cine I ln "roe ,l ia . d c l_d' r er
"l* iffig,qit;"
nu cio' Jii'i"oon"s'fr' "'r"0'
t ,haterer Scrise tntr-un cuvini fitlo-r.. 'xhicheaer) )rt pronumele intero- S 1033 Insc s, 'drrtDtrcbuinlat pentru aseaccentua $l{)g4 sitire deroti ljps5 d cDlturS. prnnurn-lai'rre'og1li\'.n,r Fsle puq llngi pro'lrn": have known the rcason? devinein sc,is: lfha e,et aadC, Wh, canl.l,erd have known th," reason?
10) Conshuofii idiomatiee

Cd Xou tcli mc @ho'sqho? lPoli si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF lsau ocj dcsprecarese Yorbeqte?)l lAluarul notanilifililor) Itna, ,ind did h colne? (i,a ce ori a v.nit?) l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis? (Crm s s!u!c la accasta in fngh' (D a r tu ?) Ate n l i e ! asta?l What abaur t show? (Ceai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?) Johnny'sdrawerx'as luli oI ma.blcs,njls, nsils ard wrzt ,or. (tirl.arul hi Ionicil ra Dli! de lilc, penile, cuie Fi cn, air.,,.,f trhdt of thot! sat What theh ? i ]]i i i ? C c i cu asta?) I d.n't know tuhit:h is ehn:h. (Nu 1e lo1. deoseni.) l l e k n o { s ," ftul s @ na,. i s ti c c l s e sc dcscurccl ) sau (D l ]e H. 1n111 me nax (ha|. dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.) il\{i r ertlicnl 'hot (M-a l u s l a ruenl .)
tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.',
$ r$6
this in En.Eli.qh?" (Cum S 1036 In hnba englezn se spune: "Itrdl do !-ou 'rall uF nl a" r.un,e:lia -dbla In , ngle/F:r":, ,;i nu. c'rnt ." .t',r, ' ' tr" 'n rirri. , lin,ba romdn.: Hou Jo vcu :.ll hi.. i" Lneli'l,l' prir "nsluLi- u
RNI,ATTY YI. PN,ONITU}]I]E II ADJNOTTI'UL (TtrE liDll\tryn PRoIrouN-{nD -{DJltlrIlE) GE^"ERAI-IT,tr l I
$ 1037
l) Formd. - Pronumele relalirc slnt urnldtoarcler': s t03n eho (,xhase,ohon), whith, i|hal Mt, &sj but. Ca qi in limba romAnn, oha, trhan. trhich l; trhdi poi, Ii aLtt pronume inierossiiv., ,lr :i pro,un," r^,irirp. dupi Iun rr" t" "d'-. ind-plir'er. ttl'u',. .vhi.h s, ,/'ol tnr li :i rdjF" i\" r"l"ri\F. Pentru simplificare, relalilcIf|. interogatiyle !i adverbele care incep sini grupdte tn gramatica englezil sub denunirea de "phcu literele ir/| forms" (forn,elc cu nri-tialelert,{-), la oarc sc adaugi !i ftoo. Ir^nnn,.lp rclativ arc doul func-tii sim tane: S 1039 2) Dofilitic ,\i lunrtii. le- S 1040 ul tinc loiul ,,,,ui s,,bstantir (sHual unui cchivalontal acestuia'). gindul de o propozilje alributi.i.n care explicri{ sau detenninis inlelesul antocdentului;
.1 . ,,,' t. h .r ,,.tl at.,- rsl l :l n l o dp. r , , ' nr r n s i n c ' ,r,u ' b": r ir I Pentru hadu.crc, rslr (lrourmel 'S till'r 1lrix, ladj.clirc) S 820. r Ve2i S 190, notr L I N u mi tn nr oDoz it je . : r ti .,' i ' ,1 l $ j l t3 l i! . \u mi l plo ' oz : i, " d i' n n :,u tt r \g
A n. s ., o 1 , u r ' , . a ' , . . 1. p "o 1r' tii,r ',' dl dr,/, t,.o^pusp,'d-.
l l 2).
904
{ 1041
al propoziiiei D/ este subiectulsau complementul direct ori indireci aLdbutive:

'lho man rno lectureil veslcrday is mI brother'
iffi'ffi"#ili "$${',:;ff J:ltf.ffi ."0,1:ll,tll,::'*,;f,,';::,'f 'x1':}L'J"f estc subieci.l

1049 ditec-t in dFt'rmin5: u l" ,lou: fu;"lii tol li .(bJ al" pronumcluirclativ a"stuin' nu'rbr-ul 6 7 p"-.o"' " 1i
r,i' orul L . inro'ui e-,vhi"h u' umer l Pr ;'"1,",i.: ",*"::i' ;;#' "f :f; liPnT;li propoziria t'ibutivE- "Nl
m.trtioned !a!e. iy'3'l'"i#l'lll,gl';"1"+3i"I":?'i:li:"1]"ii.l?f"""1'"i
r04r li i;;.'J"i:'u,^^"'n" ;:; .,":l,",l"lTi'?"T11:,""",{lfii;i;,

.a"iiuj ;i 'e,,npe*oa"n li"j;'J:'ll"1l:;T:ii"'.i,uji.*:;";;;;l;"";;;,-.
lD numdr:
r' l\'dJts ldre g"Ls ulrpn rrold d' ,or. 'no ,r m olhPr , . inDoL la! ou_ \ d o a / rio 'ii': Par lY r iq' r s $io r hP dav ' "n "*
il'u#*
$'* u" ",1"t$ll,'"T"1T;*:"l"lTfiJi"i1 n"liilit"J:"i:lT'n"*

'u" t"'d rPro\Prhl
Obserr&!Le
;o ill;"" -;tr"tl";:P"fl l"J" "T,iXot'i":Ti.ff'l'l:#:
"""1i"c""",."""11:"Jl"cT,t ,ors s l:'::#i:i;;":,|:"Til:lil"$?,,:",;'"" a cps t sll joac d in p ro p a z l l d d tn ta

ri l"''"1 o "\' :""b il.r" ,d 'ii;:il;'jli"li"'"1\ rk ti ;:,1,;'; I' i;'""rt L"i11',";;'' "; ,:;:;i;,",,. t .". *-''','
' -ho
ililf^-:*l"JJ'iitl1;:':1,:t;;il';li;3i*i'ii"i,T'J Lomple*ent direct' sau indirect'

' is lor lu' o i s s i s . r nod r laus hq J l m
$ 1{X6
Declinarea pronumelor relative este urmdtoarea: Datie Genltit'

I ol Nlich
t o whi l h
;"'":pi,i i;.,;", "t;:" "l i;lj; 1r" ;l;;;:T,,,, :L'';.:,, :"1', 1 fii -,i..,,1 li'".:,1x."il,1
qhich
Ceielalte pronume relative nu so dcclinx' corelative" $ 1{38) (Vezili ',Pronunele ! Atenlie rdre sepot i!i 'lnd pronum"l" xsuptx;rP$'tttar.dP alenlia SF slrdsp s lM? '47 " iDrrdelru: relativ est" ur.rol d" o propozilio I lelt had told tho huth' He $'asthe bov @nom ' Ultptio_ apdriioa'um sulutuitirpsc f8'ol Ensli"l' ' r"emot.teO"lo a"'sl pun'l tn penLru as"pf' paiarLez"' ri"chivarFDLrF ;en!ibnar' ;i iair,. t"lucra ii: 'oloc!'alP
{v ti 5 r0s0-i05r) liii,iii-.iiriiiiii'i iii l; i;drr d'.";tip
FRONUIIELE
SI
!05
wlpm trebuie inlocuit p n {rlm, propozitia,lird incidenta,.I felt',. fiind: ''the boy.rio had told the truth". Thercaresome ?eotlehereltrft I knowyoy nell havea ident lor music. fl,loD, Lrebuielnlocuit prin rro, propozilia, fdrd incidenta,'I know rery well", fiind: "people rr,io have a talent, Ior music". Fraza trebuie construiti ficlndu-se abstraclie de propoziliite incidnte, cat I felt, I noltced,lhe! said, he thought,tre knoq, e|c. ln .x.mplul urmerorlnFd.propozilid-l beli"red 1o ba lba rulp'it np. fiind o in.idpntj. ulon. pronu'lc in'"roJari!. .rle .omplcmFntuldirp., al verbului belieoed. Ca atare, se sprne corect: He asLed me @i,n I lelivdto be ihe culprit. (...p/b I believed io be...l (coIo.v.) Df scruf &EL PaONUIIEL0I iI ADJIi-TITLLOX Rr]r.ATl tI
$ 1048
Prorumelerelative sht tntrebuinrate,in general,dupn cum urmoaze: (Vezi olseNaliile S 1053) 1) ponftu pcrsoano: S f04g who (: care) (nom.)
The man @,{,spoke io you just now came f.om l.he countf}..
vhoser (- al cirui, a ctuei, ai cdrui, ale cErui etc.) (gen.)

4n8in.rr /x h o a ra u ,n d r) $ " . . .n | , -td." tdm i . J tri rp . . . Tn p a g " hut r u" al The wori'al to alnm yo! ryere is (s talking an a.tisi a woman you u The were talk. i n g io ...l which [: (pe) care, care dintre (selectiv sau inlocuird substantivele colective)l (nom. Ei ac.) li a umite substantive ca sh{.p,. babls etc.. He had two broth.rs, onc o/ onicn was siill litUe. Slre sondered qhich ot rhc sislds w&s the eld-"st. I c_an't teU.rrt.n I ivould rather hea. you play -Chotin. Tchaikovskt or one of ._ The c.owd ,lialr irad collcctcd cheredthe foreisn delcsal.ion.
1nd bnL ' t t h t , h
I don'l.bow (pron.) this bas is. (sau ...,tF$ ladj.) bag this is.) '"hose whom (: pe care) (ac.); to vhollr (: cxruia, cdreia, cdrora) (dat.)
.h ;-
dd, "Js . 4 - ..L i F u .' oto ; r hir q4r no\ r
b r o u g "l
in
d . p r P.1 o n .r
hdnt
r/.'
2) pentru admale !i lucruri: which (: oare) (nom).

The d.s r/,t./, blt rou las Nn awar. Is the -clr}oard ailt l siands on r:our left nrll? ot Nhich', whose (: al cnrui, a cilrei, ai carei, ale cdrui etc.) (gen.) th roon, Uredoor o/ oLt., {s a tr o/ lhe door) is otren, is minc. The room. dnos, doo. is oDen. fs &! ',lri.n the room oith thi oDendiot...\ is miê. Th ta t.r , ' h" " oot af oh :.\o f" h (h tl a N o ts r" d d p p l .d .arpr. $aq be.r,' i ,t. Th ",o F. nlol" r dr \ v a 5 d a p p rp ,l .g -F,^ .\ r * ttt, k " dai pLed E " p,J,odlw , 6 b" dn(Yczi si 5 820)
S 1060
l rn se esie urmai imediai de un substmtiv itrii a.ri.ol ctnd est adjectiv. p sl4dps pm , , dL I m o d .L F n r p ri n l ro n i n .h j ,p rsooal hmi D rn;n" t* . S 81), 'si i Dl r pr onu mp r i n d l n s { i mo F 6 o n a l d rp laliv . or ps punz J l oIi . n n n l D pnl rul urruri , 3 6 a rv s r r d" " " m nd'dp o ri .p p p r.o a n A (i r a r' rf.i d . D d ri n ri si acpatanu ,nrotdoaunal . pfin pmnim"ln imp"Bonal _r. ru proDumel;rptd ie imb"Eonal .orpspunzALof r,,,t.t (v. _ { 854 1 . { ol enrn este precedat sau urmat de un subsiantiv drricerdr.
!06
MONFOLOCIA
_ PRONITMELE
which (: pe care) (ac );
106l
t) penlru persoane'. * 6 i"5 ' 1 i p. "arel {nom $i a"l il i: (;;; carel (nom !i )
Ahica rol iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1 '.o'' animaleli lucruri:

'o
{'htch (:
clruia) (dat.)
tiJ';l#:l d*'*" -'',' I:: ;\fi:r :,::;i;,:;"0 r.'o:, ;",{ir,,l ii."'l' decii la ob se relern mai dsla inanimate
re r: rne)carel(nom !r ob ) 1;. " n ' sL h F r' I J L l "'/ /"* rJ.^ o",a",d, "ij. l i "';i1 " " . i" , iriii; " " " . r' j''-;:"i'i p
"",nl' ; ; " " , r ' , ' ]
rol ,h" \r tup ;;iT",i:' +;i1,f*lr:"rut: ''I",h"rs 'j l{ ' l i'a,r 'i":J';^ soo d L ] ' ro t hr.n. v i:l :."r ;";- ?;:I t/id
',1, J"1"" l;;"11ii T'I T"iftl"T;.',ii
tlut (: care sd nu) (nom)
rh . p L ' o rt' ' s o o d
o n .o ' rr d' {
sa" \ou' s' n" '
i"i" ' t*L ""r"
lti"*:*r"';:t:1.*i
s lo52
nchotilrit 4r cr irrtcles
iil'i:fi'i;$":"''"
src$e' orn'ninescu
oD i shat (: cP. cPAc') (norn fr * orr'J i 'p d''"m nrs "r rr'e 'r" ;;;;; h"o',;-"d n^ \J'
'l ' v ""ir r' '''r ,:";),,"1"{' -l,J""i ?i:; I'i,:""' "
OB SX I' IA T II \TEO
{?RO\1J}ID XDLATIII
s 1053
: ilT':?$. l:.i'#il; s,o'n ,"l,i"l"lil;1.:f"i;l'i lXii:,l"J:'J :li.: : :1,'l: p ro n um ' r F or i < /' c: ^, ll. i" J : ""' ; : ' : il : r ;i '1 " ' i 1 J'|" P -i n 'P *ttt"*""**-.
"
.
;i:x}f"nJr1i'ii* il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii
S fOff
Zi U*-i
afatlar un pronume indepenPft' esLesirotrirn cu h' tt'hd' este
ll.friliifi,ii$"tiiil'ttl'"",;i _ nupoare rl _ deci !i,?ho ffl",ill,' s r0b6 s ,"r' ,'"f"",11,i,," jt.,":}","iitr,t;;,;,:' {,'6.'1 , "*i"J.,"J'i:i":'lil,l"ll ;l,t"t;Jl"l:l"ii',i:i;:,1"i#
" .' .l "
ll"'.""';ll 'i, ; ll::1 lig'-"r "1. cu aDim{lesn{ llc'r': ---l.,1;"t imP'cutriL enlioul'e cn'd siDt
,"
";: l:*l: 'u''?lJii"?;;;r' ; l:,,l:"|]jr .i:"Tr ;--ti*: :; ;i{,ii "'."" ' i.rr -,pirnd ',
".rr,d..,.,i:i,",,.ii,":;::ul;;;1i;,:l,l.jg;"j;ii"',.,i,.:i sr a
ri". 'n "'nt"t"l l' a7t lr r J c ePi! 5i
".r".a
r. lcrsonnc
PRONUMILE
9I
207
Thc trc., l.arcs il,(tered in ure h.cze,... '//rsd ligLts shono ir the darkncs,... The lut. .!Los 5) nhom. ln linba englezdactualii, pronumele rctnLi,twhom nu mei q 1058 este determinat de prepozilii decit atunci clnd acesteall precedi imediet. situal,ie tn care prezenla lui devine obligatorie:
She ivonderedIot @hon 'lom lad boqht u,c llowc.s. C a !i l a pr on, r m el" in, p ro g i l i \F i n ,n . l n s L i l u l .o l o cvi nl di o,n ocLei nl ,..ri l p r in /,t . s.b im hln, lu s F or J i n e B ru \i n rp l o r p c n tru c i prA po/i .i J s" vi n.] dJpd H rt"n , | ' hr 4 lr " h a d l " n l h i q s k rsh , u d q b i n d i rq on. q h , rp ,ai\ '| a " d. nnt i" m . 'in n ta a I ta ry d ,h a .l O) ' t.,n We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes iiLh @hn.l,l I don't Lnorr pna he is wriiins dbout.lbl ' U n p o ri rhiar s i or p. p d J r d o tra p o z i l i p l "It js rery imlortdt." "To ohr?' LOll Pp n L ru a s p ev it s inlr F b u i n l rr.a p ro n u m " l rri J r\rcn. i n rtp Je dr.p" ri l i e, n h o ea Jl @ l tjl in) o. ui" " { p c b i i r 9 i In l i p s s u n p i p re p o /i ti i : Tcll me wno you watrt. (: Fhom) Ttr"F n no on. ( , t h. ) tru .l o n k n o w ,,re . I \' o .. A t l }p .lub , n , hould I r:n d b u t C ,ra l d : - \h o m ll A i q n pv prin r o ppoplp h n d i s ' i l " r. | !h o n , O l n ta ' u pf o q.bqranti vr \ a l way s hnppi r bdb y ' i 'l i n g b .trtd fp , s h . . tn , rn or, s" ,. ti dF., . q h " " toa. - o cu 'ip n - r nr ( r en l ^ rnr u Wh o m p oalo I ns a li S i p ro n u m . i n d i v ;d u a l . d " .i 1p ctor6tor, tdra sntac cdc n l (: h c Nhan. t has pN h o n ).l n c a rp .a z n u .)i i .cl F i nl o.ui t. ci pretFra. : l.I'non the sods love die youDg. (Prove.i) IV]IICII
(PBONUME iI ADJtrCIIv IiE'ATIY)
s 1059
1) inloles.- Pronumele nlic, cstetntrebuintat: Q 106{l a ) . j n d an lF.Fdcn tul d.numptLe un animals "du u n o b ip . Lin a n ima:t
Tne figers ,fidn he had secn pedormins carn from Belgal. w o ipslp d rnF !o p. tc..41r uh; . h s , l bFln ; 1 I . p, . on.r i r d o r . \ l lhF @4 ;16 ,rnr.& h rd jus t u, n, "|] , d, ha t ook t r , " I n o r . g I nndor. -/., 1 i"'."",,'l a! . ' h"Un, o l\ i1g, hm . 5a . ,ofotisoD theTrJT^s.
,) cind antecedentul denumeqtetn acelaqitimp atit fiinte, ctt si lucruri:

$'e iarled alout the tic"ds and erpoiencpr@hichM had had in commotr. peorle sh;ch sl.ood oli in oDe,smemodes. Tlrerc \r.r r.nrs ^nd _. c) ctnd antecedentul, care dendmeste de obicei o fiin!6, este tuat, ca I made oi lrcr L\e eomak shih I rvnntcd my daughrerto becom._
notrune:
{cr. 5 854) d) cind antecdontul esLe un substantivcolectiv(g 1101):

Ile had leen listencd to Iy taqe audienccs ont.l had tctr enUrusiastic. I : lipsa lui ,/,r. r U n p o ri FIa' i vut rnr:..[Idrl ha | F nnani_. ' 1" 1. d o m " si " " .l ra S i s . In rF b ,,i ,' !" a?J h ad a l o u n q d " pr r no Ls " d lo to l l o wh rr d b o u l i L r d D e tb u o D v.' 'g a l u 6 r . r v lnlul. a vo fb i l { l a o i n t} u .i r" ,, , d p b rus .u l p ror. pi c' or arhj ' nnt f T a rk l @ n d rrl J u lc . . . 'lu i cl p l dnB 4oaaoaa. or ri ti l oel i t alian,1 4 7 5 -1564
r0E
mic: el ctnd antccedeniul se referd la un copil the lrospital at had seen shc Do', the '{n" """]a"'t {orgei ''li'} 84, 854) 6t' s {cf sdulr"za prp'Fdenls.r' reca' a): o inl rFagrprooozi!ie /r cind inlo.uiFSle
'^ , " h " tp " J ,h " s tl ,' ts . u l r' /i q 6 / prti ' ' eotl l v proi P e' s acrron ,,, . ',t, o' a d ' s d ' h 4 a ' rp ' l ' h r" p I' r' r" ii- oir " " !)
t lOar i
''*'l;,';*1f",:";.i:'^1li';,il:itli;r,:""i]:liii":;i insi urmaatunciclnrl

pii,'.-.ir"'";"4
iubstantivul detLrmixot stijln ( o/ rni l t 'oll5J drF$hir^ t hrr' ' _oo' // *'1l or ""&\rsor
zt io n iiiv.
rl" i, ' o n R"lntitulr/'; l ot. rn "az u lg " n iL irro r" n a '/
I,'9""aero"-" 7-il';"1'; oapoalc
!i
J) Funclic. S 1062 ""' t r . l ' ,1 , a r i' fen r r u tiinrn crr 'i p"nrru l.rrut il
thicL titue 1l
11;."i;li:.1i,"''., I;lli: """:l "' '"' ", relatit)in carecazsepoatelnireWirkn poatcli qi adiccrie
girr !ett".1tiU,";Ji1i,",l:f;"1,llii,f ire iak; ro.rhe i:lt:'i,::il"$i"ii,"d S"if;,i 1hc $e lPfi rlP Plo ngh ' t "1.11'" , ' gr r c
nrP'pJs d"^prppo/iiiepoarefixnpotl ad\crbialp lllil 4l qinorrimo 1063 r(dF'u"l' t'""",nto.ui, ri lir'rdri i'p'e r'/" r" pri""a'*S'f""" '/'irl 'poeri Doetic qi liierar), rvt?/ eic i
"'l*i;:llt"l,.,.ll,*,'jfl"!i'i:'#"ii;fJ7f,i,lu,'ii!^.*trh.ire
""'" {ff ." ,rqrrir":j':.!:.ir:\.:l1*}'il"hllii'j',ll;rrrr r(co,ocv rd ) a hote, i! it a hotPl u /rrlliP' \r $ P lnt
(;i,fJ, '""'llf*.;" iji'i1,,, flJ,li ETf" i::il U,.:,t*

hdd bat lent: to)
s1064
61065 r'"""
rlai poat' \nlo'ui' pronumdc ll ftrlrrhuirrlarr. P|irumple rFloli\ d"t rntit'ai'rP' '0re oupc inoint"un"; propoTi!.ii uha.,,l,a*..1,' n ts'n"''oi ," .ri.. p'r" ab''l rr np'P'Jrd par'rru'l:'rrar.eaInlplj "u*
,","",Ifx1,.,,,,
S t 106 '""" 6
1-!" :.p-' ' l hal " l ronumcl o 2) Cdz ur ilo in c a rp !e i n l r' h u i n !' d z i rr d " u rp bi rp i ' azufl : . plF lHll" l ro n rrm p r" l Ari \F ' rrmi ' oarFl p i "f* ri 1 I l r\i n r r n ' o t" P l ' tr a7 dr r pa l re ' e ' l A f 06? '
;:ij:i["i,ilI.. ti rit,ilil i:i,;4, "r["*!il)

t'h ih) I s ar it t o s t l ' rL
ti!"'t 'if:,,i
$ 1068 s 1069
D) dupn r mcrale]e ordinale: iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss nedia" mtant si" rr"'.,1,, f,,,",r, "t.o.rt,rd' (l urr adjcctiv ir gradut superlrtiv: r:) dupn un subslanlivcaliiifnt div lriarl \re hrd on onr tri]' Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrr
rh" r ! ilnl. la',.. "*|' "l;i%iYi;.i', \'''!'\",','o,i;* :': ';;' i i "r '''r "n"
.H:f;Hl':i: il''33'ii"i{:il't '""i:',i ,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii
5r
rELArrv ^DEcrLvr]r
209
N otd
D remarcat constructia irtiomatjcii de mai ios, tn care prol1umeletha'' imDreurj'.u verbul rFspecli\," inlocuil prinrr-uninfinili\ slun'i 'lnd snte,.i.nrul lui crc lori esic pr".Fdbt,lF, un r'um"tal urdinal un superlrliv su rhe t'erA: uDa din enpresiilethe anl1J.
F hie' o; l\ pls o n r h " B o 'p l 'l 'n " Chdmoolliol $ i" tt" lt$ 11 J PI ' to;i v t " i " p 'r r 1 r " a J e 'r d F G A r r a l op' t lt ot hlos ;i; ; ; i";ii;":, oi'n ' . - ; n ' o d' : ! P. a t H " " -' ;ler .\a. /, /., I No,-nr r ' ' ". dLr un i l' buz r i, t"'' p ima I m "i" r."' . ' Tal"" r or t ni r h f ", ". $ds Lm L s l.v ,o rrm" ,a h rJ..an" "/ rur La-m!r I por ni' F i. , op. "r ' ii.. iLi,ii' t , , lov p s r i r i '4" Th" " or' ., Ens. h b vo l. t o - anne' / lu l' ein1Fr 6 t t o L l r a f r \ r 'l ' s p r , r J ' \rr prrPre I n p 'r o l o r Lia! ' P. ol Put l; r "Nnodo" ,r-allllF p^ sl ,;5 li 'l"rrt \\'ilde .le lur O\.ar l d P re ;tru q h s.' r /i,,,/, o n @ r o"oA t r ' ls I s l L;" d ,/ d bin" plgl' r ' r l" r srrru , 'F rr ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the job. He (Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t )
s 1070
d) duD! Dronumelenhotlrite: all3, \'erqthng, sarne,anA, no nnnP no \ 1011 one.s6n thinS.ontthtn!- n.thtns.i dupd rr\'inlcl" D'ttth.1;ttl' th ' th ot Lu
,4/ / t.dl glitle $ i. to t r j ' l, i t P. Ll : s n\ er l r,t.rht r e t+o , I rr,.t , . . r " n 1 . t lol inr I s p"int or /nr l\ \ ' i h' i-' n.oa -l,.j t ' othinelth atl yo u tl" r\ a l. r r r e lul. \ ' Lt P ' t ' ni J U s o u o l l " ' 1 2. \ o. Ao ,"'r g oo d r ' , \ ' s . ri. i rr' o ju,i.t n , ..'tt', o' t t p- o! ! t r , 4i | , lin' I Ln o { l O J boal l/ 1"/ | n r pd . ol O n np ) lrL l .a $ ,r,.,/
rOi
e/ dupd pronurnele interogativ trio. penlru a se fita o repelilie: ii riat rang jllsr noF? It'ro wa,s /) dupe construcl,iainrpersonall t Is. il oa, etc : He was suren eds Ilme that had rung hin ul
S 10t2
$ 1073
din doud (saumai m\ te) 5r$stant'ive,S 10?4 eEte compus sl cind antecedntul ahtch: trho, alnt\ unui'crind
thdt ha\c niade ttre world lhal I $nll write abouf ,n? l4o?1e and thc eoenLs it is'
3) Cezurileiu caro nu so lntrcbuilt.toari prolumelo "thst" -. poate ti lntNbuloiai:

$6 ns "\ on hn l i 4 d y arr:\e d \ 1s r a- Lld- 1. lIv mo tl,"r. rn rs nor an cntrD rf \ irhulas. dn /d/ ro u r aus h dL ' v r r ins ala' s r r ' r lldr dr r v "d r l r ^ h o 6 / n 'l J o u Ily m ol po sl .p ln;: tN . "
?lml nu S 1075
S 1076
l
d, in propozitiile e)iplicativea.deoarecel/lrll a.e sens restdctiv:

a!gn-
dat liind cn nu S107? of b) tn locut unui genitiv (ahose, af ahich sa.u ',honl)' are formd de geniti{:
T ' F ' . \in rpn l, {iDs" s ' ns " ' l lum our v ou $i' l at p''i d l F _ e: " v r n. e l. oI . r d' _r _ oI h' r m o u r I 1\d . " !o al".pu
r p ' "i I p' ' : Li d Dio ,,,,,'rh 'll " pl, ag.etd \te.c " ",4,1 Fcscnt ' ! Car nu llnr alsoli't nfoesa.. reftrtr
j;i"ffi"ri;*r-_ IJj, li::j.,.fre;:iyir ''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:" 'l!ll,:,ii.'r q h a r 's n lr u oi n r I nr ' . r'r l1 l " \h o r..rit , " ,1 8' ' ' - i'
'l clariiat.a lrazci 15 ltal)
r Il. .
, d. |oc.' ;La l. l ,'E . Cdir o ESlpl. u d" ! _a gdil- ir . l T t c
s-d' il ru lPslpdpa.dP
910
MORFOLOO
_ PRONIrMET'E
s 1078
rle o prepozilieJdeoarece .r) cind pronume,leIeI,rLll'.{rsteprecedat, 'ilx, .,, oo.rl. ii pr-..,lrL ,1" pr"fo/rln'
r a n , a r . , ,,,i ,4 \d . " b " " 1 ,,,1... :l r1 r':, "' n11"" " " "1,
'"irJi;fiir t\ri lir ,;"'rili" ,l;,;';i i'" #i:'i,,

' f he t \ nr D i\ L sc Po atc \fl r r ' r :
{ o 10?C '
'r'"rbinr'm:i;;':i'jJJl;:l:i;l'il: ir"i,.."ii"rirre' 'r:r.iil'r"'i ln stilul colncli \e lootF,I rp'b:

".tt"l '390) pre'"d rp Je sdje'riv" rlT,Jupa num"l' or^prii 1i duni 'ubFrdnLiv'lp n'' ii rosr" ri r"strins' Irosbi\",', demuns'|ra""" """":;i;";';" '""''o''l lol IPstn.ov: iar l,tai ^f
$nr lrccFdste imedisi-de lrepoConstructn in caro pronuniele rcl lii.t-"
': l:. :"j,-% o ;; Jl,,',t;,1"1 (Vczi ii $
cfl DrppoziLis 'a rin; Llupa
{ 1080
"""1" t g-.*rT"fti'il ii*"xfdffi "",-'"'

_llral zero.l ztt 4, Pronumelo
s l08l
'
rPla'it //'dl nu - De obi'ei pror'umFlF
oolliri""J""i"ii" rn Fitcerpritnrr 'tna"ro ' "ur
rits" '*bita depersoaa'l
;",,,,:i1.,, " "iijT;"',1:1i ii1;r",,1 f ")ll.l.i r"r :.,1i;,: 1o1 rf'?]l"l'ii";"'"; ]ill''";;'"tl:"i''{"J m*' q ]iult di r"[",;'b'i:" ilr n': ;*,if l,tl'lll
Ob se r o a !rL
llX i ,0" lJl:ili"::"'J"#"i"J':',::.::i;fili;;l'"|il '!':,0:""t' ioar''i"n'el" 'ndinjnd ",,"'jj'T3; , ;."1 *,r' i,i"ulii ii" .:""r" rn mod"urentIormdA " """"i' Ih"
ln oo- irr tormnro '"
:r"1^:'; l;j'il"H:','; ['#j.t:d'ttI inl, "r;r;:,]:*

"h ":h;i";i':;;::';1;;;ur"*
.IVHAT
(?NONU]IE SAI]'{DJEC'IIV IIEI2ITIY)
s 1083
{ J084 r'"
'e -x Dr lm A t :
dg * i, lil! " : 9 : : 1 " ' I, ln r r o lr rri0ltrro't4hot ,that'r'ril' Cu p rin rin n u e s ra a s ru n ' i inrr"bL'inL"a / r r/"ri ' rn ' l n rF " c d p n ru l ';1"- p r o n u mei' 'p
Mdt bclonss to -rou shr'u be vous' We'lI tell You 0'd' s'e sa$"
o b se r r a lie antecedentr'esie ivhat e$telntlebuinlsL numai atunci clnd Pronumcle 5 1086 vag: neprecrzai,.
'.u-.r"r z F-r'nrur Ij 7.r6rr. s I08. '1";1d4.'?i1 i';r. r064r. ' "' , C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia *lati'"lolldr -tr *hr'a c0
r Cons t t uc ti a th e Vl h a t c s re
I doI t lnoq r ' oI r o r X P r ' "P s l i k P a I 'g Com P ' "t ' ar
PRONUMXIIE
ST
21I
Thot \thi0h se lntrebuinleazi atunci cind antecedentul se referd la un S 1086 slro'FdFnrur bau ,p"',"4" ;;;'J,"r= 'jnJ , "bi".l";;";;; (Lhnt hicL rrrcntnat 'tobrip '.J " 'Fll
Tnp\ . , J rl e ll lh memrn g. in lh- J ! lio r ' J dod li' ly "o , _ 'i r r o ''l i Tl,,;F $ai rro r i1 l' m "nt l m il i r p"lon' Lr k p Thal qhichl he said was no !e$s io dvone 4 lh" rdl' d
2\ C$2, Pronumele P,tdi cste alegn neutru. cu inleles de singular fi se $ 108? intreiuinteazi in cazul nominativ sau obiecliv: lyn r r, ro b. I'n. n,rr oe s"l do " \o r'rJm"hi1'lppd rob' youh.dirl'1n".a1d ll'l:d i')i'.,,, 1088 3) Frmotii. - lt7ftal, in afard dc faptul cd ara l-cloire d" I'ronuJne dupi S pfi pJna si,i. pod 'j sdi'.rir+lai\'indd-l'rrrn;u4ntrbbtar'num. a "rcta
Adjectirtl tyhar Pti.6 that got were all _"amcd phal poate fi tntrebuintat qi exclarnativ: W , { dr a l i n d a l l nhdl n o n q c n s rr I l' r " / h e a l LY l i a l ' Ps r lr ez i ii S ' 1 1 ' 61 , 0 1 1 1 0 9 0 , 2 8 l rl l
$ 1089
! ,4 tcn tL e In erclarnalii, pi./t exclanativ nu rcdn cuvtitul ,,t4" din declt. atun(i cind acesta insolelte &n sa,slatl": tYiar dreadful manlers lre lce manhr,, olirilf .rrlr 1CcJ r t . ' I ur n u ;r.r)
lir
a romenn S 1090
Cincl cuvtntul ,,ce" insolelte lln d?j..1io. el se iraduce priD ad1'erbul/I,*':

/' ' r si rr' 4l ' ubpns \ se o b . pr ! ' . s 1r pro p o z i L rrl p ' a rp ' ' 1 l i n ' u !i n rcl F r0 ' r' u l i ' n b d rnr3n; orp' F' l a prp' l r' e.xcla-fl ri t. I n gp' c r F . u6i " tl u l l n .o
tul.
g rp ri l i n u \l ' l u l .. c eva r" ...nin' ic r c , ' . . F " ro n ' i n ' q c ..' p nu ,' o rn n u ' l p l r r r l, hir " . t hine . sa n ;h ; r arri \): In c J Z u l n" r p ri rn rt rr'a t obi" . i pi i n t de ci ^bi
pronunrclc .'F' din e\0tFirlP"tot ccea'""' 4) Whst. That.- Adescori l hot D u' rx ott' 4' rr' r.s d u c F p
rFda nrrn o' or'
S 1091
.4r 1 d , , h . r ", . i . n o , s,rJ.

,N,, io, pa
:;:.-;" .,:,:"i:"lj,l
t""- ;",1"":...
& s ' . br u. p, . , n .p rra r'
i ^' ; ":ij", ,;'ij :,# 1 1 - '
*'
"
,j l l l T " * ,
11L . \i .i "o;",: , , . ; t u - n . p n r o "
n do.b i . bao.\ don" .
'" poL rredure ir .lirba $ lo92 5r What. Wbi.h. - Ilelarir"lo rrrrrndlo'ul unFl p'unu'nc a'Fstp prin a' rLalo rirrn, cnsleznorin ,t/,d/ 'su :"" ,';i i"'1, 'lin Fa'?lTlrarn' " inse tntrpburna irun' i 'ind "i "r3t-irii urm"aza $hi'h 'lnd pB pr'cJ;: irobozitia
\ t J s v h! t l r t r d l .nd .\r r ' d l,fidrlcou lJ ' Dt r "Pa ldr' I n l _' nd ft4q \o'! tut rr:t P" ,hi h I '
6)';What" idiomstic. Pronumelerl,al, repeial se t'raducetn limba S 1093 romAJl r"in ..ba...ba " in urn:itoarea construclie: jn
lrnu;Nilh e.lins llnd /rrra,J witn drjnkiiS. th'i \e$ Year hril tome belo'e thev I ?tdr ,,nt,n estc *i8r.rL" "rri"t". ocuir IDin pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods cstc o prolozili san larb dh accasla atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrul
219
S loel
o'r".""*""**-,
pe circ le urmeazn' "u,l Qhich ti that'
E r0 r ; t _'"-
o ' l a i X \" il' ;l;;i*" " J" ? ' i"ii:" i:' ' ;;: 14 ' 's | t " r ' p' drelu I r F unc lii . - ' 7 estP
*'" rdvprb'au 'onjun
' """ *i'1"'1;'nn*'' Ill,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1# L i' :

i" "''"" t'" "t' ^
$ 10rG ""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
! loe?
?,,"." :'fL'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$ li;;' njt".,'r,;, i::.;if,l":"; atit peniru asseintebuinleaze

rerativ
,**o*n "JJ,o".o"
lntclpqnpgaliv Fi dP pronumer'lsriv' arc veloJrp cu B't l) iolelrs' s 1098 " ,'tore 3' nu': "noa"
E10sei "
"""'l""lrrw J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l ' ,,- '^-- u jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,i

hmD buinlet Si etunci nunrarln lsl F tF: 'olo'\ rronumFrctaliv bu' mai
$|roo i,,l^Yli::,; ,'i :'si:;,i. bdbr' too:poirr

mu"n ii' "5 'ur ="U): -'i*"t bt od tPr b \= dcclr' numai){
r lir h bov H" is . nor h i n g 'b ,r
= a f6 r, d e. daci u | = .t" ppt).. n;?T"'lu" *'"*""* "/*:'""#ilhJfi ' (t) e nantial: dar' insn (olieclie)l:
iour lalk is ldll ol
0,,, s,, ilI mlffit :: i* l;i ni:".J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\ linili 1 l# * u

! PsrP. relstr! trtD dnc{ Terbur
rlrJXCTlrELE r'A PnoNU)txL! nEl.trRlTo -sr ,Ltrlj cIrESTruNr 'E
'rrs
RllrflTf,
'l';""J';" ii ::l';;'1 Ii: :'.:', :f ; ::*":;'.;"
;^;1 ,"".." ",,' " ;]:';'i": il;' ""' -' tI:"':i:19;';i': "o;',;"'"",1: :'pTll""x'l'i"'3i"'" l.n;:i'lti'::'ri'YTi *1"1",1,:i:;liii
niii ,,",ii"":,il,'ii,: :,l.i; j:i,:t, I "i:i;liil lr;,;il:il:i'il ,'t,['"

.' .lnLi-"lllif*l
t nu are lunctie de curlniul Du iP 1 Unr i aulo fl c o n s i d a ri _ 0 1 ace6H silualie
onume'
propriu. p""oD, $lJ;Jril"::
PRONUMf,LE iI
ztq
pqle Plor ln raz'rlt'uhqlaDlir tnlrp p"rsordlli itufPrcorcl AlAserea 'olp'li'F lacuia ti gon.r" 5,i fun.1i" d" iirFnlis !orbirorului scu o s'riitnrtlui' relaliv zerofolrr' pronumelui S I lol relatir. (Pronumolo 2t Eti-osa qli in raLut obt tt' clipti. r'uD'i poale fi rclsti\' d/ Prbnumdp 'ind indisf"n'ol)itd si cfni propozitl" din cere la"" rtl";d" J t rminotirn dn F ln 'r'rLul alip'6 inloLdFduna spronpP onclrE in{elesuiuifraz;'i. Anpasl6 ' cnglezrr rn nosrull dc lrmbrr vorbrrp d o.ara.leriqricd coiorvial:i.on.'ituip Anslia:
AI i .l n o $ i . m J -F r' n e w T h. Lo\ $. _tT h" b o J rl o a w " In " r" l , in o. " d. . 'Ih iactor! we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX Iln loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l lnp . 1ild r n r s p o k p l o i s m v d a u c he t-s I t i" l; ; , t ; , - T i . .l ,i l d ro ;t;/i v o u ' l o (r' r h d p a p F tu)n u $ F re l u ^ l i n s l o_ . . . I did' l t f ind _. l h P p a Pp Fi o _ ,n ./l ]o u rv rP rookrne r lo loc d" : , J Pronumele relaLiv n & poole lnsa fi omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd pro' pr y lic at i*i. dc ' i n u e s te u s c 0 s a ri l n l e l e s ul ui frazei : p ozili i "ste w T hp bol , n g n 4 re J J rp j x s ru w i 5 .my n eth qr norv ... o m p l h i b o J poar p s p u ra : l J tn [ N- ' . 'r ri i " ft i s o n o ,r s J y . L. r ' " \ : s it t h. tu .ro N _ L " l . v i s i l l h . Ia , o ty r" on l\ u - " poA le.p -n F : l h p l a l h i s l o J i ). T h. nap" f t idt i . o n _ Ih e p d p r L l \' { 3 b l P rs rod,l Jn j r \ u: ; " poar es p u n " : ^b !F i D I n b l s in F ar h t, a rd n Ct ul 'n _Cal iD l1lh"r I S ' a s i n l h' . -l t Nu " " podr es p rrrP : T hank v ou |or J o u r n o r' q l ;c l I r' " i v F d J psl nrdov' t Nu " e loal. s tu n " : " T l J n k J o u l o r J o u ' "
S 1103
Es c e P lii intilnite in vorbirea S llo4 loarte colocvial, A se olservauneleerpresiieliptice. nominativ,dupi in cazul relative chiar lipsesc ai" care f|onumele "u*"tA.who i^P: is, it is, there
Ol //\ th F !d_ r br r , l ls \ i' \ r c lr h"' t "' ' v ot n O I n"r l 1' 1 l"_' r ' r o' /,' lhp r'..'l on lh' , ' ho_r ' q1, " s an ' l " ' l k 'n , ii"""'. ol rh ar \ ' r J t nn' k ' d J l Jl/, \ds """'. " doo" \ " 'r Ol
S 1105 c) Co structii idiomatice. In unele tonstruc.tii, prepozilia lipse'Rte odati cu Pronumelcrelativ:

,l ,p, ' 4u. r . s l, i hl 4ol i, / / lO ' | ^ .'n rJ t4. tw ^) .p r , . / , r r t . $ ! h. it r ' lr" .d { l ' h ? r t L \ '' l l' .l v u fnn w 11, n n"r t in \ t t t . hl t hP no , 'L q Sne d ns! r-J /l lon $h' . hl J ' P I "ar "d n t u t 't t " r ' l \ 4 l "' . r
S IloG 3) Loeul Drotrumelui rolotiv. posibil, antccedentdl sdu' pus, pe Itngd cil, a') Pronuinelo relativ trebuie Neresfectareaacesii reguli dd naltere ]A mari confuzii: IIe took an ar.i.o, lrom the iable.onrn he at \tilh relish'
( I nc o/ ec t ) fNn a mincar nasa, cr catsa.l 'Fr;n the table he took d altr,t ( c ot ec t )
| - z?n p lati. p rcn au a' O l\ x dir d
( ii.,r he ale \!lth relish

r F a 'i v , P nlru simbolul
r l, p. n pr o' um d. i
t"l
enslFze m;d"rn1: 7 4 : 2 9| j.
.umir-rD t,i!.,ro ispr...srn' srdrarim '" .T#jiiiil."Hi.i',i'l'"'o;o,,.r',r",t-,.. ol Loht'nPo4rv Lnet'8n' p.o9ziii Ptht',tidle tqnitk. A cnnfut
214 I s d\ v t hc m nn i r' l h " s " .l //' , v u ' r L n o \' , , - r ada " . ' 4, , .u 4 o s .u ' j ....a 4 rri n d " u b -tJ i vJl !l n." doroti l Jr pror. r" l p
l l07
I'i the strcct. I saw the man ,ndr vou know L,,Omul" este ,,conosculi'i mdD liinil substaniivul alropiai de prorude l r-nti trt' a (ott. both. ndny rr" " rp -i n . D ) \ um " r alplp !i c ' r\i n l " ' " q p ;b i pronu' ^l ui rpr' cP dst p u r In" i l l " J e ri ., et qol. s a t., mo .t. nuf i. 'h "i d F fr" po/ ili, " t ) o l ' v h o n . o l a h ;;h . ms i a l e q ci nd ' Lnt ' rrbi prr' l The !triv{Tsity secttarialc cmp]oyedsix clerks. r"'o o/ sn;n rvere univcrsitv gra'
nt.tlrods nos, o/ rrnrn wo Hc erpo,rtrd.il lo ns a rnmbe. ol rfccnt lchnolosionl alreadv knc*. spoke ol ihe neoessitv ihe confcronce. the two sirls. &ort./ trl,n took r.hclloor .1ll ol ha\'ing a pooling ol e\peri-aioein farmirg pngl ,zn nr p^si bi l n conll08 / S pr " d. u. p b i ra d p l i b . ro n ,i n d , l n l in' bd ' s: stea dpparie de poate. situaljj. propozil,ia in unele relativi strur:1ii iri care antecedentul ei atunci cind nu existi ambignitate: i _ o" j mi " n n \d . .\/. !o o -F l ,l l ' ' ^ n r' n; - 1" " rrr:l ' ' I " . r ' ld a b^l , l lo tn . u ,tt t i t \b ' n o '|lJ o (Vc z i s i S t,1 5 1) 4 P r oou||r r lf rc h l i t :i n re p o T i l i i . - C " n l orrn r' .:ul i l or:rar " ,i ' l p prll09 Do rit i" t r Lbui" . i D r" ,l i n ro n rm" l " r" l 1 i t p" ," ro 1l In' uLP : a, .\' n ' l i i e Euii r im ine ins " i rts L i l a n u mri l n l i mb a s e r i sn.l n stj l ul col ocvi al . prepozi l i a se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul ]ri djrect' The lainting d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect in slilnl lormal '1 1l o' fi ' r u. , r ' r in! \ i r,i .r.i \' o u w -f ,.o l i n g , i . d D g. r' i I orn.Jl | ..rr." Li .m" r ' ,o.. r l r' r..\; r,.' i ;,.4 ,' si " - ' ..r ' . , . _s , trdditiunal /rrrl ' 1 . " : s p. ' , rd r' $ l ' o rn ,l l 5 .r J o u r ' er ' , u " l o^\bl 2390) S lV.zi ,si Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele' al cind pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3. lhe, r ' " t r ot hia e ,$ i " l ,l o ' ,v /o ' . Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones!lwh.{d]l Jotr must hare lrcard aD,u,. D) oind pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl (dat fiind ci nu poatc 1111 precedai fi de prepozi,ti): Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt /o/ $'as on dutv at U,c hoslital ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss,, al alsav6 graielul jn sine Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde Ei antec_ 1112 pronumele reliar oliicD dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid antecedntul, tiv. 1110
111e
Dacn prepozitia se releri la ani,ecdent frralJ, ea estepus{ numai inainte. Dronumehi pftdr. dacd se refere la Dronumelerelativ fttliictr' a poat'efi pu:; inaintea pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici se conlormeazeregulii qnela1 !i uzantei de mai sus):
IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la, you sugsestld1Ch. Dick.ns, Daeid Copperfield. xP.onumclc r;htve ozilii. ttnr si ai nu sht nrsolitc dc !. 3Cr iltr cu \;^ . 1n Dr o"um d. i r plar : r z " t o lDrt;? lJa vF r donr J ' Fl. I piil I ! L_. o n d l i i b r ' 'r g ! / d- J1 u, l. D ictio nn r lo ne lic .ng l. z il 1- q1r - .
a D b l i r 't
!16
p d .n l r - ./o ,} ,, \!hi .h vorr qrrg:pcl oi l' l Pr"n o z ir r s / a . " r Fh rJ l 3 J n -' n,r p u d' a t i lu. i, dF ' i r ;n l i n l p l p ' .r rm ^ l u i r' ' d r' l we do!'i knov ,, rldr lrc rfnned (cranatic'l '!tect, slil loDDal) $J. don't know trna, he rclerr.d tu (Slil colocYial) r. : ' \\ don I I' na' r ' bJt I Pre D o/ i. i L / o bA , . t c rd d , J rn | ' p ro .u ' c ,' n 'l""lr d Ll m" ri . i ..l o r1s:nr ' a pro. .rp p u ' o . n rc ;r' i . i ;.l , n " r l' p. t " d rn "! dupn l Dumclui relativ, iar ln vorbirea curlnli, 'erb
- Fle\ibilitater limbii S 111+ :,) Prorumolo ruLrtiv cu lunctic tlc suhsti,ntiY. cn s r a zr n .I " Fr m ;1..r - d liidF.uri,,.noi rr"t.',. prin . u n iz i' s i " u ro r' in I
W ho , Wh o. uuu r r ul r u m " l o r J a p ' rs o d n " ma " a n l F i t I l atr' p domFrrrr' rc . lc ml rl l , uno' c . r t . i DUb l i '" r " b i s rl r \' r.i u n rl - rtl ' 1 l " nti rr i r 7 hP fi nl " s are o i n rrec s . l pas i: a J p ..\4 :.1 ru b l i i i rF - i n ri rul a i frP W hr' s l V ho af de l E b0bl si tt" rs lV h a i ' tth " " e . li " a" e ' p " r a , u n l u " ; /" ' h ;' i n . ' " trt-s. c t. n" ' t In .td n ! Ba i l t Bo u t o L i n B uild, n e s , l ^ Iot t abL ehi ' In l i m ba e. ) r lpz E " .tp c J r.n r ro rJ I d e ' u b ' ta { i v d3r l ro' ru-rFl ur ' !l ' qi relativelor ln ginete - dovadi articolul hotirit care 1l tnso-te;te: jnt.cbat r,,leritnr la xltinele ;ti.i, a ritsllns: "I slau ask thc nexi Carl Sandbufs3, bana n a n Fdol" ' 1t ; t h. d .l t]" !h u t o t i t l yn a fr . : pedeapsa , c e a rra : Snc gave hnn ,tl,afo. whell he did not eat his lood lcolocv) WlLaxnot, p\. -s : pentru acestea etc. nimicuri, fleacud. tot felul de lniruniiluri; dulap' raft
Tablou rezumotiv :ll utilizdrii pronumelor relttiYs vho' whoso, whom, which, thAt Pentru inl,rebuiniarea cazului pronumelor relative din limba englezd trebuie l,inut seamade urmAtoareledoud considerente: 'r slill,l fo,tuutrJu "u]".,)in! pa'1r. ll sl a'a- E871.872r: .rul n rl t r4"n lt rits \) ' tfti'otird - rtrPid .sra 2J I'rot,ozil:Fi 'li\" p u;"1- InrrFlui,.ral t|2;42 ) 1"\'. ii "t.'l;n"
$ 1115
irllesului) (ncesarn I. Propozitia aleterminatiYar,

Caz
.. ] io nitu ti, A ct..tn. Cu p ip..itie '... Ce n.ilir ...
$ 1116
Anrmab
r Yho. llliat r l] iat j lll, ar l . . p. . poz t ! ' c llhos e
tFrnzi r c ltl trtl . i N hi , . l u \l i ' l /l \hns' . .
lI. Propozilia explie:rtivi (rcnoccsard intelosuluj)

$ ' h o (D r).... w h o ..., r]r* n ri l j c ..l $hJ - ,e o z rr ....(1' hi cl r).tthatl ... .... prcpozi l i e + \!l ' i ci r.. ...rrr ' pr l ,o/i l i d ... . .. f kl ,i " h w ho.
$ 1117
L 7. / | e Zrmp r, AxSsr 8. l9: 8. J ' ag. 22. ii, t i 187s - - ls - 67. . po{ l b i o s r u f $ i $ r i t o ' a d " f n r ' i k;, . en, lr b, , ; . " " : r lu {a dv. "ii,'; cpld liv). ar . r . ult r J r lr v ; a' p r r pt t f \ t : - t M ' n 9 s 4 n d w n e r7 0 r P ' 's 'r r ' . D,ii."t e sreclDrin s t d a s t 0ur r t , ddot ur c r pl. , ' i\ e l " n u a , r d p l l i o r m a ! " P t 'o r r , 0 dativ. .all1 cu ,o sau f,. tn iaz
!t6
Ilezumal loarlo brhomalir (. il 'ol^'\rJl lrblll drlerminati'e sho.e Pr'rpozi!ia \rlri,h I fnanim"r" t' r' uz"ti ri' rr rintoc'ri'p /ldl o onrls"shom, $hi.h nrin i ro'rrilFpri- r/"r/ ornF in '.uzlriL' genpre r"plrbi)o in a' { | alrcrn.rirp i i rle oloieeiomisein vorbire I ol NotiL din 1-oF Propozil,ia xplirrtif.i. neljjnd eseniiah irllelesului . este omisi 11fE i' rire\e 'uvrrlp ln o a\^nrudl i, birta toirr" aU,"ii' "rpli""tia "p"rrr'i "r a*îece stilul coiocrial erte format drn propozi-tii scurte' O" i"t*"t" "*i. neavindnici subiect, nici verb' ( S2743)' iiiii"i" ri,i':.S lllN "'" " in,-''"7rr1 JF"i penrrrr pe''osr' proaun'"lrp ln prnpozllia4 1 t' th4t: 'tatn0tird I;" ,i". ,""" o '*t" . ',\ ir,r. 'in l;-tr" 0d' "^ri rm:, ",i' ""-;' . l t . d ' ! : o"lr
" | ) \' f,'
(.Animate
-#'
-f#
(;,";;
A ten lte
"i" "a;.;ori !
..,,-. ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T. !r;'tiru ;,l"iil,, :r'l | r il ro.uAp,les r^ ,am'), o,u " n-,s,!!i u'0.,." lii ,li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli T,',X'"'i*l:
elcr ootncnv Nav sne is rn; ('-.sr Nornanda' lras'r.
s 1120
Pno\uuEr.ll
lr,{DJxgIl[L'r,
RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls
1) tr'ormi. - Relativelc rft' tvhich 1i what impreund ou ^'tl:lb:l:-1' $ t 1191 "" c*e o'i on cu"actermai general' *r'ti'" qi l";;arlJ".""-" "o"'pose, "oJ; decti formele simplel Unii aulori consideri acesLeforme ca i""i "oltote"rt liind pronume nehotdrile compuse:
ahak'ershesavs . , i'iiiii2i r':.l,li",lpcl o'ricaq- tiep qnieL ( 1122 Fo nle compusecu sootl tthosoewrf: (pe) oricinel' rphicl*oepe -ri d o s u e t p " t r o .f ^r ica r - l"i'-rars, ''l I ori'"r sin l lilo rs t p - slnt lntreahdtsae'cr 'iJ"lnei" ihichsoe'er ' vhasoe'c' Si .i'.e'i"t" t " rrga buintal,ein stilul Poetic. """'P;.;-;i; cuprinsin ele: au antecedentul .o-p'* S 1124 '"i"Ii"" careJ otit)e
rhae'er \P{mani ohiche,o l: ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care) (tdrer" l: oflcc ruc'u ca'c, Pronumelp rclsti\.e comDuse au aceeaqi declinare ;i 2) Dcclinare. S 1125 slnt supuse acelorasr regun oa ti formele simpie corespunzitoare: whosoerer /N,h l Nhoe\' $hosesoever whoserc /cetr )' $ho(m)soeYet $ho(m)erer iob i
""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f}, *'o'"* "'""'
q 1126 Cazulpronumeluit'hoefereste cr !i 'rzul proturmelul i"l1' l].:::":.1'"" lr|c pi ie: carc ralativin propo?iti'tlLr) "'--- a" pc'caretl are pronumel' j, i l \ 1' Lr lt d I r " 'a -fU ' Ps PJ / '1 ' l
$" l *_ d \ \ ' An e' l ! r olP, "; r " trtrt ) Th"r s D L' o ! h' r ' r ' nqf t ' l tunt ) o ! t ' ot n) \ p' ' \F r " ! ' f l. v s r ' ol
1lli
oompnse'S t0rrx cu r)ronumelcilrterogatiYe
PEONUWLE
ST
217
Formele compuse cu acuzativul {!Irm sint rar, {?l,rm fiind tn curs de disDaritie. ' R;tair1lp tr srdl'o / /auo.ingurdforms $ ll2? ahi. 'rl'at 'i 'vh'thNq. Jr Adiecti\elerelciire comlrusc. ô"rpr, _ Cu pr':nptraform'lnr i'\opJ"r 'i o/'o_ $ 1l!8 pro" nunolo relArirPco"nirFFsinr in r"buinLdrcir ,d a ljP'ri\p: soo,,'r.
Everv article. of ahoLe@ daoiptian. shall be enlelcd nt lhe lcdgcr' pat itc tu.n in Buciarest, Iuilding is in Fog.es! Ithiihqt 4) Constructia cu Eubioxctirul. - Clnd ac,tiunea are ir "speciatun caracj p r n p -i e u r, ph^lnr ir . ir - a l . \n rb u l F j r' I' u . l i ' " ro J u l subj on' ri \ ' ' u ' 1 l r' m , r n p. hi\ a tp r,rp ..b .i o r,i i ru tu i rro n . rr_i r. ,u .t,autd. hnr. L uinl p J;i lor ,?igl'l ctc.): rno4,.f tlicY ,.. shall he p..secuicd TresDtusscrs. tlr'h;lcrr :-o\ anrl s{r. sh! will not lisicn to rou. $ 1129
qndteret thi .a:t I ani Eohs io lrtrr urc camera. |t'hale;;r iit .eo-";rs,his &nduct wrs n!)sl unsrtisfictu.l ii ,\diectirul relativ tlrl'r'.r. prrs duri un Pronumesau un adjceti! S Il32 rl nll o ..,b.olul i' ,r' ...'l ro - ' n"1'o,,.; n",1a,i,,rr" rr oori i 1-lp.rrl cte.: neinsemnAt" ,,odcit de
T nF rp. /.a . ^ "1 .,,t . t hp. , J e, ',p ../ .." o- ol' , r ' i \r,. i ' l: . r' obr ' - d' ior L m "r ' d .ir" "i inlrrr Lp-dl
Jr llte roxstructii sDcriale. lipsi: r'.,h',1 lo Dpoitc uneori ,) Dupo fo"n', ,i,ra;c,'r.
1130 -S S ll3t
l,ltoNu]f ti',ti
(oriDL-{TITII
s 11r|3
ronnneEti: S 113{ 1) Forrui. C.,n-qtruc,tiile prnrr l1c (san e glczn ir linlbs tn. se trarluc cn) celt ftre. at)rtl at"la isau (masc.),src trlLa(lent.). th( ane (sau ll,dr) on;cll (rreutru)| 'vi, tnpthar.t I r ', n '. ', r , , dr , r t f . . r , . j. f r tdr,tt,r . .
r" no dn Jrr ),1 r J \ l ' r J lr r ' i' r ' r o '_ ' n Yor lca\'r zs strnrdrd rrl, cnr b! t.iLslcd lot lo l.i yo! down i' i r' a' , He . 4 irtn ' "r L ^1 I rv, ^./.,;, l.ct,r j . n 'r '' 'r 'J r " 'l js dti.I iJ on lhc lrble tlv aut l.r'ntutt Tolr larecl (\'czi si 5 s;9 r
'l 'l l "
2) Pcrsoaa a 3-a Dlural.- Piuralut iccator corslruclii in linba erglezl S 11:'6 suth us \: cel (desuel).ci rltrs. tvir. uncori sir.h Lvha. actuain nu esterreJ 'vl,o
?'l@sedlo liEhi lor tlie }innin$ -ol nnolerr l\rapon tPsls ha!. \ron tr.oad Popular . l,.r.nlv rn ha fc linolr n ie. \ r or k c an t illi a|oul i t TlLc IIN;un rosscs.s leF old mstos. |nt su.i ds tlqt arc ratrk among urf Dest
3) ,\corilul prort nelor corelatire. - Ca 5(iil1 linba romeni cele doun S llSli nronLm' ^r,lJlr\i nu .. " orJ- r'lrp I dF i rr, ' ap8 'a Ir'r\a'l- lorolng ii nun'rrLl.,"/ul In"itr,i d, .rn'rT, d trrr .rr 1,""rr" oilJ'lJirre'' inltnpozii,ir din care laro parte lierare:
I/c d, addressed trs was our lea.ho. I *ant to s-"e nt,z orrs. \ro.k is bfst. \Ie oDenld t ]s kho \ad ahrnvs beetr our friend. I shnll Eivc it b hnt ih.nl Yoi !raiscd. :l.tt th's; loha(n)l lou s0ni g..cting cads l. \'cre dwaX
i\rezi ii s s.trl tceste conslruclii sint intrbirin-tate in stilul iormal.
218
$ 1137
4) Pronumelo corelaiye Si stilul coloeyial. prorunele corelative xu slnt. intrebuinfate in stilul colocvial. Aici pronumete personal este inlocuit tn genere prin substantivul corespunzitorl
The inaL s'h. I $.ant io see \\",'!p ,bl"o | .'.lll g ir i, \t tl.. r..,J addrcscd os Nrs our teachcr. *e salttEnt ahase qork is best. ' . r l . l|at s b " , n o u r t r 'n d , t , , , he. t u, ) "at v o. ' , ) "i,r d . "hot.nt . iio J or r . A, r ir , . ' . . , . d5 " L . . p J $ i r .
s rr38
S lleg
T,RONUUNLN REL,TTIV II_I)EPXNDDNT

( NE I IDITDNDENI RII,ATIID }NO]Y OI]\I
Llneod aniFcFdentrn Fnrumeirri relativ nu esra exprimat, pronumele d,!p ir d o tt,l inJFpFnd.nr: 'pldli\
i. n. iF . . r b\ . , r t , . , p r . I . o , F . l r d J s Il:,wt., | " sho \ o- 1. \ , . J d, : , . , \ . r s r f . 6Lou may wrile 1a et.an l: ro him (sau herl irloml lou like.
$ 1140
Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in pronumele relativ (cazul iur wlal ii al pronunelor relative compusel:)
I doD't kno\L on01 i tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs. Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si. tirJs lis detjts.
s 1141
S ll42
vrl. PliONrJrrEr,E ITETIONn'T sI _{DJECTIYU|

(IIIE INDIITINITE ANJI'TIIIE ]|XD fII,ONOUN)
$ 1144
1) Iclinitie. - PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit li]lc toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn s0u ,la lu, ru lr , i rp .- rFtFri tn r,o.l rag. neprp"ir. un caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care .. .,4djeLtioul nchotirit dFL 1l determinn. 2) Pronume ;i adiectiy. ,, trIdioritated Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti S 1143 Adi", ri\". {\./i e\pn1pt"te !i ri "r,;p iij" t. lronur,.t. r..p."rir.1
3) PriDcipalelc pronume,si adjcctiyenehotirite sinr,:
( d) . . f r lRinJ . ru i . .i u s rF (1 r.. a n u mj trt ,l { .dj .j r\-?i si S 82l l c af o" ( : : lr e.a rP ) T hp . hidr , n 11 " .".-i \,n l $ o a p p tp ..d ./,. .r ro n.l [ o. t L or - o tp r.-;" .u ,t- ' d t1 ;o i | h. p" o,t,,-. t\d-., " n ,.r"
erery3 [:
fiecare. to,ti ("dj.)l
1J ' y \.rking tufy \ or ling man m .rn l u s p e ,\o .rt l b rd ry . lLe bt pnds?r e f, !e ' r' y h p l d s o n !!o k s .
ell (: tot, ioat', totul, toli, toate) I had seen il dil belore.lP.on. sA.) ,1ll thc sl,udenis were thdc. (-{dj. pl.) onoa(: unr unulr una, o; cineva, se) (!tg.)
On ca on ot Jl$nls nP r is lt . { Pr in ) oa P dd y h c \ill ge1 h s dFgr r . . ( AJ j. )
rV ez i s i S I l1? . 1 1 2 0 . :V ez i s i { 811 , 1 1 5 2 . It r , . 9 p" " num a i a d ." .,i v r\p ? i r. 5 h 2 r, tti : . oronr' " tF.or" .l ,rnri tor ti i nd: _. \ : / r , il d2r , 9 i i , 9 4 i , r0 0 5 -rc 0 9 , l l 6 4 I|:i ,.
2t9
anothd l:
(un) alt, altul, alt{, alta;mai ..tncnun(ul)l

( Pr on ) ' ldlr
On . ild r''d v d, or ot l ' s nr l"d \Vol dnd{ " vo ,, l'a\" d@ ' i. -
other (: alt, altI, al-ti, alte) (sg. ti pl.) (sg. ;i pl.) the othor (: celalalt,cealalld,ceilalli, celelalte)
o/ p' ar c r m { , r r d r. n o r n " ,--." r\ (\d j ) h \d n u ,,/rp " .l /.o n . D on l t dk " ll' : . p . , Ther came in o;e alter 7n" o,i4 iPron ) He iech,red on Milton lna olfu. day. {Adj.l
ot l e rs' (: allii, alt elp l (p ro n .) (p l ) r b c o tb or s r ( = ' " ilalL r, , p l " l a l l e J (p ro n .i rp l .l We harer't lisl.cncdin to l.he conccrt, bul orr4r5 ha!. Someol them $'.re late. n l tlE odere ]].adcome in good iime cither, (: oricare din {loi sau doun; amindoi, amindoui) "\Vl,ich oi the tso do you nani?" "t,,nc. \rill do" (Pron) I had a ohild on d,Ael side oI n'e lAdj )
ncither [: nici un, nici unul. nici o, nici una (din doi sau doun)] Tti.! L'oth Aot up. btrt neid.r ol thent slolte. il'ron i rlet;.. siofi' api'cared h prlrt i-\dj.) both (: arnindoi, amtndoLrn) .BoA arc awar. lPron.l B or n c hildf t n { e re a l s c h o o l (^ d j .)
it 3 {n e i ra dus ) ( im per so n a l ) (p fo n .): 1, is Uonday, . rr las go!," sri vc (noi) ( inper s on a l ) (p ro n .): I1', can't $'ork ii d'e ar tired i\jorbntd in g.nQaL)
yo u a (:
per s . a 2' a) (i n p e rs o n a l ) (p ro n .) l-o4 iccl Jour dal has nol bfen \taslql $hcn lDz have dore a goo.l day's worL s e) ( inr pers o n a l ) (p ro n ) ?ny sai' lie is a succslnl ariisi. mei nulfi. nrai nulte) ol l.licin iProtr) in. (-\dj.) $C90 601l
t h e ya (:
sevel:ll (: r,itiya. citeva, lhere Nerc r.t.rai "sed.dl d.n 0rme mrrrh {D r o . s i ddi, ( t a ri
mrrrr (pr^n.:i rd.i.l ( \'",i $6t0 691/ ({, lirlle (pr"n ii adj., rf"7i $ 676, (a) lcw (t,rof. qi adi.) (\ezi S 637) ,a\a ri.rp. turir . fu!i'i. LnL u plp .r ,5r!s. i{it" \ou.rl partc, vreur. vreo. un (o)... oarecatel
,!,D. saY slie is cler!.. 11'ron.l Il. took me s,n, tnne to get l.hc.c. (-\dj.)
ilova.
lathrs, the othns nu sini derit p.onnme. sint o,n. ij -\djeotivclc corcspunzltoare I Vezi fi S srt. . Vezi $i $ 85i1. a Vczi si { 1168. '\'"zi , t : 1. ll. 8- llc 6 . :4 1 8 -2 !i x . >i S
2!0 onyt [: oricare, orice; cevar vreunj rrreunul, vreoj .t'reuna,vruniij vreunele; (cu o negalie) ninic, nimeni, nici unul etc.l
I havc no money on m""r havc rou eoi onu ? lPron.) Il she had aze"iea, rhe wolld sir; nie ionl. (^dj.)
ro'l (: n;ci un, nici o) (edi). Thre were zo ltoNersh th-asarden. norct (: nioi unul, nici una) (deioc)
Pnticncc lre hril lo. Bl,aL hc didn'l lilic. (-\d j .l 'one ljlror l r\:,r, ol thcnr spohe. so d e b o d r 4 ( so rxe o rel 1 ( : ' r n. \-J ) (fro n .) Tt,oe is yn@n al. r.he gate. ,!b,rr.d, rafg t|c b.11. somethinga (: ceva) {pron.) Sondrit was Frong thcre.
s f allr lrodl ,',jon"i i
i "\ ir ': {'u o l jariF 'i"rF'l (p'on ) ': ''i
D aaubod! lsit\ anx.ne ) corne? Anlladi coittd ha!. don. it. Ban I don'l riirnf ra ",!t"*,1 see arwnti lsan anubod!)
anythings: re1'a orice: (cLro nosalic) nimnr (pron.) !'d Iou say a,37r,;nsr
Anrtjtlnp \s bel,lpr 1lun ill |.alih. I ..,d d ,i' i s c c ar r r r nr s h tl e d a rl . u ,'h o rl tc I o o | |e c I ( : n1n] . r r) { trri n .l ;\'dl,ol! stoke 1or a l)ng l,ime. rlo ,nc osFerpd Ure door rvhen I rnng. n o tl ri n g 6 ( : nir nic ) ( p ro n .) iV,Di,4 mal,|c6 non iliat s|f l{s gore. cre rrl ,o i lr T I ( : lr P td l e to ti l (p ro rr' ) e'e .j o n c i i T|e lcrturc. spohe lo a,c.!r,ly dter th4 lectnrc. n.?rrr. Fas Lhere. e ve rj th i r gT ( : t ot ) (p ro n .) I ha!e told Jou cc,/rni,z6,.
(pentru doari obiecte)3 \YIj.h do lon pteterT N.ith$ I: rici imut) tnlur (: ori.are) will do.
I \:ezi t i $ 8 11 , 1 18 7-1 r 96. ! ! 38- 2! 43. r /, .' " m1 i , or , 5pun/ bt o. I \ P 7i $i S 8? 1. tlu z tao4 4 lezi ( ll45 -11 18 . t 205_1206 2q1i -ii 5 \ " . i .i lli'. t , 5 t 2^, j. l! 4b. r r is . $ lt11 0 f -. zi rl4ri ltt8 , lLiu. r : l] J . 19ii. \ i S ? \ F 7j q I I',5. II t1: { r . I t 6t 3 SeDs grnmatical: ',0 aiit liint, cit Fi lucnlli. ,,4 ,..," S r2l. Il97l?nl .
PRONIJUJ
E FI
!!1
(pentru t di nult de dodiL obiccrei
(orthen) doyou whioh r.erer? r{;?:
{l_;ij::"iill,ii, ."
ILr Frr/ i pF' rrr' 1 ' s . i l a p l fd d. d. p r ' r " r u lc l L rrru ri ' " ' r l r l i i n ' o l ;" o r ' " \ Ver:bui rbspectiv esLe la siflg ar:
nehotdritetu alte I,Ionunlefi S 1145 pronumclorfi al ndieetiTelor 4) ,Leoralul cu '- verbul. tormolF S rlali p."""*"fu" nehotirite de \ingrlflr l" "olc(purrd cu inieics 17' n rsoa-? t[ :' l d . , 4 r-fp' i 'e' ts d a h a s h . /P r. 'e h i'. h ;n .i h ; ns , t f , . r u 'i
.,,,,,,',.';:,'"i':ii,,,:;"ilT''i,i,',L.,;ll;'i1,1'"";';""''':"il," " -s, l , pF. rr.1 h; . iPm i v r "ao1 l:n,1 l o ;/ ,t i ; r " : r , k ' ' m a n g 1 /i eon.s. in trr ohai. lllerul :, ,,1 ....t r""r, ut " er , ! , " ,j
" b; i." '', " ", lilH :# "';,,"r:' , : : ':i, , , g: , ] r " "i' " ,,,'
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"
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t i l tcr..ol l l ' "
ii".,ii""ri:.
Obseroaltt lL':' his hitn i'ilzsef chiar atunti S 11'17 sa sc rxtrbuir,ie?-e .z/ Sc oluisnuiesle -si mae' rrrn ."1" iri,nn lr I'h^4n'Llp.p( cr-t^'i || cir,dI run .r,,-t" r', ho arr rul I pun' ld /l' i-rnin'n de'pt si l1 o,r.obn^ lf'7i "r"rrrl" - 'i' s0u d 1148 ' a't cina pronunelenehotirit inlocui'fr' "u\'tdntiee de grn-hminin nndl' Psr\ar po sFU rrllprrv.'.orFs r.-lr'r. | ' " nr,l , .Lr l'r. ur -1" ppt tb I ti (' )l' dtd olFl, t',1lrtr' r""rJio,,"t,-r, "\'1, " a I ln uonpt" /ir"/. /' ;r', $ lllr rp', r"h,r 'r,." "u in1,r-. ,1" pl,rra13 ;; t., qr pl ri\F " p o'ur'" .. tt.n'..' * a ii 'or"'pr|rr;'o rc tprbul lrrn0 'Jj* 'l'.r la plural:
s"-'; i t ..a Cn xl celelat t epr onum i" " t " . n. t , . .t,. m onet "d I f l" ii! , nale. n "r-.i ' a. i f I Atl o '.i bov ) . or ' t r" ' b rr' r ' h .t ' J ' r' " t " P t " r o o . r o rr ' r' d _f | | rp u ' -o 1
i"i;li'l"i"i"
";
lo.nia lo" d" pii.ol. Yerbul pistrlndu-seinln la Finsular:
n e h o i n ri te ( * /rD o d r, t r i l Jotl P ' dnl bol l J.unttunr' S 111' 0 l fl .rd l . d F .i ." ' c .o m" n di .a prunumFre pprcod rl r p u -p rr s i rc rl a r. s c" ' l ea si nl l ol u:r ad" corr
1151 dl Adicetivelc nehotdrito au pronumcle personal. posesir'5sau reflcxiv $ stau: pe ltngd c8rc corespunznioracordat cu sub"'tantivul tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef f;ft"" si'l 'o || \i- ? ''onp'rt4r// , // r o a 1r ' r ' r o I n d p u D r '' .
-Lprtl, d orr h in ' . . ' \ r n'/
' Lni-t e r . f i o i , n d 1r. , h s o. h ' i I r' n4r_'onand lo ' r ' 1l r5l r P o itl' :/ 'al d r o l rp 'r\ l". Jlll l ! r!b "!J h a ' 1 1 ".. bi ' "l ''
\d, onro tre in /hr. $ ies gof g I n $or lr - P '' Do on r r b ' b' lo l d . ioliu' l! 's 'd '/l
*it,,'" l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili, r':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;
:h .
. n r cu r dt . c r , ( f t e o ;r!i rE . 3 cu m fn l i u n l L . l i S rl i 0 s lor 'Ie liia c tposcsrlc. I Si adjclivele 6 Si adjcctirul loses'v.
pRoNUr{! $I ADJIIC'I M
NllllotARlTE
IIVEBY
i,!DJECTIV ]EIIOTTRIT)
s 1152
6 115 3 "
IIACH {pROrrjMEirr -{nJncrrv nEtloriRlr)
"o
$rua [i.ft]"yri!/-;]''".1r1","" ",,",,. li*rxiil#i,llir,".i":] r i" r " " d .' ;r - d ' , r ' ' l ,';"'il, '1: ; " 'f ' ' i , : ' , ,,. , , . ,
'1ao? L\tctp.Jl
e p a rt ' d ir rr' " n . 'p" ial lr..tip-r- uni'' i" ci c respe'tit' r^ i 'Ll'ituind'unt'oi' r;r; exocJrlre"' 'ite! "r"ir'i" ""i""4 a"'g"'"""rit"r" Do 3cle. \p.si !ildll',:1"-:."1: traducpte o a'l lr """";i';;;;;"i*;a"iii.ii. nrite ori fn ronnneite prii lol: t)'rltt ta1t tool' Ateeu-\L : tn.\t e"rvDodv respir,tive: lcr-'r!.nrc) -"i lo3.ta-l -J/:iUAcesr F,,cn lrp RarcorL "".p""" "t";i,i"r" i; iirra"t,u;: psletor, pl.rurin'lenir' iitiii:t Iaqi inleles':
fi " drF' \ ;r d " /' . 1 ' i " J ' 4 ;^ q p a n" i n l i mbr romi nd lt lnt eloo. l n s ;: de o s Pb i re o nLr aDt adc " ";;;.;;"i.'.i" g ru p :
" 'r
-"
) Fiirixil t;:i;"1ir"il". i""1"1N": F* lru;r;;rl'll ..." "..",",.

{ ll55 " Pd'n--tL '"rv 2) intrebuiniarc. - Pronuntle ri adjertil?j" n-elotbril'e qau rucrurr' rpre frrnle doun dP mai m{rF sint lrltrebuinlatei pentru un numrr tl'hp')t- li tol^'ir 'i \n' zul 0dn'dobia c: deo."L:'"da;./rn".
l: ,,uth p,. t\ tl:,iL t:",J.,: t 1"m "s Ld I lillp | " ar led 11 , i ' u' ' 1, \ , r i ol pin' i "
l;*;l#'ii"ln:':tl:: fi?i'*lli',.:l iff'x'l?#"'l"liii;'"#iiiiil:ii':j
S lltd
de un numeral 31 'Drer1". Alte irrtrebuin,tiri' -L-tel]/poate fi urntat' ri! Ir' r1 rl I ljo s"u ou bmi 'l , 'lp -rrlln,l
jl :,,,ij;,* lll .T ;,";';"rt ;i.",;,i', iF;,j,y :,, jl'l:''"i' ll;;'':-*' l'"i,:1,1i,'"1 :: :'l i"i'ir'.fi:il:l 1i;,1
i'"'* r li :[" "iHilf J"l",:ffi HT'XF;',". il'j'i;":'.? t',?r,,ii[1 'rhe sior. Fcei{csl..shr-n1!ties
lMagazinul de stal ldmclt' tr eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn (O aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra l'lnzul la oanlua )
srar.c
ilJi ,* I
cind sint subiecte sau Iac psrLe 4) Aoordul ou verbr 's 1157 -r-ach Ei et'rl, " din subiecl. au verbul la "(ingular: n ri ' on "L l o 1 rj ' d \i ' l / . . a, l ' r' a b rrnl ' r' r' t l, , r ' \L rd " J " n ' "ttt " o' uf-a, atl c ur i n tu l u i " c a c h " i u l rt' l ' o z i fi c -Lucul pe-' arci l 5) Loc t { 1158 " -"
"
e '" , ' .l n " i m i l pr l "1 e Dc' ; :: ' ' ,"'pr !lll1,p"F i' n i "o - i i i - . "pi rro rJr onum i" L i , i *i ' i , ; ' a i . ;.i r','i" '," n -- f-i '" a u 1, .l' 4' i"t ' ub dnr i\ul
.r'r e,lj* iv'rl po "'it resl"' rrt '' 'il; ld 'nrLr 'r: s'ant to have cotl nis own }all The bo"vs
, f . ?i ; r dm p l l l S l l ,! s i S l tS r' r s pns A r am ;ti c a l : ti i n t. n i t l u rr,fl
PRONUMELE
FI ADJ'CTIVO!
NEEOTARiI
2'3
.:, il3';: li"d;illYtlli ifl,{i5i;:Jliiri :;:ili"T; "Jt ",,,'""i;;"1: ;'o*""'i.,l'Ji"lLJJ:':':.," Jl ,, c ,'i^ \^',,,,
a srdirenl r' r/r"i" o\,' ounl.,,j IT,L (PRo\rDr'l !l'\DrEcrIv
'|h"i
$ f1b9 rtrrloa;\tslr)
lll$*1* ,."uil"îl'J.tlll:",*i"i-:ilt:,
tn""
1160 *.*""' me'ilionate 'sises
r.,lt"'!:"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil "tot" ".oainirave l
.';j"' " :;": I "';;x;',;: l;li'; -: li set'raduccprin 'inirel"' "inireaqi"- 'lntr'qr"' i'n**I "lrn"t"'U
t*"* ** urmt't de sjngular *eorj re'latd!i prin &ll1r arLicolul
i hot;rii
l;:J;"
i:': #l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil' *". "" "Ji'I, ;:;,"'ori :,,"' all ;;::,' day' all "p,.a arlrerbi'rle t,ourtriunile
r' * '| d1l r o - it r F l'; ^ l" T Ii ' ;"'' 1"'' t""
*"" Pli'l;" l,;li;,il',li'"1' .",?;\'l :-*ln*ti,; ",*,il*; ul'''''' brro ;li'1, n*rr'''r"' erpr ;'-;' i' i:";;"
,; i
Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i
?l'li; l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'l *re,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1 ;ri;i'G

i;
..,,, p .,p r n.cr pch' .Joinr Fr NLl r f l : 1 "i ,", u \ i n ,e ro ,,,^ mp u .-,,
*u iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,**
3) forme
;:jI;iI,,,i",
i drr n" h'rppi l':'' ," ,"' ", ",, ,h soFp. ",,.":l', b.,\-ot nl,,ll-,n"j,,1',,i'.1,j'",,. .no,d, ar,. th" otL rorar'I knou: "rt'r\{1"'1fl'"i,eh, ff,Ej:;;":'"::''::,:,
idio'atrcnei !i eo''strnctii allpolfrlnl' au_nerciful' all-embracing,
s11
;".r.f ",,..," llf,)"",."",1i""11#. gi't i'

,x")i 'n {i'l;*,,i'1""*: " î**" *"r-""t'
(Vezi S 2J atii anirnalc' cil' ti inanimalo'
224 $ 1103
.L vrnlul , / / a" e; i ta l o a r. d " s u l b rd n ti v ,ru rl " adrerb: , .,1ll )ou l,are to do lor ihc nromentis to 1'atch th." nork of {.hequatiiied turne.s. Hc f \ or k is n o t d l i b a d . { .rd !.]
4) Furctii. - Pe lingx valoarea de pronume sau adjectir: nehorao!,
$ 1161 S 1165
ONII lPrio\.'urltr 9r rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)
l) Formn lri irtrelr i[tare. Cuvn]tut ,nr csLeprorume sau adicrir' nehotdriL si are o singlri fornn - c|e de singular- indiferentde gen,numar
,1 ' ""''. ./ 9.". u rP- n evP. k no\ r
1/
li'",p \'_
r i^
ni, ' '
oll".LJ ,. ore.oulljn,t
roll:
Sh-" was so shy and qllianass.d,
het! icclilg sofur rrr hef.
_ tPronumele si adjfctn.ul in e-tcnplele tu)1i(I))siLt pronutne i ddjecri,) neltaldrtt cn caraeterde nltm.rdl; n e\emplul d," ]a runirrrl tcl nronumele ps r n.l,utari,.. tr;,.,p.t.onat, .,r,,n ti .,l.r trrr .",,:;,"n r.li_b.,:p,manr; cinen, se iri linba iomAnd)1. d,): un oarecare (nccunoscut): S 1166 Ilf introduced nc l. ,a. Prot.Rced.ilron ) 2J Tnfele\. - r-lrp (rmper"o',il) este iul,rebuinlat aproane irtotdeauna S fI07 n.ma' i, r,J ;nr.1"..I o.. t,-rr . qer,-r,r. Jr'on,.ri": "r'rn, "prn.,p"
Onr should ahlal"s go nr n falk alllr dirner.
$ 1168
s 1 169 s 11?0 $ 1 r 7l
/'.l,,d "' ir t-. \ i, ' : , ", , , . i: n ol Lic"r .r, a ,,. . , . n" t , 1. r . p+ . I' r " , , r , t : U.z ilir'I l'. is I { Ft r ins I'eapb belie\a lrin 1o be a sf.ati artist 7/,P! \a l slP q d good \ A' r TI_ mu r J $ . d r" ,\' | nr o. dr at 'r . '\ '. 6 Ite is.sdtd to lc a m an lor aU $eat he$' /ir, irn pn r.nn ar r p. p t r t ir i t r "LLi' , H i r t r r b r , n . : t p z a . F o l o . i r r r . ih-" ^,-. . r J nr . t i, , , q' " . , r 1 , . l e . t i l r',. u i lr un, ' m , . r . r o
Cu cji in,telelrrl der;re riai restrins, penlru redarea idcii imoersonat sint t,+fprdre_iltcfnrmc si pron,,menho[tirp: t. peiple, thcu, ,,o par..i: ,u . ,u/ ii , Fl n,pi in la '"n p
/,. s/,.. - i r i. l oldd l I nr ' . t - , o- . ht\. h;n. hin,.tl. t, I nr r r z d . d r p "ll ' h.r\P tl. lt, 1 /\. tt* q I , i 1a l.. "bo J ' ."t Jt n n""".,t /,, - a, . . 1 1. . . 1, . 1r . , r . , , , , | -r oe 'l io h c 1 \. , t - r girl t i.nd f olu r "ar ' 1.
J) ,tcordul cu alte prorlume. a) Une (pronune nehotirit .,u l.aloare de numerat) estc intoLdeauna
{ 11?9
,J ,ne (proDune i,npersonal) are fornr -_ rcllcxi!. corespunzitor onrsrf: '[o looL ait.r o,c'.f is ,ri.s dutl.
l Pronrme Drscdin id nominatiy. 3 Pronnme lminin in acuzatir. a Pfonnmc imneNonnli,r nominal.iv. 5l- c z i s i { 1t il. 6 qlr n. lpl' . old .J u n dL a i d l L i t" n " ,i t . n ,g r ' : rn om pe f.1relF !o!
de geniriv ,n's ;i plonumele
FEONI]i{DE
9I ADJEC1NUL
NEIIOTARII
2P,
Notd Orp limppr(onall csr" si pl uncoria.orda. (mdi alcqjn vFrsiunea amFrjcanE ,. ru hp hts him \i hin^41. .tat s'paoru.^nstructie nu esrc :^l'::ll."l,c]:'") A se compara: oa ot ri" wof&'rs.Irided h;n"41o. hisa.ti"\"n"nL. lpron. . numerdt,
uz s d nt ndr oa c u r "r ' t ir ih s dt c . , erwavs p d "s o trs" r y . on ou ! a"hi. g"m n, s . { Dr ^n . i m o " r s o n d t , n ,nd. dF ". d- i. . - t r it . noas , . p. l
$ 1173
4),Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:

Ue coutrred lrom on? 10 Urree. O alJ IJ T P $ t b u rn i n g . ' ," nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat: One \'nto night he wenr io ihc st rting-rink. nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral: Ozd of them slot e. nehoLirit, impersonal: ona shonld play rair. demonstratir: Shc hnd a gren tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one. Lan yo! sec l.hose womcn? Thc on, jtr bticdjs in mo!.ning.
H. $rote a hrndred and fleren $irh thr.c oids.
s 1174
D, adjectiv c/ pronume d) Pronume

P)
pronume
5) Conshuctiiidiomatioc:
o rP o nd oll .wtya 'P t la t a it ru , , ii t J - l . \ . d r . t i l . n. l . p lo, r . ( - l r "r , lt m , nr : v- . t "
s 1176
SOME. ,lNI. NO. NONN { pno\untr tir -{DrEcrlyD xEE0r,iri 1rE)
$ 11?6
_ Same,ang .i nan. tt'r ii atit pfonumc, cit 9i ad.iecrive.]{o ste numai ltZT a4jp.riv loarp !inr i',\dri-bita. ;noir,r"nr Jp p"i*--. "' e."":";-,;;, ,!bn. ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDronI ",,"0i.
Hc madc son. mistakesin h:s w;.k. tadi.) I r d \ " " y , I J o u rd r. , r" .. (p " or. H \ to . rn ,J ,.h i td ra: L tt. I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l Au', thf.e Ft6 zoze. ladi.t SO}IE
sr178
1) r ar. lnt ples a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune accentul { 11?9 _Inteles. . So,7? i unur nLn. ' r { f-.td n s ) s d u i u n " i , d n I r ti I i I rF.| | i ,rop I , F . r\ rrcn I di nrr.un .nra. i..:r sFlr r d. u, por ir . . r t i rJ r ..i tn ta ...u n i i -r.,L ,n _ F..,..ni .tp-...puri ntdJ-. .. p\ o- .p d rr p*. jn 8. . : l . ,n .,a rts :n r' .L u ;^ 1 3 ru n ,,i ...sub!td' l ti vi ta ntural . m e, ' r ii J dp. r. o L i p n ' ,:.trn rrra s e p o d rp a,." ;u o p..i " j .i 1 ! , lli" ':.,1 . s uD s ra l r\ e t Ds t r ac t c . "u 1 .tY- Foqle\ on. cit,. , Seusg?anatical: attt aninlate, clt
l5 cQnaiicq umbii erslse
ti inanimalc.
228 s 1180
{ usr
2l lntrol,uinFre - -iomP.F'F lntrcbuinldt: p*pl';l'lr:
'J
i"
j;jfi';n'".
.'"', li"Jl h'tTfl' ii.^J:fi: "Tili'''"'' "", c"" " *''"*'' ili;";i:#i '''"' "itt;1".il:91'i1;*' din h'lnza acecar (Dd_ i, te rog'
"ttidl""'I: E?l rcttoiarres' r:eT#Ht*ed?f
,:\,um,r rps,r,m, ," dFsk
menobiecter s 1182 i,'l"t"H?:1X-ilfJ"i:::fi111'ilr-, sau dinobiectur

iionate:
''""-#";"t
ci numai pentru obiect): Se spunetnsd (lfun intcrespentru cantitat'e' di 'l i o l a r i p \: oi r ' e r e"o nm "nd' d HJ\' to u go t rr: ' r Y d'n o rqoma ';, ,r'.ii"",i ""r i;: o rugiminte ori se lace o ,'/ tn cares otereurt lucru sause adreseaze
sugstie: sliru I heh Jou to rone cale? {olertli)
ri:,'i';l;;;,
Pl'Jl,Sl' a,$*in'"'
tD 'rmo"r' c'''": b- ) in car" jnrFrofdlia nrr s' rpl'r" la

S ll8 "* 3
iii" '',n','' ,'il Siij'1,#'T0,1"., '' ;";1 n'"/" m"'":l ru

' l ' fi ri e
"
, " ' ,""; nu n il..ltui'uu '--'
r'aves4P " " d: lirl ' o ' r ' r \l d r) o l ' m " c g a ri ! i nl eroeal i l e In ' 6rP ' " , . / in pr opo T i rrrl " n ' c a rr' \i ' a o b io ' L u lu i: {r'ii) a
ci numar nu iniereseazd' Dar se spu'c (ctnd nurt[ru] sau cantitatea oliectul): '
I nerer bur dnr lio$e$ lNu cumli1i nioioda1e llorr') A s e c om pa ra :
o:'.\i J,".!'l a,, i s';,: 'nrirr{ii I n"' - eL l,T';'i]",'' ", ilx ''. '. ::"1,q* " "ji; \ J J u lr o_ar l\r.io olla '"" " ' ""
'
.?i;"'e14'* i; ;"i;' ;i*.";i,r 'i; :l'l' l'l'"",'':: l:''JI;";l"'
\ro u n rrn o ) rl s P r a rra b o ' i l i l I s ' | | m" -v J o r' ni P i rl : \' u I $L' l " rr' _ ri ' r ' ' " o l r' D l r ' \i ' l ^ _ r-' b aprori rr" n: i n " i n re a u n ' ri u r' rd r' oD n' ru a ararr , i f lv er bi" l s l1 8 { \trnd ih. : ; r - { n( ns r" s ta d i !n i rBn c l L a ' e s tc a n s ' n " 0nooI' eopl e!l ucsonP ' 00n0 t'* xo 000in licioat "i3lxut""', ,,* ,t,,r'st" dir Bu0urcll'iale s0 00ir'le loruri' I)lrs "'o I' r" :l o l o' m' b' aarrl usj i l :r' i rr' L rl : l) P r onunl i e ( ll 8 :t ,' o " ' " rF ni i u "l" dp ' bJu i nl cl Ful ar" pnr us r; l s h tr " ra ri ' ,'."" pr1rn ' :;r;' " ' ;' " -1" i af' b a ' " d rn r| | ' ' "'Ll" ' F\' ar" ni or^" nar t e: I or m ls l ""1 i el" . . , DU! ini" ,,' P' L ti n " : I rn l { m e . r m l s :tl ' " ' ( ot r l" / m o i i In r" frJ ' n rmb I l ' rr s i ' u ' ns l ar' i r di ri dual ..r p o J ! ' l" " , *' ; olJ . u
PEONUMEIE SI ADJECTNUL NEITOTARIT I $ 31 se srp b oig l' . s dnr t alpt eo { . . r pv a. 4i. t . . r oF, p J $T- pau , | _ lni. t p, 'r.tie,
227
4) Funotii..- In alari de pro umc $i artjectiv(sau numeral)1 nehotnrit, S 1186 somestesi adverb(S 1{84). A.ITI - An? (: r.rcun. wreol. . . lt lo.t"ln..
s 118
rominFd-ca :1i;:,'"i:til:*,it,:l :;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.p "d;.;";';;;;i;, 2r

Inrebuiolarc. !rJ Fsta Intrebuinla,. a/ ln p'opoz4iil" dfirnarirF r- oricrre. ori""l:
1188 n, c, u nsr es lp nehoa,i t q i . c , " , " " o , , ^ , " " l " " " i,ily" ji;;f,;i[,' "il:"$ ,? ;i;;
inrhe wrons frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji"" .,lny man could do this.

(Otice btthaL ar luta tace nceasl.a.)
$ 1190
s 1189
AT",;!i,f"
," "i1""t*"i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive aDv news? llnre'osatirr

,, in propoziriileiporerice:
(dupn o nesari) cuaccentur $ 1191

rc'ends. (Nesariv)
&".iXf;.,g;j,,T,
Tt I h r d d, 9 t - - on. | .' ru d a i v p \ ,u ., .r . r!'a cJ ns a\ ea lanni. i i a . ,1 1
$ 1192
$ .' an!,he be,'o to, t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",, -\a\,, ",;.lil,xj: lt;ijf i:Ti', deroc maibinedupadocNONI]
(ADJIJCTIY $T IXONU}IE IYEHOTIRIT)
s (pentru timp) sau anv 1194 + s ,,r."".l illrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie' "'"' ': ' ,.:;;,. lli,T:iiFilfl,'*"" j:,"," ;,;J,: ;I#,, l"Jj"j;, , ' ' 'r t r" r"; .i I\i" "i; T:l ,,1li" :ry 1.,"": i;" ,li; d"J + un comparativ,an, nu so traduce: $ 1195 , 9""{:,*l'#;;,," f";"','l? , i,"yt,::jj" '1f" ":ari d-) the nL comparariv:
+ + 1196
dJ ca adverb:
u ", 'i,0" , :':id.fiy ixq ;'"li i,i""li:,t::r:::":.1 ,1;;J."r.i:'. "
rr93
Nt)
(ADJDCTIY Nd{OT.1.R ITJ
$ 1197
1) No este: ( = ni"i un. ni"i or aru' i,in.t J",er'llini dn suh.rsnri\ scu ,,.:!),dd!"," tir etnrldlentul aceslDra. !1.." "_" ,"" .r, , ,s rri., r'o , m r'.'.,s: in -lo,-k Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. ste urrnat de un substanti\.. negativ tntrebuinlat ste adjoctivLrlno care precedd sutstant;vut. cuvintul bace'inii
1 V ri q i g 130t . , V.zi S p. 195 adj. not a 1
s 1198 s 119C
MORFOLOOL{ 2!8
- FRONUMEI'E
e''c)' mch enough' *j*'i"*(ans'
t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
s 1200
"
*,""",, 1';:*,," tiii:i"*irqi' u,il".''" 4r*, ":r'n.

i) e ad'era cind n.uttLrnci
sd \e r! : q n ,o k .o r,i m no$ )o u n ." J
compa unui ilx"jli*"*iil il{:'ituX,'"1";iit""roi,,1ot r,."int"u cu funclre de a

ln genere'no
pc ju b s t s ' t i{ L : arerr r o e rd
u " , no,'""'', " " -'-" ::^
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l :";,.;l i l
li?t? ," ';;iTff;.i; l';;,:i;ll;ii,
pr ) siuncr s lii:islili']J ii:t;i$:"ll'nl"l;"-'"sru "on","u'/',.l"il"1ll:h mFr'Ds li\, l,)i;i;",1."X:=;"".i,"

;1; ""r1,
"'ilii,;:. "' llrir ;;"'"n?""
dPlPrmi cind pr r run'i '"" "" lil";l
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ii,.o,T",ra
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(sg) i1 "r","," no otrc(: nimcni) ri. or. ""n'emba-dt" " ".i"u d".-mi,,i, un alr ad\prb:
p n , rp u, r . o a n o : , , , , r np ci
s120b ":':"*i:;;ru::fi.;::^::;;"i:"i"l ;"1:,1:i;:l.l '

':{y.li;;, ili:;;' "'ir'"' "' ' ,:i,",:," ',:;':,';'" i;';:ri ,+,r1" " '"' ,1i11 ''i" '" l:41: ";;';; , ,,,"",,." " l"l' ",",lli'i ",,
''oon,',"0 ou', oro'*r;i '"b'l,7 "inl "ino''imlv ez i 1.
h T:"X'"Iil-i".'";'"..*"n li"Ji:::
s 1206
j:';,: :;""#';; r ;;;;,i :;ii1 ; ",' : r::,'r::;l:i" i :Li; : ii 1 ,";; i;,i

"l]'";';i;:'
rl''olurn'"3lc
NUMER,ALUL
!!5 231 7201 931 1208 ,31 1109 231 M0 23i t2t7 t31 l a26 233 235 :t35 1249 9J5 12i0 235 t2i t ,35 7252 ,!5 1254 ,36 t257 ,36 7262 237 1266 231 \267 237 r1268 23' {tti 9 2t, 1279 239 12S l 239 7282 il39 r39 239 240 1290 241 1291 241 1292 2L1 r2!a 241 1296 24\ tt97 212 t3a2 242 24t 1306 !43 7i t0J 2\t 1t08 i243 1308a !44 190e ,t4 1310 2t\4 7t15 444
s,
I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I,
N U ME N A LU L
(THE NUTIER,{L)
CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE l) lretini!ic.l- Nun eralul cslp parreade !orbirp , arp F)iprimaun nunrdr Sl20Z absrr.1.D Jorprrninare numFric6a obiFntplor "0u ordinca obie.tFlorprin
Fie and leclee Thjs is the r,r.4d ol the monii.
2) Clasificare,-
Numeralele se lmpad in urmdtoarele catego i: numerale cardinale numerale ordinale numerale fraclionare numerale colective numrale lnulriplicarivc numerale distibutive numerale advobiale nurrerale nehotdrite
$ lg08
I. NUUER,\I,TTI, CARI}INAL {luD 0aRDINALNI]TNXrIAL)
s 1209
1) Delini,tie. Numeralulcardinal exprimd un nunir Jntreg alstracr, S tZ10 sau ur numir determinatde obiecte:
,Ttz, and s?'nkez arel twentFsi\. 'fhel' brought r/';r9 chairs iiid,.e ta),le
2) tr'omrd,. d) Unitnlile (Thc Units)l

rought, ona.1wo, urrcc.lotrr, iire. si\. sclcr. eighr.ninc.
s 1211 s 1212
ln
Notd Numfalul O (zero)estc nrnit noagilr inLJnbi Lurentn(forrnata)..zcro q rgIS r::nl" rti/i . .i O rpr^r Lnlut loul/ ta ,atFton.h TV, -r..t
30:l (thrtc norshl lFo sad th.. linndr.d .rd g.i a ,o,gir in ler ex.m. i-qhc l1 d. g.e s a bo ve :..,, 10 d. gr es Lr ek r r . f r , hrol
,) Cu exceplia nunorelor ele|en _!i I'vflre, oelelalt nu er&te piI,A ta 19 | lgl4 se lormeazi" adnuglndr se terminalir,1..n ]a unitdli, cu unele modif:ciri orrogrance !r roner,lce:
thii.en, Iourtccn, iiileen. sjrtern, se\rnlfor. ejRlt.a,r_ niiaicen
Nurncralele trminate in sufixul -rcenstnL accentuate pe anrbele silabc 1216 cind stau izolate: aight.:enL etrl nl. ln propozilie insii si;t accentuate pe Dnatp st,un , .i;s, no^", , r iu "1r n|, . ) - n orh 'ns |, m r : u. oi. " t o "t - t h, .^d r i , !,,,i, , " , i!1 " 'S" 3." a tt;,e ta nou|h! a
"
9S2 singurc 9i pe prima cind sinL urmate de un subultima silabi cind se gnseso siantil' sau un numeral: shr is .isrt?.{ [ i ti nl
1, r 0,Lin 's' , :ii'i'' 1",u', ,' nrtaDd ii"": i;'l;:i;t.; i;"3' PP " r a n ' '' } d I ur oat v
'\;r'^ r ne ^ p $' n lt t
td50 sa iormeazi a) Nrtn,rc|"L "oL. rfino ' '!' tth' tns) d"to 20 $lS16 " rrr /'r lo l"rmin1ii sdausindu 'l;Lr: 'p iwenty, t\irti', io;lx. lillv, si!lv. seventl' 'ighll' nnietJ' Arenli.e Zecile si L legaLe de unitnli printr o liniald de unirel E 121? breniy one thirlJ tno' iorlX Lonr, nincil s[ Notd !i unitnlilor' Uncle pcrsoar,eilverse'lzn modut de numirare al ztcilo.r. s 1218 rhirl) -"i\'nd -l$o dnJ r""n't a".t"' i;"taln 'na ''-'" "1"nint-on" "i i" ln.j- .rr"rrrr o,,p . -rl'irr\,$o : -ror')- r\"' 1...''nP o'l; cu i",i": ",.. rl"su'rl in lrmh; cnol'25 o nir"nla 'nnrdrrlofHr'ii pot avea fi formi de plural: zecite erprimJ care Numcralelc 1219
some dns ol mnsl"erli'ces
''i l ',, ,i "",",".,1

4,
, r r P 6r . r iq
. i, r ! . i\ '
r.11r.,.,
s 122rJ
qi niliounele (Llrchunbed^t the li1rrsdndr' lhe nillions ): rrtitLe d) Sutr.tc. hund..d. tNo hnndNd ur'ce lundret' etc
n 1 . n. hur dhd . "' . ""' ' . ,. . - i", r ' i" " : llr il lf o r \ " s r ' l ll"^ I nr li r' lrr' '_ d n d n: l o n 5 0 ' I m 2 m 3 'l
s 1221
{ o 1222
Ca si zrile. :l.,csienumeralc pol aveAiornrd de plffll:
""1i;,ll,"rl'i,.,;;i"" .. '.".. Ji', ";,1,"..l.o"i'0.
inrre Ple-pflr Cilrele care io.iicl sute]e' iiliile ;i milioJncl' eie se 'li 'patL i ilb 1r mai'ri'-rp" 1;rrlor inrrru r ur p'ir r ||inrr '' ' ,irputo nu Iun l lii 'i" r'ru l,. l; nol "r'!1""'r i ' ' t ::' ""ii|i*' "i"' J. "'J f" la 0 2;'":ti^, '0 In -u.r. N atncrtLlccu aflo1rafi': sl.lialnr: S 1223
liv c
,\a
nor
l',, tt :
",,
l, r iijt
;:-..
U ite .l I (saurn4 liliior i'beanrni bilbn (saumiliard) tn Statelc 'le E 1291 " Briianie in lldn'a Americii. iar triiion
' '
o :':',' ';,,lll-"'
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s' rlrrril" ,.etr t l4 ,' r ! hr e, . , , S/ ' l{ ) r r ez i f r r ur m ir ntin' ln /'rr r..t ' I \ r c u 1n |o' t !
";::, rir;r,';., ri1l1 ,;,, ,,ir t ,il;;t.,i;i,;i,";ii
283
MtLrea Britanie ti alte ldri ewopene
St i
1 00 : I 000000n00 1 0r : I 0000000t0 000
$ 1225
.billionlsl
: :
.r/oneqtradrillion ./one qujrtilliOn
10b .= r 0000000000000oo , l r3 1000000o0o000000000 :1+ r/rzcfou.i :l F30 zl rouri
Cifrele de la un trilion in sus interescaziinLrmaipc specialitl.i. 3, Formo ..i ronblnr.lii .ne.intc. { t226 aJ \urn,rrl"lp arotf.,,,',li //,FF ,.u pu, or,.,r c,t,ctanivalap.nna a \ZZT s r f rr,.,-pJr; u pron,rnli..p,,id'd..F" uû., .uL,.rrnti drn rrm. ;"tiind " a hallpcnnx Io'herynti
lson n q ,'4!"$1 . s on"n \ . 4. Ln ree tF,,cFt ofrlr ns J ; , ' ."p t"n rr.4Ji. ., 0np nr t . J b- \ . rdr lrno np dr a c,h r l Ir,r . I . t ur : I rn.da ,!.i.
l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula lcgat prio and de numeralle S 1ZZ8 .ar A JFn rm p. . z ailF s au ,i n i tn ri l " , x ,a d . J .q i . , rrd t,rndrcd esLe ' " e r,n,i subinteles: two hundred a,d siat1.-four a urousandtlirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteenhund.ed and six oDc l.housrndond t*cnir sern lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s). c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie ln g 1229 a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir! sau cleren tinndral und rire i - . nl ' , 1s 1' J J d rttJ * i \ .i ,i s t,, a ,t , t-si \ d) N u m" . al, le hundr" d . th o .t" a n ,l .n i tti a n p tr. srnr i nvi ,i eLi ,F ta pl urj t { tZto clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate de un nu'maral " ,! rdin rl o ri ',+ dil' l" " s c r . , lp. tl u r.l 1 .1 . . :(:u e /a tct| .). cu cr.]epl i a adj ec $1239 [.tp ( : . t llr t . ,rtF \a J : ' lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl., S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins, Sone hun.lred, wont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps asjgned to ihcm.
\,-. l, pt,rrat,.ind E t23J I,or li in.. ir ,rt."ttuti,F. rr ntit,, dF.i -, slnu:rnj' . JF ,r'r ru,,,,r.1. . nJ .i ' ,|'n," -.t" 1i"1.^zirrr/ 'rat'raFJBr. sau fttunci cind au un irlclcs nedeljnjt:
. ' Lnrt ands )in ] r.ad lh e i , if lP rD.onr colrntry tli! rumlcr of !o.ls lu|lisli rr.nl.htJ anirnrs ta huntlreds $
.,,i;ir"i.u'"' }iii"i lliHj:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij :il',:## i;if;,T1,,,r"i p .ri,l, r"
'the rlolc aurtrled ,^ Ti, . . , 1 r sa
lo $,tc hu,dreds. a. ha . a. t . . at ^t . . .
(Yrziii S 1!21.t:la,sl
ppq, p,.c o$ '.ra, I' . n. d. obu. t bJ nr.o"n" rilp, ..srd.t,A . o s rl rl' ; t 1' rpr 'turtj I srksDJr ! l I hDDr n! 1. ...1 .:. r.. .. .mt.o rlt ir rj i. - r . . ". . v . , ". . .mbotrt no . Ll n . n t ror' un ,ri rbr , ' a. , , . iplu: ip t,.. r,, .da,t. . ,, 'r'J. . i 5 .lol.l in d ld r "r t d r " r . , r . t n r r o i i t.n ' t t . , t J p timoul 'r ' or.tJl " ^ .r' rlo ", i i i lo . l l] 1, n . , 1- r m l t r . r e t r . . a L r t n i '\" 1' l-os,l ir. n li , , r ", r , . , , 8um . .\o | \ t t N n t n a h u , d , . . . 't , " u - r n d " l/r!rl c uop/ / , , r r ". 'l : \ 8"1 lu mFr t oo^: . s o m " . h a . . , a r t t r u . , jdJ'r ,.r'd ln | 1 lri, . t u- d) - hut at . d, t hi, t . r , d. ,.t.t \ i_,,.a ,.ii,. sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de rersoanc ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.
s tsSt
!tt
,,,imPr'r"rF-,l,'rrlfl crn,r ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji s r2ilduah ': irfrlli "T':"'*;l,u,'l' er"frimPi' ,,ousJn.l

TJIili';l:,"" l. on in mv po'kor'
i i't L"'a*a" ' '"
e''|",sineuful r2r; ./ uirriod s *::i',i' ".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll 3J"i: ' de rvea si forrnd Plurai 'u 'uuu
ii" ".;'"; i""i"''i unui dlr numFral:
titree nl:l/;dn reolrc lirc nillior t{o hurdred \" /i $ 13l i ' J h d " d ,p ,1s n .t l t' u a tto % sr.rl i ng s o ( pLinc ln j ;j
' ^ "'ilitr' ;''pTilll'T' i{"{"" i,"*"t'#"i
;l/1p,""'l:--,!-n-ririad :f.l' 'l :i{liii

T Pn \ o f ' a r iltd r
5",. "llllld.i;i,,:,i",:i,"" -, ,,o ",..
1236
ilor'uo'd: ('ilul \rrl "" 'punc $i r"ldliv la numaralul ôlrt ln 'olo it' f o"
I ndld ' wo
"x ' dnl' thausand ti millio' /) Numeralele hundted' !- 123? al sau one' ! t r. R O ne s e jnt re b u rn rc d l r:
sint' precedate de nurneralele
B ffi
S 1940 nor:
1'l'"in'.t "' "';l:::::,;.'::";";;

f"l
) ^" olli qonn'J'in 1\"orr)'ror' Ir'n ' o ""' num6r 6upeun gdse'sLc nnP sP de cind inaint'eanuner uiui precedat'
d..p'nu,'d-, nu,dq,p
onehund'eilatrdsirtJ: d lhousntrd ini: / "1 la Ja'" numai PFnrtrr
*'i lim b s "ncl'r ; 'onremp^ rrnr' t n s ru o cd e rn '"'' ^ " -^ " . ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i 'anur e numdr'rl n , , 1 s*l J+purlir'du 'arr I'iii i".*"'r, 'sr" '1"'emnazd
ii"^' u" !l'""ii,l"il";*t " ""'-*"*r"*il**'11*'",1ii1$"" "n""

''n '' n \' J nP si i l co oi u l
iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u
" '-
rive' and hun{tftd u'"*-u nine
:i;i; .:: l j:1,,* ll," al,;'",:ir* ro._r o,.": li ::i"l::':l. i' , 'jr "ii:::l il'l ":'i'"i':'"lli1-,' '""""r
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s l2ll
fdra dcoscbl l e d s 1 u a n l ' p i nl rabui nl earr ^ ' " l a l''Ie ' J l u ri rr' peopl d rq) tr' 5a n e " $ ' r' r' " r u ' I I' u n ' (Vezi !i $ 541' 55il)
.J:l""l.Xir'{;"',r'j1T"li,"':.:il"f"'^" .r""i'q"r F,rm, 12rs ' tit, $ r: " rrtrL c o ' u ' d c t r Lf l Dr ec e d s ti ' d e
nt, indurisinsuri
ilti'p""'i"['i pini" tn;nt"itui iru 5eani un
A tcn lic
-:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:ril
'r'&sdn4i'-'"'"' mllr maP 'i;; 'i
laicn strpedot,
numfil
r&i Nu se spune:
lrrndred and i,serl.\' I0ur lhous and t iir f c hr nd. Pd illi(D lonr liundfed , Iund.ed atrd t$fniX{orrr d thorsand lhree trllnd.ed d m,llior nrr hundrfd
t it . , ind ! le j F rm i n i u ,, .u ,,rrJ n i \ : oa. hrnp or $rgar js fnough. ' fh .re w c ..,n ,. l e o l tc o n rne ro]L su bs t unt ia. c jnd a re v a k ra re d e s u b s ta n i i v . i n care caz poat avea !) !i formd de plural: Wdl. elelen $iih tm ,nes I soon pnt l@, and lpo 1oge1!pr. js oD thc wrols sid. oJ She /orrvr. . t hpr ( " r * d tL i n tj .. I,J i rq o rrh rp :- DJ. \os,r.r r_-/ ir c r s ri n rs rrc l rr' \" . I $a ,. rn -,,;tr" .r ,' d I n , . nr .ry. o) odj lv c z i i i S 3 3 a . 3 !i , 1 !3 3 t:3 6 t N u n r or alul onc p o a te l i q i p to n u m e . (S 9 4 2 943, 1005. 1164)
4) i lrcbuintare. - \rezi g 1257-1261. 5) nunctii. Nrrireralul cardinal poate fi:
$ 1243 $ 1244 $ 1245

S 1946
.l
s 1247
C a q i ru m pr J . l" . s , r i i x u l -/,.,? p o c tp r\,,, \e l u rpd.aJi e.ti \.au dF sub- q t248 s ls rl r\: I p- 1pl. ) r r p ro ri r.ra i rr i J n l .F " -n ri \" d i ,d i orJti ra,ed ani tnr,u numa t! .p rn I nJ r " t n - / , . r . tn trF l j i .: Io d n i i " rtu b i rJl f he. ho' f . on .s p d o l p q o 6 p ttp i | re,,8% :ubqt.,l t ie r s s f llt r n t' rs l ? tu oGu . b n .l " ...o ..) js Ile Jb, olt .l ljis teers.6 {sunst.) Ile is o.r of ,,s rdab.? Lsubsr.) ij r Nu mr r nlul . ar dina l i i a rl i ro l u l . - N u r,.e r" t ut poa F ti rrF.eLrr ,tF l 2t9 Brli h olar il . r , r n, h.l Ari r ' E .r8 . i ' l l ::i :. l 2i 1 t2i zt. ^ l l rl
II. NI,IINR-{II]I {)RDI.ITT, (TirI oltDlNAl, \_IiltxRAL)

1) Delirilie. Hc .amc out rccond ii liis cxrlr. She lut on lfr t/.t.d b.sL (d.essl i ,t ri 2) I'orm[, Numeralele ordina]e se lomrpaza ad:uqindu se terminatia n .rmFr r l. lF . r r di' pl p s c u I. F ,h i v rl ,n ti i l o r: loudh, sixteerth, lweniy srcntl,, l,udredth: the Dt), lower 'I = n bccut dc painzeci de aDi. : Are ftslf nDtze.i d. ani t t h ri f i, s ol t i, "t " , ,h. c , tu " ! n ,^ a n i J :.as , s e j nrt,\i L: rhsi rr,. n/r? ..,-nr iellt ,.h tu "r:lnLt e anii t Cr i o s i l 9 C 9i n l l u s i \ ! : Ctr ri late din Dal,!e: tcolooria|. r , rr ,^ ,i re a ,' i . Jd.r" i. ) . - n" i! . : g u: ,t I -,,r. - -\t,r aa nr r , linil20 d r J n i l r. , dt de 20 de in i . ': -\
s 1250
Nrmcralul ordinai indicii nnmeric ordjneaintr-o serie: g ttsl
\ 12bP
986 E r c e p I i i: primcle irei numeralei precum 9i nunreralcle oompuse
thsl. second. lhird thiriJ seoord. sixiv third' i'i;it-ii".i. 'tc primeqt termiralia'lll: La nu leralele compuse. numai ultimul termen
s 125a """ "
s^n tanl\kn Numeralcle orLljnalecare con-tincuvinLcle l4n(beit'-thausand' poi sa nu sau (ci 1237)' de a $ deeit de nurneraiul on. .sinu .hi;";;;,l"te "" aibi decit ariicolul nehotirit:
, .n p o ' o' r ' d d eigh'h' ni'th. . nd t L r v - t i- . 1 i' r ' r ' l id L' l 6 p 'n n o i{cl/lh twoiii'th'
..0'n',,,',0'., ll: :H liliif$l'"tl"J;"IJi'ii'J1'
\udcrale
li/ih,
tu ortogrdic spocial5l:
thjrli'th'
etc
s 1?pj t 1265
:' l ormo :i coo'lrur!ii b0c:iclc'-itre doui lirorF adnuglrp ou uLrirnctp d.,/Nurnff'lcl" 'rilrnrLe srns
4[h , nd 3.d 63rd 100th
s 1266 $ 126? s 1258
a) Nuneralul ordinat precdanumeralul cardinal:
; lTl]""iJ:" ;; :l[:ll'ii':ii, lriil ' ll*l*:i:.1;*:;:llr

-:i
The tfs, llD xea.sol tle century:' rsrdiolle nurnerAlolor ,'il lntrobuinl,rrca
I rolor ordionlo'-
h ir ilu l oln'!idl: Jur'F r :d:n:14' rln Fl"'ial ln.rr ru l. s rrb s t o n riv " 'ro s'r"r" t\ irP E I 26 9 r p n u n rrrr p f -" d ' e i' rF U:d o ' d in 3 l "ii;i 'i ;r "'" nu"nnrol" t r-\rr.-r,,n.i "' -" " a i .i ,i,1"ii"'* "i "rn'lcardinals: dl numeralul i;i.J i""e -lnur" the t""d $'ortd \\at (Wa14 tr Tqo)
the 1/"rd Rooh (\la( Boah Thrce) 1 t ') ar I nt r h' v od Pdr l t 'r t Los n l" I nt \ 4t ' I Ar at sn r \ ' t dt t t utL r r r r ' . \ . p", / , I c l t r a- " t I F / ut r \ ' l\ t lr /
thd , .' n 5in il' " ( ?P {'r l
'61tl"'i'Jl'Jr'" .n"", the r'hird orJ n') "n cFplrm b ' r t s rl\ p ' lirsL
10"' l*,j:x'ld'"X;Li:Hl,".'?l;xllwl;t*:]:,$iiiftl;:"11"i"
"t
tle -ir-i''ft ra'agraph lt\xr P astdph nlhe) r h", l"r "d r ' "r o \ ' t dt ; t "4 ' t n r " t .. , $o- J i' ar Pa3 " ' 1r a : '" " - s r ' t h " t hd ltaor 5 t uor n 44 u4 lr i 'd
*'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}i
; , ilrll',,111 ** ;1.1 sl1;',i{lil* n'r tP ord r: ;r"';li':t''J;Jili; """ 'L '" -,:e;iilititti l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l
2C7
nata
capilor unui stat, ni bisericii' ai uni familii, expric) ordineasaccesidni{ de nuneralul ordinal: gitliam the aoorl'i Popc -!crode. tlie Att& Borgiai Quccnlt];abel.hthc rtsr, Joln Smith lhe Zrtd tL, ) numitorul unei frat:\ti ordinare eBLeindicat de numeralul ordinal, iiind cxprimat prin nuncralul cardinal ($ 1272). numdid,r.arul Numeralul ordinal poato avca valoafea de: 5) Functie. o) alieclitt Henrv vTtr \Lasihc first Kine of lhe houscof Tudor. b) suibstanri,': ' tnil puero a$r ambeJe articole ;i pluralut terminat in 's: He 0amein an casy/ts,.
\!e r J \ r s ' J ou o lJ / ; J . . P. / ilr " n. - ol tao secotds'zlo !]raiov. \\' boohed ( Vez i t i S J e5)
S 1260
S 1261 $ 1262 S 1S63 $ 1264
Wlicn I l'sr camehe.. I sas a olild.
s 1265
6) NumoralulordinalFi articolul.- Numralulordinalpoate fi precedat $ 1266 in mod de ambcle articole,articolulhoteril tiind lllsn acelacoretl insotqte objlnuit ( $ 517).Nuneralul ordinalpoatesta Si ntarticulat:
He Ieft tor the seasideor the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h He llas the ,,tt..t to oome A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s. Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on Night "esfd
ITI. Nf]II{ERALUI, FNACTIONAN

(TED TRACTIONAL ]IUUNRAI)
$ 1267 s 1268 $ 1969 s 1270
1) Dofinitie, - Numeralele fraclionar exprimn fraclii. adice una sau mai rlulte pn4i eqal0 dintpun intreg. 2) tr'ormi. - Ffi1c\ia (the Fraction) esie de doui feluri: lraclie ordinari sau tractie zecimali a) iraclia a inatd (Ihe VuIS(irn'rutrian) Fraclria ordinarn are doi ter'
nnmitarul (he Denominatur ), un numir intreg cale araLd ln clte pirli pqole s- impdrtjt rin ditsA; - nut,,d4t;rut(Th. \unrolar). un n'rr;r inlrpq.nrF srJrs .i Fdin e.A.la sini tn lractie. Dirti - -Numlritorul estedespdrlit,de numjtor pri tr-o linie orizontald sau oblicd, S 1271 numiritorul aUindu-sed;asupra ei. iar numitorul dedesubt:
'r tu S.^t* 1t,,,o^;,- 4 ''' Frd, lia s^ po"r" pxprini ii ttin 'xrin ": lr linba engl"zi n,m:ri orul lag,t pin liniuln de unir6 de numiLor,care S 1972 constddinrr un-nuoLertrl-cardin^l esie ur numeral ordirel, eu semnul pluralului cind este caz : 3 : (iive+ightIt : : ) r r m J' 1 lJ\n P!a - l - .t\
lth.ee qlarle.s s!u
llrcljon
hsl
t (a thi.ix lirst) 31
ll
10
I sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh". t -{ : donr:rbilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.
t38 S 12?3 determinatde o ftaclie ordinaril se aftd la singular: Substantit)ul g hatt atu hou sau a hau-hou'l I n "" "a*"' 1 l"e .itette,three qudteis ol o nl:/el a' ît" determinatdc nwn(r'tlul 1 (one) .jft compnnrecn o, fraclie Substantieul s 12?4 ''' ' dar pcl. .,rir lic la "ingulsr.tnd 3eciteltPdupa ..ai.-"i!. olu"ulin ., " ":1''r. 'is. dupi fracliel se citqte plural cind tntreg, fie ia
1!, n* t | 1^"1" loz anil three qnafteN sau ane and tttteequartErtot)
ot a ptay 1o""i"a dc, dnd a harl sa\ ane dnd a hdtl @ts) -x plural qi compus cu o Substantirul determinst ilenn numerai cu sens de \ 12?5 p l u ra l ' trd rl iF or dinar a oe 0 II5 l a (secirette: iln and a/onehau /ruotur"! sa! rea kitbwt'^ and d hdtf)' t0 + ftilnet*' complicate: :1r E sau ait:r6: :; 30/et 5;; se citcsc: /ozf ae{ fi'e -1@ai'; seren reslectiv: ,,{i/rv okr nlnetlJ ttn ;n o t F ru a i on ) l ' unP l ' razuri fra' Li a s" r ft' bJ F r u' lio. . ' t n o d $ 1 2?6 pdrrea p ri n rr.u n ,a ' rmd r r" ' i m a l ( f h" D " " i not V nn" r) er pr ina rl ma i p6r ' . puttl prinlr-un paftea zecimal; inireaEa a numarulur lxno ocsldr-titd de pr ir r r rn m i ;i ' o \ ir g ' tl l i " c \n l i mb i nu ;i ' o t5 s; citeqte: (noushl) deci!tral rsat point) ser'n li!c' o ii ""u point) two Fraclii mai
ejght.
/saa ?#i";'i#.;;'11";;':iil:i,l"lH,i,'Jl",i'l'ii "!ei,,cinn, '0"
six
Obserrlti.e Nunoratelc rnailte Jr' purrri 'qeciLcscca un singur.numnr' 1Y!i,p.li-"] a 12?? -rcl l{inutele se ciicscca un smgur numar ;r ouprl ' lj".o'" cifra se lite-stP 'r;t
'. Ir.l5 lr l\ il P l- '
A se colnpara: poir! No lonr trrce) anil eight]'_scven 18t!s3 (s; tirlire: ode hnndred ard loi'v' and eis}iv{er'n and l'wo hundrcd . ,1, nP ,'d, }r,ndred 13;.il ths ilirce thousiu'd
12?8 '-'"
la singulardaci Substantivutdeterminside o iraciie zecimal; se afli partea intreagd I dace plural qi la (zero), irac,tieiesie 0 o""t#i"i"""sll iractiei ester:rnalt numeral:
n.J" nn r ' 2 J d t's \n a Al, I p ' r nl " n i\ p at a â" w " ' \ ; Poir ; l s o ii\ ' , " " 1
$tt*nntn*tuxuu fi
!80
3) ALte nnmcrale fta.clionare sintl

q u d1 rr' o ' a r, r. t, .r J n d aqr-ri dri r.r' cu....ui , aqr d l "ro l '1 1 hoLr i h,rl t d. ro$n '. h J r adoz " n: t o, r ' n d d ' .d -l : " n o o u rd sa n d a r,4.t." n :r' .dJ nrtt po rnds; H o ff a l. al is beller t h rn n n n r. a good-hall ot ii.. t_he ri.sl hnll oJ i]]e year. one hau ol it: the rwo hahes oi an apltc; to go halvesi to do things iI hnh-es. Ate n !i e ! Numeralul naffho:f] in compuncre ru subslantil'ul penna este pronun-
s 1279
quarel;1 taharr, pr.harvest; 4+ (rour i t" "*t, ". ' a , lr r eF
tat I herpn4,. Dxp&sii matematiee0urcnte

+ + : + : + <
S 1280
$ 1281 A' X rekslsouared X3 x feksi cibed It X lelsl i.o lhe powe.fou./io nl n tnl lrctorial the irtegral ol i
llus/aDd mtnus/takeawav rlus or mitrus/aplru.imlklv - iy/ti m a isda b1 i i s ) m ! lr iplied pentu drm4srulL) (is) diaided bv (is) eqnal io/equals t not eqtral to/doesnoi equal is less 16an
pi lpa4 r fol : radnf oI ci.cle % Pc_.lent O is an emlty set
ts lerDendiculd
to
an a.c) ' minutc -acsrei {or ' secondlor an uc)
rv. Nulrl]|t lr.ul, co[Dctrv

[T[Iri coLLtrltTI[I] NUtntjlt.,{r.l
s 1282
riv orprim" id""" nun pri"1 ,lp plural in s 1283 I Dofinilie. ),lumFrslul "ole, ^ Jufmd,re srtrguj i,r. 2) Formtr. Numeralele colective sint: cauple,lair, brdce,span, team, s 1284 yolrc,dozen,score,grass)qaire etc. a) Numeralole coulle, pair, brace, span, ledm, yoAd numesc grupe de $ 1285 do; astfel: couplel: doi (sau mai multi)3 (neasorta.ti)li
pair l.: tol (asorta!i), perechel:
a aupl o sen ,nd -. a.N u. I " al d- inls : ll' J oLn; , , , r , 1. r : | | g1\4 vû d .,,rk aptLP, ( do .r . ^r
.n.o,p!poi"Jt\
n !at, oI gloves, a lat oI trorsers, ctc. \,. a o: / . ) , al I or " " l . d .d r' i " 1 ," J rd t.;r 1f . \ ' t r 4 t@tvq P4tl l'hey wuiked in pai6 Ior couples):.,perechi, pereohi" sau ,doj .lle doi". a ,/a.. oi dor$. of ristols a,.a.d ol dLoks. of rhesants thlcc ,.d.c ot parl.idsis
(termen vtnitoresc) brace i l:,J.oi (neasortari)l
t helf a ctuen:2 s 6.1.anodc onetnrl terimrtai,ln ci.culalie irri',ter introduc..ii :is t em n l )i d . . im al ll9t lL 'Ve zi ti $ 1! t 7. ' 3 Cu aceastnacceptiuneeshr nxmerahl nchourit : oilira. cttera. caupte: tifua t*eche ($o.tati), sinolin cu rat (e\cep!ie). lauls 'the
!40
boi el'c inhima'ti (ressran l< Alrica de Sud: doi coi. catlrj, ci-tivfl ' lmPreL'ril: p;.ri\' inJugrli, ' ' rinixgaLrimpround: pprF"he: ecbipn teaml: doi " i. boi . ". lnh,m8li rln labri'rl plcl: (de sportivi .i.r, ""1'ip" r"u noriun"': '"l,ipa doui animale lnju.Eate; Perechc): live sol, oi oxcn mai mari de doi: b) dazen, scarc.gross'quir(t numesc grupe do.zen iJnzin; (12)ll lokc (:
h 10 t c q hr "lq ) ^ L ' l{ r J o: somo .lD:eu eggs, ctrj TLev verc selling eggs in twentY lczm oI catile tcdm. 1tc rv0. \ve .fc ^ a s?d. ot hoNes, bto sPdr ol o{er
s 1286
) dozen (: a lon{ (san rcunrl, Itoker's, deril's. pnnter's

rio:aE
t3):
'altf's [: 12 grosuri(144duzini)(ternen qross [: gros(12 duzini)];sredrgr{'ss comtcial) (ahe1' g. gr')l:
$ic bonshl srx g.oss !e6. Slie rvante'l fit s'fss ot but!'ons' li g.oi g-* is tir:elvesrossoL144 dozcD
scarc(:20):
qair"e[:
s 12E7 $ 1288 " 'u' ' "i l ' i , . , *, . , u ,.,F f' ,r ,- r "r .,' tp: ,,.ro r" ,r,\. ,L d o L., , s 1289 ;;,'i;.r - .i ,,;;,.-l-'.,1. n r'-r ' li I " -' r' F r' o r; ' rr" p ' . n n ' ro rro .n,, r' r' rn in lriP
.',''""i ii- '..i" 'i',.r' .'i d" i r" p "rF r' ' r"in rn " " .u dpos ' bir F ln l rmb i \^ L n rrn :
cieht .,url.fsJ .l dogs
coald (nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]: The Paler \tas 'n tzrl'r' colct'iveau valoare de 3) luncji' NuDix. - Nlajoritatea ntmeralelor
il'h'i ili,:ll*'r ffi r?";r;ia*
l' r1
-"
s'Ine d4'" hmdk*'hiels

l.am old
tr,,;t ?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i"
He * as
ln. c c s . , f .
\ : |jnl
,,p li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid" "",,,
tiv coleotiv nr.sinl' ltecedat'e z]) ci l numdalcle fu.valoarc des )ita Irr'rr''ad' frrmoqr ti'. ttFpozrLr'ro/ J ' 'r'rû'.'"r ' 'ir deun/ru -al. I .i ,jub'" : rrrol" obirt"'t1' r i.i"i',.,1i" Ln ctqks
'I'he gxcsts l dkd i 'o uie dining room Thev sto't1 an l tr P'rr'
i--ria-i'i.:o t'i' re'rite do:'ns !I li'rfs
loflra.terminati in s;-c) substanlii'ulquire arc Ia p\Dal runai plurar ca -' 51 ru brht:, vt'ss sVin .'i 17okt acerali fornn la ai "''""."r"f" la siDgular:
lhree ,rd.e of Pn.s{!rl's two r.ors or pen.ls scvcril ,ole or oien
at t t "an" d^?n
|lll:,.,'", lri":.ilif, s*:iil";-l;;:lll
.-;
' -\ se
i:, . l" 1,:
o..pail
tJ
t",
r"
rJ :r
Ju i
"
'acl 6
rlv
Fr cE!
DIsrBBUrrv
241
Y. NUIIER'{LUL
(TEO }TULTIPLICATIID 1) Detiri,tie. Nxmelalul
}IL-LTIPI,ICATIV
OII' }TULTIPLTI]Ri arate proportia in care cresle
S 1290
q 1291
NUIII]NAI'
multiplicatil'
o aclrune' sau se indeplineqte o cani,itate mulLrresl'ulnumerallor 2) tr'onni. - Cu excepliaprinului numeral "-;l:,"-"; cardina]e; la nurneralele .Jai'gr"a'-"" sufi:rul -/old p["";i";
single. dou|le /so, t\tolold), irille l'nfold' fsad treblc' ihrcelold' lou'1old' a huD-
formele laiine: Cu func!,ie rlc adjecti!'e sint lneori tnt'rebuirlate li quadmPle,quintrllc, serl'uple scptnplt' octuple' elc
siilul $ 1993 lormelet'erninatein -lo&l se int'il cscastdzinumaiin Ca adr.erbe, pin; ;ti;ial. ln lnnba curentn,le au roFtlnlocujLe n,"";: t";;-;
tiBes' a Inndr'd tim's {as onoe, twi.c, tnricer .saa .threc time!, lou! times' te! g.ear rc as nanl. l' as muclr,
cu exceplia S 1291 ultima grupx ( $ 1293)' multiplicativedin aceaste Numeralelc (: on) ri,1'r cu.|intul punindu-se rftrlc4,setormeazn ,,",'"c, o"i'r"ii.l"al,"* dupi numralulcardinal. sau dc .{ 1291' 3) Functii. Numeralui mr t'iplicativ are valoare de dljtli' 0J'eiti !i .le rdbsldnli': atL.,erlt.
T he snilra qF lrrl a 'lo r D'
; ,,. .. , 1r,';l ;;; i,l'9j l;ll ""i"-l lr i,f',':l;'i l r\/ a o r' ' ir 'l' ti tr i - Lr La'
\i ,,; r t hr , , 17" I U L r' r (\u h s ri r& r" rrb l' , s" r" " n' '
|ot t um
iiljl
'lI. r-UMIIR,\LUL DISTIiIBUTI\'

(TTTtrI)I STIUBU'flTD NT]III]RAI') grupe egale d obiecte'?: ]i nnrcrnlut ttittributir arotiL repartizafea in
1r ' oreaL rr; ". "r.in 'r lip' . 1h, ". bj " o, bv or'". r* , bv pl' ds dJ ' n' ov L" .,- u ". tt 't'" .. : nt r nJ , , . . I p ilr . r , . i . ;1 i;-,,,,,. . b.. '
$ 1t96
nr '| "' i i ,.,r" t r " , ' n l rr' " ' l o n , r ,, j l 9 ' i i ;:. r , . ' . i iy . ' ' h r' " r ' " . \ " J ' \' o ' . :h n i "',0 ,..' d a J n tn nJ ! s cr.i t ' , 1 f s dr " \' .v .a , b r tv .! o ,o \F ,i .' " . . I.; t , " ; " ,, r \ ds d t a ' 'P l'i l ,,i Shc ran do\Ln Dr.. r/4r {i a mc' \t'-" N.re sivcr /lr4 fouos edr' Tnc.e lt.ni ionr sfotrls oI str der 4"'
r Le pr' L' r' l r' ' ' I- to:' d
rJ ti " ' t
rd' r r
l Ntrmerahl ,irl.t cste .ar nrhcbDintat tn ii'rba cu'cnti tstc inlocuiLprid Dnnre'alL't
'i""
j?;""
s",t"'"ti""rl'.,i I !)
AZ
s 1297 s 1298
S 1290
VII. NU}IEBALUL AI}YERBIAL

(TFX ADVBBBIAI NUIIIIiAL) Nuneralul adverbial indeplinette functia de ddrrD qi arard: a./ lrecventa sau periodicitatea unei acjiuni; D/ locui ocupat inir-o serie:
a t at". t ha" t , M . . - at h- ic ; h 8, , t . n"s . a t t u d - d t i n " . . os a. r , t ". p o, [ ^t t os o. t ik ] . c r , : . P"opt , 5 Couo. i' r . r r h: t d o i r a r n . r e r t r q o v . a r s . Th "l".rion s to f Uy .l'iJirpn .s"J r o I . av p un I : nCUlh t Fs s anr n r @ I . p , a ; p p t i . ' I I' rv" ro l I Jn u a hu, d4d t i@ , not u go t he r e . tti',
S 136$
Notd. Oncq twicq threetimcs eIc. Eint ti numeruIenulti) licdt;re. Deosebireadiatre numralele adverbiale ti cele multiplicative std-io inl,eles: Ozcbitten, ,at.d shy. [On"r ".1,r.rr..,1 adverbialpFltru.a arald frc$Fntd atiiullii. r+rce oste numeral multiplicativ pentru ct aratd mssura tn care a ;esou; prudenla.l _utir.lly, eigh y, etc.,in rhe iirsr (or second, S 1301 ;hird, riiln, , ,, rirsi.,lirsily, sccoritly.
e i c.) plac c : Ladi-"s lirsi.l Satetv lirsi.l Tle o,,lt, quesiiunsu,r rhp agcndaweft itfs,ftrl, ihe rotrre to be followed,[email protected] .. th e DLm ber oi m en t rr..q I. 1 o d l d ,4 9 th , tmn .p ufl ol th" Frp.di ti oD .
5 1302
$ 1303
ITItr. NU]If, NAI,UL NEUOTIR,TT

(TII[ INDEflNITN NUIIER"I.L)
Nrrmeralul nehotrrit eqrimd un nunXr nedelinit de obiectes.Numerale nchoii!lte sinL urmatoarclel

:p! " ' dl a oa !. /o i h- 1, s an u . ", , 1 d . , o t o '\ , , -. troacr . a Beotle.ad tnnalt', i4pntqr, .Ir. S&trdl oi the bo$ in the school had Fo! scliola|shits. u!,-.|d n r s r . n. . L- gr i. ' . , , r ot adJ . lr'f4 a t,d {c o t o . \ . J ,
I shaU be lack nr a /e@ davs. T ,j n .r\" | , r' n dJ F 1t - t t ' s dr . ho. , t so a . m o n t i , s i o w , A ru ab ,.afth pajdnr - r r d b. n t , o", 1 t o n . p 4 5 p n r r h d , o o p d r a r i v . a , conleren,,c.
A " out b al n i s p -p :l r,d J y i ,,t." ru ,. 4lo o/ lhe u , m n k -rp q ,1 i ri ..t $ o .k 1 5 . Itls of rreopre had come to rhe Ineethg. l30l
,.r' t.
l -' or m A lpdp " in 3 ,r,rc u n o rJ d i n trc d .p s re nu.ta" al " , \ anump: (harl "o lp tg a d4 n u .h f u) 1; t t |" .d d B , o l o t (o l o v .), 1,,{. r/pnl r/ ,prveso l a exD ri ma r.a . dnr ir ; r ii in" t.t , c z u r n ,rm ,l o r d " mJ t" ri i l a u al .i bsl r;ti vel or absrrsi te: yo. hd\ no iJ " 1 t" o ,ttu u .r..r.i p rro n s . h a \d roti + r,.d. Th" r p wr . v r r . n r" n ," 1 trr i i ,t" a ,d o J . A / t lllr ' m oneyg o ,: a l u n q Bd r. Hn . dd 4, , . i_b s t o j r ,,r t,-i ,t r,. a 1 t .p - o t r .5,..
T . l,ol
A lo, ol iris assuianoe was du. to ihe su;port his conrailcs Aare him.
r,nrt., estc dcsuet, sau lil.erar_ s t . , ! r s idr r at e 'rfo nn a fiatla Sc^ s e rdn ,ri .r l l3 , l 4vczi si b8s . $ U{1 ,08; ' pr et ioc d.
',1|
o !p 4 t
e .,a d d o l a t
tr a + .
i t;;tJ;
I \ czi r i S 0! 2, 2 5 4 6 .
u ;";:",i;:,,/p
J'p,i (e , 2 8 5 ). { oo.doua ".m'rd,co.. ' iv
?43
Sens nehotdrit au ii:
ii"i''i'""iliii"'f*;ai.;le, aprorinalie (rzi S 130tj): r s 1308)
carexpdmd etc) insolitede cuvinte colectiYe

ciire nari (rezi
S 1all5
Wc stopled there fo. o'olt t'"nig minntcs D) nuneralele (cardinale. colective tc ) care erprini
Thcv came in nudlelr to the meetinS-
prrn srrrrxul t rlo: "n . o n . ut 1! r u. t no, . th r' r' o r n Ptr-. s a u . i n ' " 1' rl l l ]rnrl rar' -irl adnugai la numralele scurte: lve s'alked zror,/ua.iy a mile tw -n " tv n i n u tp q Io o k i n s rot a rori - . i' ; ; ; : i- , i; " ' N i l l ' ;' [ s o a ' rn i rs i i d tq o hL' dred I i er Lili- i" r , . " i Slie was manied src fiYe Yearsback' o D " r i i !" p ounds ir iL *r r . o' L tti n s n ' " l i t" papdr ) l?e a{ lt " . a n d i d a l ,e s h a d a l re a d yfi n i ' h Fd15P A t pN ,i L o t" l r! L ' n o l l -P 3 !d i P n ' " (1Fq LIF I' ay t laur hht suror o d d l -r0 0 00 bi l $ p trrv th o u s a n d r s , " . *i" iil LFvd ro r: l n l ' r p :o ul" nd i r u ! ur 1 j1" br r d t or il l $ " n ' v o d d U ro trs a p ! . , u, le l- . ilr\a ) o l o u f mP n a l n d a \d n rD q ' ras$ p a l 4" pn 1rutr t lr dv ' rlold io r d o F 6 o l i i m " s n o f l o ln is \ n lih p h a d p u b l k h o 4 N \D b a f d o ' n l ott po^K s q r o r ru o lnev t ir r l b" b a ' ! i n a d r l p a rn J o .r ; n * ta n tn ' i q q u " tri ^ i p 4 ro iii . i , . no. l, ,0 mp ro .l d o n a n 0 !n L -' .ad" . or , v ' , ' u d d y jin, c .h .. r^ :4 ' l 4 tn - \ \ i, - l ' -h, | { n se xprjm;: aeer' marc than' dntL nore' eifre 2) Depitirea u ei //o/rn.le) ahorc. u|,"a s (of) en.: Ile is ote. sirlJ ,qhelost ordr tilenty pounds in weignt. n o ur' \ u, n- r " ar l h e fl .h i i . l ,b ti " ) 4 u " ' d p_ on oF r l a , " 't; k'o r d .la t"n 5 r L lp t' r fl s l' r l h ' i' r ' e i ;i . o l i g ti u d D o P r' rh " ' r' oi r' 6 n a 6 ' a ld n i s
Tnf s rr v bn or'
SPECIAIJ FOBIID $I CONSTR,UCTII ouorcd.i s, ":*frirr; prin: |ltaut.qlnost n.artv.sor'' S 1306 1) A0rorimxlia .lneal,erc 1iA". o kq. rcuthl oLout. lJ oplrr tnotd.!.nddd "aupt'', son", rhrne
\ l3O7
'' inriabitants ipi.,a"' r ' ]d of t*o minion ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i" cul inrPle S 1308 se tai'Fintrebuitrlindu_se 3l Dmrimareacitrolormn netletiDite
h,tn,1"d.riousond,n''tttodt,nttt;on.doz"n..or"pl' .,rppra'pdalcdpnumprJrP qi de celemai mulie ori in forma lor de ptrral:

TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence H t;rea : .n d ' t aLs d- dr nJ r h' l r al ' " r o s r r m . 'j;";"";i' "d hPappeJ l r '1 d \ I o r l d 'p" r , ' s olds s r g ''/l tt.o u'"to !: na YO o r n r ur r m ong"t ' : 4 th"u o.d rqa]'o:i : A th'""and l nr' o4a lhin- s lo r l' ilu I n a\d o rh ur t r l4nd ^ P o i 'd L o n 'r r '
"..j,;;,lt:;,ti / ' p r ise n r c s ! l !.a cP co n"* Tl( o ' ttfir s l llm d a zPn l"o ' < I na\c m' th d i4 4 lL IJ n "lo "" r h fh;v fP l lf ' a Ps ini g lor L $ p i l rd
r a nyria.I : zece mr.
ru,addr or .'.". n',,
@s or p,orr.
'l orm r" ga.l l a i" ; o * or n .-.' t They had ioitrcd the cooperaiive it ereat numbets
214
S 1308c
4) Plusuls u nirusul fa,ldaleun nunir dxt se e\prinri asifol:
on. (t,o. tt|ee, cta.) ko ,tun! t: t,c\) nlui (doi. |Iei etc.) mai Dnll, trntrl {doi. lrei ci c.) in r l, , s l ane (nb tu, elc.) ko t4r l-. l.n) unul (doi, t.ei ctc.) mai pnlin, wnl (doi, tli eio.) ln mrnusl lhcre js,ne ligurc ra. ud,r to. a lhone numb.r.
llr g \F In i' Iillin " r o o /.r .
$ 1309
5) Iorme ialiomntice. A se obscrva urmntoncle forme idiomatice:

14, ,tr, on. (: pdnntioull set nd best I j de lort-A zild') (eorocv.) Hc's fire foat hnlhins. (: exactly live loot ialll
$ 1310
S 1311
rcr, rnt-^h i|| d d fFnrr, . Lor: a.) nunirul unifitilor de numirul zecilor cind acesLadin urmi esLe yecedat - dtt nu si urmali de primul ( g 1217 1218):
6) futrchuinlnreaconjureti.i "and" cu numcralele. - Conjunclia dnd
S 1312
a, nun drul unitn,tilor saual miilor ($1228) denumirul Eutalor : ;i al zeciior

three hrndred dad onc cight thonsand dnl Utirtr iwo nine ilousand lou. budilr-"d dnlt fifi.y-seven
$ 1313
c) numJrul tracliilor de numirul intregilor:

tso ard Urree qnartos a poued azd a l)alf li{c hon.s o,l lortv minutcs fou az.l sirpence liar tn eaftircd curentd: lotr dnd. si\)
S 1e14
Not d In senere irsiL. nu se htrcbuiiloazn conjunctia and ra snlcgo numnrul uniinlilor de nnmnrul subdiviziunilor aoostora ln (azLrl ini\urilor ale ciror denumiri difern de acelca alc subdiviziunilor respeeLive: \ po. nl l, l :n a .1 ' r ' i .. p o u r ' l nl n , no' r nd ' o rr ' l i o n o ' rn I i ,, -. 9. i] 0 ( nine lhir l rr) (re l .ri to r l a i i rtrp ,l i d b a j ol i ci al )
S 1115
flonot{ tn Marctl Britanie

100 pen. e[ pen s ]l 1 0 0 p l:l Iro n n ds l c rti i g l paund ' stJrr!] l rl nsl tserliid)t ealonre tu)neda t oihlf on, \ .p rtn r.,.J l a d ' d l !- nl l l , ' onrl lt i ! F , , ny I r r n ,l . f.o /o ^ .I r! twolclce I l^jrrt, two prnc.. f.,1,,r..1 l.wo l hi:l - ".
a i$opcrDl I!1,!n4 ptc..
t/on.:
l hi l
ra' ' !9r,L.-"'

{L a | ,,,,l. /s/ , ?! ) | quid f k $r ll ti, ttn . !10 i\. P G n, lq; r r . t !orrds, allala, fivr/i,,r/trventy a^f iv . r / L n / t w . r l J po!nd n.ie, /rla,s, a
t3.8t
lhre potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'
'Sa\ hatf past nine ln litubr cnrentli.
,At Monete tn StaleleUflile

r00 ccnts lscnta] {100i) : I dollar t dclol (gt) (tun. : dola!)
1131C
toi ten cenrs 25c lwent]{ive cents roi }all i dollsr. fsia'81
a nicke'l I nlkll a dime tdarml a ]ialf'dollaf
a dollar ltll $r a doltrf, /ildDs) a bDck [b^]tl a riYe/ten/twenty dolla! bill $5, $10, $r0 live/ten/lwentY ' dollaB: 1sla,r, rivr/tFn/l.wfltY S3.8! in.ee dolla.F iBhly_two cents
TERBUI,
tit
CoNSID ER A T I I G E NE R' { L E
ndnhiliP
*t'
"
i ".l i ,' o" . j' i' t r t r b rr rra n z ' rr\ Di a l zd. . . . . r : ,: , Prr,o a n a Num & l' r n f ' ^ u
i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i v'.b au\lia' -." -{srco1 .
"
'
t!18 25t 131! 255 1329 236 {333 251 t58 l J43 158
160
\RI.t CUNJUU C . \ RAATERI S T I CI G E NE R A L I' ] ' ' Inilicslji Detoitieo .. l Tituputi (ind;catieut) irirr\l l'ormo r eiltsle '. iNSi
13ii6 t:6i
260 -.160 161
1368 26t 136! !6! 26t tS i i

ltlGUL-\T ila dilt'za a0Dva ' 1it I { 38rl {3 8 1 ,64 iJ6a l6i
\_!RB CO,\JUGAREA SI]\[PL-{ 'q' LNUI
DIAT]'ZA ACTIVtr.
NTODLBILtr PT']RSO\'{[N I. Indic.titnl ?tc.entul snnPlu . 1382 t65 1384 t65
,138i 96i 1386 t66 t66 138t 1388 !6t 1110i !69 :t0 tI]06 1t0 {4 1 1
;. ; "i;",i',;' f,l"il"'".:;";'"
' lrl.: ,.-". .^: .;. i"j,J"',ii'i-;ip,''."',rar,niu' p'.?"1,, indi. r"ddu,"r"d lll jl, i:^-1.;,, continur iiliJ,ii,lilii,lii;i;'Jiiili cr prezertut
I're.:utul srm?ut
1412 270 .,]70 MN ti o t\14 74t1 271 273 tLlB 7429 213 7431 t74 214 t43! t15 211 2i t 2i a 215 !76 277 :78 2i, 2r9 28tl
Evet \i ,ct|, ftenn! | .i lo u liuni' -\ l!";b.
adv r Lir lp d_
1445 \t 46 1447 14q8 lt'35 1461 ltrii2 1463 1465
T n , t ut t
Dt
r488 t(8!
!S 7 i rst
' r4!4 :r88 1495 :88 119i 1 289 1501 l 5r2 150? 1l )l i 1528
290 :9D :92 ti 4 197 :99
t110 tlt0
!0t
S u l , j d,f ti! ul !.e ^ Jrt.
' t5i t liit r i 5i r ti B tiilr liiio r t61 1i 6U
l',
T .t ,."
: r , , r' r i. l tr,.l
:' ln '.
l u a .s i r , ' . rir' .l r_ l '"s
3ni t1,j3 N 03 iln'
3U l 3r)' 1r6i i tr3 1:,05 N l r4
,\ rAY . , . . . ..- .. .
MI GHT ......
sI l ou L D. . .. ...
F orme .. . , . . , . . . . lnle l e s .. ... . I un ctr...-
! 1591 15!' t5!3 15!4 1595 { 590

1611iJ
w au L D. . .. . . . - .
I n i i i i livul
!15l 308 309 309 309 310 310 llr

ll11 312
1606 160,.. .
Indicatirul .. . . . R cca p rtu ta r e- . . -
IY. lmpcr&tiYd Delini!ie
1611 1614 161i i 1bI," 1618 1619 ' 1610 t6t1 !tzi l 1621 i 625 l ttt 1630 ' 163t 76tt, {6i 15 t6t6 10t, t6t8
att 313 313 314 314 314 3l ' ,l 31t 3l i 31i 315 l t6 31i i 3li 31? 31t 318 3tt 319 31! t19 :l!0 3rr0
Iorrna ao0cntuati - . T ra .l n o e re. . . . . . . . Sllicctll im!{rl,in]ur.. Nnrniaea iulerallvtrrur I]IIIERSON-{I,O ]IODURIT,IJ I. rnfinitirul F ormJ .. . n 'dL' , J . I i, f . i; ' 't, T r rI r"rP.. l un "l rr . . . l, , i ;ru , i' or np I rb ln :n l ."l . . 'li :\ \ ru r'\u l ' r n ni ' 5 r b r d i ' " r p r4 r -, ," .,,.tr. " ' No n r,i 'rul ' u al" i\
\ L o rl, r' lr,'r''\rlu:
163,.1 1640 16r3 16r6 16Li 1658 1666 16ri 7 n r' ri :

l(itii 16t9 16.q3 1681 16Sa
3r: 31rl
:126 Jti 328 3!! 3j1l 3j 0 t30 3t1
n t alr \ | ,i . "'rl II. ta icipiul . Caatilialii seletutc
?6ti.it i1n $t\b.l)

llama 'Iinil. tn 'ing Djatczi Ee tun' 1i! \ l .
'1 6 s 9
ucn n m'rc_. . . . . , . . . _.
P ottait' ntl Pt.z nL 1691
:l rt 331
t:t2
. ..
ltilti
. O .l, r)gldrie ... Particir)iul t.ezent + ger n n d i v n l..
r33
L'd.ticipiul pre.eat
Caracter 9i lun4n . . .
{F rb .. . A dj' .' irel" I,"u \"n r. dr n p"r |dpr r pt dz pnr ! :1
Conshuclii !a.ticiPjale
ru p'lr Tip ' r ' ' .\.!/ari\J' \on:nali\,.1 .r 0d rL \ominativul alsohrt 'Pr u
i 1100 ti 0l 1i 02 1109 . _ t7r4 17{i t tt6 7721 7,.2:l t1!t 1,426 1i l 7 17!3 ti 37 7i 44 ti 4i 1.1l ra 1750 171\
,14 334 334 334 335 336 336 336 t31 338 3lr8 338 339 340 310 311 3'+2 3t2 iti:
l'nrlicilntl
aisohl .
. .
G.rtullirut
F o.ml .. .
a Trr" l' ri. l 'I i iu n.'ri \ 're l, ' !ii I un. ir sin l r.l1 r rrrl' . rl- :i !o-'iva P " q rmrS (nd r\ul
-.
..-
Lierundi!al DPrlect l nt i,Lii r. Pa .tiuilix !r z nt
|;au
1i t4
C' r r n' 1r !
Jn' t : . : r
.t Dtt4d
l.o.nn. Diatezl f nnc lii 1 n i ,.l c". ln i o , ,,r a t , 3, t l'iliulr r i I ' ri P .r c u l a rtrc rl rD l Pani.itiul pdsie - .- .
It3 7136 113i ti t9 ti 6n 1t61 3\t 1162 346 1t63 1764 346 1766 3n6
CO^-JUG\REI
SI}IIL;\ A U\UI . -.
\-]!RB RI1GUL\T (IA diAtEZA
rr-68 1t69 3t1 trir 1t7t 348

1)i 2 ri i t 171tt | i ,.6 1t80 I/-81 1t 82 ti tT
3i8
1)-6i
Dcl i n i l i e . .
DiateT a actili,............ Di. t eza tJsir"
_.
34il 3/,9 3i 0 3i r 3i 3
L, n "a i" h\ r " l .' r' n u l 4. ' , P oL .. l o .m{ren c onlr gi la s rl e ..r \.b '' : : ' om Dl.n r 1 r llFm ' nlc \f rbul xciiv 'lt,u;
"
dr ic,.i! r'.,j,i ,iii.. o, ratoare
CO\ JUG-\RI'],\ CONT]NU;\ A UNUI {ERE

Canit t ldte d . a r t t n l d
IIIGUL-\T
(la diaLczaactiail
l i 9l l
3i 5 1 , 1 9 6 355
1195 tJg)-
; ;;;j;*;";;;,;;; iil'## "i;"i.T,T;l#1'iii#;; !:T;ilti';,,'i":iil,$ill"
3tn $6 1 8 0 6 3i 8 781)1 3i9 1 8 0 8 ?ii9 1 8 1 6 361 365 t8t6
lr99
!51 !
Formt lreevenbtirn . . . . Forml

k , ,n .ri i
tarl t 828 18r9
T r d d -c" t P . .
(1osithsrcs cotrjrgdrilor'
CLniugar' a 5labd . Co n j ugd. ^ la t P Co n r ugarP dm xL A
r'orbe r.gulrl. Fi rcrb' n'rerulilc Prln.i l sl .h ,Pr bc t r er r y ur trre

C4 r o ti@ : ... . .
oc.b.tarnercsltlltc \t"abe1i p,;";p"t ii^p",ii "t" Verb1.nrreg'Iale .ompr3c

. -
1. .
r-l,.la' rc ' ; r lo' P O b -, r' ltt ^npd Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e asuPN adbaa' nercSutnb ' .
3ni 365 36i ?65 1832 366 466 1838 1819 1840 36,' 784t 1843 36tl ta47 368 l 8rru 3i3 r849 3i 3 l s l g a 381
1850
DNTRTTI] CATNGORII DD ITTiBTJ
AUXILL\nD
1851 185' 1856 18,8 I861 1862 i ,i 63
3S 3 38:l 383 383 183 384 3E /r 38i
' 1S 65 386 1 8 6 6 386 38,' l|l6t

'r 868 1869
388 388 3rJ8 488 t90 3!0 390 390 l rl 391 392
T O B! A. CoDjuseo! silnprn..
Diokza a.tita . '
r870 18tl 1372 18?3 t8?4 t8t6 1380 ' rN 81
Fi , nr!ii . .
.... Ca ve rb Dr inc ipal ca ve rb aiailia. . . . . . . . Ca verb colulativ . . . Ca verb modal lixprcsii idionatice.. Ioniele .ontase TO H-\\'Ij A. Conlug&et sinlti
Didt.za actieil
1889 393 1891 39n 3!4 1 8 9 2 394 396 1 8 9 i ] 396 1860, 1867 3!; 1 8 9 1 , 397
1S9ti 3!8 . 'l90il 19!5 {9 0 6 3!9 39! 3t9
'
B. 0onjrg&3 conthun D hL .a tchpa

C. Formcle ootrtrd$e ,'
I t rn cti i ..... . . . . C., vcrb prinripdl ca vFrb anx r r r dr . . .

ca v. ct mod dl .. .-.. Verbul .,to hare', ti inrerogatii !i ncsa\ii D {l zero ,S ; lol"s'ir' J',r,1'iru l D O
TO DO rdDclii . . .
t!1il 1914 1915 r916
p'q 400 400
TO LDT
Funcl tl . .. ..
Cd Ycrb P.i.,iipal .. , C" vcrb aux iu rlu; a ' 'i "n i LI T . , 11l"F "n Ci / u o r. r ' l. l i i \ u dLpl \i rb I , ' oL_'' l-o' m | I : .t; D O d o+ ' uJ
,t)2 tga, 1921 4!1

1924 1925
1926 1t2J 1928 1,)29 ]\IAY . ,' 2074,2088, !02t1
442 LO2 l u: 403
SHALL, !fILL, pr r n*e. . ... .
tL vliltB]n,E DErri(lTlv!] IIOD,{I-E.... .-
19311 40E tgill lgllt 1t35 /!03 405 r,06 406
(I,) C ^ \ Considdstii genBl. For m. . It 0, iu ri l pn n i r ' . r . or r Rlc : r r n' ltro n a r' . . . P r onu n l rfe Intetusrlia !i rcgalia I un. ,, (II I C O U L D Considcrllii sL{enlo
Forrnel. con'lnse
19/12 tlrril
........
{-q:r{ 1!ll5 11J!6 t!5?
4lrS
ll,\N S lud i r "o rl r' F lir

Tinturi .i .a\.xt' tLta
CotlLD
Bn \BL1i
1(]
t1158 410 i 10
(',{ {
..
l- t
| i" " d
t ur t.1 '
totl. l L at
lll nt
. "' 'l
l6 L L
l n ..
1902 410 1' rt1. 11tr t!ri 5
To l|ltliAli[
bt
tntt
r,,
-tl'\tt,l.7o...
..
1!67 1963
.. \ ,rJ r' u rifl /f'\'f ir 'ii rlr .Ar-LI) l r-
a,OOl-D in stilul irdif{|. Coniuqa.rr Inodduhi C.'l-\

dc tftcu i. ,.. . . , . . . . . . .
ti .onditionaltt. . . . .
.
. -
1!60 1!t0 ti12 ti i 3 L91L \9i 5 19ii 1987
411 41r 411 4r2 4\' -) t' 1! 413 t't3 41n
. O ( L D . Tn. r ut F im plu.r o trJ i l l o n a l p rP /" n l i r' contrastiri lractice) CANICOULD fi lnlmdilodi rNpcctiYi- -" BE ABLE TO. ' ' . MANCE T O . . . ' I JSEI' M . . . . . . TAGET. . . . . - . LD . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . ZERO CANICOU . . - . B E,]IPP O S E D T O , . . . .... lnpcr.tli\'ul Poliielrr Co n cl u zi o. . - . (IIl .) II]IY /IIIG l IT Consiilerstii gencrnlc . ! 'orme . .. F or r alr t i im n ' .5 n n a U od L L ri luDjpeB F lnierogal.ia,"inegalia . 1\l\Y luDo ti i . . . . . . htrcbuintare . .
L] ! r\ rjd r mod1l .
-..
! 1989
t99t 1998 t0o1 !008 2009 !010 t011 20i 2 ,013 20'J4 ,0t0 !02{
476
416 417 417 41t! 418 41l J 419 419 tL2O 4:10 t' 10 421
!0rt a024
!02(i 202; 2ltl
CJ -, r, " Ju
,J \ili"r"
u A) .ttlcHl
t0r, t0ll4 411 2037 L' '

1038 t0/t5 2046 lr P' Ll 2A4! 2li2 ti-r5j 1055 ,053 1049 206i .!2il (t3 42L !21 t!)i 12t i25 426 4:6 416
.. . .. Fn r0 h . . . C'N]J,D: N'IGII'I' .r[1G9" : c.ndilional

P rLo' rl J joo "'r 'i \:r' 'r fa .; ' l !rli;-ll ]'
llt .I i o r ot r lr u. tr n V l I
(lv ) liusT
.. Fo mre . . . . , . Fonnele comluse
. /rFa ( .! lll:r at 4-4tI ML-sf in controst rlt 'l io "not-.t ru \tf,

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11:19 ,0t1 10r_! 429 1rl 1i l r29 !076 ,!!9 419 20i ) :0i 8 90711 4!9 2080 430 !08r 108( 43i
IntercsaiLa9t negnlra Fu n cl " . . C a vcr t au lilju.,.
..
Cr ve rb m odal . .
(vrL) s]lOUI,D Fxn.lr . . .
954
w IL L {vrrr.)
!
:088
Lj
43r
431
431 43\ 432 4,t2
{rx.) woul,D
Fu n cl i i . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . C a \"r b p' in. ipJ l d" r c l v C a rux it iar m odal ,SH AL L ( S HO ULD) . W IL L l rtOU L D )......,\l te tn tr c luir t i. i .... ................._.. , .. ... ... . .... ... ......
tlo?
,104 2,Oti :,ori 2rr4 211a r1t8
433
4t3 43r 414 425 433 43J
(x ) To rr\Fx
Fo rme . F unc iii.. . - . . . . . . Ve .b lex jc al r egulat.,..,... .. .. ..... Al xi l i a r dlec t ivm od a r.. (xLJ TO NErtD Fo rme . I nnc lii p\ i. c l t r L, z it r v rg L l a t \a b m od a l .. ....... . ... .... ..... .. .. ............. -. -........ ....... .. ...... ... .. ..... .. .....
2t:24 437 2r2i 4X 7 2126 4X ,2rg4 4A j 21.1j 2t46 j l sJ ' I4!166 216)' 2! 68 1169 2ti 3 2lia 2179 2180 t181 ,l !t 2192 t193 rt9i ' 196 ,200 439 43s 11a 139 141 4tl 447 4t4 444 444 417 4t8 4\8 448 448 449
{xIl.] usDD l'o

ro"md .. Ji.p
l. lele
..
. T"Jd .i Prr
I tL. \_ERBDLEREFr.t\tVt-:......
....
Dp" inil: P ....... .. Trddunprp d o ir liob a .o 1. 1. i. . . . . . . . . A l^ ! . . b, rplp rivF t1 lr m bd . r 5 "/ 1. . . . . . . l v . \ F RB E LE I OVPl.CXC. . . . . . . . .. .. V ericlc co mple ae ou pa r t ic nli adr er biiu. . . . , . . . . . . \a L" lP p rrpo ziL ion al" .. . .
.. .
V - V ER BEL E I ] I P E RS O NAI,E SIU U N IPD R S O N ,\L D .....,... ... ......, ,.... v L \ iERtsE CA RE S E CO \ FU N D I..... ... .. ..... ...
YNR,BUL
(THE VERB)
GDl]anALE coNsIDEnATIr
$ 1317
"
1) Dtinitie.- Verbul erprimh o acfiunesau o activitate' o stare-sau $ 1318 un'i lnsuiiri o a'irudinp .ri,i"ii".""p",lfir' .u''it*i"r"'" s"u modifi'ar"J
.impliti.ar" n" leicri ln "onlinustp n'rmai Pcnlru -.. 'o1 prin a'Fa'r0 si cclelalie notiuni rprb.'ubin dc un ori* "lag\nd "il, punct "t*"" in definilia vcrbului la acesi cuorinse tranzitiY rorb inhanzitir. - Ve.bul poai li tranzitiv sau in- S 1319 vrb 2) -si trimzitiv nen,iilor;rssrpra unul oJ verbul a .JrLi a' liunF sp 16"h1ngP nt dir' t a'l' lranziliI' ( TransitirPun obir.l, nuFil 'ompti
Verb )'.
M.g ts! ta1reil d', ga.den\\.e 30{ lIa c.mrng
Frcd js ltriting d l.,l?. Tlrey ere enioXiDs d.ns'Ites.
S l32o \:erbele tranziLive pot a|ea iliate.d po-tipd\ $1i74) obiecl esie asupra unui bl Yerbut a cdt'ui actiune etc nu se risfringe (Intran:itioe f erb inttaixi\i\ ):
He rral^s slowlr' And i]liiv ll'd happilj cver alter' l S2 l i r6 r !l n i | .| r' l i .i !p \ crl ," le inp, t s onc t " a r u n ;l to n 4 l " | 1 br,.' rr ' InLr 0u nprpnr \'.rb le inir anz it ir " n u ru ,ttr' , :n p rt' d t r' anzi '''1ti i l c I E lJ 24- 132 8 ). \ e rb u l l r' rn z i l i t p o " l " ri i n l rpb i nl ar ssrl ' l ' i 1 i -npa r' " ' . ' l' " ur il. i rr" i nl N " ' d' ' l ' l, ri sr ru " e r " s t r ins r r ' -p ra u r' ri o h i F rr' J D ^ " rF ' a_t' lrri pre" r' ' n b h l u l J ' u ft' ' F ^d l n a' ar ' i ' a, li u n ".. \, r bului, r u di " ;' u r' intranzitivt: veibul devine He sroodtlie mirfo. on a lablc. (Tranz) He s,oodthe.c siarins (lntr') llr $ a 5 l n r" tu rg I l o d r:i l l T ro m - l I s . r\rh i m p t;,r' ,6 ' d r n L s' a s i (Lnrrl llia/ / ' L o \v ri1 1 u . ra ri r l T .i n z I o '' I I ' dr l L I il .i rr'q
, ' ld ' ". . l' ' m '" l l T 'r 'l 1r, tRr ! r - l' npp r l lh r 0 o' ' ls - n r r ' J d \ r l r r ' 'l - , m f t , m ", . l; , , r / r "r a. ; / ; t in dr - r alolr F r p '0 r r , r i : dpr it in l^ tn jt'J
s 1321 s 1322
1393 "a
I-'n relb d) daed este urmat de un Pro unre rellexiv:
s 1324
D) dacneste
s''u 1,1;# il,1'J;s;ll^x""iti"'ij'"&!iJljiib'ui ,ff

v p- oul n "" lp Ln ob! 6li. il- ali" trp . p r ' vern lranziliv Inhebuinlal
t P:,fr i,""i,'i"tr";, r."u,, !1;H,",*,r
: Lnii x ,,ri ,o nsio"r t . " d "-t- in, r n mo, l db"o /"I, -oj.J
250
MORIOLOCTA
_ !'EREI''i
prepozi ia urmitoare se intesreazd atit de mult verlului incit devine o parttcald.I'erbdld. care transformd verbul din intranzitiv in tranzitiv:
t:r.r r on, . y dseo. "s t u lp Dv nJ Do S D o . r i p a r k . I n t r . l 'f1F t r al. ld i^ , . ; ' r / . . . x an: "n ed 'L i ; n s . rTranTI \\" s o, t Lns r ! an, r hJ d t s aDd$ic h . I n r . I \\" 6! l o. , ; oLr . . r pr r p, ( Tr dz .
interJr.(Cagnate $ 1326 . , c, dari.ar un complemerl,lL Objrcr./( S2603), care reperi roeea vernutur!.
Ee was r&e rinf $it h on. c v e oDen. llnl. . l H.p \1 - !""p,n i t h" J . p ot ilr dan k ho l, dd d o n " d g o o d d 1 . v s $ o r k . ( T . d n z . , Th" , h ld $ b lou"i; ne a Ldr py lau|h. Tt \ n t . t
s 132?
Nunreroasewerbe pol li uneori tranzitieej allcori, intanzitiae:

II" to .u "4 inL a s or Ll' , , p t of . ho" r . oai". . l l r , D z d , t r L E\' ur.ro n a i. - " r aa t o r n gov on - r r d , r v . . T r d n r . D a . v , 'l-t p .d" no r,r'nt r' B r ' br \ t J m i. ; s an I oLr . I i t " . , Tlr ,.sn "r ot , p pr dt d iun , ' o", t pd Li. t abo' ,r " r , v " n t d r d . T r d n / . i f l \ ll"y u p." /, rj or - r ' "- "", . p6iv , t t r r , ". 'j-l F mb ' ),'nr HF ra -tiag har I I nr : is , \ am q. ' l t r . -o. Fred rpca&s Enslk]! iTranz. rcuyl Spanisjl is s?,ft.; a gie,ri dcal in Latin Am&ica. tT.an,. rasilt rle lookcd oD without sp44ii4s. (Inh.l He took her arm and besan rl d,aln her uD Lhe hilt. {Tr.rnz. activ} She las Ddara,n..t otl hei lcgs sholping toi tlc hotidat:s. (Trnnz. paiv) lle rds last. (Irtr ) -dll;?scan s?d.? twehe pcolrte. Ti,is coltagc iTranz.) Slic Jldqs like a top. (Inl...l
! lB98 . . Uneleverbeisi schimbncu totul inletesuldupn cum sint rranzirivesau

a lace a culalal: ,",i" I ll,iHir - d i d eF ,' .n .: She did uie roonr. - ot, Ihl t !.,t dr.
t" h"rd { ll;iTi.)

'"
ct,e { llTni) 'o
She sar. me a prcscri. The dike ts atrtzs. I ield the |askcl in mr hand. Mr p.omise still /rld.J.
l( t r m z . l :a s D u n -" : ,^, - , , liLr . . ' z .r : a D o \c i ti : .,,
to r!.a. I llnlr.) I
Il-" rds l" tne the l,ruLl. lhe child;.n a sto.ll .r .r: ;,\,,d T|ci. nords bll. I i ,n r .r : ".,1 | ( inlr . ) - a l i l i n l a v .a rc ae l r.)i Tlis rdlls in yotrr lavonr. I llr . , nz .l :a p u rl ,a : Slie atu (.d.i,s orlrilis.
ldasrr.e1in!J a trcce i.cct:
The nighl
ds
r.d/in6'
lo ib end
S 1329
3) Diatezir (Voicel. Diatcza este torma pc care o poate llra un -i'erb pe.nLrua arita raportul dintrc subiect qi cornplementul direct, exprimat sau subinl,eles: { 1330 al subirutul gr:mati,al lonte tndeplini actiunea exprimarl de verb (dnte otti -+ctirt l'o;ce): I rd.n Dnglistr. She rr.r nrr. ,l subieolul gramaticil poat sufcri acl,.iunea exprimati do 1.erbsi indeS 13,11 piiniti de conpLement\l d.i.recL (diarezapasiad , P^sioe yoice)l I n,asrdagtrE glish ar school.
Shc /d.s lur (lJ n,el.
rUDii art.ri ljonsid.rn vcrbul tn accasHsjtdrlie inirlnzitiy.
CONSIDtrEATtr CINERAL!
257
rJ subiectul gramatical poate in acelagitimp indepliii 1i suferi acliunea S 1832 r\primatn de verb. carein acest, caz se nume,sre ftrb tcflexie ( Refk rcftl))11
I
1.-..t|. a-.. t. _'"J
?. t.
1l t:|t:1i
4) Pelsoeni. l{umir. Timp. llorl. S 1333 pe a) Persoand Persoana este lornla o ia \.erbul care f"drson./. S 1334 a arita cn ac,tiunea ste tndplinifi de cel vorbe$te (peAoana 1). care fenlru de cl cdruia i se adreseazn r.orbitorul (persoana a 2-s) sau de un ali. obiocLl aninat sau in8nirnat(persoana a 3-a). (-\ruD0). Numnrul estelorna pe (are o ia rrbul pentru Sl33i b.) Nundr a arita dacn arliunea exprimati d cl nrc un singur autor (nw Ar singuLar.) sru nrai n,urli (numdt ptutat). c) TiDLp (lense). l'impul ara|; momentul sau perioadain care s S 1336 potrece actiunea enpdruatn de verb. Gnnaticr englezn.ca li .rea romeni, ounoarste tci,,timpliri de bazi"' ( Prindxl T1trscs)3, pr,:z.nl. h.t)ut -.i riitor. Pe lingi aceasi,a. verbul mai poate oxpriua si nuanle ale tinpurilor de bazi cu ajutoml timpurilor perlecte, nunile Si ,,timpuri secundare" fJecondal, Tcns?::l). (A se redea Conjagarea, g 1354) d) Motl (Mood). Forma yerbald care arati nodal cul]1este conceputii S1337 acliunea exprimatd de yerb este numiia nod gramaticaLIn gramatica engleze se l-orbette delalra moduri: indicativul. subjonclivul, condilionalul 9i imperaln principiu. acliunea rprimatn pri! inl.icaltu este reale, sigurn; prin subjonctia,iJea16, presupusn; prin cond.iliaml. conditionatn srr dodtn; p n inperulir, parn|ciLe sau sugerati dircct: (lndii,rl,ir) I rp.aft XDglGh. r'is ri{h Lim"\o., p,A?Inq.b,,.i!r rn m.,,1i.," .. -..ion, iv) t'iE.,.n it h" ^""rd. ,.on,tiliunat, |^ "art,t spp.''t English at Ionr lessonsl(Ituperativl î?rdl -\cesta patru moduri sint numite nodari pffsanale (Finit. Farns), deoa- S 1333 reco forne,lc 1or sint,legate de persosne.l)e lingi persoani. ]nodurila personale au numlr. l,imp, aspct, diatezd Ei sinL pnCic.Ltire. adici pot loma singure Dredicatulunei DroDozitiiI 62:llr. ' tl rt:r' rl' .ro,lu"ilip.rion. l". I'r crlnJri.a engldri re"bul ore;i/or.'r" t l:t:19 in,t r'nnatc(Nun.F;ni1,Forn' ol u I ptl, |\r I tLrl!).ar. nFfiild Ip!irp dp parsoane, sini inwaritrbile.EIe corespundmodurilor impersonaledin g.amatica romene li sint urmntoarele: inf;,nitivnl, carc denume,steao,Liunea, slarea etc.. o\primatn de verb; pdrticipiuL prezent,oare aratl o acliune in desh$urare ori o siare in curs. erprimlnd verbul sub forma de tnsusirelczultatd dintr-o ac,tiunesau arntind cirounlstan,ta(de mod, de timp, de cauzi cto.) in carc se pctrcce acliunea verbului; qt nd,irul, ca.c denumette ecliunea yrbale;
grama 'rJ ,.1 !it/,, I a. 1, ". , , , uiLt "/ 1r p t p . i . i - . i J " 'd p t ii .,o"' 1. , .1 l,mbii roma np _, L l. n . P. li. , a" r r "f \ . I n pr \ inr d u F . r r d r " , l " a 'r m i " i . r S ens crn na Lirn l l$ 21 . . {,.r' mr,Iil. J. L;, m on, nr u \ o r b r ; , , b m ' n u n F , f dpolr r , l J , i l- . l. p + - r nl. ' r F_. p' , ni, . ' . m o m p n , l . p \ r {i " . " . ti . , 1 ,' , nu" , dtiso lur-. r..;,no , i " 1 '" I . . _ , l n r r d a!a f . _ r o p o " , u1 on dn r p rdrd rr , r ' 6. ! r s au ' i ,.. t r , , : 'j . l, li t . i : - t t r hr . t ; . " ur.,."os,o".. > i I n. . { od nd
958 de tnsulire rezultat5 parliciqiul treeut, care exp me verbul sub forma dintr-o aclrune:
..*. "" o"ili"""Iiu i;"l'l:;:'.:;: -,4 \ l S40Fo rmFl FnF p- r s onalFn u .d rrp p rq o q n a ' a ' r' n u ma r:i ' i ' tnp' t!i a' l i r' il.: i:i
" "'"
sr a rpoc , .
p""."'] i T:,,:l;ll'ill:;lli"l'-I" +:"r,5J"i jlir
p j r i mo no'l s ip s rrr' rp rd rr" r" n r3 n 'idioi"z' iarinlin it iv u l t SZ5r '1 ,..r 0;n
'
rerbul poate ii pnn5l Vorl princip: !i Yerb suailiar' - Dupd funclie' cipal sRu au) iliar' v''6l rp ir'Lcl"sproprirrrsi ' re al t'*b t,rin ipol t.Th' Pt'n";pd\ { l34f "' ,,rbul rurilia' l' formdrrr'n'oJurilor\i c li'"rpurilor'on'lusp "1u,",',:l" The housew6 to ld'
I ndoea son ihtv ore at ttie ptav' Sho dtd the room' \ f lt l torl l cl ar rrui r' 0 t , ) V , r bt t t au t;ti o r r tl e A .u " ti u F t I rb r uj ura l r " on'roral p' our.i u ti i n i 'r' ' :l ' r ' 1u rsi j i rl : !e rb ale. om pu' e. l rrn a ' F a e ' | 1P' ;;;;J
germooreo
0"r,,.r', \'li,'":l;i" '-;: !,'1")i"10:'*i
l,:%i!!"i;.
ii::j" li,lii'il;:'li'l-:-'
i" nntoo'r r"u:
s"*o """,11.f"n1,1'.J;i.T::'*;;fliiii'"x""J'i*".iJiJ Din punctul de vedereal dura!'ei8cljunD

n,A r P.
N ar d Totrte auxiliarelepot fi ti l'erbe principale/lexicale'
v'rLcr" r i"nnlrr1n,/r'r erprimar". ii'_|,i"']i ,"^",,**us \Pfbe cu caracter o'nr d') [ 1J11
a) Aspecrrll
\)erbclor'
' '''
A,p.a. pain..
;'-:1Ti':1i,1'ri ':'"i:: l,*ii;tt;;i;-lil;l;j;r:ll ':i::;;;il ei: ninnrii

1':$"1'* i:[::+ i:]i:1"* f'"T;
lslclJ' care eril)rlm* a"/ verbe cu caracierdrrdlio (y erbsof Dutdtiec d1315 " acliuni sou st;ri ce dureazi: csre au taraoter d"') verbe cu caraclerdubtlr (Verbs of Doable AsPe'l'' da cotrr'\r: sru dura iv 1n fun'{i' -n^pnrin
A 1ir16 '--"
*T),, r"*"''r tl iii"",#;"il'""Ti i;,1'i;i?'i:l

I l?a fd a n ois c ( Nom ent J n)
to' {n ho - " rolv nu"di' !iii"i".? iiin ri" | 'sons He srorrel shorr' {Nomenl'nr rrur '$^ dJrs Durirriv) ii;:;;fi;; i'i l" '!irras'
gmnr'i i ' J i 1' bi i ' J gl r/' *r ' mo l i \ v Prb u lp ti r.;rs l ' ' ." u n porirumi l i r auri'i'-r r"'" "rp ri1.''r ' r - *" i" ' ) i))i.i'l i.iii,ii 1""r;''""uriiii " ^bli p \rd"'"t"'"r l i ra t rbpl \' ?' s r:{u m" di r" ' r' ' u t' 4 rn P t!) "r"tt ijai' iau^ r ! An i j ioi" '': i" " a ajungc lntr'un lunci'
CONSDIN^TII
CENIIALE
Ob se r a. L! { e Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl prin adnrgara part;culei advcrbiale sau prepozitio ale care le translormd in yrbe .orn p l e \p . ins i. l1nJ u s " . o . t" l c ..i p r" i n .,l u tu l u i . .ti ' .i rrl i .Ju rezut arui -i a . ! ru n rr o r i s t if lr p\ p m a te . 1os.t (: a der.n'r ldlrrativl 10s.t u! (: a sc s.ura) (momcnraDl (: I ii cnlcat, a znce) [duraii'r b tie t. tie &\\,r 1: a se c!i,,a, a se n,lnidc) (!roienra.) t o, nal. (- a l a c f) l d ,' ru ri v l (: a lusi) ituomenianl ta nat'r off (: I sed.al ldu.aiirt ta si.t _ 10s . t d. oqn 1 :a s e a re z r) (rn o n ' e n l a n ) to stdnd l: n sia h ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl to stand up 1: a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl lg4? \ -
fo s;t do, v n. t a t or d u p a u u n -o ri -i In ,J l -q L l ur.ti r (r-Jp" .ti r a scdad. o s t a i n fi .i oar r ) ln t u. r,!i p d " ro n te \tt o rl o n 4 .u p ral /,/ L b0r sdu bul el la care se mdnlnci stind in picioare); a stanrl-up ieal (: gistare luafi stind 1) ) _ A s p p, t t , u l f - o r,m e L o r u e rl a l c . trIa j o ri tatea fornetor {erbal e , or n rl mo a e ngr c z a at r do u a & .p trtP, h') aspcctal perfectio (The Common Aspcct or Perl ctive,4sr..t). care c\ D r i md .liun" a i- s iF i d v " rh u l u ;. F 1 i -i 4 ,n a u " " noLi Inad da rl Li rara qi d" S L3{ 8 .a1849
b" ) aspectul inpetfectie (duratie nn nnLinu.ttiv ) (Itu Cantinuous ot \ lJiO Prc'-r s';r, A s p*' ) . . s r c a ra l / .d a , l i ,rn F a v a " b u l u i ,n , ur. .1u .b se " st" r e petd . Acestor doui aspecte le corespund doui forme de conjreare: . ) ftnjuqar.o sinpla (lhc Simplp ConjaEat;on) cind A0liunea verbului \ 13il . I g, hon-" And llc do$n rvhrn I olz tir.d. Shc nas s/P?r\di. I saw t,. .onz in. ThrX ndd tud such lrnl con.tinud (Th. (ontinuons .c").conjryarca oind acliunca {erbuiui este i'nperiectivn: ot prclrl'.ssit)e Conjalation) | ltiJz
'What d. ron.r,inAr" "I am t.Liins at t.hencH jfr air linpr..' t hp ho b, . s l " 1 i ... | ,r ,1 i .. .r Hr ho. t t , \ r" a d " A rl | l " r-, ,.. HoN lorg iar yan bkt tchiaq cotds tjke this? (R.t.tililel
A t e n l ie
S ljb g
._ \un'"le te.anjutor. "au lonnt pn"ta:ri F.re i'lp"opri,r.,t"odrp.c il limba romdna .progresivtrr"umn, !..ir! .r,,./. sau sFd. /. ar, i rFDtt - roDu! r :r"s,r. .mr re nu e nazulaii. Fo|ao,ontiiua nLm"tp inLtj.Jr, tn limbl englezeb bc in lrrgrerr insemnind a fi in curs,"tr" in d(:s.fd.turarc, i.n Mnti uare, de unde:,.lrogress;re".
t Ve.belecomplxe ou oaractd nnmait.rr pot delcni dnrnrivc in htn.lic de cornrt. lt*
!00
t s 1:l;
S lil'r;
CONJUG.\REA
GE\DRAI'tr C.TITAOTUIiISTIOT 1\DIC,\'1,'ll\1trl 0Dtcli
1*!F*$*ff
! 13;1i
i1;, ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,1
TtllPtrRt I\t)l c \T l \' Ii i , Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui T i m D u ri l r' .onP us' au ru\iliid,l h !tu:flt l i i tor
'L i r I L urLlrrr '1 , , r u , r r r . i t j .t I l d t . d " f_i!tor ti1n, tlr lrtIl
ig*$fitffil"xi'fst
s 13t7
1
i
trli \ili,r n"Tt,r,t
Im*\
I
tig. 1
i:61
Aneliza fig. 1 lqi 2 Conjugarearonlini este un sistem eentratin Drezent{ver; Fi{. 1). pcl,Ltu F\primarFr lre, u'ului tal,l dp p'"rpnl. ronju'tar;x romdnJ arF-trFi rin,puri tl.tutrt impc4-lut. ppt[,"tut\inptu ,i I,"4..tt l ,ompu:. qi ,rn rihp rniFrinr a' P.lofai m4t mult ru p"r[ ftul. Pentru prprim"rpr rii'nr-lui romind are atitorul Ei \In timp alterior acesfitla. oi.itorul anttior. "onjugrr.r Uonlugxreo$glczi esl,eun sisten construit pe doun aft DarulLIci\ezi Fi:. 2\. cisl.mul F6tp oJdr pc rlouj t;npuri: pr .b oplr.p pr...ntu! ( p. *Lt i.rr,. ne dF a|a tt..u1u| (Pn,t t"nv). Redarea unci intinpldri sau a unei st;ri poate li ficutn: l) fie la prezent, lntrebuinlindu,se prczeitul indicairu,Iui; 2) fie la trecut, tntrcbujnliDdu-se t;cntnt indicar.iruluit
He knoc16, aaitt a liiUe and iher ot,ns th. doo.. lPrezentl H. kn.ked, kaited a little aDd l.len oFn.d tht door. iTf4,,L)
( l35S
\ ' t;i.')t)
S 1:J{i0 i fl6t
.\r..bpl" limpuri .int ri'.1nurir;,,r1, Dle au liecaie trcrural si ;iitotul lal distin.!. expfi-late pr;u r;lllpuri co puse. 1) Fati de prezrnt ( Pftse t T,n*). prc.entLl p.rfect ( prcynt p.jrfcd ) I tttjl A\p|lrni o a rlunp "r,t-fluJ15.iJ' r;.totut (Ft, t,) si r,,]ar',tt.tl .t tFulrrp Pcdcct). acJiuni riitoarc: /,,.".d1.1"1 '.'t,'r,. r,.r.riofip....nt .tu Ll t,".r toU Ir
'".-,'l iii', ; , i,
. . , . , t 1 -l ' , :i r , , ., { | , , L ! r ' ' " /,,1
ErentpLu:
Yon Ano$I Lrre."/1l ..r l)fr ard itratt.all asain. !X fir. o',li.k I sl.r'trlre.olLd t$i!e. Atenlic! Toaj.c recsle limpuri. fiind raportate la prezent. au auriliarut respectiv g 1B{i3
, r l'n{n de trrecut ( pasl Tcnse ), trccutul pei{l ( past p.rlcLt ) e\prima o - 1J64 . anl,ri^ rd. ),r,' tut loto d" tr.rLrt(t.r,ut tn,l,. t,asit ii't,ttorut -s li. a, p, !4 fuli dt: tecut (Futurc Perfett tn the past_/acliuni I'iii,oare:
I cn u t,i jI
Ir
i . , d , r hd
s no, ld, n r
t.cfll
pedect
(acliune alr,erioariL ircntului) 1 acliLDi riir.oarelaliL t 'lc trecrl
I I sno&tl harc I called
viilorul lale dc lreort \'iil.orul terfc.t
E x e n p lu :
I lold l'o! I lail unled .n her and \fodd catt lgdn. You krictr ihri by livc otleck I shorrldbsre.ali,l {s ngrccrl.
)! \
T o ,l n 0 , F s t - t im pur i. fi :rd ra to rtx ' .

l n dlc ollrnl lfP.nl.
l d /.p . r/. J u i U \i ti d,l ta r,.p-
ri \"
S l S ri t
Obseraalf.e . Arnlele srii d-iin luri - erupr prezontuluipc dc o part li grulo irecu- S 1366 ru ru, pp de olr0 - lormF0Ta rt':t-tbm p. I t! sitr,tlir.
!8i
s 136?
FORME VERB.{LE
lloonotnia de formc tn coniugareaenglezneste extremi. La verbele regulat, care roiNtituie mdroa majoritate a \;erbclor, o si[guri formir - aceeaa infinitivului prezcnt- stil l^ haz:rintrogii coniugiri. Este deoi suficient se se sLieinfinitit'il unui verb peniru a se afla ;i conjugarea lui, dao{ se cunoso urmAtoarele reguli de bazn: 1) lormle simple ale coniugntii dedvn de la tnltztltt ( $ 1639); s r 36q r^ rrll (infir ilir) - .4t1."olls (ildi.aliv prFz"nrr ' .o1r{imperdtiv) .ntl"tl\i",li."ti! lrc.u sLbjon.liv pre?pni. parri.ipiu rrp.uLJ- .dtrir: {participir prezent). s 1e69 2) formele compusese construiescou urmdtoarele auxiliara: WILL (cu trecutul SHOULD si WOULD) + iofinitivul s 1370 n) SHALL qi pntru viitor (modul indicativ); sini ciracte stice Tiilorul
I s/d ci1l, .tc. (lersoana 1 sg. 9i p1.) Iou (lZ orll. elc. (persoana a t'a ti e 3 a sg fi Pt l
I iilt,rul faln ,1. lro(rtl I sno"ldc 1, etc. (pe$onn.t sg. $i p1.) you .ro,id .nll, etu. (pe$omaa t-i ti a I'a sg.ti pl.l
s 1371
D/ SHOULD ti W0ULD + inlinitivnl lorneazd qi condilionalul: I sh.uA crl1,.tc. (!eNoaâ1 sg Si Ir1.) a !-a ti a 3_a sg ii pl ) Jox ru.id eauctc. (lersoana
$ 1372
t[turor timpurilor .J to HAVE + participiul fecd ajut[ la forrnarea pclfeote: Prezentulpertect Yiitorul portect
I rnz[ ],r. caued, ett.
l'reoutul pcrfect Viitorul pcrtect fati de trecut

I stoall /ure called, etc.
Co dilionrlul perlect
I sharltl. ha@ .altcd, etc.
pelfeet (forma modernd) Subjonotivul Participiul perlect

qi conjugarea pasii'I:
Infiniti{r
pertcot
s 1373
dJ io BE lormeazE conjugarea continui . pr ni. ipir l pr f ii. il' iul
, o n i ,Ea rF O .o l i nur: p rc z a n l I an ca.lling,ctc. l re .u l .^ n j u !d n 3 p J " i r" I a,, cailed, etc-
r Ac.stn tormfr de bazn esie nuoriti 1n Sfanatictr nglezil,,Iorma comuni" f?tu Cotumt Iaitu. The Dase)
un Ztdefl
0bs.raalie \o,n0n laiurs rct,,ali ., ,o,,jucr i engleze prezintn acceasi sincirie si S 137: ? .o,]iuga',.. -,. l" o T.a lirnp,||iln r, durilF o/1. i/rrr; or.,olor .i ^r'mic' rrpi linlpu'ida b.zi rrrp,u,. frpzen .lir !ii .fl. iu.u\ ,rut Ir[p] rldu,".I lo n'rr"lp timoului .au -o,l'il'ri r^.fF,.i! s-'1"' too1" 1;' r'i1;1),1. t.n a'.,1
core".punzdtoF: Viitoful Intn de lr(ul Con.ti!jonalulrrezeni p.ezent Slnior.ii{l I n i j r i ti v ul pf z . nl P.,rl i rit ix l pr ,z . nt l)rczcnlul !erlc.t Trecnlul tefL.ct \' i i tn tu l p -a f eL l l rl 1.,l e 1r.1rt L o n o T ,o n Iu r l , rP o Sulriofotirul perltut Inlinili l rrerfect Parlicitiul perleoi S 1375
ll r c e p I i c: Imperathul. xce p l i o n al. ( V ' ) z i . s162 2 ). .1 te n li. !
carc nu are perlFct decit in nxrd cu totul
s rB7
A se observa ideniitatci de formi a urmitoarelor timpuri ;i moduri. en. r z-. si da i .inpli .,ter ri , -izis ronlrrc.:rrii ',r ,a,. iriLli"rti,'i' pr'rpnr rhnr p"r... .,-a.g.r. d/ lnfiniri\ul t,rpl-nr ,tdr.1 subjonctivul (forma recho) si imperativul. DJ tndicativul trccrt si subjonctivul prezent (iorma moderni). a/ I'recutui portecl ,si subjoncti\ul perlect (forma modernn). rl.,)Viiiorul falE de trecut si condiliondul prezent. ,ri viitorul perfecr faln dc irccut, ii concti,tionalulpericr. Diiro.lierea acestor lorme este determinatd de .ront.r/. cnrc subliniaze inl.alid vorbitorului.,\ccsi are astiella dispozilie o qami intirriterie,ûbtiliLetti (ooertones.) cu caft.loate jongia pentru a ;i exprima cele n]d ijne nuanle are qrn( n sau srmlrrn. 0onchrzio Sistemul conjugn i enElezecuprinde la modul indicativ: 1) ttei.tinpuri d? be.ti aLercnj\gdri.i sbnpLe preznt. trecut ti viitor care evrimi o acliunc przenti. trccutd sau viitoare. nelimitatii la rllornntul 2t trci 'tnt)uti d h:d ot .q iup,.trt; ,onttrr" ptp7. nt ..a1tinuu.trF.u .onrinuusi vii,o' o.r",irrn, tn, u". ld n mom' rt, -'n'inlnr, dat prezcrt, trecut sau viitor; "i"c:r1rim.j Jt tr i t,npu t,,rl .,, ,tt. ,onjd;dti; r;,/,/./ - n-a/-nt pprtF, ', t,a.ul p,rf.,r si \iir.r p"rh" -,1p Frprimr 0",itni ,.rmina , nt"riu.rF unui ". m^manl dal pxpri'nrl prin prerFrr, trerut adu \ tor: 4) trei.ttnpwi perfecleaL conjryd.rii cadinu. - prezent perfect coniinuu, lrp,r'l I,Frl""' .ontinu r Fi \iir4r p-rlF.t ,.,,tinuu ..r" in "xp"i.r, i.!iuni r urs pina lo Dn m01.nt dar prFz;rr. rrp.ur :au rri or ."i.o-tin,rlnd .au nu in r oduri du lo l. ur trpzF.t ii un p.rla.t. pdrri.itiul J\ind in , Cplplelra prus ir un rrmp rrecui,
I DennniFa de ,e./c., are. ln rclasia sil.lr}tie.si sensuld. polcctat, iermina!, deci anterior !nni alt timp: !|czni,. lrecnr sau viiin.' : Pentru atrolunaarea accstni astect al limtii ngleze, rezi Y.rbele defe.tire ,odale
$ 1377
s r930.
904
s 1373 s 1379
A UNUI 1ERB nIEGUL-{T CONJL{,i,tltE-{SIIIPL-4. TIIRB) Ol' A rLnGU[-\R (sllrPlll coNJUGlTrOr DI,\TEZA ACTIVA1
(ACTTVITYOICE) TO N,ILL {A CHEI{A)' I \r I \ITi\i r?r\?l\'1?1 rz,
l)rr,zent ( I'res.:rLt)
lo c au ( : a c ] ' c m a l I'ARTICIPiL
ler{ect ( perfecL)
l o h a tc c:rl l ed {= a i i cl ' emar) (! ATTT]C]PLE )
Prczen\ ( Pftscnt)
(alr;ns i: clemhdl
Trecut f parrl
calld (: ohen3l.)
Peficc't ( perfcct)
hdenq .alle'l (: chenlnd)' L .V tnD ;
\l r' . l :L l N n l L \l l \ ( Prcsent) Pt.z$t I otll l.= chcn) rou call i' " I sre I caus
tl .\l rl a A i l l
i;' I'-- '

wr c{ll rou oall il,cJ call
'Irccs\ ( Past le se) I called (: chc!!am. .hemai, am chemat) You cnll.d h"| she I called
ir J
Fr called vou c rll"l l.iieY calld
Pfffed) Treeut lrerleot( Pusr PerfIt) Prozet pefc0t ( Present

I havc call|d i: am clremrtJ Iou ha{c ealled rlms.a llrd slr {'e harc callcd rou lave callld ihcr have eallcd
I hrrl callcd (: .rhematn)
Yiitor
(Futue )
yiitor pertcct
Viiforul perlecttati Yiitoml ta$ do trccut dc trecut (Fuhtre in the (Future Perfedin
Pdst)
I snolld c l l - v or c l 'e m '
the Pdst)
I siodld hale calted \"i li 'h p m a l , , ,
I rn,ll hnlc callcd I s/d/l i,all J, \ ,i.,T.. I I "oi . i ' fo-\ il|.'l\o]si'|''"\"il"J \ ' o' $oU|d' a|L
i." . | ,rr " I l$ir.,'r ;, iljft
\ii
r . . h //,.d l
, t .-,, "i'l .l rl' " \ ' $il.d
',r"r \o . $ilI ' c { ' ll"J ". . r . i. | lJ \ " ' llqJ
* s j.// r,av.
I woLrJ li_ I $"urd hJ\" t;.,ii" -'e i",i; i;" .lr, r" . 1
h.
*.
,,t,
'i l l l
ii"
{ ox " l l, ' lL' J { ull'
r, ,u ', rc dra h"J'\.'m 'l " d )! "r l h 'y $ o u r o r J v r 'd r r P o
",
l Y c z i q 1t7i- 1 7 7 3 . l nl l Fs \' rb -r ' , i . , i , - otr ' ..r" . " . * o n ' p rl i ' ," ' In l u ' ra r" Jd- dt" un hi ngu_ ' l l un.l ' l ui j*t , "ir r" ie ,, ,/, . \ " t " .,d ' r" J " c 1 ,.i u n i : a s rri g ' r. a xumi ,:r \i /i l a/l r.-l D '' tcu sersut ,,.tutii ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,e in gramatica limbii 'omane (V.z i S 1r 0r ) .
,6; tl0LlliL suBJo\cTIV forma Teche ( I ndependentd. dc linp ) I call (: sn chcm) slr. I call (,ttj B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)
Forma Doui Ptezet\t ( prcsed) Pertect (p.4.d) I cancd. (: se .hcmj I l,adcalted (- s,'L fi ct,cmatj
Jor falled |eI she I call.d Jou had caltcd t re l she I had cdteo
'rJjrl
]\IOIIUL co\DITtoNAL (CONDIIIONlL MOOD ) lrtzeloI ( Present)

chena)
I'ri I
Perlect ( Perfect )
I s/pzld have cdl.d (: ns ti ctt.Irarl you wonld h.rvc call.d nct slic l ivould halc ,ralled ri I we sloLld nare onlt.d Iou wolld |ave oalted Urcy would }ale callcd
ir, I
lloDUL TMPDRATIV(I]11'DFATIt/E trOOD ) ( Pcrsoana a 2-d, sg. ti pl.) &ll (= oheane,.henali) {Yezi9i g 162!) OONJUGI&XA ACNY.I CO:{TINUI (vezi S 1te1)
DINTEZA1 ICTIYA
(acrrvu Torcx) XiODU R II,E P E R S ON AL E

i ! tN l T ! IOR \IS OF _ {V ER Bi
s 1380
5r 3 8 1 5138
I. II\DICATIVUL
(T H I] IN D IC AT IY N )
pdltif'S.
exprrma ta ije ler b Lr r , ,' a t, rr{ a r" d .
sau eristen,ra .trlodulindicatjvprezinreacliunra,si,area S 1]8s

PX,DZENIUL
{THE SIIPI]N
$}IPLU
IIiESE\AI)
s 1384
1 ) De fi ni, lic . I n pri n c i p i u . ti m p u l g ra m d ti .a l r umi t..trei ,i r. e_rpri nr.r ! tB S b o a, l i u n e sb u o s r s r c . o e ri i q l rn ,li n p rp T r' , . l n t, p t i r,.H . p.fl ,,.,,t. de Li --,ol .- , aresFrp f"rd \ pr bul F " , n " l i m rrs ts ;l n ,a p " i n tF ,u t -i dutr0/.. ri n ti i tor. ir , . 1u.i v mo m c nlul pr pr p n t i n .J rc F . \' o rL i l o nrl . "ild rVe zi S 177t - 1t 73.
266 a , r:hB sroeulitr' - Ptpz"n'ulsinllu:'"::": 2r [nr,n;. Poreoarra:r:l-i'l :r-d'ingul 'r' '"re ,or'" p".-""""f"-", ,',-pi;" n^Fodn;i a ,., si i ni:-r iv.rl. t. "']":-' , ''rrinllio di 'in' r'ra: .... "" "
a 3'a Or tog r a fLtL persoanei t " l' ' : : r: T : "iu ' i rit ' A"t i ' 'o """r".i - -" "ilo'.i'"'ai" l n 'r u ,r ' .i'u "r i.' i 0..".rr .h"sri,rn' t " :S o' p lt"alu lu i ''o ' " ' " ; ' t i' " e r a t i'r i i v p rb : p F n ' L u '"'""l '"" ilu't'sri\" c\emplc i i - " 1u"."." r r r m;roJrolor
i,'l:i'|"!il"' i;i'iI'J"l5ti"l'"",i";"li:' s in g u la r'
/a) (S el):
lo looli to r.dd l. bcar -
hc looks h. rcads lLe bctrs to i'o lo
lsl lzl Lzl take lliSueclrcte -
to s.ow - hc sro$r lo iaai - he ta\Ls ro eve - he cXes he takes tsl

nc ne he Pledges he lursos to blil,z -
trl tzl lt)
(b)( s sz):
to laoD to .o[gc -
sn'" laces she .orges
l,o plcdge to turse -
|o l.eezc -
iL fee?es
(cj (6 s:r):
to d.css to mir he orcsYs hc nnte_' to lnsn to icach to match -
iL blitzd
he Pushes he r_"achct he maicnes
rd, {s95):
to l'Iy
ro,ar-J _h.,ar,tr
xe saJs
ne gods -..-"
to say
io go
($ e6):
-
to to'r
he loys
(e) (S tot)' -^ f/) ( S10 2 ) l
ro do
''
ll l;1""-i" llrnl"
;:i:li"r Hi":f;""
lt',i"::'"*."* r38? 3)Porbotoa +,2-i:'^::r"*; s i"i racr Ji'$iJ:, mutr " rormi , o it ta p"r'oan? 2."u""il};l a.Acii si bun-bunl
dinrre
.iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'T pa"$q*1 p""'." ::';lt" i. ,,"'i"i."i p"r.oan"lpdrn ongrndr' .1

i""i.,.i
i-i " -How oo 1'"' i"oi';rli"r- u ^ ( s auti" m Ji r o r r nal
: hltl) : aslc'iai asoni (llsrd !h'o (onomalopce 1t o a P o l c o r' lto r : - " 1, c ain c i rl l a i p"..,,iTi,m ari {rialectahsntrliLfarir: o&.4ll*' arhaic,-I, !e,s. n r a ss. c- r.Lu lormi
'"i'",i;i"," io,rre i;," ensrcze d irmDrr .cra.leris1,.5 A.asru i',1.'Yll.li-1"^-.r;.i,,i."r rctar,iiru
r' i""^",,..*".".s"a". orisin'iul:"qhi a""^rn!'IliJ dP jc x ru r F I'ii1q.",l:1"""1:':T ' g ra z :1 9 )' " ' ' rY ' lnrrch"rih din i'""itir" 'r 'or "r "l polirctiima c a z in-\ : vhal cn I do
r"r;o,ri:'ir î:]."i..-,,, ,, r,....-rs ri;::' ::f;il:'r :;: ii :r ri:i' '" i'"Ji il i" "i' i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl 'ii'iii obr'^""r:a ':ri'aIl:il
'"',,.;T't\l;;ir,:j;i/,"r,,b,irr.;.1,,'il":ll,',,lJii :lXl,ii:l;;-."; . orr fl Lurdr'oFn' I't
!67
lor lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,: '\lhat \\rili lrou have. sir?" etc. stnLtraduse cu .,Ce mai /acl?', ,,Cuce t serrescl".,,Cec'rr:i si iei2" in loc dc: ..llespectete mel_e". In magazin:.,Cuce rd pot serlil'. T,r restaurant: r)oriyi sn lua1i!, ,.Ce 4) I trebuinlaruri przontutui simplu. - Ilrezentul indicatirutui esic { 1388 lnlrpbuinlrt penrru pxpri-.'. ir. lun.lic dp,.nr,\r. drj in.pul pr.zcnt. frI 5r Irmpur trecui- \iI 1ur,or.
z) Exprind f i,npul prezenr. $ 13Bg PrFzantul 6implu.cind InJJ ri'npul prpzFnt ,^.r r'ai hc,rpr ti tntr,. bumlnrp a sa xpnlnn: ( an etttnul rr uii J. f; ra speciticarei ijmpu \ 1t90 dJ un adevnr gen eral. u ]ni:;ersal ' lui,rumil ln a,e. rrz sj ..trpz.n etrrn-1. loar'" ii..li,"t in prorcrbe: The Earth rurn.s or lts dis.
jn reed i." a hiend jndccd. lP.oterbi -{ i.iend Tlii, sun.;rs irt the east ad se1si! $c FesL. TNo and iwo {"3 ion.. Dab'es u., lery sNeft. "Thc child is father ol the nd."
,/
o acliune sau o sl,are care cartrctcrizeazi subiectul:

The lanulc flor! into lhe Bhck This tcni /Mlds lonr pcople. II i ,r \e N qui, k $o. 1. . r cai\ slim ' f os i. He laees ltr canp out. l. b bt:d \F sle ju. . t l, \ Ps t aot : : . . c . ue h os a tbm . Sca.
s 139r
cJ o ac,tirne sau o staro permanentd care cons|ituie un obicei sau care q 1392 este repetatdl (adesea cu arlverbe sau locut,iuni adl.erbiale repetiti\.e. cn: ' al*alf, often. seldam.usuaLll. ca.r, neecrl trhen&er, erent rlult. on qe.hends
oa, liles and lca.ns. lProvrbl s,nls hlr lltiers brf ai. nail. -qherlccpi iir) litlle. doisn'i nc. Hc , : , . s \ ilh "L on d n fdllin ; n' \ .
\\i, /isnr 1o. r'cace I
r "r l.
r '" . . 1
,.1 \r"
rl,,
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268 q 1e93 d) o rcljune sau o stare cnre are loc ln momeniul vorbirii, dar care no qrr_.urrrp. ci nrrn,ri ra "ristind: an'tr' ' , I riin.l In ,1,
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'fhey /,.1 old and {oul{i like io see thet grandsi,n
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I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai lor n.nrtdz it. Tl,cy a.e shd Xou'! cone g 1395 /J l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd l a u n iapi c e ar e l o c i n P re z e rl t: Herc .oma the ,tnzaf of ihe CuP. etc ) de eveninent'e corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect verb inversati): Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as'a1l th e .l ' a i rr.d n to I r od. c ur l, ' , po n Hcr' ('. a,tu a-carollinglr atuitt ga.s yab cdb!
'ttrre a.a th."rtnne. beli ! Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t ! Hcrc c;mcs m! fdtlet ! Lct\ sneak ouil:
gl Dc asemenea, prezentul simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau E 1196 indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caractr momentan ($ 1344) fi nu exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln momentul vorbirii: on actingi.(: "Do not sawthe air too much " l{adletr'sadvice
Jo hr's l"ll' " ia y s r t i" . u ' f ' _d ir ' a' . ! r l. "l Dl , ,pllr nr. J o r r ' nr s n br r m p r . " o P
ul pir sclor. sl filii a.rp in reb rinlar ln i.dicaLiilp!..nicF, in rezL'ma S I39? ' lologrrijilor mal^rii pov^tiril^r. la rillurilp arli.ol.lor.lin ziar.. al legendelor din ziare etc.:
Oli\in e ,, r u o "t ds t , \i"r.o .* , or', dr I up qr . r dd d";rl. slulvry.
t: trec 9. Erptind fitupuI $ 13$8 - H isloriN ar N axratiaePrcscnt S1399 a) ( Pr.zcntulnal alir saai^rtoric ) - P en' tru a'se da mai nlulte aioiciune stilului, tntlmpl6riie trecut'e sini porrestite la prezent, uneori ohiar in continuareaunui tilnt trcui, ccea c contribuie la rliefarea faptelor P01'estit:
I qenr ir MC, clovd lhe doo. Snddenly a voice .alls oul .l the dalk dd srart'cs flc. I tcel iainL atd .aD ha.dlv waur' i ji au il,c Pacnls ri that d'll1 I rcmemhc(d one flridlr': Noihe' ir in the silliltgjoom' in.o,tt raiii to l,tr lii a 1\hilci bnt nll the ti;ie I /.cr th{t atl is not as il Ot rd, and yet I datu roi asir r,cr aboll lhe doctor's visii. slould -,'"
Prezentul narativ cste loalte rar lntrebuinlrat in engleza vorbitl A 1400 il ln cazul unor Yerbe care se reterA la informalii. cat ta forget, to hcar " to tt'ritcela'j 3e l:n dlh). io l.dnr (: r 8lla). 10ldl, ta be told, to uniLcrstand, intrel,uinjclz. do prchrintr l'^pznt(l simplu in locul przentuluipedecb:
I /o/3.r \rl,{t diy iL wt6. (t\nr ur.iat Ne zt .ttr) r Pe o il$lfatiL de !t{im Nor: .,In1.,1-n.. ,,n ea tt aL t: .a pt .-A.nul c r ! e t u' jt . si ri colindim."
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riitar s r10r 1. E a pr i m d f i m pul d) In limba vorbitn, clnd exi.itaur adYelbde timp aiilor tn propozilie' .\ 1{02 simplu erirrnnnuneori o aoliunesau o starc viitoare. a.steptatiori prezeritut un obrcer: proiectatd,sau care constriure
'l'otuia* is J!lt-. 2i Term beiiiDs o^ Monddy. The past;nan doesn't eall on ,S,nda?
simplu esteintrcbuinlat ln specialcu referirela prograne' s 1403 D) Prezentul etc,: avjoarlelor orare! nlersul trenurilor, al vapoerelor,
\1hat tjmc ts ihe nnsic lesson odar''1 \re razd at. livc this allnn on The York trnio is duc in al 11 am. thc mass dntonstration is at 8 a.n shulp Lolnonos' Profesor Morris is dne io lecture on Frrdag oe.k. ' ' \ ! npn da,c , . r Sun do ! , iil, t s BBa p"o; - or F. . lL du, 5n . . l, s d n a lt ; - ht . on- . . at b, r , t . as t . ' nd: r ' lt do! lnLv rr \" t-'ra 't""-.lo l t r aa' ann"" Tt " ir is o ,a to H'oth' a; . t ; ' p. t t lt t , all hnur '
D" fapt, 'a.i in limbr rom-n5. programarpdplanilicor"rsau inlerc'ul eri.ld in irc/"n1, i'le'Fs.si tn rraful. !1, r'alizarFain \iilor'
Uo rh "r 1. , , - io- r ' r r " J i d p D ' { l \-P \. te.r,po.l Pr"z A n. Ll s im plLrp ' l A l n l rF b L i r,l i l i n p rc p o z l i i tP si undot. ql rrp \rrl ocrp care r ale. a u cu nJ i! io' J le - p p n ru a .x p ri rn a o o c L ru n r s" u a p l o . .a n. init , nt , F a u rp ro p F (o n " o n ' i l n n l . ' u oLti tt l un" tau state Ritrs me un as sooa as he ga,t lome (Telitoneaza'mi oe ta ros, rc'r.si.) hr J , s l ]o u to . D o r' L 3 u nnlil t'ndatn _
$ 1104
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indicatirului prezelt ilin limbi romeri, ilr limba cnglezi' s 140 5) T:raaluoerea asupra traduccrii urm:ii'oareloroazuri cu aLn1,ia lndeoscbi - Se'atrage totul spciale:
t ,.o.h -.v At.ron p.'p , ot or u, t 1r r . L, nl, , .
\ nu I o' "/ P", \d l.ou _ o nr'P | .ha Lu v,, T\ ." s h"n I c n, s , oJ al, , / p in. . ' 5o"t nol" m odal" r tV , i " mdlrd i,n "l'\/o- ' i Il Virian crues on llondav, I'll look him uP iDaoi Vilian ta cd't luni, am si na duo sil vad ) no longr t b d l - r l o 4 i i l . I nra. . \ our,d lh t, - . ' lonof los . ' ' il m r ' l - ' lll m in, nr n Jr 'r n L p a d b 'l ,frr'r-, D-cJ nu,, r \\ I \ ' hi a . np ' D ' $. ! )h" \ ili lo ol a r /;P d" \\J\ F " \d v'r;rrjJ '
97n S 1,l0ti al lndicotivul rrrzent din linlba romann tradus ln linba englezi cu ' ;nd; ;;"ut r,.ut s;npll' $r,ontin,'u { S I4ll. 2838):
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e./ Indioelj(rl prezPnttrdJus cr prerentulsau cu ,;iordl cantinuq reJind iiiton,l in .rilul familidr (S 1521/:
\la: dzc la llinbttre rresl. o o.d: $al. iD ar , ho I d rl t + :"'& tr " a s alk I n J n hn r ' l ll i" A:t' E . u \
,ll lndi.atilul prezeot tradus cu ttfrrldl sau cn eiitoruL fald dc tecnt S l{0$ " nntinttx. r"drnJ 'iiao',,1rn s ilul fr nrliaf \S li2Jr: o oIe A spusotl se du.eta plimbare Peste
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1- The rveath.r ;s g,iig ,, .|aDgc l crnhesl,e-l'. tievi l.enulI
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rt 1 " . l ' .rr;n n ,o n ' ,' ,, r.'mi na -nI ttttn t' " , . ir " in\ ul ! rs z u ti l lr i JnD d In o ' ' e ne1t u t J n' ;Po td . ' x' r i rr' 4' l i ' tu" F sts ti n p re l ;"1 F " lF , onl/ , - po ro tu d 1 " . F t t,t t tt tn tnt t\' ot ' 1' l tr' p. i ri ri p ' rl , l ' ,pr I F' r" ri rnr" rl ;n r-l ,ui ntdl D" l t iinJ ir ' l l c ...l .a u $ 11 1 5 " t,-, l e p o r " . Lir . a inlr n ' p l a ' i l o r t;p ' tt- t It ,' tu t l totot ' a| t ;snr" ' [)orroti v" or Historic Pdst)l: Georsc,,a,...d ai this rnd !rr,,d.l ac.oss{i lhe Chicl I'ligincer' rle ,tird himscu togel.lie. and rhtt ontLnued
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.^r, printr{tn verb la un timp tuecut (care aparline grupei trecutului g 1418 1356): {
'thet s,cte sains rhcn we ord{e{t. 1t f . t t ! had ! " n " r,.n ry d
li, . ' , . I . 16 \ ?t . oat d: p " it II- totid to th "' . p. . r n' r $niUw"' s t aoid Dointtnes. p ^t , h" .h p , S' said tir ' . 1 1u- n - - t 1ii" I nus i. . J . { S t , t i n 4 : r ; t , . o n f n r m .^ rPrlon d, nr, I m t r r lr or )
h o o ntcrpd thp room
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h'tuN ,]id yor sa this buruundvl T t r y did ni. . a " h .r u r; ^ ;r /ra ," . lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls? lvho sa'rdso? Who ,old yon inarl 1 bauahtl\is ooat ar lla.rod's. What dtd your teleajsioncosrl Hoh m u. iJ , ]' o u r,r4 r.r rh . As ta c .l s (tt.? HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:
d) priq context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte:

lt'@ she a! home?
He .ane cv.rv dav lor $cks. The rlay pd; teii sed,.,t rou hea. that noise? ,'d.e'1'0u aL the nartv? \\'h1 l d d Jo . - aJ / | ; av n r h"J r d ) ou Yor d/d, I sc. e tn ttte .lub. I ner him o, d fntt night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.
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I J.r(. ,lcrome, Thtee)Iet d a R.tl :\'l . l ur: ' l d' .i o' -' 1. ,..' i .u ro \ r'..,:, 3Df r ; l I ' " ld l _ -q t r' rrL i ' . rrl i l - n;l : I' l ' rl l r' /nr ' rrrrl uro 7r' i .J u,r' , :. \- l r' r.: ' nJ' -l .' ,i .. p r' r I r | .:t n t ; , nlJ io' . r , .
noln nl b | " : i- t '..d | ' t - b' r" l in | ' :r rnr ' r ' r | ''r " i t r v " "m n trDl. r,tlnrla carc iusLil'.i ' 1nl, o iTf,u l. nr r, oui , r ' l. J ,jmr . i r b. ", ' ' \ o '! d d ' li- n11" I i: '.r.'1, ' . ' i,ut i.:riro t.o,r"dio nd: " t i . " r lor ' r \ d' L l 'r ' / o .n s.blo .' :' o ,J 4 l' l g . n r-. ' '5 F.n nJ ,,o llc v ialf . \ 'l u r l d p r ; / p - r ' lund' ru uljo I n 'r d d r ' r r i 'u
2t3
\\:e riotldi,ro&ldr liltc lo i.lierc Ic @a."lbr a poct' (\_e'ar |],-i.ca si! rriilfm .ii esre Poer"l
: )) Sl i h rl c oloc r id. - Pi n .i c ro g a re d rl rr" g u l a ' ofesl nr' rl rl rtP rl i nrl ' urj - S 1128 ru 4 0 .rr F r 4. prF/oni ,\rq-Fn 3 rn t ur : . in l ; rr,o \ , r Lir ' : - i t , - .r' . ' r" " :,r' r p rF rnr' r\urrrl r' n l p d ' n , , \ . r l, .; n, r."l ,r: fn ,' 'l | " .rl r' -' u i . ' rrl i i 'l ri n' nur di n r' r' t' ozi l i e oruoo l i i { . " u . l r . / d t" i t,, t., t::t t : . , i, ,,t-* ." r li, . . r,t/ mc she Is gting to bc o{$ied so.n -!lri I /rnlt stif,s
d ll' fh ". rl ||I r , ^. . d' , , l, nl , ' ,, .!r', ll" ,.. ttf , tt .i de ltr I !S!l lgI'2. jlrl44l' raria!1.1e c\cnllol.. 1t.zi Desjsur ci rella lea u no r ac f iur li s nu s L; ir i t f c . r iie e \ p r i n a t e l n s t i l l l
direct
fiitoare pislreazi toLuli forma de lrt'xl conlorm plin prezeni,fnrn il1rplica1,ii timpurilor: iesulii corespoDdeDlei
H'o,t
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ro
F\
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ld1 'r
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$ 'l ' g'.o " ''
Din schemclede la ! 1356 qi 1357-se { I'129 6l Tmihcerex in lirnbt rorne i. de lrecl]t esteexprilnatl in limba noliurca i,'djcrliv. la trodul con.iiit:i ca. qlF/d n,inrr .,4n r" rorn ' .prbrb' -'i rnrrm' I'in inlli"1ri 'rl rr'ul ' ^ j.. l:{.or. iar r' li nhr I 'n;": lti' / l l'r'rrF \.ch 'l' drlprrrp: t P)!1I t;s ) I inr'.ri t.i,li:. Ir:6 ln lr"r. irul tr"' rt p,j.",ii 7.,1 t't a,-!., .i ".,p',,.."-1"_i -l 'lr'dL'F'1 'rr'r ''lph r p r 'rrr , ur",.c.'rpe tr linba romeDe.astfel: t ' ";ntt,' 'du 'I p4t thl "otlpu li rFd'r'" inrr'lpbril r t ll:lll ot-'tp (s l:44 rrF.ulp d n, li'r ", t\orr',', d dp \p'l' " ' rb 'r num-nl 'r 'r 1347): 134r:
il t . t ' |J t s t t ^ ' 1 1' lh! ' p d ' , .11 1.1 t li . _il ,',,-. , . 1, s "al" " -' \\c a ,nl to { lli"r J f s r er dar ' 1Nc 4,, .l4r ifri la ttalrrr.)
b) crl inperfc.tul ln cazul acliuni]or sau stirjtor' cu cal'acter duraljv (li 1:145) sau reprititiv:
Hc sd1 ll,cfri i ' aiLins lDur aliv i /.se&a aiolo aitrflin'l l l fL P\L 'l ' l' ' ""P fto r 'r_ '/ L je :r'\.' \ ( s],. ;'16 i Llcrei N.avcr lDu.aiivl / Era ,r lr.1 1o . { c Dr it . n r ' l
S 1431
., D rpTFnul \arr \ri o' ur' s u! I { l 4 l l . li2q, . dlil -n "l rr\F l i rn p rrrrl rn e fal : I om i- i t radu i c l n ir nb llc "-"ij
\ l'r'rrn \\'' ,,.i1, / 'rl' llri l' 'n i 'r'dcum s-r ardtdt,rnJi S ll32 irecutul sinplu e\prinliir'1. Pe lins; aceasta. 'lrrpa q4
urri .s1433 saustari anterioare unci ac-tiuni ii,,i; ,,,"tt ,,"?'.rtcrril tn-cazitl monlenl "" "'ii" dadtrecut(S 1423): ni,iiira' r)rcztnlcind noliuneaestede prezent(in cadnrl cores- S 1434 "i t;mpurilor) ($ 1424); ponddnlei
rr',.n i rol, ' \ , ' Ilnir r- i i r P r c s sin
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i i _' ^.r^ ' Lrai ri . r4' r' i r rr4' u\rorr
3 1 r.c t , t 1, . , t , , " r," ,1 anterio. unei a.tirni lleente.
'n
" ,,
??4
143, .
{ 1438
c)..cr t'iitrr uL_ t:n\d noliunea sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlonti
( $ 2834).
Atcntte ! ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl cu care afe formd identici. (Vozi $ 1553). dc mni jon .oi!in subjorLl;ruj sr xu treLurul(dupn r c,.iu,,Llia . .Exemplele ,.d/r ii1 .^r,. rurr i.-, a\pr ,, Irqt-ri,.ra,: It\ linc Llnlil ron qe',r fo rr1.
llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. la r\tjNa!. Ion nrd ,ef.. sav .r.s,. /lIa i l)ine d i s pr ne _dr . - i: TLey \vish llhrrl ih,:J .,r sr. von. /-,1f l,.t si i. toitr-l redfa i 1 1. rath c . her ) ad t . t ] , f . g. . rll rv (At ',o pt.fira sir s! ' ia, insoarc cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)
5 1437
7) Trecut Di riitor.-, Din Fig. 2 () 1357) se vede .,n in.i;.j4liiri?lrrecut, ocupa prtrul .jstemuluide tirnl,uri care apartin trecutului.r\sadar.pentru ' rednrcu unpi ,rcliuni anrprioarc iceteia exprinat prin i dicati\-ul tre.ut. vcF bul cF lunp l\.!r. rt.t pa[!"..t pa\t p"[..tt.i"tp.n.u.F.riun" vii nar.raia d" d.cF1_"xpri dr! pfln in.t q rrrt rrq ri r"16,rt ... pur. t) t;! ut [afu tJ? trecut. (Ftllurc in the Past)l
lt".bllm ) 160. . . a , r \t -d st'r. .i o r ' : , , . J ttp , |". t . t r ( \ t i. , .n . " tt. .,./d.F" r. l\iiror ," o ,T f,d.d../
S 1438
5lf39
Obsereq,lie l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit ti riilrr..,l fate de acesta slnt l,impuri constnrif,e cn ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme irnpuse de coresponden,ta tirnpurilor, care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''td in raport temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, ( I 2838). 8r fompnr0tieiotrc irocutul bimplu .i trcrllrrl.ootinu||3. FormasimDla r indi,irivului r".ut i\primrj o drliunFsau n starp,,.m/ral.itn1.un mumFnL dai.irecur;lor_ma continua snger6f.ze co tinuitdtca unei ac!,iuni sau a uner stdri_trecute. deci ii Japtul ce acasranz, a fast desaitirgiti. Dacd intreabi cinovn: "Dd lor hEd.abort Lord Nounitatten'$rragic deaUiin Ireland?.' Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
"Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.',
"14 './r'r : ,r-eJ dlJ lr _ da. . i \ _o"biu"LI "" g r i j I l d m n m " 1 u t d " n t d u t u : b a r "/, r I d" id l l L. t g nd, , t . , . . 11 . , , v r , . r i in^ r o z i o d . r '. r , ht|-,..Tt,v,v.r, ns rlo ,( il r ',. . r , . t Rool r "t J y . _"u\ r,rt., t"" inr;rpr. iorbirorului nr' : t . ,.1 :1 .n ? .i a . r . . t a s , dor , o . , , luJ r ; . d d., - .,,i.".it.
R;spunsul suqereazdrd informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd vorbilorul .on.idFr; Lhestiunain, his,iSe poate lnsi rnspunde fi a,r trecuttl conti.nun:
$ 1410
t) Douna{tiuni simnltAne. - Dcui saumai multe actiuni tre0utecarese dcsfaso8ri ln i.olasi fimp pot f; eriprimate prin indicatii,ul Lrecut, conrinuu.
d d .; . F ^1 . . . r I |t c rF s F J T i, s . a . u n I i | , u i | ., p d lor l " u^ motuent drt:
\,"/.la,In l^ ,tt) t ,1 1 ,' o . " lu \, co q r t.1 .) .,1 . 'E t,.,., T
!?6 []rfn I tuned in i.o ihe lilc o'clockne$s, Ure annoDncer,asrcddt,g the nalncs ol tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s LeingPlalen. (Cind anr pns radionl pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a nunle rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd li se au*a tnnzioe.) Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd S 1441 p rin 'r'.u ru l . i. lt ' lu I nc ^ i d p u n d ,l L Arh ' ? t. F \p ri mj ' unri nui l al F- ' JU /,ci .o n ri n ri r ,rp o j . ,r,/. \ :i ' nLl ranpi l i aar pr..: i {, r t t.."i 'Jr"J lrere tn laft-comets Pourtng -\s thc slrow ntuceetlen. He ou.ed,an, illrIc thc noist outsider@ sro"B in Yolumc. Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intorseazd. ci simplul fapi c{ S 1442 omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul acestea au avut loc la ur silnpln (N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt): Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam ho .. a,t-;& dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.) \itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the pdpt it t l l o . l a _ lo lo n n {. so il n'u :. r 4. - l' r ' L s or r n i l - l l i . s '- P 9 , . P 4 1 r l r " l r l n t h . " i ': . " u / , r , fl1 ; J ld o ra.r ", ' r ir J r r . r l r . , , t 1um . 1. tlup. i: .dl r /"1 r " r r ' ' / ' \ " r r _ - n' o ,o h . : n:. ,^ urd n'
PREZE\TUI,
PNIiIJIOT
MECT]
$ 14.re
(THE IITESDNT I
r' Formi
|'rol.n|U|p.|tFc.''a' :in''||r|U|.ompU.di|||inl,ar"r'r"nJ nun r. Ja ,sern'n.'r". -" torn,pdr". u rruronrl rndi"' i'ul.ri prcr^nr il su\iiiarnlui 'o f l.\\E. lrmr dc p.tt:;piut tr-rl "l vcrbului dF.unjucal:,
I hale callcd: fou hdt! .alled; lhey la!. called, calledr he. shc, ii h6 callsd; we hale calledi you IaYe
$ 1441
D. Functii
s 1445
Din F;g.2. S l ,iL. q. or..'ori a prezerlulpprfr I la'e parle,lin srupg ,lF 'i mpuri , arp rn ""rrrrl lor 1,r':,nt"t indi ,ltitu't/i si slnr ' on lruir" ' u "u respecLive. auxiliarelor rr,"r:.nlul Prezeniul perfect,erprimi asadaro acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl \arbului FqlFin ,.. yntp1y;, lar alll rlp "lrin. l"qrr" do a -- r In'll lnlPlFSUl t.tpt Jc tt"z"r1. pqz.nlLl Dorlpil li:nd 'r',anri hiar lr-d'r. u prF/rn ul ln ]inlba .omend (S 1475 b). PrezenLulperfct are l,"ri tntrbuintiri /rrincilale. Dl fuaLn: l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate $ 144ti prin prezen',:
on i, nJ"i". \h n 1 p 4as / , nd bnak d r , n- al{ d' . . d " '" 'h l J p e r ' m r . , l dd_U. j 44. ? i1 _ 'l d J u n a " i " r F p . D urnin ,,l . ,lu r,1 oi \ or l. I s r o l i o r a ! u p o l \ L liv.. , .n I h t!" ar ", t 'Jp .a:ca "r , r lr l' "u, . a t b a 'r o , bu' d lir p. m lop r . r ' e tlut',t " on l, * l, r' ',1 tic| n, ) 'd
1447 2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori "r cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu,sivlr*rii acliunii respeotivencfiind india deaarace n intereseazi:
D.ry has broken. IS'a cr{pat de zi. l: Esle zi, dcci ne tutem scula )l
ln di mull a LiPr ic nni ' E \ orsie um s ar .Pd" 1 , nur n l ; . , . o , r , r o 'i n bt t o. : \ t at . t dd ' ,' it o' n,w 'l duri iitlu). inspj.at{ din bltsDele 0clc mai cnDcscuie ii o e constiLuic cvenimenhtl lradi_ liohal a1 s,lrlriloril{tr d. ialni'L-
276 Whal ,rs Dfozsn,vou here? lce te-a a.lLs aici? (De cc ds,t aici? Ce nei de la minc?)l lvho nas l,tu,\e, the l.caD.t? Icire o s??, ceainicnl?[: Ccainicul.s'. sra.r, deci nu putem fuc. ccai.)]
| l"nr. .""t n , In .,n L d JU' .1 p i u r p
n tallou m nunJt. (Nu stun.,nd anr vtzut. iar)loul. cioi nu iriereseui tltu d .r,_ f F 7. 'a.ut lld ul ln f r ,/" n r: ta r,.u l, i rl r.n o ... . r i ,pl , al i a .d j nr ,nLU ,i d.rnrr.I
wl{ Drf
ctrd aios t des c his di d c a s L .a .c i l a p tu l c i l e rc a s i .r'adsrdeschi si i i j cl deaceea.srrcr. letter?" "\o. I h.eca't ben dble La get a stnmp. tlecryihing "IIarc lan pastcd.l.he p,ts ctosed." ]{ cutie?- Ntr, n an lutut gi6i tinbrc. Pcst. tot cra ltrchB., { Ai lus sc.isoarer "Eao. lot ne! t\ti Flcndnrsra" "No"_ "I'd like votr to rnaci ttiem.i' ( cd;Drri fa'nilia l lemmint?- \u. - ni vrea i[ rc ,rcztr.)
ld,. 1 o u o j. o Pd tt n \i \h .\. 4id,.hi. ( \to m F .,r t"t"d ' t^ a
x' l
.!r..t,i ni r'n
rr!,.a.d
$ 1448
3) o acliuno sau o stare incoputfi in txecut care durcazi pinl ir prezt'rlt (sau pind intr.-un moment,trecut atit de apropiat de prezent incit se confundi cu acesta)jcontinulnd sau nu ln pfoze.t sau in .riiLor. Se deosebesc urmitoarele a) durata perioadeide timp in care s a petrecLrt, acliunea nu e:rtearitat;, se subtntelegi;e cuviotele j,pi;[ in prezeni": Sheids redD all a.long the scacoast and nos.,.a alt ihe new buildings. a losLpe iot litoralnlqi a vezuttoatenoilaconsh-uctii.l t(Pi l In p.ezent)
H. h d " b " c n t + or 4 to $ ;d , n | l.m d s
S 1449
lse qiic cA (piDi in prezlnr) a iiitisai ri zecereprize srccesiv.l Thi ooncertnasa'l ,eszn. ddct nu te sribi.l lconceriul nu a lnceput (pine ln lrezcnt) Adverbele c/cr si nerdr accentuoazd ideea, nu sint deci obligaiorii: Have rou (r,er) sP, a sazelle' l A i r J z ut ( ! r eu ,l a l i ) o s a z e l i l l I Lav . f oer c r ' l/ u d . p o p p o rtu n ty . l N, ) m dv ur ( ' ijc i o d a tr) t;rl :j u l l : ,/ durdra acliu]lii e\primate de verb esLe aretati prin adverbe sau lo5 1450 cu l i u ni adr F r bidlc a l c ro i | rl e l e s e s L el e g a t de prezent asau attt de apropi ai d prezent incit se conru,rdd iu acesta), -ca: jffi (: tounai, abia), laielE', o/ lal., fecentlg3. d.aring thc I tlle:e l.rst three yeors (feo q'ecks, LtrJo montht eIc.)1 this last Aear, tlrcscllhis t|entlJ minntcs, oa Atr, Uet elc.l He ttds irgt dt:iecd.. lTocmiri (acu, abia) a sosit.l SIe /dsn'i ,c,u !vel1litsly. (Nu s-a simlit biDe in uliima v.eme.) l2ur ioclbr lb. so l d .l IF U !F s n I' F l d s n r,/ m u . l o l pJ.n, I n ul im ii doi d n , a a v u t m .l tft d n In \d l d t.j \- ft, hr.d u rF.r.h Jou tbi! rhcsc ro y mioutir. , I n. T dm d pd u re .r 0 e m ' n u l ' r' d a o d ti n..l cJ duraia acliunii exprimate dc verb esLe o perioadi de timp indicata { 1451 de un adverb de timp nep;ecis, sau de o locutiune-adverbialn (precedate sau nu de prepozilia /d/J : (far ) sone tine. some iieelis. sercral !ea6, a fart ight, an h,aur or tpo. a fctr minutes, ([ar) alang rine, ha',long...2 eIc.l \\c haeeb.at Daflt.l (lofl o week. /.tinkn cisiloriti de o sntiiLohi.)
r r\ 6e obrlna t.arer-'{ saDDilicai,ive d. ia 0..retrLdi nerfeci la trecnlul sjrnold din ultinia !tupozilie, ca.c s. fcrrfi la ur mooenr Dri;is din rrr;trr. : ncrfect vdnbilc si: "//dr? vou ir.D;L sazell{i?" "1 ldrfl''r /,ad thr olro|iunilv." "!lnt ' xrcd,tttu a;:Leun droib cxr. sicdnsLrtri.,ii; ri eu ir,curul simplu {S 1i6i r}.
!?? tt In"' l \ou: I / dt ", l ' J or ' lor r c ei' i t r r I nl' n. s i l \ u r " d' t : : ' r | ' t11 . 'o l '1 long? Itd.c lon ArorYz the (li .rtold dc iult?) {on long nat. lon beea \rith tsl lDe .in l cl,t la Doi?) . 1r pr - u t . "r a u l r ' l i u r r " J " \ n r i - d r d dr ln,"lur'rl t'.'i ,d lP: J - li' nP; ulr ' n x! l ! 'r l r d l ''1 r '4 \ l n r . a p rrn t' r nt l\ "r b' duolo { l a ! e rL, c" le r,' ';/d : L" ( :r s t t t " " t 'P c h ' t luhlu! ! jin l " r 't o t l9 ' a L i n o , rl r' r. . i-, A: \i
$ ll52
ii,,i'ini'ii,i
"f
ftan 1e50ftum t",, (:t'c).tron .Lhov (froin his chitdhoott'
1957' n Br ' ' 1 ^ \ t 4 b4 . ' "L"i ' ir " lui: n Fur fi ' li "a u.h ' home rrom o lle has liaed a\tal- lro 'hild' era coril-l a(Dl) tfnicete delarte de crsr'r d' cind tale agail thrt dlX sh. nds nele. beea f 'n |l]ni accn zi {ia) nu a riai ttlt.idr niciodai'i l
Atcnli.t! je alrlL" in sncrill al"nlid rt nu ' intrcblir'1:" r/'hddld ln lirnba en"ltz'' ind, ,1t",ttiftz nt i t]n'i "|nJ un v"rb e r" \n'olil dr u-n udvcrb do r' rimn lr".rll p""""d"r d" 'i. , ( J..in l Jp Jtu-.i da. 't tn lar' lron {1'ii,si s t4;;, 2361). er incerulul perioadei r1etimp in cate s-a petrecut acliunea crprimatn $ 146t un \Frb la rr ut'tt 'tmpl u: <lo '"rn...1" "i)r' "rrn,
tot hdr. b*n lrY ldtnd evo since I w!! born' (tni .f/i prielcn_dc citrd n am ndsc!t.) she .anc h$c as a .hild rnd nos bftn \titl us erer since ai'unct') lr\ venit aici de copil ti sd la noi mereu de S:n1J.. I la- m r t lL r d l \\'e /,, . ,, trnJo r nd ian i1 ; ln l u l m a o d - ' l a L .rrr up lJ I J " \u a ' L P itr I97' \tp l F I .4 n- r " lr or r ls o y ds nol "\ Fr s i n r F 'n t r I n l 9 : 9 r . d' ; r n' t i1p J n: ./l@ ai" ,\ ' 4 ' "a '
p $ 146{ rJ d r r , r " r io- l. i i n c e r." Ip ' l rF ' u L a rri u n o ' F rp ri ' nrrdd' tFrb,F percrerol i ' i ' uno o rr'' l or7t p n tu t r/.' . \ ' " r b lA n d i t, d .'i n; t t r: ' b r" ' " n He ha3n't {orPel i}pilg since hc lrss Deenin this room ia n'a-:inade cind 3e afla rn aceasfi caderd ) il'-. l'""t.1 Ji "c"id disatpointedir hcr sincc I iure knolr! her' I iatd neler rzdn (Nd m-a d""zanegitniciodat'l de clnd o / l 'z@t' \1'c rat,6edn jn nish spir'ilsa]l ihe tnne Ne heYcrrorled at tho barage -entuzintti la La'aj dc clnd lucfta ) (Sltiten mnur loirie \ t n / ioi Dp " rJ r ra ,l .\.i n r" \" h u ro I' ccn mrrri P d oi i ' r r d . rn I i ,r" ' a " -.r 'rn fo I '
oerlec co lr , r uu " . c " n u, i rJ i ' l " " " d A n n ' i n -i ' r" d u d" Jurx' i iernrinaie in prezmt sau lnir un treoul' fo t'e recenl': He h.s b..n ,a.ntq llrglisl! (lor) l$'o veaN (.['t..li. eielrza .tc d.r am ) ri .fo rn ll. ' v 1r ' ' , r " ' ,
LD, ' rtd In o lPll,T i
$ 1455 d. Prezontulletfect simplu Si prczentllller'feet continuu , l L x |cr b.l " lu r ' r\p 1rpla 3\"' t^ ma'o in u ' rs lli: ' p " ' z " n lu l s 1 4 6 6 d' r' ur' r
unpr
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ll L eori ffi.rna continuii t, trez,,rrutuj priclr !\pfl,,ra LUniirLunrea unci_aririuni lir pr;rzcrtjcv,jriunt :r 1,, \jitur. i!,!|lrott eu prezerrt!1 rrertoct. simplu.car.c nrat; o acliulp termilrti in prczrrLt:
l1 r , \ , . r J r , . a t l a . tm .,t| " , I\ou-tJr,rl " b p ,../ t t ir r . , ' . r - . t . T i .a n r,.rL ,r ,d t " ,, , n " ,r " Li ,t_ t.i z .. rr.r rpl r' n,r-o.J I uD ai.aid I /,ard .o/an 1.our lunotr. lTi ani niin(rr lrinzul {iu a nai r;iD$ nnriol.l P r ez eit ul p e rfe c t c o n l ,j n u u rl \e rb e i o r n,oD entai e (g 1344) edpri mn $ 145 8 .... / a.,, urr reperaie: r . 1or , t . " ,-" 1 ,/.r l l l ,:" \d\ r, th.i a..u" j .. l .t d \' r.,r, ,,i t, .,, .tr. r" b i .a , ,,, r" -" ,,t, . \\c hdt. l,un :lapprrs erfrl r.rtnan $e met ro rclt him thij ,.s5 ot ouf trrigadr.s , 1l{},,frn.ID roli mu.rjr.o.ii l. carf i am nitilrtit. oi sri lc spur.D rcsLalealizrrli , o " g da' n. i r ' l S r45$ d./ PrczeDtul pertect lorrinuu drl uneoi te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:
\,r L .1.. g, r , g I n I i. i, iiLr r . J . r 1: : nd , Lr ". ! - b ii.'rr', iarrp i o5la, : \:i d:r d, t.ziu,j ll. Lo t."- . it. ; , B ut r , ddinA , I dt , , , r . s n {J i n : (i J Lr / iu n, . . ' t r . , , . Do d.; J , . o b o , . i . l ".d -1,titp n1
\ se corripara in contra"ct,: : tte hasatut n a svmDlionv. ,1 sartu o snnronie.

\r"a -nru t a ,,iLni , . ! n npr . r . r ilbr . , i, . ' nu in . ; , p s , : r , . i . r d a r . r '! s i m l o n i d . \ , unul r - e, ut . _ t , e n, . , \"r \mphont.ta.L \Io n".,ul a,'iL I r , j. p"e, . i/ J ' . an, r t t r Lr". . ,1 . -.. o s,n on: p dnr . t bi. r t , , H hos r . : t . " , d s r n , r , h o i . 1 . i , r r a r . I \i u Lr i .!pu t d . i t pr m nai, t r " J " . t dn l p , , . o - i n | , ' F J n u I a' ps , i. lt - / r bp. , . . r t; t , , . g a s J l p r ! J , . i . J F r r . -j i \i ri n . d '.nro pu, J in a, . p, J n du"pr / l . i . n F r p l " r , 1
$ I460
D.narcLe pfuz-nr,rl pc pcr e\primi ideeA de anterioiralefali de Drezenl J1r " i.tJainr;icuitutc';I.ri\in,d,o,,riru.,ii r.;";, r-";; ""1i,_"ii \I o". F.l' LIF Jo fll . J ba I nlit ur p a. FJ . r i, r , , iio u r u n t i "",.h;trai; ir,rrFbuir tind||-satntdt_ ,1t.lina p.'tttn indicarea contiD!itnlii acljunri lerhutui ttztntut retel:t confinuu. care aduoeprecizareaneccsari daci aceastanu reiesenici diir cbricxt. {cf. { 1455). r/. Treeutul simph si prezcntul pertect
S 1.161
Deoscbireadintre trecurul sjmptu .sjprezentul l,FrIFrt prerinti mdri difi_ ' .1.r i ferrru .r,,.1-,,rii In,,,;ni. obi.rr.riir ,,.ri,g"rc" i"manl. as"ln".o. "u .Lcl-zo :r I a i.'ii ,imi, fu"rrp n , ,lit"rlri J" pd. tje a, aFr. ru,|'r! I ", ,r r. , Jb.tr rr_ dp rin,pufiJF gran,Jti..,toJin lrn bd romdna. s, r" .,urJia ,rr.,I ltru,-lr]rJ orjulrlii e',slpzc in Fis. 2 S 1J57.avindu_"(e tn .!,edere irif /.r'i/ \ Dr!utuI d|l,.rop,.2,,ia, pr,a.tin timoarumina. rradrr, n, Fzi. ri niridncrrr:r . . U c',mparair"intrr rrrcnrnl simplLt .siprezentr perfct va lnmuri mar bnre intrebuiniareaa(l*tor rimpurr. a.l.t:tdratul linp netut 1n limbo engleza.lll exDnm.ro . Trecutul simplu est,e d.lrllnn,Jrp r arut lo. tntr un tuot\..t prec^ 6du in,ro p r;oaddprp;isddin tfc.r?r!ar_trune ternrn.ltd atnnci s\ fdrii nici a legdturd.ct1, prezntul-
2!9
hczc tul pedoet stc esentialmenteun tinp prcz.nr' El erprimii o nciiLl si c e a losl s;t'irliti indr un r?,/rtnt it urd cn prezerLtul ne trecnLA, crie aJ".l..g ""ffl"fl*t simrlu inrlreaptn aten!;a asupra no rnllthu rr..ur ir ca.e s a ,<nvirgit acliunear prezenhl ptrfec{' nrn|ra rr. ltatttlui acli.u.ttiiin ft:tnr:
I 1,s, mY look len da$ a(o, ,,.r, \" .' u,ri rmrj, r r ' . d, r - , ; ' . r ;, /l . -q ' ,r r,i. -l r' ,J ar, I " eo r' -rnl .l r , d, . ., .t I n . . t , , , . t m . ,r" " . ." r 1 tr" r,ru rd p , ' .' t,.r " I nd' lo'r n'v r'ook. p" P ' 7d ' ' i i nr r' 5' ari U rn r D- c . d- -r t r " ' . \l o n r, I l ;rJ .i i n r " .i \" ' p rl L i i Io " J ,,.-' i pol l -n ,d ,tr r lo! d r r l ' ' ' i " _' Ir' al IIi .. s o n D o dy/d sr' r' / / h r' ,o, arri l | :.i .h p a - lt - l^t h " rIl " tt,b ri lir n n i, no "c (\ I.l " ' ' r ' l d r \' ,1 .l .,r \d a api n' o i I L'as in Bu.Iarest last l-.tr. l,\n lost anul trecul ta Bicnrllti (Tjmlnl prcciz.rt: ldsr !dr' ,\cl'nrneallII ltgli tndi iru lrezcntulr n! nai sint aon, in Dncurciii )l i haac \n\{ beenin tsucharcstllorl . ycar. tsjnl (acnn) la Bu.urciti de ur an. {Aaliune lrecute carc ocnlinud in plezdli ti !ro!abil in !iito..)l ds a .nttdl" "No, I .iil''l.. I onlv r'.4t lo Hun_ "rtd you err go lo Czcobosloraltia S t "v \u. ,,, a,n r,sr. \m ,.i "j e i r " . t v podd' a r n r" h !s r, \d .." ..td p tr: ,o p t: nnas o d d ta r r Lngr id t lrn l l a c L !r' a r7 1 l d p ,u \i n l " l ' d., ' nl d ). 'tl .r. \ l -7 1 h o .l o \n l i a . \o , l /d ' u 1l ) r' P o l l ungi rJ ' ' - \ a t " . n lo N " a m l L i . ndi rr' I n d" i a rs out' i " _ v r , ] d d n C " h o s l o rt,a l \i loL In tctege ,,pin[ ]rrzent-11
l l i.d l.r Init,u , ra . . r ' r ' , " J " r ^ ou. P i- r n"m alo g , a l ? ( T i n 'p u l d r 'n r l 't P n _ zat di cuvjlltele befate coins ta tlE lictLtes )) dard lou d,rc vour norka Lncreea ste sata {in prezent) (Sublnieles: ,,Dac[ inat"lrcraree?: tTi'ai'ter ste saia, poli acum sn te distrezj.")l I h. d,d O"h oL . n i Bh, ' r s d / in Dlu; , , . ' t . n: ! oua lF . a n . " t ( \ I o m n l r q 'r t D ''i z a l lA muu,il ..lla D oo id 1 lb; . r , d: d lu: C"t . ! $ilipr i' onr Fr t de cN'intele Pi'dd?/ at the .otu41 ,i fad hstttcd .u Pterentut.)) LdJ" ,{.."d riprsh{in; "ll dnsodv in lrluc_ /;r, ( t r n J i n p r P z e n l '. r t l o n. i,r i d I , a! . a- a l . i c pr . h\ in d" f';nPs traDsod rlr , \ mlrn7r p "r io. oa o" Lin, p or . I "eot u, o " p e ? ^ t n . ) l n p n l u t 0 tlu l: ,"/;-i.dr. "Ilate !\it rcad 'Hamlci'?" "No. bul t hnte seen it I sao the pic\n.e duing the l- tpt 4d t n F* . ?n! t " - Nu, dd l d m \ t z u t t l t 'o t r P r P z P n t ) | -A . icit:t lliil ot )1 t n"t pt ulu: t t - Vow ! t t q r ' l r i i A m iizul t ilm!l ra .:mpr' f ". l: \ alt lui She d,, u! to lhem and !s/'.dr "Why nd you c,ru: Whv dn lou sdv vou rveren't rp | 5-a roro !:dl d " "'s a nt ^"bA t t r eu ' a, at ir t : . , D"c F a r i r . n r ''. '. D r "tnrpli ai ; . t , a p*,p"t, ,,Dp rp a lis pus lnlr un anu4: t r nom pn( s r b r r '" 1 " s r d i n / 'P . u l ) c i 'u ! e n i ti?' il
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"rid vou crcr /tnd o,, the nanc ol the goal kecpcr?"r "I dtd'- iusl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun " mcade le stadioD.) / rt;i,rJ drn se 'r"tia lortarul?-Da, chiarlnainte dc plecarea She was lh. rreitiest girl I or0r rad (Era cea mai arrgule rain te carc (fl pd:,t_o .odail:r') 1 (sport): parur {la lotbul, ho.h.i {do.).
{i0 Hc rcrf..er?{kd tlr. o/I,,& tor $tji.h Ie tad n{rn c.nsurcd. (Nu a /cprr, ri.tdd.d grei.th telt.u ca.c nrsese o.iiicar.)
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p fe ze n- u- : }1{r, }ru crer llrilcl l.he ller.,itasr llnseun, nr Lrnhsmd? (.1i ri..inr rreodaldiluz.ul Emitasii din LcnilAfad?r I i. . ,n I.s ri n : | !l !s J . ' r h o r\n qrJp i of d i n., \.,tr,,L . r .rd re .1 l i ri ,o t,r .- ,l n o \.' i. t." " ,. ., l r,tLa r,rc4,to)
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$ 146i, . . 2) -ldrerhele li locutiunile adrcrbixte de tiDp neprccis care cxprine iileeLr de..pili:i la un nlornntdar trcrut sxu p"c,"nt.. ci: dtt,dtl.lJ. stiLL, uet, .ot t.,,t. t tn.\. I tt ) ,t'l ,s tt,,. ,luJpt...,in r'uto-itc,u: a) Tr.t: utul si,LDl .. cin,l sc subrrreleccurintlc ..ollrdnrtr U, '-. ,r ,,iiJu. :,, ii,,.b.,,^mi.:, , rr irnpnrt,, ruir:
lle LyardlrldX tircd. /,4.o deji obosit.) Trrere p.fe articlis ltill not irfittcn. /E.aa attiole lncn ncscris.) -fhere ,e/a iobs not vct don.. atra& sarctri lnce neildellinite.) So nu lhinss gr.. al] ris[t \iLh lhe ,,e\Lhjrcddcd corn]e. (Pin,'L atruoi noii instr{iei se tnrd,a4 t}i.e.} I p lo nor pv " . v tl ' n A r .,a " d o i i c .I J . n ,i ro r l p d -, g r" r.r . P r ' . 1ar L) P r . : nt u t r,n d .p .,,L,nrFt,s ,uri n el , ,prna rn I. r[..t. .ot.r,d.j p r.zrrr r ' r r J us in l i mL a ;n i ,r r.4 .., t . . . . r' b ri ." ' o Pr' .."r ar l rc a d r. f! fi rd;u r .xrozitia.) Hdrc yo! boughtuic tiokets rt? [Ai cumpnrat bi]etele (ptni in lfe?enr)?l Shc still ,usn't aond. lTot n-a e.ni1.) SIc n6,'i .dne xet. {\n o rr"n nrcai.) Up to no{/Bo Irr tl,c experjmert lds De'r a sucoess. {Pini h prez-"ni cxpcricnla a ac"r succcs.) 14tj$ 3) Adl.erble ,siloculiunile ad.!'rbiale care arate o pe oaili, dc timp DeterS nrilafi, ca: tadu!, Ihis tr.iehl /nonlh I gear I matuing,-a.tt tluy, all n{ght etc. si n t folos it e c u: t ul s i rn p l u . e n rd p e ri o a d a d i ;np sau acti unea rpfl . ).trt. m.rr1 cre \ er'IJ s a lern.Du1t: I / / . lJ f . " o . th n o rri n ( (\:orl.so dlti1-amiazn sau s!r0 scare). (N-am bliut oldra azi djn' n nealli.) lt iiinerl tune!. plaud a n.) -{ tlouat. rzl. (Xu "tui r,,!' nu si, I.l.Ia numal l.r p.czrnt. dar ia nn Donx,nr dat r.eclq consider.ttca ii Ir.z-;ni .F rtro or. z ta !h^ ,J.q!= pilt.\7i: tu rna, lay : pjnri ahuei.
981 h.rc lor a lerv liours this $cek, He 'ds aici cileva ore slltin]ina aee.rsta(da. a plccat )l [{ lost pcrfe c t. N i n tl p e ri o x d a d e ti l )p si rtLarl i urea vrh ) p rcz ent ul
hcn: bului dureazn

I hdeen'L har) corlcc tbis nosins. (\-am beut calea azi dnnjnea!{.) {vorbeso dimin.a!^ i 'l'odrr nds ,c.i a line dal. lrzi I tosi o zi lrtrnmasa.)(Esle sca,d !i inci rrumos ) \on hdrc been here onlv onc. tlis weok. fN-ai lo6t aici dcctt o dalI (plnl acud sipfinlna ace,tst r In a{ard tle cazurile menlionat la aeest punct. ur1de iimpul verbului rsDectiv esto imlrus de necesiLatea clarificirii nri,.elesu\ri, r.tunci ri d situaiia r p ip. r l i rn p "lr J in " on, pr l ." l F d o L d l i " l p u ri ,n ' .4 "..nti fol osrr" l ur' d" o*bir ", n . m ai r " r . r , lndu s e d i .ri n l i a d i -rt, ' l F .l l bi l i r" r Ji ,,' . A ' f-l se spune in mod egal, tn,telesul fiind acelagi in ambele cazurj:
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rad t. p, n" , o' t J - u. . o * i a n n l ' :j . | -ttl o tl t. ,j u o ttr. tt, q\.rttJ. t' '. ! ' n s , ipt + ol t L i ' n " d t' | ' ,q o tn . n o t or t 4.q' n. L ' t JLtt. .: t d" .a n . ' -" s . ". oJi ni oar,r pe tr' n' uti . .t . r. t ,-h fu rn t. . r ' r y [ o n!1 ,' ,.p t! I v x , t.-. n r" , 1 t m t t \. ti a n rl t' l j /r' i ,acpLi . srnr l ol o o dJ l. ) . n. t \'.'), o t.. ' 1 t""r ' c i n d s o s u b l n -te l eg cu1-;n' .el c,.i n treeut" I s inl l [. a) l re cLt t (trecui indicat printr un adYcrb de iimp prccisl): Our lolk danccs grout lrcque.nttl toz g.eat alplans! dron Ne pertorned in the
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S 11168
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!(, nos tuld a }rrof.ssdship sinoe 1$0. {prp!.) i t ) eline o c at . dr i Ld i n 1 .J 5 0 .1 . Ravei's "llolcfo" \'as irondcast last Selrcmt.r, Lut ndr not tc.n ftp.atetl ci\.e. (_{dv.) ( .tsolefoxl' hi ltar.l a loEt dituzni la radio in settembria,dar n! a lost retelar de . P , , , , 1u, io" , t , { s .n .,? b l l .a l s a n d b o u n d s (C orj .) s i " c ea!totuati on w asi nrroduced. 'tr oJ . , d as t or, i -i re i n o . t. ,i n ,l .r ro dL. durondt,rdl I lr r . t , at t 1s ," a -.i p 1 t q i o rc I t, rd b rrn ,n .i . o.,i cp.rC ...i . /\r n ir \ " . . r 1 m u :, J " .n l s i n . t, b ro u .J ' -. just 6) Do$ poal,ri a1-eadouir i telesuri clnd s retlri la o trf1jur t rccuti:1 S 1469 c) adiltainri; acliunea petrecindu se intf-un auumit morncni, dir trecut. '.impul eramatical i n tre b uinlai es Le t r e c u ru l s iDt p I u : s lic r d' lr nF uD i u s t n o n . i u i a i. , ir , nr r ad ;e d ,.i ./ L) : tomni. cltiar actLn: acliunca arind lLrc i]]lr un momcni care se corfundii cu trezentul, tirnpul p .rfecl . . q ra ]n tr t ic nl t nt r ebui n l a t e s te !rc te n tu l Tl,cI ndrE jusi loF &nc in_ I\u irirat .iia, r.z ./ Obs er uali. .o n ' i n tr.cutul b;rnl J:du D ' cz( tul f, r ' ' p. - r bil c . r, !" o p o /rr h ,d t, S Il70 j ' i " i u q rd !,rb p -n rfp r...r 1n' , \ i. li n rl i cdrpa ti mpurui rn." r" ' r.,l osrn;o a rd ac liunc a v er bu l u i , d a r d a c l rn n i n t, J \ o rbi i oruLur aceal tn,{cti ,rne este , l- r 1 . . ur enr . u ,i " a p .r:o ,. l d ,ri 1 r. " u pl rd r r.bu;nta h.r,// l .ca s tn p tl 1. . r t jat i s o g i ' rl l e q tel A re z u l l a tu l a c l i uni i l n prezent, va i ntrel uh!a pr...ntul 1rt4.(toDnl trecdt You raid rou Itdr't liLc il.. \rnltt dni ih."r dri lor Urat ],al? [:here dtl J.u .{.a urem? Tl,. raj! sropcd r0r ten njlutes ihfn E Son agair. Ilorv dtl rou sroil your dress? I 1,,, 1cn lrl "Did -\an n!rc. and
,{cliurc l,.c.utn lesdn de l'lezelt Iox'r., said ii. t\yicc alrady. \liral na-s sh-" ds^./ you? Tcu look so
naplrx. The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.

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I @, hcrc lor a weekc ,1 rn j o"nlru o p. o. , t , . r r n '. i - J pl m . ni. t - la J t d. \ dr l, s 4 p- . t u! g r r d in v j i t o r . ) lluO a s e. A. (Staro trccut.i, legafi d. lrczent)l LSini aici d. o si!tlmln:i.
herc tor a wock. ''dsto6l di. o r.plin ln". I ' l1r r ua' un' . Li' ind\ d. .1n lnLr r n t r d c u t d e n i f L i l d . D r r T Fn t i , ,nL, o tp ,roa dA iP tiq,r ' , l- r : ' dr " n' dm I nr or ; . I
'linpul grrmaiical pe care tl alegc volbilorul ir acslee\errple - si nu neapnrat prezn,taadverbelor dc tinp - este cheia inteniiei sale. 'O neiodd simptd pentru allarea iinputui gramaticat nicesar prezent S 14?1 simplu. preznt perfeci s.lu trecut, sinlplu - consLi ln folosir'lja crior d0ri tntrebdri indicate mai jos: a.) Ere npln: ,,E1est la mare leni.ru o lunll".
lntrebarc EsLea.rm la arc? A lost s,i tz 1..&rl l?ds?ens - Da. - -\u. prezentul sir.tlu
Sc va intrebuinla deri uu simplu prezent .arc se prelungeste ti in wiilor). He n .t 7llcs.ar.ld Ior a month b ) Ex:enpl. ul .,Ijl .s,. l.r m.rr. d! dori hrni."
(prczent
luri. A fost ti ir rre.zt.' Da, dou;-L Se va tntrebuinta ur timp trecut, care are legituri cu prezontul
Hc has ben aL tl,c seaside fo. hlo inonths.
nsle d',m la mare?
D a.
pr.e;en-
c ) Ex en r tu:
.,I.ll a /,s, la inare in iunie." lnttebote navzns Est a.,n la are'1 - \u. :\ l.tnLiL lrccut? -- Da. in iurie, deci un timp irecut care nu rre legiiurn cu prezentd He,.a r n i tl rc s e a s i d -" in June.
So va lntreb[inla
?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui tc ect S 14?S perlectlnlocuieltcliitoml pcrfcctlin Prapr.il;ih src rdof, I U73 1) Prezentul in special in celelemporale ( S2853): si condi,Lionale
I shaUso to nil oflicc w]ien I haeelod locr. {u'1 voi dncc la birou drpi ce coi fi luat ma.a dc prinz i U t hdeeseenho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai jira. IDarii o rot /t rdr,,'o line la prtuz, roi ll.ca la lora) .inci-l You can'l go ard play till ro\ haved.one 1ou. nonreryork. (Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic joci pin;1ce nu li lci /t it.a,1 1e.!iile.r 2) Constructia idiomatici haio got 1: frare). deli a'ind forma d plazent perfccl. arc tnleles d lrc:enl. dcoarece vcrbul ld ge.tnu indelhrette nici decit rolul de a interi ideea exprin,atn prin |erbul t.i idr'.: I.ndre so, a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul t nm un c c 6. l I I p 4, 9. , , oD 1 /,,1 { ( II /d ., r-.1 .-\ . (OIl i ..' !' ( lr abt r ies r r nl " L trd s c al c x m .) ,\oeftstn construcirie nu este intrcb nlatd.lc.il iD sli1ul colortial.
S 1474
284 1475 3) Tredoccrcs in limba rome i. - Prezentul perfect se traduce in limba romAnn astfel: pofectnLrom! s in toat cazurile ($1446*145rr), 0u cnreplia a) ^ g 147,irb $i c: punct,rlor I hnce \1:cfrarejust n., thcn. fhishe.l \ti\iot4. (,7m teminar.l,. scris.l ll-an izdlni, adineaud.) bt ,u indirc itut pr . n'in nzul 'rrrpis,tiuni in epul. ln ,lur,"/x plna In pr "z,n li probcL:l;i in.ri ur t I1448':
I haoekLoen hcr lor a J.arHoe long lare Jou Dcaa {o .L@s. de un an.) c) cr ';'iirarul an,r;orl ( S 2853): Yon Filt f(l ielter Nher you /,a.. beeD he.e r Nek. (T \'ei sinii nrRi Line dup{ ce oti fi skt aici o siptiminar.)
s 11?6
Prozcxhl perfeet
1) nllrimn o d.iinne all$joari piezdLiului {-\ 141ii) :l) llontri ine.lt nee.-Fimat ' r.zultatrl in treze.i inteFseaz:', i1r int,lirajii rltc.ioar) G ]1 lil. 3) Actnhetr rfti lo.ini,r-o riordi do iimti ire(\li-i .trc durerzn z, lirii adrerl !r !trLnrirhsc Ild'ia lon r.d, 'llrmirt"? ( \ 11ii4) , .lnrn in l(^ nNr .\ar cliltrned i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a!i) Ente lri ,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l ^ Te-rt -rrldi liici l{r {lrcrdX l0id rlc ]li-dt ,id,, n$ rd,"i trcoiluli I I 'e i
i cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut" fS rlll,,i i

../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn!s..rz,i Iuu id.ea do ,,f:ni ia lrez{r:.t : al.q idL r t, s6lo r c ic ( S 11r j; ) ld!
I
rreoditii I N_ruslov.stoa
lori Ml DJsifrcr Xtl? -{i .u,r.rl'o
linn u.!d
!_. t.lgf.gU
ut tnal) iltrol
r.r:ll I
i snr risui dc
I,lde slill sotrDollet l/d \-rm.rul
i i cn l ri l ei al .
d, (tr un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni T h ' ,b rn l r,a s i q tl .. r" N n. Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn, jrs1, ltlciL ll0s{ !(/dn: tscnty Dinuies.tc. {i! 1116iYe ld/ . r f i , ! L J ou l i t i l l .
Nn tr-d, !.i;d h nliin!
..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o TodxX ldi |ad r lnrc da-r. ,\lnri z I'sl o zi lru!!'rsi. tirnp reierminrti: t..ioadi rLe lods!, this ret, ill daI eir. I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd -.1, |(rrl ioarte ntrlt (! 11ii{ il, )
1i. r*'nr,t^1i,' rl tltrl I
$'Iet dsJl
tu& rou t(n
dl Unde ni /r!, lorln ziut?
t Viiior'n rnFrior jn liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl D.rlccL ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste d' laLr,l., l-n imr,e, d, . dt . , dl. lnl. . . il r nq n, n nr in n i / r n o f i r , l r - ; r \ i i r , r ', l n i \.l. l li id \ o, L, i' . ir . d . r i j , . , t r r , L-... r i . r J , " , 'l d 'i . \ l nr opoi, , l "l'. ,'u, da- . . 1, j. ., d' lrhir"rou p," r , l a ' , r a i i '. . . \ u l I . o I r u " .td. i. r ". i . ! i r r b i r , r r " d r p , , . . . i !1 ror,,' 1. . , h. . \ i"a
!86
f)
((n tar) u a{lv.rb .are anti o '(srn Dcriondli (lr fi'nr t!ri! rorriNlird) rrinaii pr.7ontj Niic ! rr lrt.i (\ 11: )1);
She ldsn'i trN' Irere ({or) (!ar Il'd /4r aici de un 3n. IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir fo. so0c ten$ lie irds ,e., Tho gtdcn /Me ir?r,r.l
I Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii? De cllirs mi Gl) l,{rd?d I Crndinr s, /d".u/nri Innoast iledl ln oprili. I'icsa r nrrl succcsde l&
4 / i nalxtrl frrii'JJrj d P tjm P t. rmrnxi lscx Drcz.ni este ]lr.Lt4l do nr
idvrb {.susll:
TIle tlrv /mr re.! a .uces
l(]l
Treortnl sin,!\t \ 1111

\\'o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne ,,.rtlr mo!tui il lalr Jas)-'. ii.i do ii'rd n!-rn
l J i ne! ri' 11 tcriu ad "i d .. li' nl, t P ru rnJft (srtr (o0 rrnn nr nl 'r !r.20trt. este pr..rzri de ua i r!,ni sn,,p h i\ 1 11 11 : i./ m {a lrmrr lreriert. an,bele lofu. dc trczsrt pcrlP.t e-F ldn!'i DriFird tarar.L.
Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic
jl
is r151):
.n u ruati! olle& ci ., l i
xd v or bd. t im ! . o n ti - LaE dhr.xs l,ln!.d na -.1,r .r.a4 inloldeinn| ol san rcretitir: 3l${r\ somrii ei, urDi tiD'es \\'c ndf. olton l.er to the ,1m fon od*cori la nrt. 1{ iib) ; 1 4( i?,
- cr.r,ai",tiln*.,t
!i l]{jr-i
t rtal I
l
I liar4 r..r "Ila.r!t"
s.rc.
!,
rii{l.,Ilanlot"
de Dri
TRTICUTIIL P]IRTNCT irflli r'1sf rnRrxc! oli rll;PtrtuEt'rl
sr1?7
e;le un ijnlp ,omlus iofr,,nt cu sjutorul S 1178 Trccutul pcrloct. 1) Forni. lrmL Ul li d'l\il:1rL'ui to H tl L ur'. rt J- II i' ipirr lr-'ul Jl \arbulur de conluEni: I l,adcalled; f,ouhadcallcdit., sle. lt lad cau.di se hadcalled;vou llad calledi
r r P t r ' l p o r l " " r " \ p 'r t "r t t d l lt ' 1\ 1 . CA. s i ai' qi I' g l Am, ri d ro ln;n '. ',.a / . t i4, : , l' r l ! . lr nr lr ! . J osr slr r rl ur m0mpn n, a ,, r. ' iu .o lra.r',: ^ 'n'
2) lutrebuirtare. IrircutuhiiPerleetdin gran:rli.3 'nqiezniiro''.punJ S l4i9
fre.rt. si se tr.rduce in ];]rbs romeni ln acest caz cu rnai muli ca pedectul' cu perl6ctui sinplu sau cu perfeciul cornpus:
I kneN Cuv. hl. I idd not r.en l,in s'nce mJ Inar ase. de la cnsebria m.a) {ll cunqrca;n !e Cny, dar nnl 'a!zs.,z ll' 1 r : l. ql on l^ | ' I {'t o t i \\l, en tl,.i /../:d rd lo oior p, J |' onr r r uJ l J r L | u l !..ItLot i J r' , t " . ; , , t " p " t d ''i . r ',,.:i
Trecutul perlect irLr-o plopozilic cere trecutul simplu sau contjnuutn S 1480 cealalti:
rher h.d a aL e b"lot I . d, r ' I roia 1,,u nt tn,t been iaillin! rdr@ so_ :1. .\. or luiprotr'u ' I n I 11 s ' J Z\ or ' l a! . n' in " r 'l p ! '' L u : r l l F l" \dl" mro-rJl" "' "1r u Lnr u 'l Jpe ial{
an u
't
r86
S l48l
3) Trocutul perfect si treeut[l simplo. - Trc.utui pFrfpct .1re, fatd de trecut{ simplu,rolul pe caroI indeplinette przentul pertcctfat; de treze'rtul simplu. Ca atare, cl nai are urmetoarele functii: a.,i tradus tn limbr rcmAnn, cu rfrI,r/p.ral, ?.r[,etul sinLlnu sar !,:rfc(rul S 1489 armp[srarati ci o actiuoesau o FtaretncopuLl] irrintea un i dnumit nroment trecut, indicat prin trecuiul sinpiu. a durat o pedoadd de timl pini in acel moment (cI. S 1448):
H" ,o id h" h ad 0. . / t nF- t f o" $a l. , r r b . , a r ' oh J . doJ . rq pu ncdrp u5 . a 5o- , , l
S 1483
bJ tradus tn limba romAnn ctt t'iitorul antcri.or,inlocuie,(teviitorul pe.fect fald do trecut ln propozitia subordonatn ( g 2856):
Thp \ pr, lfrs;ou :rd Fp ,l r hd\ r , o. ld iom . s he, , lr d\ n 4 d t ; n ; - h e d \ , L r ) t . .r L o. i, n , ir , l \ or lt k n: ni \ d 1 : a - L , a . t , a t t , t r '1 . rrlt d d$d\.
"-"
$1181
., estelolosit cu adverbelejast, srt/i!i g./ (cf. S1448. 1450.1465. 1165b):

\ . r he $r Hd /kJ iu ar ,i, . n / lp, ' , lns ih" nld ri .'r s t ill nnl^ ;' J ou. She told me slic lddn'l s,., Xou -rei.
A se compara urmitoarele lllze pentru a se vdea rolul trecuiutui parfect fa_tdde rrecutul simplu. identic cu rolul prezertului perfect fald dc prezentul sinplu:
She @rnds sh has bcei matied llor) a rea.. ' {scric .e csrc mddtati de un a;.) She orcr. she had beet nuDicd tar lctrt. (Soriah scris c[ estc,'era miriial,l ^ un an.] de n.l ,s ro nl d"n' ) - , ill bp ar n a r b k h n h . t . _o' ,, t -t., r '. t I . t J , r u, , t . - r , , / , /.;",f.. ", rd lL,a n."tp siJ ",. 1 i"a\ io. ' or l' r ; b" Dan rd s ron d nl l' . - or ld L. B. - , r ior L. t ,. r n d n , / - 4 r t s 4 i ; r . . (Dan ra sigu r ce i s c v a da o s lt r jhJ Ll! p I c . , r i , , t i l | . f , r , i d r i . t t s , u m f n u t d c s r a t . l
A s e r em ar c a e l a s ti c i ta te a c u c rre l i mL l e nql ezd spdrge Li D Jrl e.Luntorn 'i n d u . " " loJ a 1 l o r c l n l l n ra ru l : Shc ras,ni,ntzb,on lic. wa} [o lhc oemttcfy: "Ioddy her cl]ilil /dl r.ez dcada y.a.,,r
S 1{85
4) Trccutulpeficct in stilul ixdircrt. ln strlrrl irrdirc, i. dupa un r.erb gruper cu lornli de trecut.deciapartnri'rd tre.rtulujr,lrcLutulpe}fe,rinlocuicstetrecutul simplu sau prezentulperfc.r dil stilul direct:
I.a id:'l ,r a - |r es enl , 1, \ F, r lh. ld. r \ \ , " r P , , | I h oJb&' J r , oa. nldir . n , i".r.r , lh l- . : " \ \ 'r l J 'o L 'ril Sn asl&'t tue: "Hdt. tot seen todal's !a!e.i"' askcd mc wlictrcr/il{ I nad scen ttiai dar's later. -qlc ;:
S1486
5) lnlocuirer tro0utului leriect cu treriutul iimphr. Pcnlni s; rplii;cire. ln unele sitra,tii trecutrrl perfect este lnlocuii ou i|ccutul snrplu, spre eremplu lnaintea unei propozi,tii secundafe iltroduse prin conjurclia ,rtrc sau ln propozitiile secu dare in care anteliorjtatea dcliunii c-\pr; ate r,1 mod normal prin trecuiul perlect rezulli{ ciar ti fdrn lntrebLrin!arer acestura:
T l, e nr . r nd / , / , ( h .t l ,.tr) L . ..1 6k - ..,. ,.. tr, . n,.fl \rj eI he obroitrJ ( . hid obtdincd) liis ii.it.lt.s, ne spint a \r..li s holidar ir rhe Shc.tLnid the tarcci Fiil, Lhe doll I lorsl,r (: Ijad lorChtj ii,'r. (Y.z i $ S 1 /, r3 1
rvczi \ 11 :t., v eli s i not a. 'The Ir,nqe-t "torr,.". LiL l0Nl.er. 3 V.zi q 11 56 !nhcthLr - un.al lr.analifal, dar iorDal: 5ltn lruG.C.f. v ez iir ! g. 3r i0, f ut { i.
i/
!op!lar,
dn. cln,nt.
! S 1' 187 . . - p a' " " .i ,u . i .. d i q u b .n " ' ;ru l fF,h. r . a,e p\n' i ma rtu l p |r , .i " u ,, r" nLr ' -:rbui e p ro o ,7 :i d ,o r' ,i ' i o n 1 ir " 1. , 4ut , . , , /l r ^ t . rF . u tu ',o F "' coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul . tl x.tt1 l ie T rn
( $ 276 2 ) :
I naCs.n liin lcto... brt I didn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t ill rnai rd:k.D, dar nn stilrn cum i] cheamri ) it I h. J . , p, h m l ., ., .' \ts l o ,u \o u rc,bton.l r\ p/r' .1
lDJ, r I j , i . - .l+ r ' sp u .
i\rezi ii g 175:lJ
TLTPUTiILTTIIRTtrCTX (f!n Prxr!.ria. rir\nEs)
s 1488
1) Fcrn[. I'imporjle perfect se constniesd cu aiutorui au\iliarului g 1,tE9 to IL$'E, la modul si timpul de bazn, icspcotivi urDat de partioitiul trecut al lc'rhlui hrieal dc corjuEat ($ l:li2 l3?8).
Obscrealie Inlre co sll'rclin liilo.ului periect.a liriurului pLrlcllala de trecut.si S 1Jl,O h " 'n:r:ron,l,rlui Frr"rr p"J"opi,fl-.si ,o."rr..riJ\,ILF'rrFte!rr!.,,oJdl. urmal.e.de un nriiriliv pertcrt iJ. dc alta. e:ristn identitate dc lorme, de;i sltucturarespeclirl diferi. Cn alle cuvinte.in cazulde la1! se suprapun doue irterpreterj: al confornl hqulii de formrre a timpudlor pcrlcte, viil,orul perfectj S Il!)1 \-iitoflri pedect faln de trecrt ti clrndilionalul pcrfeot sint iorm|ll,e din .,iilrrrril (respectiv ,ttrrr l fdlri de tre. t sarl ':ondiliaMlul) au\iliarului to IIrt1D ]parli.ipiuL trecd al t',:rluL,ri. l,ti.taLx: / .pl . l-Fc'rr. | | I'o'1 Io, { \ir' r /o hotl-,o.t \r rlor p! lp l ,,, .,,4 rir tr,. I or/a t.4) ) -:t.,h.n ip"rr. r""xr1 | I'rr' I tiilnr l.r J r. .' o tnre|!st pl tI-',,] ,!.,r1. rra Ur/ \ ii or p"r'll felrl de trocut l rou l.Jr. (., \'iiLor ii!,i d., trrrt|l Lahaee)+*en 'rarld (parl. I trecut) | :hould haoe (: cordilional to lLure) + wtLlkrd lpatt. Conditi.ndl (rruld I'arc (conditional to haa.) -: rutr (patt. perlect -\o', t!acut)
6/ pe de altn parte. cin,l trebuie redatd ideeade limp perfect,verbele g 1492 del'e.ljIe nlodrle. deci Fi SHA[,L ii WILL. sint urnlaie de un inlinilir ?erlcl:
I sn"l, (dcl.cti\. ia.l6t) haft.att.d {n'liniti! pcilcci)ron ,,i/i {den 0tiv nodnl) /drd s],ot n tnrlhiaiv reriecl). l rau lJ\4 ,.\ r'r. Tol' / "/ , r ; nt ir i \ r . r . . " t . , . l: dr ini jr t " r " c ' , J, r Jorl/ t i"r , ' , n, l. ' l l. ' "
Ideniitatea lormelor de la $ f491 cu formele de )a S 1492 ste pcrfectd, cu toati structura lor dilcr'itn.
l,,Propozifia coDdi1iona1."' \:stt: subo aNta catu coniine if In lraza cordilionale g !t ir . :!'r zcnt . t r , , ut : ad \ il t,rr (S r1 .:!l
t r r .i .t I11ri, i. '" , ., dr' t l l . L " nr d z.ve r h r ll"\i.l,D,s,l,' r n h d lir .n r u d j' .,n.t1tJ i . . , t d ,4 d F to .r .,p tn 4 e lip r fe ,.t m 4 n l' onatp. r, t , r. gr t , r . t
s86 ln lucrarea de la!d, paliru coisecvenle !i o mai metodici. pred-are. coriuqarii \ erbului tn qeneial, se vorbe;te de utilizarea au\iliarului to HAVE 1.. .Flilal rcpe,l dl c^ <tru.l:pi cprute ls firr;ar.a /x/l/ror ri';nijrilor ppr[a, de ver!le SHALL !i \''ILL liiird aratat ln caJrul verbelor delcLi\e modale. Tirlpurile per2) Timpurile perlocts eonshuite cu auxiliarul to BD. { 149:1 (prezentul perfcet perlect) Yerbe intranzitive llo irecutul ale unor si fecle /; do L io tini.\/. tn pr.to.o. tn gnrl la lt e t. to n'|t. t4 'rt' b*om ,,o -n,, au utreorio form; psraleli.in curerrrxiliarul to sit,to ftst. to return,lortseeLc.l padicipiul trecut pfimind aslfel aproalle lnlocuit cu to BE, to HAVE esle valoare de adjectiv. Aoeasli oomporlate eiiisfi Si tn limba rornnnn:
She $\e Tte The h&s .on.. lEa a aenit.) is .one. Ea a iuit. {: ,'sie taatr.i, de.i poii s o lczi ) sun brd .:.", . . ljodr c t , r as a- . e. ) /,tsdrit. dcci nu mai lut.au sun 1r$ ras.n. suuele r\J.isc. (:trd
ve{ea
rnsitilul).
ConsLrucliato BE + participiul trecut, tiind in getlereintrebuinllta ctr verbe crre exprimi in mod obignuihaoliuni, arati sLareasubiectului rezultatd din acliunea verbului respectiv. Astfel:
Ue hs soue. lEI a ptecat.) (Alnlia estelndrellati asupra acliunii in sine.l He 13one[D tlecat. (: tsr.rl,.a,. nu mai esterici.)] (-{tcnl.iaeste irdreptatl asup.a rcarltntului acliunii vcfbnlui. ,,!l ntr nri este airi, aia ce nu'i poii vorbi"l (irandlalhe. sas gmr'4 otd Grardlatler hril s.otD old, (Buni.rl tu {),trl;.) (tsunioDl trDdrtn6?.,
mai rechi il] limbi Formele de periect construite cu auxiliarui to BE au reusit si se;entine irl oarecaremisur5. alitud de lormle noi de pe.feci constrriite cu auxiliarul to HAVE, prin laptul cn, deli uDeori aproapeperfeci sinonime cu acestea.poi fi intrebuinlate penLru a rcda totu;i nuanle care contribuie la o rprinare mai subtiln a gindirii. .\sttel:
(V-aii ' odihnii?l {SInteli odihnjl,? }'ulcn tleca acum?) I travc hea.d he has /crrnd. (.^.m alzit cn s-a IntoN.l I have ha.d hc iN t.rurned. {Am auzit c'1 s-a lntor6.) i: Esi ai.i, il put-"n redea acu .l Tl . bxtier h.s aelr.J. { U n tul so tot,i t.l the buti.r ft n..J''d. {Untll es[e l.o!it.) ( \tr silli dau dc nt'oar.) .|ne1.harl jn the sircel. t r, l ,e stradt.l -dt I L \e ,nt i ns' ,/ T l i s N Jq thE .asc th' \ scn m , to I lAcesta c.u onzul p.ntN discutafta I druia so intrdnisari.) I | 1 I t
s 149{
S 1195
YIITORUI, SIUPIU (rrrE slrfrr,E rur[nD)
\'litornl (The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarr o stare care l) Delinitie. vorbirii: va area loc drpd momenLul
I Lo os .h",',/1 , . h' _d u l' , n (Siiu c{ ra /t aici ]a ora lira i.r
289 l) Formi, - Viitorul sirnplu se formeazii ou ajutorut auriliarelor SIIALL S 1496 (lq pcfsoana 1 sg. qi pt.) qi WILL (la persoaraa 2-a fi a 3 a sg. !i pl ). urmate d.e Lnfinitieul lf;e"t al vetbului de conjugat: I sIaU otrll, rou Flll cal1lihe, she,ii will call. we shsll calll rou wiu oall; they will call. 3) SHALL. TIILL. - .\,ieasti ut;lizare tradil,ionali ;r auriliarelor SH,{LL S 1497 (f.f..L g.sr pl.r'i\\lLl lcrs o2"'sia3a'g 'i lt' I r" forn rrea vii'orL'lui in sltltl larntut(ncflqqru \.orDr'). ,.rorr-. la n..nclult2t.,t" at\ d etontat,,dt irc m"'u'a L''s il ,l toloc.ral t-' ri ',u torbili, \\'lLl d irlo'u:r rr l^Jtlr propriu-7isa \\ll at-nape"r'Iuiv si a..,rli.,rulSll\LLin \nsli ,,din'e" i'. :co'j0. lrlardd. \\'r1".. rr nro'ir fiF.i lr torirorirlap\ -dbtilani.^r!3 cE Britani" r.chi -qin 'r SU \. \u"lr ali3 ;i Con.n'unseartbul "nd" 'agl'za esle a doua linbn a-orbi$. u 1ll.i sohr'i- prr,onizr" l" 3r,'"-rsti'"ni n"n ru :a'ire" 'rr "i cui de iunslaaLi ,l.conluz"{ s prob)an;.- 'tFl pdP.FJ n'"i mrci -.,e.:n . r0Do' .r sll\l.L/WlLl. 'nodrc5 " ;n rpbuirr,arFl Iorn'lor ti. r" ul 'on'ras' foartc penl,lu erpedient', ambcle auxiliare. ,{cest I't.1. ltou'Il ;tc.. l.alabile lri qi r n irrim'rl ri J" 'lorr rPrPbralrrp'".dr n se,lLrLr'or nrir .irnrli ''i'lausor, eraLicqu" c.rrl,ri rur, o nou" su'',' ,lF Pf li.uiLeli e"-Anr;'e ' r' Iflbui d tir'^ddla l-olL rlF i rpo^ts1la'5rr'irp a li^ bii ltinpi"td"t"'nrrrlui numnr de nuanl,e inlplioite ln contrastul S}IAI,L/WILL. tinii eramaticieni mafcheaze aceasti schnnbare prin iotala e\clndere a .'nili"rului Sll\LL Lrp.n .li! SllOl'LD7 'lrrr lsb' l" 'ulilro"rii -\irii u ddupld' un "o-,promis 'n unna divar.clorFn.hplo,lo lifrrl a.pl-iA a I'i Il;r'in . .i au ins"rlsin !r.m r i"i pr"z"nla rnbFlur au\ir rr ordincr Ir! \'Fr -f. .o't.t r 4r:t''hott t i'tr illrebuinLarF. i"rt.l: Isnarl L"i JA 'tt ri irrari aliii. flrile dezaventaje adusc de acaxti schinbarei lnscriu: irind drept oiteriu I shallliiLL atll { Lve shallltvill call, nt\ mare numer dintre aoeltia inregistrtnd cind. I I we shallI wiII call. cinrl 1,/ oc tpill I shdlL caLl ltun , S au lircut toarte nafi eforturi!i pe scar; intinsn cu rezultate,.coDsiderabile" dupli cii se pare6. pentrr prclucrilra masclor in vederea menlinerii raportului SI{\LL / WILL traditionai. In aceasfi situa,tie,granatica de f&ti adopti tormele dc r-iitor t; de oondr" lional tradilionale, araiate la S 1496 ;i $ 1618, ca liind singurLrlpuncL d ple care posibil pentru expuneroa clard ii metodicd a numeroaselor subliliilli semttitice (oiertonc:.)care apar odati cu oric nlodilicare a raporlului SHALL/ WILL, relpecti!' SHOULD/WOULD, rimlnind sA se indice terior separat, modilicArile apnruie gra-tie interl'cnliei stilului colocvial actual.
ir ' : fo1,, Inl t hat ntt' ,,t6 , m. \ " 1, " r r l |"r ' o1. . nxmxr i <lilu l Do,t r s . L r c lir ios grp n, i, ' t F '6 r , r " l p . e r,.:/;o I . at a, . d l r" 'r -\ Lrl" d d \ l ', l - . ) i . , , , r ' 1t ", , . n- t o, . n.mliD-r s.J., in: Lt : i t : 1ot b r " , : . ) , "u , ' l - r 's p l i r . dbt lr "F' r l I ' . t ' l t nt t "d i ' n; d n/ DA,t " l l, p , 'r , S 'o l '/ \ \ b l d K : ' cd a' a l it "t I nt n o' d \ ". " "n / , , / 4, , tt ,,,r' i.\n!lia protau./oj. I 3l. d !t , , . . , , . . , 4, a/ . t " 1 . t aJ, \or'.1 .a., O./j. D. OxL ttrd t,tr,x l! h Dic r inl r \ r r f 'r '" J ls.Ir' r ' dlr on- n" ' \\' . l,ll " a l l '' 'l of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn r\nerican l\igP " ilf . I L NIitl,i'rsct {lj{ . , 1r t dc , r . . . .lt en 4S, pag. 9; r t lt nn{ r . . d lia. I $ ii: 8 Qlirk.1 . " 11. I ,' . 1 ?i r ., 1 .
200 5 1498 $ 1499 4) lnfsles.- Viitorul simplu este inirebuin,tatpentru a exprimai a,,l o acriunesau o stareviitoare fatd de un momentprezent:
I-sha l.vill see Urcm on Fdilay. (li ,ot ,cdd !inui.)
s 15oo
unei ac,iiunisau si,iri ln prezentsau ln trrecut: ,J probabilitatea
Cononclo..llease, that rtll Dd St. Thomas's? (Ta-\ai.., v1i rog, acesta esre!rcrdrtl spilalul St- Thomas?) 1vh.t a hollahal.o at thc doorl Tbat t,il, bc the children. cd stz, copiii.) {Ce t{ritroi la us{l P.oDoDtl lr anv nr lhe h ;\s h rs e a l e n l h e i a m. rl a r h 1Z Lc JohD . r O 0. i \ r F U , . ' L J ;." b e i " l i a ,_ n i d l m d m " l J dJ, l ral A rr.rt; sa /i p l on I A s \ r u , , i/ l air ra d v 6 ,,, tu o m h rr l p .l " r. s he aoi s l o Jb31. " , Lt upr c . 11 t r ob o L i i ,.i l i r rl ,r . " ' s o a rF a ;:.r l ' a,; Ia l d:.1 :torul u; s 1501 5J \ iilor ul pc rre c l | 7 h " I' " tt,' r" p rl i | .o Iorm1a7b ru aj ul otul a u r;lilr ulLi r o il. \ \ E u rn ' a l d e N t.;p ;,1 /f, al al vprbul tri de conj ugal r: 1 shall/$ill hare called; you will lavc cailedi lie, she i[ Nill ]rave called; we shall/sill lavc ca.llrd; you will have call-"di they \iilt have called. Yiitorul perfect exprimE, ca gi in limba ronind: d) o acliune sau o starc aiitoare: anlertodrd, altei acliuni ori stdri Yiitoare sAD r nni m om enl d a t v i i to r: Lo_, J on, " : L h o l l l !:x l a r [i ,;.l fd t _ ' b o roruprp' . r \ : ' a I nF 4r T t lA n .a t.p 4 :n sd b " L l ." J i u l I' i r c. L.i " osi ri i .) tle ial\ lLd'e dor ihe tanslation bv this inre i.omorros'. (Nu ure sd. terminetraducereapin{ mliDe la acastA orI.) l ; t a t,o n r" a l i ,n i s d u .ri n r " " mi nrtp l i c l n r r P cuL.l j a i n vi i l or' L 1 l r obobi fn 6 r p" i ar z \ iit or u l p " rrp . t .a l -r' l u rn l n l rm bl ro" r;na uu \i i l orul rnl eri ^r gi esle de ohicci lnlocuit pr Lr o construclic ln care apare adverbul t/obaDii: 'ton oi haectuald ure nane: it is so lanoxs.3 (t'.aLdLil.cd ai d&.i, acest rnner este alii de celcbru.) Ste eilt ha@ tin6?d.i nr nine o'ctocli.l (r.ababit .d e; fi tc.ninarl'a rrntnd phl la ora noui.)
s 1502
Patt analFuture krfect in the,PdJl.). - Acesteasint doui timpud, inexistente tn in limba romAni, care au aceeaqiconstruclie ca ti viitorut faln de prezent, ebirea ci sint form at e. nu cu prezeDtul,ci cu Itcr dlri auxiliarelor SHALL cu d eos \\iILL: ;i Viitornl fdld. de hedat (Future in the Past): I sliould/would cau; you wouldcall; he, slie,il sotrld calli \te shoxld/rolld call;
you would calli they ilonld tall.
6) 'l-iitord f&,txdc trecxt fi viitorul porfoctfa.ti de ftecnt (ltutur..in the
'triitorul perfect ta,ti de treflt (Fntute P:tf.ct in lhe pd\t): I should/would harc caltediyou, he, she,ii wouldhavecalled;tte s|oxtd/$ould Iale callediJou would have caued;thJ would hale ralled.
S t4 e0 - 149r . 'zVed zi ! 1 ,!t5 s i not a n. lr Das , t 84 ,Cln io.mtl il.t.r\ 1; i, . 1. ' d o . Diobi, bil, r x r . - . r iilo , . l p " i l p c l l o x l d F r r ', i n a ,tri . ldl r t , t ot . l - . r . o ! - a t a 7 : o t " p c ; ! a : a" liun "viilo.r"an '"lio "la. n, , inom ' uh qdedb de tinp eiitot precX. rln u .rNLr Dr oD"/ i b. \ ' : r or I D"r 1, r r . , . , e". ! " i l J r o . 'r n r , , , , r i n " , r i o , , , r r 'a i '. . o r u l I n l , ', t J d ''n ': t.;:i- ' t . ' r , i nbnq, r ' ". r , hlrd .",,-.u ! '\ i i n{: ,.Vd l.ermira llni la ora 9'. i9 ti01 a) lVczi
2$1 In lirnba romAnn,acestetimpuri se traduc cr riitarutl dupn cun urrnazd: $ 1503 ltulure in the Posl cu viitorul, tr'urte Perf.ct in lhe Pdst cu riitorul anlerior Ce.ledoun timpuri rprim& o acliune considarati c riito(tre l*.i, de un $ 1504 momeni dat din lfrclrl s&u rillor':
r ' ' or , I ioid / ,l lho uld snr|l - lp ln \ lolhr r . r \ t,, to, {re , nam c r . l sr". l .{ m h. b, '; (\i nri \ lv nl. da \' o \ o r . , l 6 j ''. rio ,,/ . m . . or I I Fhould/ r oul' l ".o. a d", a ?: o ilr 'd t, " r lut.l) , \J,rn J lni , 1.".-o. She ldl arirreu shc'd/wonld lrc 6ble to come on th. Iollowing SundaX. Niihr pe cct) (3ois6e ce ed pLrea r.ni drmirica urnatoarc.l ilt appoinf..d linre. (\'iitor I rol.l Jou l'd/shouldi rorld l&yo t'dltlled IlrI tdk |rlot ' rTi an .\"u' ci it\i tai tnd.epl.inisarcina nuinie d-" ertirarla I llbueht ron woutd b&le ro'rd his books. lAn e:.ezrir cir li rpi ii oiilt (probabill od.!il.l iernenllui acordat.)
Viitorul perfect {a!i de trecui c\primii probabilitateA ti fdri prezen-ta unui ad1'erb de tinp viito precis: likc going l,ontc bI ihc tine you'd (- Irol, Ted,as sur! Jou'd(- toDld) bcrctliDg
,T " d.fd l: -rur,d ab s o l v im a uni{!Nitltii.) v r l, , edor , l", c . i, r ' , 1 ..\''r: .dl \ 'i l d J dip-o.1 ,l
In limb.r ,torbitaL dsl.i;1. cstc curenti lnloeuirer au\iliarului SIIOUI,D ctt \{OULD la pers- I sq. Ei pl. Periru a se evita problenele gramatioale cc se jvesc astiel, -se inrrel,uinleazn in gcncre forma r,ontr l'.J l: I shouli l q.,/J./ si "Fppciv r.tI ^sn -lo.\iJ nun1i. x "houtdl^Ltdt i,,I h,i,.1 rinrorbi .",i"r'i.. (.1.,It,t'.)!r! .n,p/, \'rI 'ri .r.r '.r'.1. "^nr'a.p //l 9i e'll ( S 1507 volitiv). ,{vind acerali fomi .tl Si candilionaluLcele do,,i iimpuri riitoaro sc deo S 1506 sebescde e1 nLrmaiprin inteles. Colter.tul ne va arita deci tlaci avem de'a face ou viitorul sari cu condi!,ionalul,viitorul fald dc irecui fiind corelat cu li!io Jul l.1.i zrrll ,l,.o proporirip u. tt..,tt:i,nr1,t d.."rp d"prndF,i'r,. g ""ititi nadt., i;[,!q., /..{piima,j.a,r -,binl"l",s;. \'"t,.,. fr""Fl.,ifdindi liitntuL pofect fatai dc Ltecutto oontrast c\l undiliannl L petfetl: I lnde.sfoodrot'dleouLl..onte at orcc. {Viftor) (Dutr .ir d,' i' r.l"-, .; s, u;i ;n. d J . ,r I 'o',ll rrnsro'r ,,r'.Juu,//ro,r/ or" d .n'.. (. i d
D ' ri , p. "1 e . o ,i. a , ,p , ,1 .' l' d
I li nll S 1506
rt,rr .,tt t h. , ; li- ' . ' ll; n " s . o r T q , L rra ,,i ' l r r' r' ' ' \. [ .uoi b:l l i l cu adverb de liml precis) (\iitor p.rlect). b) I kne|9yot'd.lqohldft6s over Dickie il Iot got r chancelliilorul rali de tfc.ut cernt de un f.c.ui simllu (ttn.tr). sot fiit\d tol u irecul.l c) Un t:ondili.onal !rd:.nl corclat cr un saDjon./i(, tr!!nt. f t lnct i e i l e s it Llat ie s au de i n te n l i a v o rb i i .o ru l u i : ,J.'].pnif, ii
.\ sc cornpar'ain contrast: a) \or @iU ha'. re.eindn"yg..ctings in $!ilc ol th.l,oliday rush (I'rolalilitale-(Yijtorpprl'ctl. rlc tir p prccisl I.(r d,h.erlr
// the letl.rs 49, a lake ihey ./ cdtainly not Deadd.ess.d i.oyou by nan'e. "vourIret r,,,',,' m iinfi { { io !r z i i s l .i ll i i .ra rl .
(i"';13y'" s"o' u, iJiil$"if"}i""'i .oli"l1'ti,i$"T$i*.ili{'l'Jf"51"K.i;;

Yiitorul laF
I shail call ie. she, it shall call
r9r
MOTI!O'OGIA
_ !'ERBUL
Prezont 'le In L e n i i a .e l ui ddftsdtsau

c@ese firbel.e .lespre I $ili call' he, she, it will call iney will call
Viitorul fa.t[ ds trecut

i,e. shc. it sh.uld call
iie. shc, il wo!)d call
ihey wonld cau
riitor' o-idee modald3in Aceasti tormi exprrma le ling6 noliunea de pl.|l": intenr,ic, aainld, holdtir;, pronLisiune' ordut' amenlnlare' estinlre' inten,tir sau hotarirea o ar rcl carc Iorbe e' SHAI-L o, Cirt,1 { taOg buinldr ld Loate Persoanele: $c stn r'a'd tomorroit (lnieniie)
lfotu ,lecd nnte )
exp.lple sint Lipi'epenlru tloua "i i"ii""iiJ J.'f,"'i,.r*. on'irg't"ic rprimel" etc ): oii'"-t""i oii"l"l", initrucliuni, obligalii lornale
r om ' ADDli""nl. 5l'll r ' 11 r " J - . { O r lij4i"' u | , . lCa _n did alii,.eDt i' ' n ' o' "Pr c k :
F ' a to : r , d / i ' E a J c o l ' l a l i mp n u _ l ' .u tp o rr' n ) J rl { ]-ru r' ' i ' ro ' ho n . ' aLl ttt \ mP !l s p trl rn u / l o l ri ro . o r l e' r o& dd, i' v r o r ' j, ll go t , o r a r o n c " l l o td :n i / / t s d ! 1. . i a c a s Jrr!' d ra !1 ) l n ' J ' Sn b :I' r ' l m" n i n dre) t t p " t ail bP P u a i s h Pid d a ' l' F J d I t P P 4&P s tt i n u 0 5 ' u trI J l c to' te pol soar' p]" mai cxpri mi lr or m a de \ ; ; lo r c o n ' (ru i ' 5 c u S H A L L e noLi uni " \i sti nd un.cl eman' ^ rr' i e rc l n to a l e a ' c ' AL, : oli" , p, *; ; un '
il".iil'i' I'" rx,, ir'i"l';:,;i,il'':l :îl''":' ...- . liil'111""' \it'il'ii.'3i'#'"1 li' 'ili,':,, : :yl'03:,,',1 ""i' i\ c , l, ll / l a -, i l i m p . d o n I s o rrv l (P t ombune)
$-e'srud -r'u1r ":i;li':;;i'):i;:,!l) fxl lvom ..uii cu sigurarli (la
o:.::Ji'."i":"'l: i" d,.," ;,1',,,,:.: l;1,"1';;ll,':l "i.,1".1ii;; "'''" " "l ir;-' r ;l-''"liliLl: i",'l 1"' l."i;,1 ),1.,'li';"li g.' rft'oesr,
r
se to t l r ,,i l l .n l i n c.' hi crre i or| ' ste' : I * i l l tal t rt t V ez i ii nof a, l , c a res c re l d a L
993
La persoana 1, deosebirealorm$li rnt.e simptul riit0r hreeulurat)si cel $ _ 1609 etpLr. cici st; in faolul cd. in .crul de tr1d,rto.l estcroloral modal,a;r"ntuat sau nul, pe clnd la simplul viitor nu este nici accentuat:
| r on" oo\ . qim llu v ' i , ' ..htlt ljt . m.l t r n, v r nl, u I., t , uI . o, i. lot t Hot J 1 r ,l ..tu r . " . 1, 1. , ,I.,,.r . . vr'.,
Viitorul constmit eu SIIALL intrcbuirrtat la toate persoanele se E.isste S 1510 ai jn_propo/irI.p "'ru^,lorrrF duo., r-"1 pl" ,au con.rru,ljite .ipcirir" ' ".1" hotdrirc.inltn1tc,e,ti li, un anlhI It hdsbun de.ided thrt Tetstars,sha te usedIo. flie transmission of TV progra'nmes ac.oss the Allantic. Y,ur wil ir.rr"z,i,pd ttst y,u .l,tt t,,.. a rtlns h.tidrv tr', fFar. /o,-.,., 0r!1dI L"pn.x,ponr",,r r.;^,:w \\,,\; rru.i: rdl/ ,,.pr,, ,h. .jf"l,i,,* ,, Cind intenlia dt,arlinepersoanpi edroiate adresezi sau ilesDre carc sc S 1b11 vorbc\fe.auriliarul ,1,r, b,rin:at \\ ILL la to0te pprboanptp ({ 1507): ^"t. Y u s.'yJ U ;//sp-,k,o l,.r,n.ri -ol,v,r\r':ns rHotArirp 'sou'., .l /.o,a., \o"b,..i. nc,,..rJ..tori: iml'r"(.au oi.i,-"artrdrrta.l " I nnor \v',t,pr j, ". J n p
d .linsloL h. t pr . ", t r t $n . l|p f r ritrh"to mp. r\.oidra r\ rI i. lrp l ,lJ.: p od l. . , i l, ar r pa! J mj J-,rtr.l I know ll,p) .'.'/ nLL r hpr r iLk s har o\ Fr t ho d i f f i . - t [ F s . t t . r s j . t f , n t l l 'irr.L (5 , u ,1 vo" p .,"","!a p - nl, . a. i : ndF. ' , r i - ar , or r J t d . ^ d i d r I i g r u i d i i r p ) ' na
E r c e p !i e
r Pn r rH . norir flrFr. o. t L. o r or p r or b. l| : I sill tell him $tai I thirk. (Inl.n1ie) {-\cccrr treuiru) (-\ intenlia se,i stln ce siideso.) r ..ra, I go .rrL no \. 1o |. " inoi"t inS: ( Ho' ) "t , c 1 \ u vrrau sl ie s a , u D, d' c . a|a s r . ir ur t J 1\ Jll1 r,.o u Lr ol d . - , on J , s . r r , La, L, lPr I nt : J n " l i ., \o . J d | . r i. - I d, , id . r r F \ om , n b l o i a r ( A r r 4 n ' n , u b u , II\i loB ndt:n
td p . t e o n 4 / . e \ f rin b in - S t s t z I,p,urr,t p.tp ] " , P, i l 9p e r su "n ,1.|rin insust
Notd La persoanaa 2-a $i a 3 a. deosebirea formali intre simlrlul riitor necolorai S 1b1t si viitorul coloral modal erpus ]a acesr capitot std in faitul ci, tn cazul ale " fatn. \\rILT, este acceniuab,pe cind la si;plul liitor nu este: Yr!'llr'rtu, se. 1,e.. (Snrllu riilor)
L rr !e r v e0ea. ) IIe /l /,t?t under s t and. l S i d l l u ri i to ..l a |d irtelegc.) Yo n sa y y o' r , , / l s p. d L 1 H ,,t.l ri re l lSu u i ri i r s r i j" r l- ir it s - Ll o rb p .l r' .) I 4 o n l , k' uL( ihpt h. r I n ,,. t u r o to th p l i r st ni sl ,l , r\' !i n| 11 ' is r\. ri u dac r r 1 lr o" r " .ru n . ,/,d -o r' ., ." " ' r p r,mi .rJ.j "i
. . oJ ti .,
", 2 : . i : ,:;" ' saielili (le ooniunicalic xliliz{ti in traDsrisiu.ile tetefonice si telev;alc 'ftlsr4's: tla$atlani,ice. ,. ..4 t n|u. ) , io Lt o n oa. t u1"i dr p J" "in".,,ti .ri,,.7i. a.r ,\"u lr',,. . i mrf l rmns, rl' "rt,,'t ! r ' n anar h: . n . i, L, uet r z t i I ' o r . o n t o 'm i " r n J p o u p r r t 1 , , , . ' r n r q p . p5l ul,l,/.,tr.'lF q 'rJ l. . nq. . ur it o r n t ! i e , t u a t . , r l1 Lnr l. "r , J , /
\ i ln , , , r , i\ e t F r , r onr r r r 'd : , o r 1 . r r a , n i u a , l fetl jl. ',.1.., I.,1 , , 1f p . , f r . ! his r t r r . . ir nr uar d . t " , , . , , a " . a o . d u " r ; " " , .
2S4 q lS f f ' ro l ;t;J tl l ; ; t Id l i ' r ul u i i ro .' e\ pu. r r nai s u s . .' r d " o .a b i ' r1 ;i 4 tr" tsl -ttrm.t-da ' ]t 84 tr r.nr Ir l t' :u' {i l l OI' LD .
IIe said it slarl,? be as rve would (P,onrisiuDc) n.utNl (Ne ldsdlut ca va fi air cun von !oi.) (Accexr: n h p ' .u.r' -. rH ol i r:rp, , , \ nn L, r m e ' .^ tl .i g s h a -l d \i n i .l ' ' r l l t rJd r' p' I A-; o l rr' \,a n i m' -l n o | D i q " (A nam . r . pt (Il " /l ' i r' ) T hev s ad r l' " i J o 4 d rl ' mb ro l ' rrrn r. (A u' s p, , " 1 ; d ' /,.d r;/i s 1 n u I d i c o rl i a L ' u.' i I krle{ rou odzl.l hare lour oM way. {r'e.sisienlil) ($tiad ci tet !,.rtrid sn laci ce v..i-i (P enl. u c om pl e l a re a a c e s to r i n d i c a l i i g cneri l e, 1' czi qi 51517) Trotluceret in limba ro end. - Ace*te formi dc viilor colotat' modal, S 1b16 --' neeristinrl in limbtr romani, este tradusit cu rirlorztl. la csre se adauga adeBea cuvinte ce redar.r ideea adifionaln. (Vezi traduce le la e\emplele de mai sus ) raliti'J (Voliti()e Future). dat acestui timp penlruJaptul Nurnflc .le 'iilof ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre sugereaze, toaie lormolc c{ a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte, este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol] innn'": trc till call I wiu call von sfall oirll ron sliall call they shall cdl iie. she, ii slall call c s tc i n c o rn t' l p tJ . p c n trtr ' ; I u ti n" scdmd deJormcl e int er l re i a re A oc as t i n e a c c eir t uat c .s s u' n :,i mu l i o ri n d i p u !,i n a l : .et l uate. consi fui tc cu S H ' \LL L. ' i rp ' u ' l q' r rnl ' rF r3{r p -r.n e rd l a p . r - oano I . i \ \ l L L l a "2 oii ' \u-" l " dc rJ-' " 1,/ P ' ru' t' i ' r," J a :i , " . a u ri l i ,r,i r' ' ri tp t oln' ' " . : l sl u t ti i ta r t uI it it ' t r ebt l\ e d e c i c x ti n s p " n tru d ,,4 ,ri i i ,l e. i rr rno,l ul -crpus" nnt ' us. S t
WO U I , D ) :
' u v i l i rrpl
15fG '
x.Licl'rr lu,rdrer de rt'JJ 1et $ 1i0?)' ir",""t" .*;", ;i este intrebuinlar 8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare:l viitorului: S t517 riitar fald dc viil,orpur nu cnntim niri o inlli';!h rtod'slA\: d) (i.leea riitarul r') letfect ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu lsinvti 1:tti ti (Futue Perfd):
I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes. lTe eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.) Hc q,tll lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou gct ur. l1!' fi fAa,lea /ac baia pln{ c. tf vei scula)r 'd S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL prin aiitorul f.Ltd de tftcut (Fature in the Past) tl , P a.* t): Pc4q ,i ,;i t; r ; 1 p. t l. . ! t o td d " tD .;! tF n tu t 'n Lre nrc iir teould t\erc. IIe iold (ui-a slns c;"1 ra ft tuolo.) I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL lclore they camc{ltiam ci ,,t /l tl..d,in orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.) i.teea de hotbite. promkianc e!,;) exprimat prin tiiloral $ 1619 b) /t,iitor " ( S 1 5 0 7 -1 5 1 3 ) (c o lorat modal ): r'o l i tii ( t ' olit it . F i tfe )
laln l.c r rc:r/n:

I ',r | "" \u f" ,.r You slzll ( t'.i ao.a
lo lr " m nl. h ) Pt . il i' "' r ' l "ddl. s lp i n . ; d ,/ , t t d a' um li m 4' i ' F -rou ,;ll. (Stil lo.mal) /dt" \vhat 'voi, L.r cc vei !i-o iag{duiesc )
d d L 'r n e l
I liitrtut pahct dla |tibtr romannesfe,ca ti in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna,t.{, ii !sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.
295 fald d.etrecut.:

l, ' r l' r "Tr ' 1 { nlj ir ( r s s l i l l d - l ! , I sa id I "oL lr, 1 s o l\m spu r (d x r , t pou i4, 6 s a r lt r I r m , c ir e s t e d e v r c m c . l j lromt d 'y "hotLJ hoep ihat thpr |aut.t. {Le'am lngnduii ol eal aka re @. @i,)
$ 1620
c) (tiitolul
' I hp- , / " / * lor td 1 1 n " \L T o d . t f Lo. o x l: , t l x n d \ri t.{ On Mondal. I go to Itxcterl add t?r., my wire back. (Luni nir duc l.r Djcter s{-ni ddrc sdlia acasa.) tn sp(iciaL Ia dtte. orarc etc., Tomo.rorv ir l.hc .igliih ol March. (ulirc cstc 8 Dartic.J The uptrair .on.s nr ai livc. lTrenul de Londra soseiie la cinci.) What lime do.r U,c down-train leaye? (La oe orl tlcuci trrnul care vine de la Londra?) Intrebninlat in no.l cLr.nt in subordanatele temporale utilitdt
cert sar lrogramat) exprimat prin prezentd simplui
s 1621
2752): 1s2717,
s.u
candilionalc
You won t be readv ieforc we t dre. (N-ai sl lii sala lniinle de Dlecarea noastrll.) ilrlal shall I do iI ar4 6t bach bv dinnei time? -rou (Ce sd fac ilace ntr ic Intorci pi 1la cine?) d) viitorul (viitor ctllocaidl - al)liune ptuieclatd) exprimat continun: we d/e dtztrg ont tonight. frllncdn b oras astil sfa.e.l \lhai d/c yo! drins o,r Slniiay? lCe Inclti dndiDioi?l I shdll Le coine to the scasidcon Fridayel.c llneri h nafr.l Y.u ,e !.ci,g liur 'rrll re.i fiit\c.) (Ai sd-t pdn prczcntul sau S 1522
prezultoL continu refrindu-lc si la Dreznt. un adverb de timD viitor este necesarin acest caz sprc a se deosebiviitorul de prezent:
Tha r'.. rhp e.r l \ , r ot , laal; , 1 f or . lPr F/ "n l {litd ld lr !i f dc { ( an! jl) qg l. , r np\ r Tu". d d y s . | | t \ i i t o r r l n tao h,,; p . ) r . d r o ""l v ; d d. r ar li (L '. tl .. pl- . "r e s l le r nt r o s J p r i m r n " . )
Fald d,e|r':t:Dt,viitorul acesta este c{primai prin trecutul continuu sru prin ,r'iilorul fale de trecut continuu: Hc saidl,c aas.?aalrnlis holidayin the corntry.
(q .J,.s ii i i , J , , r , . , \ d. anJ la t dd. ) Tlr\ \rurp ' r . ic Bai' g r olh; m ouj' t J ins lo r t l . $ ? . k " n d . ! (.\u 'ri. ,t ., J ' " n nt unl" s d. r i p. bpa. i b l r ) i t . l d s J n r d m l D aI I $ . ..1. . . a bp t . . . , i, 8lor \ - nic e on I l , n u - , . "1 ,J luli I-a Venetia.) l-{ln stus cii rl..nr H. pro mis, i - . . o. / . / r . , rtorso.,Colo,ar moddl J ir d d np \ a' ll p F s r p \ r o j l p l a n : n d . ) t\ llga d.:l ,.1
q 1523
ID genele. prezcntul (respectiv irecutul) eontinuu si viiturul uuntinuu ar : 159,1 a,cln.r.s",r aproapra, inlel".. ln n.la birupriie\i"t; in., o,Jeo."hirp,l'ra,"i. sens subtild inlre aresLedoui formc:
1Bar,sale tr.r! ln SdrcFcl., Anglin. rpnumji pcntiu restigiile romaneSi pentn apclc t' Devon,,\nsrja: fl.trd caled.ah dafind din sec.x] ri utriverstai|
t",,l"it1"if./195f..,i
?96 Pr.:.nlnl (rcsDecliv :'ecutul) cantinuu erprinri o d'lix"d holiiritd nai ic Iii.torul cantiiu rr tr':spec\i! iiil.'til [d&J' 1t' tl1cunin n) dlnaizre, tn "rerire cd indepli irca ncliu';ii exprinr'rF \erlr nrc rnrnlite nnplicalia oon!,ine 't' consecLnle:
l{olhcr tomoh$. we arc .li,,i,tP (L uim a ia";ra 'iih 14 m dm r ' r Pr ' er _r r r ' n_dr l r " o r 'r " olo. , ( r m p {" wt \h rtL tJ" o:' t , e \ . r ' 1, llolhd' r . rr rirgLi r i' is l t r u r ( { i4 ir . s r t a niam a n riine o air il,ulm " I nlrc lodav. \ve are haein! a reheaBal at {A,i avc'n rderitie la ol:r 9 ) {l'rosran i\ofirili we sholl be haeint a reher.sal in a mirlle g t 'l a r l l
! a ! *r
ll:Pectr.ind ]}L ai 9aif unai: ) L] |ll|. ] ' f PiUn. la||' \ r t . ' ' l | e. t lni..n '"in ]''1"'|p'j|-'liF' ' ' |' ' ' ' ' ' ' r ' ii"' : a n pJrle ' plu: r ' ul; l ;,mnin l ltor " ahase'al.enl'a cii el ntr conside.I nicid.ctr'n chcslimft {f5 o '2 " -5 " o. , o ") (t;;\,t,n -'oi"oi'"'o d; , ' 1 - ". ) "f ; t nt \ t ; lt ' I ! ' t , ' a' i" . ,' , , d; n "
lel)l llnanicalii modale) rii"i'i-i'"p'"Llfi" r,i:'t" iii"i:i mi"L". (Deci.pres.trcrt" :lmus b"o.-^tona noJdl -1 4r..-p.. , oo.: l 'r'li
trn nrrt'istill " l t u . \ ''^ t i | : l o t a ; 'r r ''f u i t 't r - i 't r a 'e ,e '' l" n "u 3
1t t ; 4 t " t a " r 't " t pt
goirq,-urniail de infiniiivu] \.erbLtluide coniuglL!:
I - v- r ' n u l i l qo: ' 3t a t \ " o' n- lr ir S.hele,r -f: \r eh En s4 ltlnr a ' 1 L rl , "' "r ' r r | ,1t : ioq 'o4 E,: ' 'o J '. ' r ' s "ir i r' r r " . d_P l' bir ' lr o' ' ili tq n-J"in a (Coloril rrodrl r You,'erd soi,A tr sat sorncthins. (I.ltrti') (f.i@i sd s?ui Nc\r ') dodrl i She sa. gtirs /o n@e lier onn wrl (Hotirircl (C'l! roir.l dccit ce n" l@&titij tti faii lEn :f D,at.li nt"" l dt r 'r l r " 'o l o r ' r " o J i l Pt ,d, , blt , 1' / r el (Nu rfd L r 1 ,l8ul"ht s ' rr,',td' ' In Iiolidi,i.s a'.e g'rg ro /]. llPasatrn'r ftr' h'rr l'ldoriit noddl){Sitdalie -\t hontP. ' -(\ cd"\''I'''' n' | / 'I t\ olu r t t r 'I " r r i J n n e i f r o l 'n z i f i i
6lt 2S '
c i es te ' i n l c i c u i tc u rr:i rn ru l\n n tt' t l l i ' ttntLI ' ' ri l d-nn(ce Y rrbul "o ra lrnr i" 'ir iar . ",.. || r , ' ;n ' p i r-l i i \ i i rndr ' i .i ru l !i " . rl - i r .r' r.,r "J 1l she doesi1]ui I saX,sllc ll ri{n/' me I{). it. noI u lt llit l r ro t,,)r' i l ' 1 r s ta b ;t" a n t ti ' t ' n' l rtt ' j Lrr' nrl r-tl " d p l ' i r,r; i rr\' rr B E u r' ,," 1 fl p ' ^nl uE ' dr rtrao u ri iiar , , lui' 'or ' ' S .r" c d+ v o rb a ' ..u rrrrt a z .r b .l .-, r !ri ' Jr i na .tL" l a "' p" i' i . i*t r ; " " . , , e 4c:i l cn)eva rt:l ,rrri o se b ir c { le r iit or Lr l v o l i ti v , a c o a s tn ft]tr,,i rrrt; ur vrLt,' r cu alicineva'lnlelcssre in dc aceasla p"".";",' care rlorbestc, s:lu ;;.;;;" His noll,.r t"- ro ,,om.tonorro\' {lr ro.l,a .{ nrma lui sd tt'd nlnac i Tcaolicrsiid re (.'e ,o Degtrrt oncc i edrat l (]'.onso,rl I slrrs cA trii. sd,t"!"r 1'he lloNr "l,ightning" (as r, r/arr lirst (Calul ..l rlger: rd ?r,s.dnal si l.fre.sci lrimtrl )
YiitorL tl
/, t.
loins
t a n' r s P LDir l' r r inlPa z i
,'.,r'-
297
I aas ta tutat thc ne\fcome.s. turma (c.a sarrin{ mca) st ,6/^Liesc pe Doii veniti.l T h.t \ 4rp \'r) h r,t..\ , . ' , $h 1, . ,L"t t - , r as . oon r , d F r n l r F - D h o n t e l \ $ d r 1 . r . l { . , d, j aodla I n , , , r / D o , d l ; : r d j r . : : j { \u io" l i -ia ri o .r., . J ar , ' r ", J
g.) ( Vittar in.tliar) to be ahont + inliniriv complet:

He ii a,,rr ,o la,(e n)r S{iorlrnd. (Esti ric lunctul ne a !l.ra h Scoiia.) \o u .e .e aLout/ o s , u s ' ,mrt,rrs l l l r0 ; p . pur , . ' I l . ; .t| r . \., . l o ,mb i \!i d r D J 5 p i ,p\d, V;i to ru l un. dior , $t . . \fri mc r i n .ri l ,,l , n o .ri AI pri n torma to Lp poi np + i n linil i !u l .om plc r . ii \ r " n " .F t,tn a to b r,rb o r; i i nti ni ti vul -com" D l et ste tntrebuin,tafi mii mult tn solis, in slilul formal si se reIerA la un viitor j i m a i a p ro piat ( - pe pun c tu l d e a ). (C f. s i S1 5 2 5 )
5 1527
9) Viitorul in lntrebdri. al SH]\LL la pcrsoana I qi a 2-a si $lLL ta persoanaa 3-a exn md uDeori ti dorinla vorbitorului de a afla ce gindesie interlocutorut (Viitof I tind ]j.r in ji I so !ow? ^tnall Mall Iou bc jn time il r6u hurry? fr, i1 rain do rou tnlnk:
s r52e
s 1529
,, tn lntrebiri sc lntrebuinleazn de obiceiauxiliarulpe carejl arcteptim S lSeO h respuns:

_Yps v or . r . / / . ' -tr,oll I so L!m" io$ ioip., l t \ i i t o f v o t i t i \ { , . 1: colorlrl t ,dau "Lpr r, j,op Dou ../-11 \, : . - \ n, uF. / , a" r \ , r or Lolo , a r "-S l,//.Lou bp ibl l,, lq . r pt om or r oLL, \ Fs . l"nou t\ jjror colorarl j , , ll { . . \ ' r ", , u- r t v iit d r \ o j j r ; v "I4; / l rou sF"dl, iL. nn$. - .,norxtl 'o ' J-,{ dIi6r' pJ n , nFfn"(dr , 5s ? I o. s , . . . } dr / o, . ' ( , , \ r - i d a r v o i " . - , r \ I 'u r r o r 'i v _ 'Iltil she tut oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o, she por'i.,, l,,Nr vrea ca..J (\ jiror rotitiv-
i.i linA. J . < he s / d/ / . . t v r i, or lnt i t ; v _ c o J o r a t _ . "S ft,il.,. rom""_ ,\, "lt:i4!h" .or ,.otonl) "' /1 'd ro s FnJ . , . nhp, , ", , / . r ' t \ ' or vo t : t i v _
_ . . Actu Fl m c nt . in\ a " F t i l l ,l p . m.i a l c c tn l i mb a ro rbi tn, si s cl i t acesre { t63l dr F lr n , r i n inlr abi' r i " i s ' In rrc h u i r.t' ,a . r,.b .l . a LJi l i i ' , trr; di s.ri mi nar ' ( e u p r"h ri n -a p" n r r \ \ ll.l , i n s ..,i " l i n .,g l p /r a m p' i .d,,.,. .0rc sp bu,urd d e o, n crp i nll, r aniS i' , ^. ' r a r1 ri l , u r.J p q p \,' b p :' 4 s .,us, tn\ori ti mba,,,gh26: "WiUhIoU !ar be n' Nl,fD I .all i0morrow-?'.-"\ps, I tr;1tirhd\." (Vcz' ti S I r3i) .l SH \ Ll. i, , r , LUi !. | 1 a to . ' c 1 ," * " 6 n p 1 , s ptr.grp fpntru a se a a r n t en !r3 t, r. ner pr , ; r " r 1 i r " .1 , d ,l '' F ,..l i l n tr-b 3 rra : ,tftoll Lool se.ts lor ionislil.: (SI.uNlrri. nihie lentN :6|:iscaril?) Sltolt ltit! .am. io iho mccti|g? ( S liv ini ] a, l c d i n l i ? s rr l a i a n s i v i n d l a i ed' nF?) ,l/'?l?ror ,, in tonorro$? (Ai se'iii nriile ac.sI?l ,Sftali she /atl ine table for li!.? . (sa luna riasa pent cinci !côane?) Mall \e ,'2..n nn lor rou? ' (Se-9ispilir, 'r;ele?) rVe zi !ag. 418,5 1014 ,n o l a B. g 1b32
2SE
s 1633 "'""
i ,r frr" lolaylneldll Do dou . \ a ^" th t c td b l e ? ) r lt ; ll \ in l ' J {Yczi ti ! t8t6 !9ilJ} c ' 1 rru rr" x/// p rs /s e ftp l q t l) lv lLLt d r " I 5i! 4 l :(,..t r din e" r r c " m" i rru l l i n rrrb u i n ' " 1 ! Iri " " rrd
oficiuli lin SUA De lapt, tn uneteliri in oarclimba Irglezt'(rc-lirnlr0 p.rP sH\IL ln cdr' dp a commn'rw"allL brirrn,,r. t"l;J,i si qr"nnim' "i i -cruolul r ru srrr \\ lLl fijn,l inlo.uir ..4"o 1n dqsi,"ruaine 'i: tonigl't? t'r Po&ldvon /ild me l.oioot seats {-.tna, I bookseats.l')
ur?//P l i rl crosd' ' u S H {LLdr' p" re: "
lr , / l I dol I frl,ir-t"i, ,ttr, tt" to fte opera?""lYi[ I conrt \iil\ ]ou? will l? ol cou*e ""."ca o relctare a lntbiirii l$e ) Flll." (ercla;naii\'.
la irce.put ca acceltaAcestea sint dou[ din putin]e cazuri consideraie lorme s-r exLrns acestcr bile in eramatica tradirrionih. Cu tirnpul insd uzarta ensreza
i"".J'i"tf
cu coniirln)ltare actuil, nai ales.prin r' tii"l':"i colocvial cst'i preleratnconstruclieishallI i tvt: ".i'".i"".,r '"a" W lr v Plll I liar c io s t ll' la l '?
\Ihin @tll @e move i3? Where @tli I take Your siuli to? \ V, d, , i{ / . , r , y il ir l l. lr ill u, " \ . . hn, N , 4 m . . .
dcprirnant Aileseori,a0easLiconstruct'iewill l / rt cxl)rimi un scnt'imnt llc neajulorarei ll so.what rtl' 1 do? /r reach\i'i in tincT How "il' train Pt'r a! lake?r What
t LL.\\'IT'L Ilaci 1rr unele cazud inlocuirPldurili'rulni SHAIJ' T i1'tl minnrc sc po;t' rrt r''tr; l'r 'rrrrrLuu serrrantire consecinle ca 1n: -e,iii-;"i;a Pentru ln1,eles. Sna zo! be iD tolrorro\t? II,i &z b. in tonor.o\r?
sau ln:
,Sldil ?o, see hcr at 5? lYill io& see her ai. 5?
jnrl.,rl'rntc ca tn: acerslii schinbare crceftzi insi adcsca anlbieuilrili \.';.','.,',1"i'i; ' s,,1/ r"pv.on" ro rridmdbrins ," , "',, Ifill thPll ra$e to I I meeong' 'rtj ",t sau neccsiti lunginli ln exprimar6. pertru cl'rriiioarrll intrelcsuluifvezi $ t0r9, t1l5 'retnplele) 1'or": inlelesul dc .J WlLi, la persoanaa 2-a sau a 3-ft (intero-crltir) are "r S 1535 I trke a btr:'" "Itjill rcu trke a tram?""No, lrNo!sllc 'tll 4ro4'r'i' "iriii itre spmtrto me?r' pur ( S 149a) La persoara a 3-a WILT, poate cxprima !i u siuplu viitor ! 1636 2074'
20E8' 2115' vczi 2099' li Vr,t i t t aa"it" l"mitate m potitel':, $

r vczi ,i unele exemlle prccedentc.
399
II. SUBJONCTIVUL {THX SUBJUNCTIVE)

suBJolfcrn' sau II{DICATTY rREcur!
s 163
$ 1538
Existl o atitudine conl,emporani destul de rxspindiG, care evite problemele modului subjorctir iie ignorinduJe, fie ncgind tnsdli exisien.ta subjonctivuhri tn actualitate. I-n mod Jrr.na i.l in.,. J" o rli' dc mar. irnnnrtanla..arp.\primd ireotitdl"r. ln .ontra:t , r t ntit.t,,t' 'ndotj de modrT ir.1icali', - cele dolri aqpc.l" f'rndam.rldr. dl, , \i.i.1!,i urndn. - psla cu nFpulinli sc dispard. mii ,u,".'t,.,.npt4.din,.,, tijnd 6xarp 1rco,uparilein roarodomcniiie, pe descoperirearrecunnstutrrlui. a raportului realttut.lircalitate, a.r \evole de in-qtrumcntc .Lo c-\pfiirla'. adcovate. Este crrl cn wdriLrl subjonc'"i{, a,(t:rzivetust adic; forna BE la toate lirnpuril, 9i l" "." ,r" l-. :i li1,-. suli' rlur ; J.,per"s6nxa J-b .g.. .a iodicaror . a ,,,prr tir',r L,r,r.rIn nnu- r n nrpmsii lirp rrrditional. si ruhjnr,,ri\,1 tn limb:rjul lormal, livrfsc. stinl,tiinr,juddic, gazetiiresc etc., unde necesitatea preciziei fi clariiilii datc do subjonctiy esl.eesenijali. Subjonctivul trsi nu a dispnruL ca /riodgrarnnrical.El si-a schirnbat, numai veqmtntul cu altul mai timl'li.t ,i n,ii l"rnili"^, .',liprD.l r .- noilor ,pflnt. da qimplili.rrp.un,, pute qi dituzatn6" 4," p,a, in tt :4 ' .i,l t\as. ,t1d;o. A , apa ar i,l. pri', , rl prol,riuluisiu fp,r, \i rn-.r!4 .r r^n.r lingti li . u'r I.r . t'| -,i)1t l,r 'i t';Ltrtti .nu r'tl .t, nut, 'ir purrlnr ".,.,'r0ii'"-,'nforn.om.pold'rri-i SingurJ"rFlii. , to r i-rLut ro Blr. il .srui subjon.tiv nraipn . a toll,. I cu auxilicnrl r'rF. Frlin l.' toatp persoanelp. pcntru simplifinrre. Acstcforme nu mai slnt astizi substitute pentru subjonctiv, ci ru del'eniL tntru totul stbjonctivul modern colocvial al liuturor verblor, inclusiv al auriliarelor modale. Numai aceastx concellie poate rezolva toat complica,tiile te se ivsc continru in interpretnrile invariabil necoDclr.rdonte ale u or cob^truclii suh jonctiraLe c?ra, figdduite ca aI'JJq d.pd.renla trecutului simplu, ddl na.ei , a) inlel"*ut at stu;d. sinrd:.n,. \.rl'e'. ^x You ll3il rcrer go noN. aasrt e hc Fent to lcd. t |tod/alnel.eiun jn a diy or tNo. I roxld sooze. you c&me $ith me,elc. (Vezi 51548)
conBiderateoa lorne ale indicatir'ului, ar trebui si cr.prime r.alitalca unor ac.tiuni xra&|r. intcrprrLifi care nu rezisLdla o analizi gramaticah serioasi. deoareceele se referl ]a ptt.ott san r;llr,.. ,{cela;i patternuri sint pe ect consecventeti glllmalicri forccte daci sinl ini,eryretaie ca expresii subjonc r;!alp.p r"Jr,r /,pdrrl. (\--l; j l5-,4J De{id!n', - Sprc d.oscbirc dc indicatil'. care exprimi o acliune sau o S 1639 sLarer,!al.i, subjonclilu] crf ni o acriunc sau o stare ;r.edl.i,realizabili sau nu, carenu existai decil ir eindul trlui rc vorbest:
...r, .t, ", , 0. ' "r . t 1J . I nli"J . \ ) , ' i. l \ r,,. : 1. r ", ' 1. 'i I $ish llic n,.r, r,c. lsubjonctiv) f-1,s dori sii lic aici ida. nu este.)l
"*t -'rcnre
0uardire' r'rrezenndsurrjon'r'ilur' iar cu'silere comlr-
800
$ 1540
A. TDIPURT
ii#l; Xliilll."ii i:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii J"ni"'"f ,"'5f ::i,1;

L[Ur r0Rll]I l-llcl{x a suBJo_-{o'r'll
s 1541 s 1542
T" x::xil,Hll"i,""' ,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.' "":'*:::i"""11#

,""""{ l,!i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,' il'!i"' ,"'," { l}i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
ObserrtLlia
' "-',iili" ::if fi :#I'll,'"',.1i s'r*' f;l.t,i l;W ;:**i l*l;tllliillt san rtLtor:
tinp, lrr,tl.l. Prczcnt
mod ( 'onfundnfornat tu ltrut l' s'rbionc'i'n r dr" '"r'l'rn -' i' i " - 'i "g"r ''i "a e
* *"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i': abstraclie r-se Ficind
:::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l
(:, on.,,,,,,\dr,b,l : i l-;,",,,,. ;"." "',' ","-1,;:,L);,1 ",",i1. d\" \"or 'ic':' ,l': l t ,:l':'; ',;;"';:"f i'";;"':" ''
''"'" rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?' " Lnor"tieror') ractrrsa aiitoa'e iir l,rre sr!riimina
jl:i:)-iil'fXt: I " ;; ".lli' r":"1:ll: ;l ",".'","' l:,i";;1" l,,,i,,ii,"
- F',l.''1 Inrere". ';iH*lrf i'l"+lil"l 1544 3) )::l:"i i"I " rri ,r' o . , lr " d" l u .ru n p ' .:,: ; s4:;:-" ,r. . " I" r' ,' , s/r' 4 "",lJiX::'il|*: \ ol ' rt' t v f o' o n 4 i !; ' ^ :n ' l n to ti " ,' " ;.. ' ,i * ,r p, ' , " " o rA in, o llr ur P . o d a rtn l a : -"i;"1.'.:;'if'rr,'"*ru#&Hliiiff:iiiilJ,.:lli"'iiiii"lxi"
atil de elicicnt )
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:l*,1*,i:".:T,',1'li; l::lfl![)-"',,"'. t;ru*k*"t; ;ip"ffi': ",$'l;n "

'.'""i,'li 1.
rr"
condiliona r"* ou l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i!{li'i; l I rpa-rn In r'rtn'r a'lirrImrn
t(Noi) am cerut s's',tn'i armde trrlclearc l
{:i": ilji': *;' l';'l: j:iil:i"i"),ii; Ii:: "'T-il;,, ' -"'" ftr';l ';l :; li\Llili";li"l';:;;:i;; l;;' ,. . . ii.:;",;lt: "l:i:i';, *".,iI":;;i:,r;,:',lJ;;,,':,;Xi:l,l:" ,,,., *; /,,, \i. .*1,
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"'
;i'"fi" l::# ;iii;';i:ii: ;Ti **d$li*r=lt'ti*,*ivi{:ttn#','r'rilli'
l rl: :i;rI' li i l il"ff";li'l llll'"li:':,111"r i. l';:l:l'.:;;l'i ."', ll,i"{:;:.}"i"'l:li";'1" "",,,
SUEJONCTIVUL
3OI
4' lnlrcb inlire. - \'""hF., fur..ld c subior.tivului enaliT a(tp DL,t;n { lb{6 f^lo.ir" in liml' pnsl' 1s mod,rn... Ejra IrF.rrnrd in.r :n S arele Uniie it" ' \ merieii. )t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaiziiD englezabriranici in urmdroarele si. a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re in limba lormala rrnrd (frazeotoei iuridiod. { 1646 limbrj ziaristi ;i narlan'ont pro"Fs^li\-rbitF .h.edi,.l"lor, in Stiinla si 'r. ,:i. '-hnr.i el..l. prerurirJ-ni undr n.-asar u tin I.Jj Ior.1atpreii". .1"i, {dre ambiguiLdti:
T ho judgp dFa d nd s rIal ll' Lr . . , 1pr r " l' "ou" . t n i,ur ar r . i . p i r oo. s . l lJud, . A rnru l.dre .l If ih$e Dd all w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.esgatterics emtty. ___ siil ziarjstic) l"Tl'e Tine6" p. , aje, "t , . L- m " d u n a . d r l : l Ddr4arpdA o rir'..o d.Jot t oa1el. t "t - ' mirbi!"sd lI s l m R {l. riil. de scu l!tur.i g oalt s . l
I rnove that an apDcal rd madel,oi,he ra lcsconcerned. (l'ro!u sits. /dc; dt.l l{ tirrtilc in caizir.) b) in loezie ti tn prcza Literard:
"T'.l rp " $il$ill I l. : L ' o " " l , /d r. rR r" o n ) Tl o u g h sl' c b s , , 1! u, q, I \i l l .o n l i d o i n } e i .
s 1547
$ 1548
c) tn unclect:preiii firc,
ca.
{Savini ia a, ci vd lnriLlacl sh latineze.) s4l,.d it l.osaJ...(Esled; ajunssi spun...J, ic. in ixLIcniri d) injtioase, imye1lii, proteste achem.ntesan n|..
Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl (irire-aibiestemat sI lii l) (Firc-ai sd lii de indiri.l l) ' ilxpclscs Ddhansdl (Dii le incolo de helluielil) 'fhat ,e hanqdfo. a talcl (Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)
il need Dr {: daci csle neroie) , a i i so s . t u s o Dd it l: a s as Afi e l bihal as it n", (: oiicuni ar lil ,, ," i r r' o, n , , ; , . . . r . ,, t," .,:d m i i , ;i J u tJ . J ...) / " ,.ro i d $ l\ o. m . J in q o b p r,ru " , l ;" p , \-1 A \i . a s r.r. 1: c . rr r \ l r n J ..' j .a ! .u r a r l r) 'L *haL malt (.- rie .reo li, odoc s'ar Intlmpln) catue \ t on t bJ i ." n t i r" ,tc L n i u n a ri . L )'-r ',D . u i'r ' t F r r nil hr $ tl l c a rn l r s k rte
.' i un" nor.i rot
S 1b49
5) Troaluccro. - Forma r.echea subjonctivuluise tfaduce ln limba ro- { 1660 | . n a p r i n . onju n .l i '. p r in condilionsl s0u printr-Lnin , lira lir , u o n u a n t a ( \Fzi r r ALl d" ,,.reapv mtlplord. ld $ 11 4 4 r. ' "r i . c n l i .
SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ}!NT (rnDSllNl svtsJtNcTtrtr) l) Fo rn ri. - S uhj^' , ri ru l p r' z n l r- o s i n g ,r r. r' ,n,d r'uj n p l p . a r i' 1. s i|' r . , la r. .l r (i | , l l u rp l : t. , ^ ^^, , j L . t e l : \o ' r. L h ,s tr.:r ..,t' ,1 ' " " - ' 1 " " " r.0 , \,,r " ,t" .t. r.y ,,I^ t. r" * h" J r ! - )o ' r\ r.r.l ,..r.p .i ' $ .r. I s e - d re r,o . \," ;trr\ $ r-. prnrrJ
s 1551 s 1552
loate S 1553
t,n u ,rr estelorma vechca lcNoanci a t-a singular,astdziarllaici sru poctici.
m9
ObserQd!te
,,,,'',,,:i:i,;'ii'l;;;':;;1,;',:'l::l"i-"j;l"T"""i;ii'; ri J' rr"uL' qi a J a 'inslllrr

u'uot ;":hi:*,';"*"'nffi;t"'*ri eTl"}"i: '"".,,i,i1*:':i ';;]j.l;:il',;;,iiriri;11" "' ""'-' ii:ll::; :['i :ii":1, ' : r': il i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"'' ll""'n:|,"i il:i;l :lli;;";
N old Cit"i lq**"
- "'!!rij'' lhiT;'il;':" "iar'i' " ):':!:;"' \ll j: ;*,""" .". ostarc sau
'lif' indioatilui : corespundereatte-iii' se inr'rebuint'eazi
E 1556
i)
' Ii,:i:: 'i*: ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r iiiJi,liT'i:li'" sif iilil,lJfi Yill'J estetntrebuinlat atlt in stitulformal'
prcznt Subiouct'ivul ^"4*-
'.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'" i,iHiHl;:il.'Ki' i,,* ;'1 " ';;i; iniica,i'u, *as; re"ur

;i:'ii '"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'i
ll:,:': l'tlr,t;'i|"]:lr"i; '11"::"1:"

r n Hir r nr n i wistr 1'o ' l n t oc dc * r ' ' r r\rAlt rlori iid 6l l tA.s lo' dn r aPi m P s sl" / a Sl' t'r "n
ii"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr I":l':" :' ihlilli:iritl;ir":rr'':1 ll"l'Tii'^ ''""' :*iii:il.:": il;n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i ""#;::';'::l;lj
165? Limbajul 'ulr. p"''"'o'" '--i"ai' "'i""t 'n"' $o!' disrinclia dintre inJi'dLi!ul trtr'rL l.''l
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r t I h" $ur c a o , 1 ,d trr) rPr" u P" 1 rI t r / le ns s Y o " (i n rrc e l rJ D r)
i1i'4,11l;.l' i:r:,i':l,"'l'l:$lil[ ,;;;"
t:ilgll' ",::,';l "'" rr,;ili*lrr,l.j,;:: "i:: iii:j
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diferile: dar .tr tntelesuri Corect,
;i*n?::ft""*# fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*
o?resqzne ri.6rt liupoai'e
a0s
Traduoorc - Subjonfti\ut prczFnt, sF trs,lu.p In lin br rom6nd prin S t6i8 -.4) conlun.rrvul prpz.nt sau p'in .ondi{ionstulprarFnr: I wish I pft vou. (.\t dori s., fd rn rocultatu.) (Conjuncris)
S.!!pore he ddft, / (tnchiluiste-li c{ a' dnt.) {Conditional) r l' pr Df we . ir l g r rIp s .b j .c r' { c o l o c v i a l ) { t - ^- art i s t ic h i m u m s u o ,.tL . j ,p " o n u n ;" " . n." \, SUBJONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
IINRItrCT SUBJUNCTIVE)
s 155
l:iTlt;: t;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;; "" Jlil'i:"lil;''":lJt,{ -;i;;a;;;';;"i;

. * { i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii, ""' il}T"}f
,^-,.3,.1ot"'"" Ea poatefi:
1.1Formn.-
Suljonrtir.ul lpttrd t-r n sin-ur,j [ar,.,,tp"ntru todtp p.r- { tSrj0
'
t"*n{ j"}Xt jX'l:f"hlgi,li,." j1l!jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""
Subjon.ti\.ulpFrtectexprimdo adlirn?rdu o,tarc contratd 1561 \
rc!iunii rcu s jrii exprimo,"prin r,rb.rt din propozilid _^.ô)-antptiaMd J'rrncrnals:

I I" rL rr.. t , " I ad - ot , , . / s ^ .,r.t" " { o h i s d .tr. A- d o fi .,1 , :i ,L { l ar a l ost.), " r , . 4 I / o. r a. i, J e D p c l ,j ,n t.nIn d .o t,n " i r.d b-) cu un verb ta un timp perfect. din principali: .simultand. I l \d h o d 1e- . lll , 1r qur J ,s h o p h." @ " l r h a r. t,4 p .d \o r. Da ra o t h t , . 1 I n r r " t . . -, re .d r i ,,;,,r,1,1 ,r, ; ti ., L i i i " , ..,,
3j lotrebuintraro. - Subjonulivul De attt ln stilut 5r1562 formal sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1-!,'j,."''"ebuin!at 4) Trad_uccrc. Subjonctivul perfecl,se rhdu.e trL timbr rumdni cu g lb63 u rj rn . r i r u l p"r f,r ' ru cor,,tiqiona,u, p,rr"",: ",r u
I wGh I nad Dd,z th.rp: (_{r dorj rd lt /os, acolo.) {Corjutrcrivperrcct) Ii he tdd oru, he s,ould ha! como IJ,acn b û fi ttiut, ar ri venft.) (Condiiionalpcrfecr)
. .r r. Arp rl l l r o pr es ul, un,r.. F t, u i n l l i " a ti ru t tr ru t, i , x,e ar Ii un nonsens-
0 b s e r e a lie D L l , 4 In p r o p "/i l ia.on,liLionald. sFIntr.buir: F a zs bu ! . io n . u , t rt r. t lu l mo
B. t) tT RE nurNTA nx $r INT x L D s .1) lntretrriDlare. Suhjonctir.uteste intrcbuinlab duld urmltoarele S 1664
ii.' ,|X;lili,'".ili," 1,,9iJ';:",:.:,,:,'\':i:t

6i dupnverbele:
" '; "i,, l"llJ '"tr" ";ri:"''iJ':; ll: , l"l:l i;: . " l;;:,,'ii::'";::i':t ,:',r:r
s,ru,se {: a lrBslprncl fi ro /tst
I V ezi pag . 3 14 ,
( ",i"I;.q i'":, f tl.,;,'f,i {ht, h;;i,";:,;:I:jiitl .1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11, or or .':rt.,,i;,';o'nr".

(: a dod).
m4
S 1565 i tsC C 2) I[{elos. - Subjonctivulexprimer: irnala'rrr o pt"r"tintJ{ d u p ; . a s . i/ a s t h o u g l'ra t lt ' r n .l o "on p a ','i. l ro p o /rl rrl F c omparrl rvej : l h o n , t hon t l, t han 1 l ' a t
"cYin \ olnpr r , P dt c , 1 a I I r-P 1 l i | l r d ; l l i ri ' u m a r " i o i p l i l i l) I aaa n, l lr alF 0 z i" Ilother used id hert me 4s hoqh I hn'l ben n l:trtle girt {ltama md tral, ca fi cum a'i ii iost o ietitl.)
dupi eren i/, (ercn) thauEh,lncveocr'whaleoer'whichewr' bJ o concesie, t 156? ' phaeaerei,c (in propozi,tiile concesivc):
m' rd l ' e' f " - r t ' agh na h 4 ,1 - s o -l d rJ v " ' " n z ,,,l J it l : !' n ;t d .\ | q i r" , !_ d r m r: l i g l .i l _o ' r c hilr , la' " d jt ; r m . n . r , . . " n rl " /5 1 rr & p r. j . s J . D o l rn k i n ' r r.\rhdi . ( [ , lul lur o. a p rrl J . d " \i ." \P ' n J " rd l rp bt d ' l unat' re i ". E*n if iL qnc ao, this is no eaFvmatier. rchim dacil ar ii asa.nu cstelu u utor.i , . $ rs n d v p .J I h o m r o d n y o ne. (A fhai c]. i/ r , " r . u " v Da . a ' a s i n rrro d ctipo nrmenr' ' ( O , ; c inp s r li r a i F l d p " i me a
W L^ -s h . lrF. ' dppi4, ldn , / oe l; uPdLv him c F r i rng!f tlr Doi sF s nlr m r i i. f ; ' il dec i' dad dr lo' ur f dr lP ' n' a s o 1 o T p d s i sl'ou ldrq oirJ I: l- l" lr J r a "t ur s r m ar S r a r P a l r un r olr , r 'tonr dF ( ,^ ?p F t"_J "a r. ' In cd s orrlln '$, r it "o' "' m por t anLlr ' al J o " h o u l 'l b F l o l d l h t t u l h r a r h " r d ? t / l/'/h o ^ l' l L in is nor an" tla t t haa \or ''" ar]pv$u dqir ir i"' PUn' ; ' p""r "n rl;,r,r, d; b ";1 ,. '[ ! i s p a s ^ u n d d "t ""n"i
r,t.i ia ti"lt
So D. il I
(Fiecc'oiil)
Conte Nllal mag !
s 1568
c) o conditie ireal&, realizabili sau nu (ln propoziliile condilionale):

$ o u l d s o o ns " l m ztL" Bri gl l ' ll v our m ol, l"r d & // " o n p .5 rrr l r Dic n m am ' rt a d f p rl " d v ' n i , a . d r.rrj a ' m d r 8r ru' rurrLP ir v our $r t " . *, ri rl rs , ' l ' F $ o u l d s a pro !F.Jrhi ns' ro a l " r { Dic r ' olir t a d r ., l d n o i . J r a v ra g ti j d ,1 " lI r ot h" d aP t ttP r, J o u $ o u l J h a tP l i k e d l h eo ( O ; c l i- s i t i e , n o s c l t. l i _ a rIi l l i c u l , ) I sish 1 @de a student againl t]\q do.i sn fiu iar sludent.) Don t \ ou Lv islfo u l o d 3 s o n ? ( Nu r j \ r ea s ; i a i u n ti u ? ) 'lhev I iilpd thFI iod not .on? so iatr' (Doieau$ nn l, vcnit aia ltEid ) shr disne./sl( l,dJ 04, o d)nc.r' d o ri r s dl i ino' ' , " " r i t o" .a " " .r' - s o u ArIi .J o ecxlama,tie, o iormuld retoricii Otl ,Dr iL 4dlc lossiblel {r\U Daod ar Ii losibilii O[ | /l'r hc lldd .oae yesimd ] l { \ l' l S J t i lF niI e l i e rj ) vehemente l/ irnprecal,ii, proieste ,.dl lhc fello}'l "pi''"iiii
s 15G9
dl o dorinln (in propoziliileoptative):
l n' J dr)'
$ 1.;io
! 157r
sau nu: lio,g it alll. ..
(Lrs-oIncolor)
allabetiL pPnttu a fi nai
"" "Ltt
1 Dilrihle tntelesurialc suljonctivului slnt o'donrlc consnltate Iesne _'' I : His matner. ihoush slerq was noi unkind-
.3{5 ai,.sd tr,e manl t/os/ l,im! (li.'ar blesiem.t si-rficl)

1;o da wil,h \'od!
Confaund lin\l {Duc{-sel. naibalj
iLns - oballil s a u C u m rn s n c ffd a q ac e v a l )
r./ o indoialn:
$157?
I doubt if he l,d ir. iArlrii.l {[Iii lndoiascce .rr li ic.si.) Cl. I don't think he's in. Ulxlicativ)l Ih "J,l u nor b" r i, v er ld, I ' p p " ,' ri u s6 " g ._ .i 0 .. (\rr d i " r r l i n u L ( il r . - rlic t ur a dr l i o ri-c i n d l i .) i...ts g e iuine. ) ' ( I ndic { t i !l l I, o presupunere (in propozi-tiile condilionale etc.): .\ 1573 1/ l.his ,e true, he iB a clerer man. lD"/ d ,, J . l" . a, dr ' + r .-b J v l r,' l rd ,,p :,u tu 5 p .' . ! rnomJrsl P Ii l .l .P rpl pnl 1 D. e\ pf lm a o ' rr| su !ro n L l|\ r t r n ,tarrose shc dalL.i hereI ' n , ilielipuicitc li ci ar leni aicil) I1 shc ,c/' you, sle would go in lor mediciDe. lD.rcnrr ii ia locultnu, ar siudia medioina.) S/rrl .5 i a gt his r J . l t dit 6 " p av o ,8 , u o J : In l J o r h d \F bppD S l dd' {Pi ,u p ui: ad c " a- i" J . rr fi l !..t .1 ru ,n al J . n J l i d r i i p l rut bi np?) t) o propunre, o sugestie, un lndemn, o cercrc, un ordin: Il " mrveJ / , t orr h" m . - r , n gr/ i i l tu u rn p l . (\rh d i c ) (.o l o cv. " b,l depl t (El ) r l r opus s d s e dm n e l e d i n l ).1 " .s o n .(\' h a i c) (.ol ocv.-sfrorU g;' ,, Ir \J" srggps r . J , ld, - e g ,( l s p p c i mF ln (n .J p ro pt ac ' r n s d l, n4 i ,l e c l i e d e p ro l r..) Soneone.omd Irde and stag/ (Sd vine cinem aici sI cintl) rcsularly. (Formal) (colocv. I t is requcstcd rior union memberc r,oy uteir subsoripiions .d .l i a .h i rFc u rp c !l a r: l rl r cor' .1l i i l e.l (rr"n i b i , " : n, 1, dt , - luis ln t ru ' rl i j,) un scop (dupi rnai, in afiar that, that, L.st) lln propozi!,ii]e finale): 'a /d, Mafy re accelled to ereningclasres. Hc lut in an attlication {Arhaicl (colocv.: I \ Itr!t' o. p" . i c r \ 13. ir s d f ^ rr' rn i r5 ' d .u " s ' rl5 ' " ' 1 . l ' " ddrk (soLd/n; T..\ so uonlI t l r go,/,-/a J ," l ,p n a r$ J r 'n ... r' i IU rd l J . a rb d u r' ,.- p' i t r ' i L -\- \,r'u. - ol. " r " , l, l l l o."
s r5?4
S 15?5
lil o tenrcre l tpn lcst,for fcar, ro bea raid, to fear).

She le.rred14, she Dcaught in the stonn. [(co]oir'.] $l,e lcas al.aid she u,g/,r le...l {li era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)
.|i1570 Sl;it
lJ o ttrare:
l r' ' ng Dc d. l!!tl l ( S ,i iir rou lli n rri letritrl ll
In afarn de cazurile mai sus citate, subjonctirul sP mai Inl,febuinleazi; a) ,iupi .un.lru.liiiF in,t"r-oncl" i lr' lu.p trir 't: 't ;s nP .-nr't t li;6 : ,1"1,. potibt t. ir is d /,i/a r.ru,/ ls ru s.,r,,a.7. ts F,LtLt rslr unfoftunat.).tl ts /tgrt (sau wrcng,proper)2, shaner,fattLlnut.rar
I i!' ?" . rq ' tr,b. i ,J
rli, r
l' - r ol' J r u 'l h "u p "ld , , ot "- ' o s-.r.. . ttr , .

\frame-. ,,t 0 ,' ,,..
.j
- oPiar . t / a' or t 'I a t l d b I

lll.,,/ a t,tl oshna":,f
. / . r + . . "u. ir r i''. . .j"l'l rlru a u n" d nn, ln llr -u,h ot ahjng". , i, , nr i ln a . . sr. , ' p q ha mp irp sho ul 4 I ' a. go L n lo r hJ nl. n". r n.r kiDon"$ ' w h d t d ! i.v "o , T oll;A ' esle "o rrr'..ii c "r . ' r bt li\ ul , , "oar . . s r nl L r m . l F d P . o r t u l l i d r l d '. exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl 1$ t!641.
d oitf ,/
pf1
400 Notd It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent: It is (hiEh)tine (tlrar.) you /ere in bed,Nan_ lAr Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci.Na .l
lin t lt rine lou sro,,d Dlavina? \.d r li r md .l . . r ; ; m idi , ir t ; d, d r It is hish tin z \ hd / pd qr oLr n up. \', f o Jil.s ; ai m h; , iull, 1 ; ni, r l"l. ' \ , r s r , d .
S f5?9
n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould. sooner,verbele had,Ei oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
You nzd ,ir. srdd,,i io ],im. (-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.) \lt "an h d.J Ht , r plaa t - dt / it . . d | . , rT,rt m"d Jr fr , . t pr " s d 5" jni, p"o. dq r,./" I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l (At ptefetd sii pet.erctu sthliiul d srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc I !4 tA..o."r \ ' ou "dd" v r n m . (At ptefetu sd rtt cu minc.)
$ 1580
sulJo^-cTlvui,
yENBELop, ,\uxtl,tiRli IIoDALI cL Dolrl foli\lE ct1N . ttty . EHALL.t ILt,
PntN studiul complet al verbelor auriiliar Inodalc, vezi g 1930-2178.

Prc ztnl (modal ptezent + i]dltniLiv prczF,rl,) nas call ( toil trei srd call I p.rsoanele atl/ call I
(nodal trct t
1r.cltt irrn,ili! prez.'rl) ntgnt call I toan]tr.i rr,rld call { Dc.soanele
Conditrioral fi sulrjonctivprczcnt i pcrlect

(modal trecut Prezent I infinitio prezent) could .d I miqht.dll I lo.ric lrci should call a Drsoanele sauld .u lt | -
P.|fect (modai trcut + infinitie yrfett)

<\n\ti ha calletl. mighi do. .alLzl shonlil /Dee .ared vaxld hd)e catted I t toai,e lrri I pcBoande I
O bse r e a lie
'S f681 . 1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,si formx la indicativul trecut, subjonctivul lrczent si c.n,lilionr!rl prczent, dec\ o singnrd farnd.la tri nortu { 1582 2) X{odalclean rn limp prezentsl .ut:, tint t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle fonn,i: apare la mod,ale, care sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt: (o sineurn formn).
t t l d- r ' p, j Ibr ,- \V ,,n LaLe r' ; h,t,o.-r 'F nii ' . ,r' ,ri n \.;l J n a l i. , n p.,,.u grLt td. po.ri fo.,i i rrhl . nr o. . , " h b -,n " ,,t1 ,p ,ro ,,. tfi iom 'aI'hELak ' ,\chool". in regiune: " .,i to stabirili ll'tr)i a;h ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet l.aulal cale dse 11712.18141!, Rabe soklttu l11i!t-ta4t).
,07
l" s, h i mb. , " n, liLi" nr l u l s ; ,,h i n ,,, ri \u l 0 r,n d Ln l fpr r., I v p t1.,1. rbLtL,i i rp s s ru rre , u ru l r n l ]Jte l a !.(, tut ,lil- rrl ,!s d " f ur f ls r r nl, ', ' i n ri acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inclerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind ti\ . i . a .e sl , or doui m odrri : e ,"o , . I s l, ouldi: d r { re"b ' u i l -\o"n l d t f i ' ;' i ttt rr " Jrr ) ; i, ' . . . " ir i ")t ' r-' l I PP Prt c ! p i ,' .d F ,i , ' rP" " ' ' d I L, " i ; . E l ; (: . l re " n !i )- $ o n l' d ..",j ," r , II n, ould I4t:i ,i !ur prt:ha\" t: ; : , ' " . ; , 1 r,
.. 1 p ,
1 ,.,1 , .r gi.
., r, p. ,,
., l ' r' , 1 , 1 I i ' h n .
I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl. (-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.) I wauld ntlt. talk to vou than dance. {-\i lrcrera sa siau de vorba etr line decil sri dansez.) -\o onc .olld haeedone1Lrnore competentlythan rou. (-\_ideni Du .r li tul.ur. Ia. .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.) You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl (,\j tj pulut sir rii mai dcucd.ll Pertru r n parre . celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ-iia la liecare rnodal
(] . C OIS!R UCT I I I , N
C ,\R N
IN I,OC U IN SC
S U R J ON C TI TU L
S 1683
ln iimba englezn contemporani, cu erceptia celo. citeve cazuri aritate la S 1i44, {orma leche a subjonctivului e""tetnlocui p n construcl,ii formatc
LUT, ll-A.Y,NIIGHT,SHOULD, WOULD,trccunr cu ajutorulauriliarclor: qi pri'] infinitia sa\rindicativ. lxr

LllT + infilitivul incompletl lormeazl un echi\.alent al S 16Eb 1) nornl. subjonctivului prntru tostc persoanelc - singrrlar si plural - cu rrccllia persoanei a 2 a'9:
n r''ll,IIIi., I ' ' , il .v ^ ! ^-,!| ! , ' , I l.l tp t u s ra |: lcr f l, L, n c . L ,l
! 1684
O b s c r r a lie LDT esie ur ai de un pronume\n cazuldcLt.zulitl
Lel n4.and,,, go lor a *alll llon't lct a sceyou again: Don't lct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s | Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill Jou? 'r 2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie S 15EG lntrebuinlatd pentru a exp lr)r o propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect. o concesje: o presupunerer
Let Be sp.att no$l {Protuncrc) (S,'irorl,cs. cu acuml) ,r, rs so lromcl (tndcmn) (tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall I,er'r /d, bysonesbe iysones! (lndrrn) ( f l{ i s n l i H rn l .c c u tu l l ) l lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc l]arti.nla lo. , La peNoanaa )r-ase Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZI deoarece acs]a exlrili lrl
l0ii Jtt hin statt \vork ai oDce! (Ofdh indi.c.L) inr,eapi luoul imediail) 1Si1 r?r her dft'c thc motor boat an.t lle.e rvill b. u rilidenl {&csnpunercl trn aocidert ) (Numai rd .onde.d ea baroacu ,noior Ei se !r i,Li,irlr)la l ' \.rr t d npadpi1) o ' | t,) ' i rnn' ti l ' r ' { ,Is o ,' r,l n jro 1\r I dr' n' 1.. \ u ' r c d" , r : , d. 1 -d ,p /" 0 ' .o u l ' r" L o l' ; alit prin jlnperali\', persoana a 2'a U ordin adrcsat dtfecr se ertrrimi
$ 1687
(s 1 6 2 2 - 1 6 2 4 ) .
$ 1588
(H b ." .n " S,' ' , " .i 1 \' u r1a 1928) dc (-{ se vedeati exenrlnele S g Iirfl, lorn ngatiLc: are doud 4) Forma ncgativi. -LPl's .Doz] lets (.olocv.) 3 u u ,e r' r z o r... (n a i c o l l l . D,n'r lcr'r wait nn rim. Cft going z.r's not I'ait lor l,im Bttlef 3el g.ing: C ,a s r.l i a l l ri ri s l (ool oci .i D a L ' 1 l e t' s Zdfs ,o, do suoli r l|insl DO selv$te la acceDluarea ulrni 5) Acoentrare. - Lot's. - Auriliarul S lt1l0 co n s im ! em lnt entu z ' a s t: fo r s u u c r? " " O h l d , i c a sl ' "Sl ,a ll $e har e c t nli i s l t' :
3) forma contrasd. Let's. - Let rls por1, a{ca sau nu forrni contrasa duDi inlelpsuiDe care il are in intentia lorbitorului: ' ,/ .;n.l ."ilul principsl /, 1.r are toati lorla sa de 'erb lcnical (: d al ,..'p a..pnluJl ;i r,. Jr^r'. br.a lorr j' 'or'lrJ i: p rnii.. o tnso.1. 'l'ea.her. llease, l.i a6 go on a trit bX ourschcs: subjonctit'a11, D./ cind Lllf este insd auriliarul unui cohiYalent, .de'i neaccentual, tornla contras:i cstc aproope cirligatorie. acccntul cdzind pe vcrbul lexical: l ' ill f" on rrrl
$ 1591
. l tr, ] ,u i ,. ronJ Yo . r 1 -.,,n . d r," r' i r' Ia Inrl ' : rr' i t Dinr r - d: 1 d i ' v -d " , r' o d i . b o l n \' ' ,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia llal, s au s ub i n l e l c ;s i . l r tra d u s o u m o d ul conj unctfv (marcat d con' "\t'i 'nE t i j u n cfia s d) : I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpostin lhc dark (Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio lc lntuneric ) Don'l, so (1orlearls lou ?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr' {Nu pleca,sd nu ic lrindl n'ttnna ) I hopeJ ou nay ,t l i g h i . ( s pDrs t ai dr e pl i tt.) c_,,rn scop: I lravecomeso l.J'atXou nay r.ll rie thc ne$s{\m votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)
lrAr cthivalonte M\Y -f infinit'ivulinconpletesteinltubrrinl,itin 1]onsLrucliiki cu subjonctivul,pentru a expima (cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt): a,) o dorinln sau o urare:
1e28, 's 1585, 2ctdyfi.sh, sg. qi coleclivilrl. .rasltstus:.a.'

z (fo. t0) ncs@r il con{frdlF
3{19 .1, o concesie(dutn ftrtt.re,". trhatercr etc.) saLrabsenla ei:

Fo'..,-m'r,,r I anJ l: t F \ a. . Lant . , rori il d. .rn , . , I np. I ol , r t oo \ t o " ,.tdt,." I t.,1,
Construclia cu \'tiY se mai intrebninlo xr:l : .../ in comparalii (dupd as tl a: thaueh):

Shc lo.ks,s i/16 lbulh st\. nda t:tu (,\re acNl cti fst' sata !i plin8i r
it is trcbul)l.. it iN liLllt|: /J dupn constuncliile it i: rossi.l)b..

tt i pofiblelptobableitiiel3l l[ar. he /,dsr &. ttr.re. lrhte losinil/prohbil ca cl il lic arolo J ( V . ui s i S , 0:6 2 o l l )
rtrcHr
\{IGHT ale acclca;i I|n(l:ii ca Si}1.\Y ( g 1591):.+te insi ftnosili,r frazele ln careverbul di trropozilia principaldse afln la trfcut. sau ttsrl,ru a suqera o starc de lucruri loarte problem$ticn. 1i c&recaz rre rol de,qubion.ti! dutn llat erprimat sau sublnl.lcs: Shc sl,enisld nerer kno$ ilhessag.riD. {Do r1,'.1 'rtrnd (Dorea s(inu mai itic ni.rtudaii cc e tlorla.) L.t il.did \^ ,"i.s ,'" r,.. : h r',rk I.m," (lti".d lJ , "pur . d. l "ij, p n l . n r ', ;c i ' "/ L\ ' ln I . 1, . . , r ",e
1 l.p 4l \n n, t t t l , r l_r "" n, i (Sd rdm'rd a i - d, pr a t ' i ' 11, I al- . lDr pl n o , o r Hp ,to"Fd llFsl' u' "r . . , I L \ ln" r o!lo dD. . , , , . l n. : , , n: t , , al1ir , - 1 , , , Ii oas lossiblc (Uratl hc /rigir trc ihere. (D,'!I n is ld$iil, (S lute a sd lie r 0olo. l lc.o! ,nar etc.)
s 1502
Obser"a!ie d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi profozilie princfualn conaratl circumstanle a ciror realitlllo un prezeni unori chiar si ud trerut zare este foart problentrlici: I kn.w Jou are rer,! busy.bnl I Nishyou ntgl,.rrd hcrc. .l
(il:. ." r . , i, Lr . . d rod, r . , ular . 1. , r "n rl" e ,6 itr.,id s . , r i8r l 8- t o"t in I , p L ooJ - . (li p-a L4 JmJ , - . n4 . ' n t uld, r "' . 1i i i. t di. . . ) \,,ri,j.
6J N{IGHT { infinitivul pcriacL exprinra o acliune neralizati: Shesishes.shemiaht hae.seen \ai. lDorcitesii le li vezuf. k].r nr 1.;a vii?ut).] Atenlie ! Ca auxiliare care formeazir construcl,iile echivalentc cu subjorctii-ul, \1.\1' .i ltlGITT ii-au pi"rdut ruprin."l no;io ol l npri r I a tural/ :i. ,la .r lp nai mul ori. r irr r u sF ridu. jn alr,, limh,,. l, rin,Lr | ,^n;nd c\r.r; " a' rpda ,lr l r',,1i" ,1, , onl-\r sau !l- in tr .d poqibi li d. d "lFd "n:iJ \ ^rbirnrul,ri) nub.tpl' .ubti1. .u sue.. ii i'r6i"1c ",rbjonrtirului. :nrr.r"." - cbi. ruhri modale. chiar ;i tutenlii nralizatc atc. (Vezi traducerile exemplelor.)
sHornD
s 1693
g 1594 1) l'orllrtr. O alti etr-lrcsieechival td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir colocvial, oste formatd accca cu ajutolul auriliarului SHOULD la tatn ti toate persoanele.si timpurile. ;i la ambeie numere.
l sau s.: te li prtui vode.t".dn!d siftalic sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri. ,,Do.et1e
310 Se folosescurmitoarele corNLructii: pentru a se exprima prezerrttil sau viitorul - SHOULD + infinil.ivu) prezent; pcrfccl. Ienim a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul qdbjon.li\) ('rhar' y hin /".t Ir 6" rnl") no ' ,lisob
{ \ u , i n d. . . lt 1 ' u r' c 4 n u s F s r' l Prd Don't djsolel hin les, hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent){arhairant) (Nu li ne$cJllntor, rd nu se supc.e ) lt I s lt uu E ! " 1 e ry . I l F s p ' rn (l i i l o rl |' ( Da. a \ a u m' r. i \.i " \p l i '" " , pd rd ' I r , ! inloo. \ ibp tl h d tt y o t s l ," rl d h o .pb .-r b n gry.(T-.ur) r' tl ' a l F r' :u p rr' a l ,l u + ,u p It " l" c , innulinla (rJ I' $1695 -
ln lirnba cneleznmodernii, atii scrisi cit Ei TorbiLS,con3l I'onctii. S 1696 L; forrna veche a sub.ionctivuluiln urmxtoarel6 str(Lctiacu SiI O UL D i nlooujps
2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat la formarea unui eclivalent' al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila: ' t l \ r . 1lhaLt rttu. " t l ti n . i l l l l ,i ,ai o ri rE m " u p / r r' o 8i \ p mF a ri n8 ) d l In l i n p t' i . s p u npI sl _mrl ' l pronezp ( 1, ' d + r ' nUr l ,l d .u 1 \d '
S 1697
a.) dupi il tcst,far f.ar, tiLI, ut il,
Ifbt stouLl cane,t.thim lino\t tlc news. (Presu!un-".e) {Daol a. li s, ainn, slune i restca ) c c s ir l. hc " d1.c /. p rro tl ,J l a ' ! ' J n .(S' ^p. ImerP ) ^ lJ '\' , ' n "n l l L L . f " / i l o r r l " s.r ' ' 5 ' J si ' iJl (shavlt 11 (Scof, tc'ncre) Lest Ne ) torset (Ca rd nu uitim l) wc dare not sli. /of /ed. she sno.ii, a'ara trp {Tcme.e) (Nu tndriznin sd ne m\oin dc tcanl cit arc sI se lrtzcascitl
d r1 i 4 a r , B hil . l, r . _ mr' , p n r.p i i \ i ' _ JrF ,) dup[ fsr) r/ul, peniru a cxprina un scopr un ordinl o propuncre sau S 1598 o suges hc : I rm rvrilins thG so rloi rou shoulitact accor(linElJ lsoor) illd ) {iti sc.ju aocaslaca 3n prooedeziin conser Tiie olrre6 s{re o,dr$thnt tlie nrines/rtld ,. floscd (O in) iPlt..nii a! dar ordin e7 se ii,tiide rnina l a' i i ' ) l opn" r' p rn i .r" l l -1 l I or ol " s ; " 1 l b .l rh ) iPior'trn , JLts l'ed, lsili ) ." I " : | ri nro Lbi rc i \p i l upi for' r' r l59C ' tp ri ' r- !" ,rrr ' . i ir t r " 7, l" " t.2l etol ts.us^t' !a\ p im a l r s a u .rrb i n l J -r... i u n " ia t f r at i ,rF .- J l 5 J-: t t. i c t.) t o sl nn t . r, r tt .1 )' i t ts not l rtt ,tt,ts , ' nni1J 1 . su rp r iJ ' .t r prnbobl i ' t. i ,ri r: r""".ttct, fo r' J r' ,tP J ;1 ' nt:nt ' i r:. po' si bt p\r' : "nit 1 ' t! t' ,' i ' r.r' ' nn . tl ' t t I'A ti, nll at t t , . q rt" l i u n ). tt t. tn : J an iorry (rhrt) lon slould sal/ so (rkgret cii st,ui accasta) p .h a 4 d I' a ' s " , p S u. t ,a p: , t lh' | "p i no n!l u otl ,hJrrl on.l ' i l rl ;J r'l'" r" pronri L:) ( Le 1. . 14: 1 r l n u lar l it t , r " ' . ot u rl l , r, y o u /L" l J ,r,o! l } l ru lh i ' rF \' ,u l l LE . t " n. r ' J i ; ' u n o $ LJ $e| p. re r_ou t ! x o! iI pa" r , l" ttttd . s h -" h .u tJ 1 " ,\. " ,.,r\h I t , a. u r ; r r ljD l ;" , e d ., Ii S i j r " n l ' " ' l l r l IDsdiptie p nonumrlul eroului necnnoscut "Tl). Ct'Iotalh" de la Lor{j"!
311
h sds olt at te qa6ti.n (Ll,atl sli! slould ({i& ihe.e. {Era crcl,,s si nea.ge !t jos linil acolo.) l, is th;a ht tin " ( ' hr ' ) l' . . r . z / d. p i^ bq . i, " ' l' m ul n t', . l{ElJ r, b uJ
"Do vox tike it?" "1 shiull thint sol" ( li i; r ac c ?- c re i l ;i e d l ) \or sh.attt hae lEdtd them lraising lLinl (Sd-i li auzit lludntdd l!l Iesterday in thc $lfeet, lvho ./,dl I sce}ut llJlll (Ieri. r)estradl, !e cine eo ved? Pc Narial) i in unole Dropozilii sccundarc condilionale. in care ac{iunea ardtatd 5160f .e po -i i l ,i l l in r iit nr et e c o n .i J ' r" t.,.l .o d rl , p ru b l F rn r i ' i ' rpropozi l i r pri n" i pal a p ndl" ,o l l rn F r n r nlr ' 3lr v . u i ' .o n d rl ro n o l s P U u n l m pD ra l fi : t l . t ps t oul, tL .t.tp d !tn p o t.q t ,n d I ti l l l " tr" ttta\ ( 1J . l\ J f gan .z 1 ,a " o ' J rl l .rJ p rn L p o ngrl l ShnlJd, he @ccpl to t.cture, theJ Nauld be inteteste.t (Dacn ar acceptasd li i o conldrinll, i-.tl iniersa) r hn 4d h. r t r C L p . p ,t L m tt,r^ u ,. t , l h . s , .rpl rr)l ., , r" 1 ru n ..,.J .r l pg5urd.u" " rr l a" ul .l Db, . J s ' \ J t ; t m o l ' r (]litodre: $ 1{i02 f) pentru a ar{ia o conccsic, cind subjonotivul exprimd o acliune ,h ^ u th aL n" . \" I th o rl d l rush ^ N l . I $: ll s De. Lm v " .,1 1lo, " pln" , " i ..' ,o s r ' ' rd d ., " 1 fi .i r./, nc r. i n .r Hor . / . f hat d l ' ^ :to ttJ h o r ta r!d " .h $ i l l n " vrei vp I ( u" i. . r d' T . it .' r J . d d " s u o i : . ,;l n u ' a r ' nLr I . ni :odJ ' W hok t e. D a t n ts ./,,r' /J o v .s h .$ rl l s .n m il l u | ' i rde' ti ' n ( O r r " s . s ^4 pun" p ;" i l i .i . d ,^ v d s p n " l u rJ" i rj ; l or'
d,/ in stilul exclamativi ttoric: like tnis: Th{i sherno,U D,nd'e {S.ise poarteca astielll
$ 1600
g,) h unele propozi.tii comparativc, dupn as if' as lliorgh: niss otlr train. I[ lools o' ilwe snoz,,, (Ni se pi.e oe arcm si lie r, l..cnnl.l
s 1603
S 1604 n) in ulele propozitii conparative introduse de cuvinteie lidn (that): an so It is bctter sl,e inozd..uit:, hc.Iailings now rather tltun (that) yon sl@utd nuttitrc no wilh ihem. i Es"bmd i b' nF . , r id" d s J T .' l p i i u i l r ' I b .u m d q rl ,.onl ;nui 1i l d l ol drd) d ; - u . hi Th Frpi s nolhinsir . d s l' k a . n ," .,/td , /h a rrl p o t l p . h a L l ,J ^. r\i mi cnu. i di- plJ ' " n i In , r,1 .. r' " \n " i p a s ' .J " ' p re pl
ITOL]LD
s 1605
1) Formi. -,A.uxiliarul NOUI-D esl.r intrebuinlsi iu lormarea unui $ 1606 e.Li\J"nr rl.uhjon.rirului nun ri Ir1'-rrorne '2-r;i c: J l8 dmbdc nunera 9i la toate timludl. f \\OUf .D- inl;\;tirut Ir'"Lt -\f irn" pr"r"r lu' 'r \ ior'l ir['n', r'' t rl .t 4\o,i,nd rr'ru L]. 1 \\,'Ul.D
I $i!h rou mald stt doFJll {Prezenl.) f De c c u s la i j o s l { : It d .ri ' t s l a i j o s . )] I wish she trozil .otu tomorowl (Viiiofl lD-ar veni niincl (: Ii dori .d vin{ mline-ll I vish you ,"ozd na'e rdez himl (Ticcut) {sill Ii Yiztrtl) l conjunclia ,nd, nu pdte li omisi aici 0a b ctempld pr.oedent
nt S 160? $ 1608 2) inkhuinlre. duparerbu] in stilu]coloovial a) $OULD estefoloijt I tnodobi$nuit

l o tti. h ! - nlr u . , , rp ri -r o d o ri n l i r, d l i T d b i l d: I s ; h r ot r ( , & l d ..ti ' e a rl rl l c c e n u v i i d e rrI,c?)l t ( f if e) ; r dor is d l i i d e v re m e (D
S 1609 .
suh6, Cind insn dorinla exprimaln Psrt ireali.abib. se inirebuintazn
l o n cr r v ur pf ez enl: I Nish yotr tel h.rcl l tAt dori sd lii aioi (d&r nu es.tj)
Ob scr e a lie exprinn o dorinl* o dorin-t5, dat ai,unci el insu-si rr) NOULD pcatesugera S 1610 fiind ffmai de un subjonctiv: ireali.zabild,
I Qoui.l I ('rd Xoul 1-\s dori sli lju tn locd tau.)
Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol (De n-ar li lost atal)
s 16rr
xprime !i voinln: ,i NOULD cu valoarc de subjonctir-condilional,

Wnat ,odd you nd'e me do? (Cc-airrea sd lac?) Look at it as I r'ruld, I could not see thc ditferenc. todcun al fi p.i'il'o (: at Ii uui s-o piYesc), nu lutcam vedeanici o deosebire.
s 1619
IN !' IN IT IV U L
1r iimba engleze modern[, infinitivut inlocuiFte adeseori subjonctivulEl se traduce de celc mai multe ori prin conjunctivul din limba romAnl: I s \ J llapt up 1 -\ l ' , | ," Ia r.. (S u b j .i rn a t ,.trnJ (!er' matl I bhdll! up p l rl \ ' o l ro b " Ia l -. (In .i n i ri v l ! oi s c uh e \fe n r. c d & t n u l n i i rz rr' ) 1U, 1 i 1 ," d o l l d .p ' ' H n I r ' lî" , r n l 1 : l s u L . p_/nl ) (-" rn' dl r llF i' ll ui h , .,,.1d ' i t to s r.o k . { In ri d ,tv ) (" o .nr1) l. ; ul ui, h ' h a nI d . i t h F ;d 4 ? d c u l ' j . p -7 ,ro.!" ,1 1' ol o.!dl ) (RidicaL nina oa ti cnm ar li voit !d vorbeasoil ) : " " n, uLs oul tt.a t. o m o 9 l p p d td .l [.]' i tJl onl : bj ]l toanal ' S lt f s nF ik sliud r4 b pn e d rd .(In l i n i ti !) (Volbiile tarc ca .".ilie auziH.) rle closcdone evc that he nfsnt i.d beiio. {Dchiralcnr subj.) (tormal) H. c los ed one q t' c ,.." .e b e i ta r- (l n l i n i ti v ) 1l Inchis un ochi ca .sdaadn mai rrjne.) Thc childrendesovc thai.thex.n rld 8o to the licturcs {Echiralentsubj.l (lormal) The ohilitrendcreNe i, so lo tIc piciures (Inlinitiv) {Coliii ru.riin sd se duca la cincmatogral.) ohl that I sn d D, youns asain. (nchi le'li sulj.) (Iomai) O hl / , Dr loun g i s a i n l (l n l i n i tj v ) { , \ hl id liu iJ t ti n rri )
s 1613
estepreferati initivului pentru a da o nuanlndifeUnco subjonctivut ti inlelesului:

ireale) ore milel {Prcsupnnere rhe [email protected] SuDpose (lnihipuielite-fi oe distania .r li o Inild.) cerlA) lhc distance,o ,e onc nile. (Presnpunere SuDpose (sd p.csupunem oe distania esr. o nfle.)
318 IN D ]C A T ]VU L
s 1614
Subjorctivul, a!'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne idenfice cu aceieaule indicativului, este inlocuit de acestain loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial: IrvishI (aslrou {ln loc de l d/,Jou"). (ir locde "]rcrele yonrlatho"). Sulpose he easryonrlaUrer I shalluphold mI loint ol vicwwhcther hei on my sideor not.(ni lo! d! r'wheth{r he ,, on rny sideor not" : pcrinal.) He does not lo.L poetic altloug[ he is a loet (1n I o. dc "allhoxgh hcr. a !oel" == I am ai.iid heotll r.lale to. theoreninS .iglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaidlcst lrcbd perirnarl late_.." n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in g 1616 Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv -si irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri rec.saf prntru clariistea stilului (S 1557). n I:rfttITtrLAxx In aftrrn de .rechiul subioncliv. c'1reare o singuri fofrnri. areoa a irlini- S 1616 ri!ului incoml let, 9i cares-a nrerlinul in unele cazuri in lin$a englcznmodcrnn. subjonctivul modar,, arc dou; innpuri: prez.nt Fi pofect. l'ouna veche a subjonctivului cste pu,t;l folositn in limLr englezi actr.raii; rd esie intrebuinl,atn mri nluli in Statel Uniie al -\nrlrricii. h stilul r:olocvial. scris sau lorlit. cu e\cepiiia cjton-n e\presji iiliomaricc. a disprinrt aproape cu to1xl. S-a cnli,rut 1n hnLa scriEnin diferite donenii (literaturn, t)oezie. qtiinln, tebnicn, ziaristn,n) si 1n slilul olicial ljuridic. l,arlamntar, ln nroccsc-vrbdle. dnri de seamnetc.). Fiind iidcpendenii de tirnp, forma reche a subjonct vulrri esle jntrebuinlati in propozi_tiile carc so reiori la rrl.. timp. prezpnt. tNcul sau. rii.tar. Subjonctivul prczcnt fi subjoncl.i\'ulpcdect nodern sint folosite in mod r',rrent atil ln stilul colocrial. riit qi tn stilul formal sau oiicial. o jn scris. ln aIarl de oilera caprcsii{ixc ($ 1518.1579),rrnde"qa menlinut, qi de ronstrucl,iite cu unele corjunclii las if, enz, if. lest sat'r:,,rdrirg,. ridl etc. ( i( 1564)l care cer subjonctit'ul, acesta e-steinlocuit: a,/ fie prin ind;cattu. c\t care are forme comunc, (onluodtrdu-sc adcsea: suhjanctiaul tre.ent at inilicatiaul trec t; tubjoncti.rnt,perf.ct cn trcctttt pttfrict: i,) {ie prin construotii fornaia ru ajulor!1 auxiliarelor LliT, }I\Y
{\rroIIT), sHotir,n. $.oLrr,D:
() tie Wn\ hfinitit. qi o subtililalii do i,,lclesearo IDtrebuintflrea subjonctivulLri dd o precizie nu poi fi oblinute prin indicativ. subjonctivul liind preferai peDtrLr a erprim,r irnprobabililate, rcticn1I, indoialir, r)esiquranln, presuturere etc.
s u b s l .a l d a .d t(n , u i i x l i l i z a t ad.s.a .l i i ar fi i n l i i fbaj ul S 1i56. Cons i d o a t ,-a e (:ber or ! ) r dr aio ,r,o e ri oL 1i s,-r.' ,1 nrl ai i r' 1 :i o rl c { rj 1 :d e l e aml str" . z,rntsi destul de fo.nral: .{d... sa,tas i-= excetrt. Iul f.ri 1: n' aiaft-r liu \l!p1jrl i tii 'lc. 1 \'e zi s i
314
s 1617
{ 10f8
r ll. coNDrfroNALuL
(T IIE C O\D IT IO N _ {LJ
prczcnt f/i." Presnl Canditianal)se formeazi cu ajuto1) Conditionalul r alo rSHOULDrl..p-r .o-n,,i | :-. : i t l. r ii \ \ -O t ' L n rl" p , r u l a u xr li. ' . o J ' ra a 2-a !i a 3 a sg.9i pl.)' urmatedc inlinitivul prez"rrtal srbuluide coxjugat:
I should callr you lvouldcaUrihe. she,it wouldcdl; calli lou worl(l call; theywouldcall. w should Condii,ionalulpreze t se traduce In limbaronAni cu acela;i timp fi nlod 2l (ronditionihrl pcrfecr (the PerfectCand.itianal,sc formcazi cu ajut.,n aurili"r.tor sHor LD,ls p, r. I sJ. !i Dl.r .i \\or LD rl" par". a 2 i -i x.l r sg. ti r'1.r.urn a " de jniinitirul p"tf" r ,l \"rLului dp .onjugJr' you,he,she.it wouldlavc callcd; I should haveealledi
$B should hare calledi you, thcy s'ould have cald.
S 1619
Condi,tionalulperlect se traducc tn limba romend,:u acelati tinp ti mod3) Conditionrlul rerbelor dofectirs Inodslo, - Condii,ionalul vcrbelor 1620 ! CAN si I\IAY aro s(ccsli formn cd Ei trcutul lor: COULD, respectir-l{lGlIT, urmai de infinitivul prezcnL p.nLru condilionalul prezent. sau de irlinilivul perfcoL p.ntru r,ondilionalul prlect ( S 1580 1582):
Lo u'J,lll. s h" it.dlt: J ou c , . lt . , alt : . . p \co,.o o"_,, '.,, lr ' ou . onr . . a r : ) I .orld halc califdi Xou conld hale c,lleili ) h . , sl,/. :l . oin, l h . d i ld, l \ .o, t. D4t4l $",ou l,l.h"r".dll d: . û, u ll , , d, , I . d . " \ " o . U l 'a \ o J . l. . .1.'.s1 i.:u r s ' ':'. l )" . -", l o L n ' i .l l ' \ I I m is hl } ' t . .1 l l Al II miJl'l .1ll:. ) ^L. , iel . . il r i. ir '.crribl \C-.,.-,.",,
mrr
I i{ I
r ' r \ . r r r lu n, ghr hr \ " c d l e d .j called
' .1 -J h" .Jr. ' Ti S l ' l .l l : .I S r;.-\'
I \ co,n. D tl e.t I ulrnat l )erfect " .-.--, ," L I
OUGIIT redi el insr.rli 1.1e", dc condilional al modalLrluj I'IUST. d a i n f iJ , ir i' ul pr c z e n t p e n tru , o rL l i l i o n a l u l p rc zcntr sau de i nl i ni ti ' ul pentru condilionalul porlect: lI ' ughl / o o J l ' : J o u o u c l " o ' l l . ' . J . . i r ougrl l o ' ,l l l .^. I \ - o. qhl lo r J Il : J o ! o L " \' l o " l - l h e ' u u g \l l o 11' l o u sht l I oughl ' o h J \, c J l l " d : y o u o u g r to l ,a \' .Jl dl h ..1" . i l I ougt . L' o t1 !. ,1 ,re r I \ | na $" ox ght lo L d \e ' .l " d : J n I L x g h r ru L J ." .1l l eJ: In.y uugnt J | t 10 nale .allcd { Ve z iti S ,0 5 i )
S 1621
4) Condi,tionalul moilestiei sau lolitelii. - Condilionalulprezental verpentru exprimarca belor delective modateesie adeseori intrcbuinlat, .ondilt.> nalului madesrieisan politelii:
CouA -ti\ tett me lhe tin.". l]leasc? w r ,i tl r w a r, . rl , g ,,. r uLr' l V .erJ. ' me I' I-o l u Io u .a " l o ' a c o w In ni sl ,' ? You sll;zldD't.do ihai, you lino*l O&sn,you lo go lor fl Falk in this wealher?
t tt..u u lJ,r d s r d t om r t rnmoi ir slihl r ne li. . \ q. "! . nt r r r,.r. i 2 a - ! - . f o , i . 1 r n t r b , r i n : . , r 1 1 , 'l / i
CONDITTON.ITUL
316
A se compara acstforme tn conirast cu formle indjcativului:

Caz r.ou tcll me the tiu,e, please? ,"s ivalch the gane on 1'onr TV (set). Do yo! oare lor a shor ionight? M&s, you go lor a walh in this aeather?
IV, IMPERITIVUL lTirE rlrPnRATlvD)
s 1622
1) Doiinitie, lmperativuleriprimi dile.l un odin, unindemn,o sugestie,$ 162t o conun slat. o dorinli, o anenin,tare) o rugeminie,o urarejo recomandore, subrecL. iesie tc..motiv D{intmcarcnu are in senere
gaee jt your oinL wirl tr!. l,he .hild alonelr
N ota
Subjonctivul ate. printrc altc llnlc!ii, ;i pe rcelea ale irrrporaiivului$ 1694 (Sl'',14. 1547.l5be. li i3. l-,;;r. Aratar' ldSlClJ. dar nr aJr"' l"d,r'rlpers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di.l. la persoana1 sau a 3-a ( S 15814,ceeace il deosbegte de imperativ. 2) l.otmi,. - Inperativul. pr;r insnli Jcljnilji ltri. nu poJte J\eJ de'jt S 1626 ., a., idnJli, i.ir d, Fp, a inlini pprsoonq o 2 asingDl0ri, rtutot. o rr.il"r tivului incomplet (dpci tiri alr):
Diel nln Ha!. a cup ol lcal ntalp- ro1'l ]]. 8oodr, all oi )0uJ
drla, LJJrpbai lrprqoin"i0 2-?i ti $ rn tntt"rutt! indi., r { "lres-t t"rr^dn, i I si a 3-a). ,q.ceastIinteryretare ru torcspunde lnsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or rcspp.li\n limpprdti\ul F\p'in,inJ un ordin d/r',1. i"t subjon.rir,rl Ln urdin tnitft t). nii Irddll'-'ii tn lrn br rom;nJ. 3 Nota Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri liarc ale unui impcrdtiv. 3) Timp. - Imperativul nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar fnrma dF pFrt'.1 '.re un idiom rar. ." ;n: a'\llr il) (l'erminliodatil) Haeedan6
N o ta 2 S1626 inrperativ lorna de subioncti\con' ca si tlnii eramaticieii consideril auriliarului LE lr( s l5b4)s i \ ^ rh p . d u n ; 4 ' t z rd t t r s t r u i t r r u i m pe r a li'ul
$ 162? $ 1628
1barc the chitd.alone ! s l.ao. I lct llk chihl b. ! : las{ colilll In l{cLrl r looi ?rr, I : asculi,-Ll^! ! poorru lr5".rTn .r:, ' l, d"auni. b n- . i' 1", - 1"m l . r d 'r . ' l r , n , . . u i m l '" o r i . r| 1;nd. I.a,l9 B"G..d. n, id r or l, lon l' , . , , bun_ - p luDL li"d "il'l n i !lp-,i, ' r dl u , . d6 de. . , . . . a ; o o d , . b u n '. inlF: ri t tul u' . i r';6p ,uma .r5u i - . d r _idL. : . . Coni 1 b l,i r - . m ( h 'l , J r aât r . 1l"i: aBadnn n . hor" lau b"n o .r s n. ir pu r, unl-dr. 1"l-,Ll'Do l. '.
310 S 1C29 4) Asleft. Diatezi. lmperativul nu are asl,cci continuu, nici diatezd pasivn do(,lt ln cu totul exccplionRl: 'r1od
\.n ,, "i l dinnpr qh"nl' 4c "r '. Id ,- at r t t ' s lhd u I | , . b; d, , ; s pr . r . i( h, E lT. Ca . . - l rc !rcpa.e.l1 I i |. dfescd ] n ""n*u..d' I bc scated I be oomtoriedt I nl
I'asi!
$ f63O
5) Im iratiml ncgttil se construieste cu auxiliarul DO urmat de hfi nitivul inconrplet, chiar in cazul \erbelor to be ,s]to lwrel D,"l Ddso sdtisl,l ,o no,so homet'etl ,o,L nareher in nowl Dan't do thrl!
ln stilul poeticsclntilnastcsi torlnafdri DO, carede azitextului o savoare voit arhaiL a: Crll no, thysell a slavcto manl Fiel Charitll .Vezfrn,, in sliie.i O heart.los, no,th1-mhreF r\tun.i oiud in propozilia imperrtive se lolosettc o altii negalie decit auxiliradverbul nol. la formarea constructiei negdtive nu s; inirebLlin,teazn rul DO: l'.r.r say diel ,Ioua ol you goesa\a-!l NabadsiNa ane sl.aJsbchindl Formclc do subjonctir construile cu auriliolul LET, !i considerate de uDii scriitori ca inperativ, potj sau rlu pot, sn pr'imasri auriliarul DO lft forma Degativi: do not/don'l.lei rr .all sdzlct me nol call. ctc. Formele negativc conslruite cu auxiliarul DO silt, ccle ilttrclruirlate in lllod normal aiit, jn limba scrisn, cil Fi in rca lorbit;, chiar pentru verbele 10 Le si ta harr: Don't hr n. ke.p you lron your Forkl
,oa', ld,'r so liomc yet! ,o4'l l.r her De a bLfden io ]oul Do natldol't tct theni la,e their oirn {.yi Don't lets do srch a thingl &r's nor do such a thingl
Formcle nesalire conslruile idrll auxiliarul D0 sint iDtrcbuiilate iD Iinba literard oii in stilul formal, oficial sau oratoric: Let ts nat *ek ralD areuncnts.
lheN uo, Z,d lnkind lo her. -I-c, ,., s normissseejlg rut exilaordinarJ si.unimana.
S 1631 $ 1639
6) ,q.ltoint'rebuinFri, - Inperativul mai est lntrebuit,tat: o, penlru a eliprima o sfidare,o ameninlare:

JT Pr p n ^ \' . ' f 1 o u , d n Go i,r r .b n llo u . ri q " l ,.t,l e..
rCitaicdcIt. QniL, A Crunmat of Conlenpatat! Enslilh, i.)2. sW. shakeslearo, Iting HeDy W. 3W. Shakespenrc. ndmkt, Ptince.t Dentuatk.
317
n ) i n tr o. t r f ot ! ' z it ic .,.u . nr ri .!",.r/]/, . pr r oo/ r r r r i L rts l fs .u n d i l i o n a l . i i n al sau concesi v. artesea ( t6JB fl ,i t.,1 r" ,d r-c u p ri r ,l - ,rn i Iti ." ti \ .a. un i m_ '
l-df Js r',, n r , u , , . . . . r oJ . h. . n ' .r .r . (u 1.r r o"t i , . , , \ "r , . on. : ng"c r d i
r r . ! " r , . ' an r,.| . ... rd tp ,n , . tp ro rerh "n L , l, , i I . g" t , r t.,. ,.i J t{ r, , In i ., . to, fruit and keo! ltt {Rectalnn) (Mircafi lrucrc c, si tifi sentitot , abne ud se! mr toior..Flt Lvlro sli r. !cr.n !)iinctl I I \ or k / P\ {i v " rr.l ,rl h s ol e,l ri ,i I di c r r,,n ...,., 1 .i \ ' J ,p a :, d , ,gJ.. m;nru , ' r ",
o J \!-r LliL ",.J.,ot-,!,,r tLt ,..
7) lormr acee hratl. l ornla accenlurta a imperurivutLri se L,rnst,ru_li l6J,t _ ielt ,u.,"r'.,.', Do,,,r,., r; I.201:
l)D stoD snireltinsl ,o h a * a otL* ;rkel
,o l.t lrc s-a-" you homel:
8)'I'raalu{rere. - Imperativul se iraduce t lirnba romendtot. printr un \ l63b

S,or ihrt noisel(Nu mai taec zaomot!Taci!) IJeWier) (1ati ! "ttai t)rinjntc I Jrat liristil.| ,,nl $orryt (N!-Li taoo grij ) m^,,i,nrr td Qrb2.r, Lr,ij qJr;J6 . ".9..:.ul'ic,rul_imt'crxli\ului. bup,,Irn,-0 r' .n, nu irr ",trvul tI !ubiF.t. spnFr. 'rotrnr:rp L\i.t" n.i .i ud,ir ", , tri.,n.h rn , d|n .ubiF.tLt. tiinJ (o, ,si r, -"sar. s a m{]nlrnut puternc afcentuat: d.,/ pentru elitarea unei conluzii; ,, pentN fl ie atrage at.rlia persoaneiadresate: .i mai / r' ,.,/ul r, l. | .r .r.t'r.r. Fnrt./, i ,rn,i .:nJ "r.,"teri.ti. prFz.r,1 .'rr)rF.r.rtulFmn,lp.rzio nudnli, ih" ivd nFcxprims.i _ rs.,.drp. nerrul um.r n.:Lrttr,,r" sru ,li.,r,ot'ivi. r-nJrr!... duiosi. "r". SuUi"":-i ",r," .na,rr 2.a:pro
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Confuzia lJrtre subiectul unui inprativ ti subicctul unui vocnl.il' poal' li evitatn dac6 se considcri accentul lor, preiulr ii locul pc care tl ocllpatfie ' ", In p"uroz;!;cc lnP r r"g"lilur .tn ', tI J.r in or.las.nr pr- 1i" , ur il r,". noriria 1n : norm"t, .uLi,,.tut "J reguh respctatnt,r.." in cdzul imperativului: enunliadvnl, Yo& conc herel DtzDY,don't be alraidl Subiectul \.ocativului are un aoccnt distirctiv - /allrr*c9i, ca;i ln limba romAni neavlndo topici fix;, Irndtr stn la intPputul,Ja nrijlocul'ru liind d.spdrliLfrlrr rirguh d- r;st! l, ,fir;i'Ll proporiLi"i. n,r, comeh.rcl
C^n' . ' pr P. f ?. / . r l or r p Co. r r . r - . 3 or . d, Bo. / I'oz urerc, where are you lrom? 'litddtes, let'6 have iccc|cam no{ i Let's hrve icecream now,' .'niddt! I
lG37
10) Nu [taret imDerltimlui. - Im]raraiivul neadnd decit o "(insuri formn gramali'caldsi oiingurn persoand.'a2-a. este u ul dintrc modurile cclc rnai suateptibile de a fi.,coiorale" ln cele mai subtile nuanle printr'o multi tudine de mijloace. Cel mai des intrcbuin-tat este inlanalia, care. asociati , r prir:r' r si gp"tiLo.po.lF par.urJe o In'r^dsJ gurrd. d" Ia lorrul '!l ,,,"i prni ta mri noli;i.o;. ,lu d ."u s,,"\: aspi,r.Jur;i ""mcrin1rior. -thukrxrinaslons.'sy.uli\er Youtl! r'. "r, , d, I . Sr,p com, I do a rvar I r\',rd.
d o y ' n l 3 c a d fr !tl ,l ' L l ocl ' tsr ,ui ndJoufo$i ' bcl nr\\r i h rt a gainrand_I ' llk n o c k" v o u ,ltttzd rour headl 'itind the step! diminutivc, aplalii afcctuoase elc. - carc Cu asocierea uror cuvint sd temperze duritatea imperaiivului;: \' $' l : r,,/n; 11' " doa-l H. . . / idJ ; " . $.s h \o rr rJ ' p s : H o ., \o u " , d ' i r, pi !" ,sh' rl " l l d l i l o m .,h 1 l /)oL.' i l o' l Juu i o rsrl loL" . dr lf I J , . . ;ru l ' " r" a n o $ rn do$l - I oi, Lio, it d o th a i d g d i n l
Dispozi,trii oli0iale (:
must, I'o BE -r- infinitivul ctc.):
Tiese books d.d feqzif.d teading. Thcy a/" not to Dd ,'t4 awaY. , ô s m ok ' ns l No Par Lin s : $J lk r ng on lh, Ar a, 6, a t a l L o . . , J : Park\ng ptohibited in ihjs arcal
IDperativLtl este forma ideali pentru provcrbe li recl rle dati fiind concrzra acesiora: Lov e m e' . I o* n rv d o q l l Pro re rb l Ttu b.for. 1n iust.- {Proaerbl Lo; . m t at 1' " l i r6 l i o o i . (P r!!p rl , Eor huit drd AP?,lltl lRtclamll , i" . o, . / lhe $o r,d 5 ti l i s rb s r,.i n .i :d r. ." . {F.,j ,r' 1, P il z p t h" r ' o i v rr d n d J o .1 16 " 1 rl ; I d ! .vr,J' \orr ri r ' (l .e'l dm!) L V eli ji77, p ro l o z i ti a e n ,rn l i a ti \i . rVrzi $ { , ) 7 \o rrl i \,1 . 3Cu\ i1r , l , u, 1 rF - d i u l ,rl .l ri ' Iri .ra l " Iorr. r : it v ou s au .. (D ro n o z i tiu eo n d i ri ,,r,a l e ).
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XITOD U R ILE II{P E R S ONA L E

IN0N-FINI'I'I.J P1]TTSOF A VERB. VNRBAI,S) I. INFI\ITIVUL
(T IIII I\F IN IT IVE )
$16s6
$ 1639
1.).Formd. llorcd irtjn;ri\ ului erglezestcparticula,or, care Drced{ q l$4O . opocpDr' d.l as'rpl dp .pt-tr ^ ior-p r"rbale
prezent I /a chc al Infiniiiv I ro have .altod perlccl 1 (a fi c|email
Nu toale verbele au in"q! i,rtiDiriv. \erbc {Jrd inlinirir Jeri si /.ir.d p.o.rli. rn..rIin ,r -:.rr i ttt.tar r,ttitiotp ,,o,,o/". \,î.a. Ji;t: 't!1 \9 CA\. \lAY. \ll :)f. OUr:H f. sH \t.L, \\ .L, ct,. nrlinilir couplpt:iinfinilir iU.olnptpt. - Intjniri!ut prp.ad,, .t" parri.utd , ro.. p nrllnll ,nttL, |,.ortrt'/t., Jr[initir.).ln."n,rr., .,r r;rinr ivLl rt,!e Iard l!-rl.ulr to. ntmtt ,rl,rtt,' :h""npl.t (In"ahpt t" tntin;tit"),. 2).Aspect. Diatz[. Timp..- Infinirilul arr aspeLt arir perfeuriv (!onju. girFa 6impli\,.ir .i impcri""riv {.onj rsrrea, ,mL"l;,,,i. r"?" .i ,l;,;;' ",,ri..J,,,. rrmnurr: prcrpnt.sL Drlc, t.
t 1641 "' q t6{l " { 1643
Diateza aoti\ri Conjustea simph

10 c an. onl. lr e z e n l ) L: r . r em ij to t,a re cdl tcd{ rnt. r.ri ect) (: a ti chemat)
Conjugarcacontinud.
io b. callnig (InL lrezcni) l o J a \e b,r' n .,l l i nA Ll nt. rerh(t) ( L l i .rcmrtl
Diotozopasiytr
lo I,n ,r pd {l, t t J l.n prn it t r ^z . nt , ' o Ldvp b p e n i d p , t ( rfi i^.1 .hemar, Inf. r,.rtdctJ
"prc:.nt,erpr.ima r. , $r \'.rD ur c ir e il pr pc P a : 'the! nake (tud,1e ar qilt mane . ) hcr taueh sa! o voi ta;e) se ridi.l to fao (au fiLcut-o I can (coltd or shal be dbk /o I rde clearjv tPot (am tuiut sau loi pnrcai sil riid cta'r.t
d ) Infinitiwl
a,elasi tjmp (prezent,trecut sau viitor) g 1644
,\p ri -a .i o l l ,l l i n i l i\ ul r' i ,todr, , _pr pz , rro a t. ^ r\i n n a v er D u l u r ca r il pr ec F d r: we nr?d ro .aA tomonorv. (sperlm ce rom p!t.a reni mlin..) 1 ptutuis.d to tetutn L\e book aL oDe. (r\m flgndtrit cI voi rcstitui jmediai ca ea.)
Ll i
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,nf.ni . 'R Fg r"im J , l4. i I , - , , " 1 p ! l n r1 ,mJ ,ra ro m tn .1 .u D d rrd' l ,tas,qrFrd" . :D.n u { ir d" . . inlin iv . l u e . .i n.omp' ,..1ntr" i ui n,o m p tp t ri ,,i n l ,n i ti \,L r rt r r |r . I' rm p t.i r. .,,n ti n ri r l u n s - d F p nntno.In grJi ,r.r 1 romdn).
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S 1615
b) Infinitit'ul petcct exprimn un Ii]fnl) ankriat aor]uia la .iarc st rclc.: r!rbril precedent:
Ite habes to hdee done well i. his work. l{Lll spern6I li oblinut }ezlllate blne in mun.a sd.l Sl,e ldl, roo eariy ro hare tu t tl\cmt(na) a plccat prca dcrreme oa s{'i li lnlilnit.l xor piu eant to haecfiai..,4d l'ou lessons bpn)regoinqio bcd. (Vei roi rrobabjl si ti li teiniiiral.itdnini lcctiilc inajnri de r te du0c]a c!lcrr..) r: 3) Troduccre. - Infinitivul lro traducc tr linba roneDli i lrd {rnrofa a) in[initieul. 1n timpurilc si modudle in comp nerea
$ l(i4(i
(s t64e) :
b) ittini.IieulIa timpul corerpunzntor:

?o dD js human. (lnl. prezcnt) (r\ gr?!i e6te omencqte.) She is loo sho.t sighled70/,ar..(..r xou. (lnf. t.rl( ll (n$[e prea nioale ]rertru a tc li viz!t.) ($ 16i 1): c) c anjunc t ir t l a i i m p u l c o re s p u n z a rto r ! want !, gire rou a lresoit. (vreru sll-ti d.! un cadou.){Conj. trezeni.) Hr scemsro ,14re ,old vou the tNtlr. ( P . r e s l t i li s r ru s rd e i { N r.) (C o n j l.e d fL r)
d) gerunziut:
I heard liin! clos. l.hedoo.. (L-ain auzii ,n.l..,i,i ufa )
e) supinut:
There is much ,, d" in lhe hoNel {Sint aiii de nulte de ln.,t ln castil) f) un eerb la un mad persrnal lnlr o propozilie subieclirn sau rcnlfll,r'iri d i re c t , ir : j' r r i" :ur' ' ' f' tti l l tt tt 1 r" v ' _ r r' ,, 1,. ',d / " . 1 1 f., I, 1,.n. ' i S , dpur p. : I .i .l ,p o { . .' 1 ;. ' n " r' \!. Lno\'l,id to hdrc rereieed a bonu! lor l,is Drrils. ico,nll'litil (elj priniL a trili1it. o LSlim cl lenirtl mqin,le s.l..l $ 1r;l; ii l{il6 4) Funolii. - Intinitirul esle /o/,rd d, 6.r:d a conjugirii erglpzf. fL,miii ,si.,lorna comune" (Cotnmon ltorm, Basc.). Ca atam: a) gesin timpuri si moduri idtnli.? ca iorJn:i cu el: Indiatieul pterentt (i.oatcpusoanclc, .u crccllia Irfrsornei r !'a sg I I 'r{11,Jo Intnqatiuul lwrsot\t^ a t a sa. si Dl.l: Calll I'o;tua @che a sutjoLctilulet: lao)ie lersoanele)I call, hc call, etc D, prcedflt de un auxiliar, ini.re ln coiJrpunerca urnnlia nor rorme
S I {;40
I sliall .oll; yolt. he n'ili .oll, ric. (Viitor) I s l\ a\ lhar c . a .d : X o !, h e w i l l /m r..a l l .d r..lt' 1\' i i torperl ecl ) I s liould. dI , . r .u , h c w o u l d .a U , c i c . i v i i to m l fu l i l l e l f& uL fi .ondi l i onrl ul trreTP rt) L s loul' l hn' p . a l l ./, y ,,,, h e $ l l l l d rd ' a .a l l .d l , fl .. i l i i torul l .rfert al l rc.ui ul ui ri co edit l, ' nJ lul l, er l e .l )
l iol 5p' l_/ , o. 1' d:d a h": . - , bi ' (Complcti''i dirccti.l I \_ ezi $ 14 !0- 14! 1. rTlo lo.i! ln l, n. " ,'l - lr ilao' \J q [ '1 1 1 . rrt tt.a .lp a L I t 'h " t - - '. d a 1 pt.d6l
B !l
c., + un suii{ formeazi urm:rtoAreleforne verbale:

-r pt 'Pl ,r -, , s calls t .1 rd ', alt --le d a ,dll,,6 lDe rso an a a 3_a s g indic at i l ! . c z ent a l t u l L L 'o r v e r b t l o ' iir er.cDtia {uriliarclo. rnod. e} s inp r ' \ ' ' o lor ' g lbl". u ' " ' 'r i r r n ! " / pnl dl v ' r bpo' r gar 6r r ,"-!r'n ,ra"i'.:D,ul - , ur "l lr _b"o. . gul, 1"' p r i n l 'i a n s _ r;d, :',i . on' ", , . : i g- f lr r ' d. Lul l, r ur or \ P r b l 'r 'r lra r.lor rio oar t s l
S 1660
.Jl inlocuiefte subjonctivul( $ 1612 1613): I askcdhim ro orrz the door. ula.) {L-ad rusat sd iieschidn ln loc de: oPetthe doot I asked him ,nd,ie (shoutd)
$ 165r
ca Bubsiantil'(Noun Infinitive : infinitiv substan- S 1{i52 e,,lestetntrebuintat, tival)i

?o ndre 0 senscol hunour is a grear qualitX. (Sulicci) {A avea simlul umorului $te o mare calilate.) pro' is,, /&. 4 {numeprelical'iv) ecotromic p.ofuot?(suticorl the new technique 9"""' "a oonomic a conhibui la progresul ) (-l l.o-ot. t"ltni"u nour tnseamnd
Infinitiue - infiniliY adjec- S 1653 f, estetntrebuinlat,ca acljcctiv (Gerundial tival):

thinss t 'a"ru (atdbul) (cveninenteleviitoare) tn th e non, m ot | . " r ' $ a q n o o n F l o l a l &l o l \l ti b u l ) p" tru n p l rm r,o ri n u e rd u ' m" n i uu ' 3_psi t" I 1 l o co m pa" t im " nt u,
rJrp vorba)
(Gerundiallnfinitiee: .. ..g, esie tntrcbuin!,atca ad-/erb:t brar):
i^titr.iti\ ad1'eF $ 1654
cr infinitiv" ( $ 1667),cu variaota preinfiniiiv" (S 1675-78) sau ,,acuzativ (S 1674): cedat[ de prpozitia frr'
T/,e , $ p, . r ' Do{ pd t o l ,o ,?r.o th a drh d r.r' i IF go n ' l \nmi nJl :\ ' u ' l i ni l i \' l n l rn u l ' rj l F rrrl r.p l S.i s.L nlr l ir ar un s e s " r" inririti!) Wt ivantd nin ro ioiu our basketball tcan (Acn,ativ (Doreanl ca el sd it'lre ln echjla noashe de baschet) i n " n i :t It i s to r uaut a b" s t ' rP a d n s .(l o r' ,. /a ' i l " (n ste nnA d t il i I n ,rl i s r c ,tP :ti) i) esLe tntrel,uinlat, intFo construcli incide L{ lolosit5 ln mod absolutl: , ,r,d r l ." b u l l ,n ,. l L $ a s . r o, , ! r h" lF 1-1\' {A l o bl. . a; r ' u s t , r n m J i m u l l o m a r. n Sl i j n l J ,i i n parr'J ILi ) He becanF.so r, sp.d . a ltchnical adr'ser to all his lriends consilltulichnic al lultrro! prictenilorsli.) {,\ derenit, ca sI;pu a,ca, l FaII relalii sirtaotiijt !u .cstul proloziliei.
I calredon her odv ,o ldofn she lvas a{ay. (Idiniliee af R6uh) M-am dus la ea ca s{ aflu (: ii an ellat) cn era plecaF l \1'e $ent into the resraufant,o s", somelood fQbarietunt cilcunsianlial de 6cop)' (Am int.at la restau.ant ca sd luem ceYade mlncare) I w3 s sor r y r , o. ic om p l D " n l .' R U ms l J n l i l l J " ' d u ?r) {Mi .a plr ui r lr c a pl.c .) She ivent home ,o s,zdy. (Conllemeni circumstantiald scop) (S'a dns acasnsI studiezc ) parte construclii speciale numite ,,nominat'iv cu $ 1655 din anumite face /r)
$ l6;{i
822
! 165?
jJ introduce o construclie erclamatiad:

?o ro!,rsuch a thinq to youl r S a-l i l p u n a a )s c .;a ro ,hnl that Bhejs olly a clildl (Clnd i,esirdeiti c[ nn a decll o copill!)
S 1658 S 1660
5) htinitirul incomplotse lntrcbuinleazd: d, dup6 werlel auxiliare9i delectivemodele,cu excepliaverlelor to BE, to HAVE1qi OUGHTTO :
I do ,hn* tlis is wondertul proaress. lntr-adever od acesteesteun prosresninuDat.) lGesesc Ze, cveryoncd,rdzdto his work! (S[-ii vadn liecare de munca ]uil) The nroiect .ozld Deworked out iD thc DcsisnincInstitute. (Proi;ctirl ar lxta li elaborat la Institutuade Proiectfti.) I tuh, se, thcm at once. (Trenuiese'i rld imediat.) They decidedth.y poeld ifo! expriences. (Au lotarlt sI lacA schimb de experin!6.) t d d .p :s d , s o to rn y l a cp. Hp w o u .d n (N'ar lndrlzni sd'ni spund aocasiain lai{.) \ ou ,,.d r n o l g d ,l p ri n l h p .ro !,)et q As k l n g l i i ro col ta ) ( \ u .s l e l n rd n p v o i p
S 1660
Dupe verbeleto BE, to HA\IE 9i OUGHT se intrebuinleazilnsa infimriv.ul complet'.

TheJ d.d ro 6e na..i'd ne\i \roeL. sdtinmha viiioar.) {Urneaz{ BI se cnsetoreascl I nd J ",o 8 o 1 lr,. fi b ' l r i n 8 i n rh " norD i ng. ( T r e b u :-s r m r d u L a .o l o d i s .d * d i ni nprl J.) You o,Bftrro d..ct' thP prolosal. ll- r b u i p /J rtrp b u . .i J " + p l r p ro p unerpa l
s 1661
bJ dupn verbeleta maheqi to HAVE, clnd au senscauzativ:

Thc nees ndde ho ./y lor joy. (\'estea a leculo sE puDge de iucuri.) I'1l ndq. him a,rq.r lor his carelessness. pentru neslijentra (An se'l tras la respundere luj.)
S 1662
c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta fcel, to heor, to see, to obseree,to perceiae, ta tratcll, to behaldj: I /c, him s,@,wh.n liis tramcs'as uttered. (L an sintrit tesltind clnd j 6 a lronutrlat Dumele.) T uu n .d ' d t.p r.r.a , u n i h " .rb J ecr. ( { i a u z i l -ov o rb :n dl n I g )i -ra " - a . d l I .l pJi unr.) She sas him .,me hoDeI(xa) l-a rAmt renind acasl.l \1:c rdrld hcr pin the mal,cx. {Im umtujt o eu jDtres cum a clrtisat meciul.) I ,enerds thc sun .isd f.om thc sea. {r\n y{zut soareleresdrind din nare.)
rto HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comllt, c1l ii dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi ii 19 03 ). ' !Cln d ,, do l. , , o . . od r S ! li - 2 1 5 : r ) s l n l v p r b F r " $ r l , t " . F I F s p a r { $ - 2o- : 13, !rmd tpd "in inilifL l'om pll. Ai. r dd. . i. d"a5r s ilLd! ip! if or m F l e l o r . o m p u s . - l n t u r r n d " lol d p in iinitiwl co m plEt 3 r,6p l,/.1p srp un \ pr oa"ndiTdnr ! ili/ d' ji s lilu l n , . m a l , l i h E r s a u . o l o . \ i a l glum4, clnd e slus pe u i.on cniatic: "ael@ld the bddcl", "tcfirld my maste4iecel" (el.c.: ,,Iai.{,
privifi..'.1'
393 d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl l(verb l{io.rl) : Dfueori 1o helpt l
She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons (l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-) The ohittu.n woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt (Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit ies r He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter' {M-a ajutat sn iuversez l Form.r pasivri a vrbelor Jc ld h r662-lLi63 ,si a verbului ( $ l6 6 l t p st e inc d ' r r ' I t ari d . i n l :n i ri L U l a -,a i r: 'thea ode bi.l.den! ft,1 lal, thcir lessons She sds heat.l to sin|. (A losi auzitl cintlnd.) { r , ii- a s pus s aL t i inv ele t ec ! i i l e . l
He 9ds sc& to @tu.
a lerl, a pefnitel !i S 166r
to ndkc
\ 1664
{\ Iost !6zut venind.)
In my childhood 1 eal nelcr ler /, so nl oien sal {ln collill,ie n-ari lost niciod.li lesai sir lltc ce rotrm l
Ane eat tudde to.on*,n (A lost licut,-r si consnnia.l p ) Ju p a ho4 l. û n L rl 4 ) td tt!t h o ' b t ' na' tl d su t' r' r dt h.r th a n . s aanprt hdt , . n a t" th o n .,o n t4 ^ t) b D t. L o l h;nt btt -\" 1 nlthi s,ov in tonighl.. S\c 'ould si sica acasi rsii:rsead ) (,\r trelera I hntl,b.lter gt noN, it js gctting latc. (-.\l racc maibinc sii ll.o acun,,s-a li-lcu! tilzil l
in J .. . aa, ' ". ! d/ olhilq '!,t ,".; I.F t,,t .i r , r 1, ", , .,. -r t\.IeaLisr' aottd so.net Ruth- thdn -*flr,I 'e. lDecii 6t s,Ii.. mai litic miL d,t0 li dcDtist ) t .dzu,r ,tu, lFric@ J.t. rvoNls. (\u t ot dc c it s i m c d c r s PUi. ) H"
rpt " rr" rr S l ti fi i
6) Inlinitivul 0u rilYerl intercalat (Split Infinitive). - .t1,lt lnltrntfe S 1666 dat ln limba englcziintiniti'uLui intre d. iriiruitnr!i componente astenumele s-a intercalat un ad1'erb:
rol i la', on lru ip 1 l. Intinili!rl liinJ ^r'ri'lrrd " 'r. i , 'd'r' .'r n-:lii.n . "n li baj'rl'ri ul .urd.,- nrLd in -p.,r .J tii' | 1r"prr" 'rnJa .i ..rp 4" t r;-, \, r'' . : rdn.e, r.1u- i'i a' '. 5 'lu.i" r" oI,rt..b,rintarFa 'rr mrndar; cra a!.zr|n" ,.i .ih.lur i .ir,r-' .JU ir. 'r,m.' r' i ilr\'rrur. o'rt,l:
dwn 10 s.I
Is n o i to s i i . L ,i th o d i g rc a i a rsl ment. ll n t s .e l tl J ,, l i n d q n a m L i ' r r sl .a$...; dc \.erbul in c e despnrliraa p,{r'tittrLei inhtitivului Exisie inse situu-tii n ropri u .zi s es t p i, ' , \ ir ' br l ;. ;n .p .i 0 l J . ,r' i ' rn d i n fD i ri \,rl r' rp u' n,-r dF ' rn i oni p l "-r.n r dir p, I r . dr " . d rp , u m ." ..i -. r" r n n -l ' tr s p" r-t r" r-chu1 r" ' l Formcle comlnse ale verbllui rd riJ shi umat{i dr n,rn,itir nol bid us t rrdt \rcrk vel." "T}e .rllilllrir rvc.c l,idd.n ta .ank in to d e i D l n ,i 1 1rul n tl .t: c ! r o, l/ . ; s lc n ' n a t l n to i d c a n n a l , . rt l . co mrus .nc ,o sno&r." "lle I S io.|idd.n d. ro .,m. ag{in " , ,o ndD noaic fi n.nat ri dc nriinjiinLl conrlet: ",,/.1, tt b ia 'Cu ciccltia verbelor r; dar& \ita 1.h. , tata sirt n.mrL.. la Da.ticiDiul trr!7crt. ' a r"o . i J " . t i, t , r ar ,n ..\ r,u t,.r' l t,J r., ,rf r J . . ,, i .t'rJ1'. //d , J i . ,/,a ' . t" ..n o d .t o' r i. r on ' I r . o n l rFl : 5W. Slrak.speLre, ttnntlr. t'r; ..l t)enn\rrit. conpleli .,Hr nds supper' \'f.bul ro ' H c sP !sJ,0 /.d),l i Lh. roon " di{tez.t p3,riral.dr r, i .ul ,, i , . l , t r' ,t :t' ô
... .. .. ........ .nis|rur-' lo re grt.t,
rallil to lnt
/"119 lo aplreciil.e
421 Dectj\. :., clun i .inJ. prin s:, /"r"0 "JLF'b"lui lnain ' s J dupr i,lliniLiv' :-ar .omtr"mi . .ou s-ei lngrruia lnl"laopr'd r"\tulur' Spr- a{omplul to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiionThey mei "8din FfLul d:/t, pullrd" sF rolni'le.ul ac"sr"i .on6lr,r.lii nu""l".lar. ud-\ lpri IiA la tFrhul ,,a, Iic ld infirili\ul to "Lpr*s. ln '07u1'lrrd dPa;, 'p tplers la inliniliv, tn linba engleznmodernn, numero$i scriito preferd conslruc,tia cu adverb intercalai, inhturlnd asLfel posibilitdl,ile de ambiguilate: Thcy met lo sgsindzP,rrsl.hciralpreciafion Tot astfel: to lorwardl[c lrrce] IIe sLed me Al4.t7! dpt"r' ProDoziLia ert" Lresirr Dent"u.d: rl psl. aprbi4ul,Lir,d/y p'rrrnLl irJi rc cr il'spsr b,,l l, b./ ad\ /o a minx .,rr t'";bul arAid.; r si intiniLirul /"r,'rJ ; Cat' tt)""ia' lcrb'rl drld ,le o. plaman'ullri J;ra'r //o larlLtrd thPpunlt ' corectdeste:
He osled !,e t, LindlX /'rd.d lhe pamcl
Alt exemplc ,Je Split Infinitiee: ?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst'sshadl S0or
\t1 I . L5"r ha I uo\ F" l, s r r ir t ! i/ r ,. r t r In\ , nrn.or' I I'i. l, r o eien , , "/ ol r i' ' q lu l : o n "l:nfcc$rrx .J, r, Iufir tris, xlon lh sx}jcl" Ir is Dot ^ Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrdlor it lattre'
britrrjcd icl,udL'' l'oarte frec\'nti in erglez:ram"ri,dri ,\i jr, en!la?a.nr.rrrcli.' inti',i'it"li di in Fr,"lr c .aparal 'lrpp il'. "lSranip 'd\'rb d. unii di'llrp ' i m"i Lurri 'criirori. lr|cpind 'hrar 'u B)fiinJ rnLIebLrinratd infiniLivuhri cu adverb ini,ercalat" Roberi Browning St ron. numit si -tat posib;riralil. d" cxrrimbrFm.i .orF'r5 -'i âi clJ15.sau mdi a;;,p;.i"i 'iiii grameirr"lo. r-gulilc inier*ants "parglnd 7) -A.cuzstifi cu infinitir' - A se observa in contrast urmdtoarele doui 166? Dropozilii:
ta ) | rnn t tr !"it L nn t h" 1t ' t t Il tLo r \n nt ' r ir ' l llr nt nt ) .
Propozilia
(b)
^re to sritdt on l,i,e lgnt | qant liet (Y.eau ca e0 s; zrftdi lumiria.)
c.rre au dcelaii subiect' do d ?crL'e
ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb, fiecarc cu subiectul propril' lriire vrbul Dredicat raantsi infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un dira ' ,,r" idF.i in .uzali\) al t"rbului predi'"t. "omplprrelt "om ulomenL csrn Fslpiotoddri qi subipn'ulir tini'ivului urmdlnr t/o $it.//. Nu cu //,) r.liun.a intinilivului ta s.v;t4 '\ ca (1, ") iodAplincs. A"."srd ' on.lr""li" cperit;.i limbii "ng "/- nrrmi5 d.ur11r\ 'u..rr I' I i'jv- (,1..u.dtir " th t;[;nn;r' ] ;i i"rm"r' dinrr un "rnpl'|-cnr "di'Fr' care estF tolodird si .ubi."'ul un"i inliniliv urmiror 1/xs dr':t trJtntlt( ar' llrl.Ii- LI. nLln" tr"lt ot;r ob; ,ti lObj "l .onpl 4"nt\)Alti-autori ,roniideriicn infinitrLul djn actsislaconstrnclieI!'e 1'n|te r)irect compk:x (Conplex Obiecta rl|Jrt tti complement ). wavelength I wa L herto ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcst lvrau (0aca) sI punalostnl de radio Bucureiti.l
r G.G. Bvrot. Poens. Sh;rrili and V.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End. 'n.C. ' num " D. d, (a ri v -a o o rr.,' d J " ,o m n l F i rp o di rF r l D i " , ubi p r : 6 2;26. f n Candina .i \ \' rl i l " \s L d \i . I n L l l h C r' " no- \l ' ' \' r' l C -1 p rrr'
B2t,
. . \ , b. . r ' , 1' J r Lc r . Tr'"r/ .t. 'IUr' ' t , t L. l. is dalJ , , r . r d, n , i r " . 'r , , , . '\-"-au d tld l , ' t { ; / . l $:e asked lor r/ s,tc l, ,e btuught .n aI.we 1ln ce nd c. ic l. gi, no s d lic adN{ inc diat . ) His ca..l.$Dcss $ill calse ln, b be tupore.l. {\tslijcn-ta hi ii va ado.e nustrliri j
.|, pIiti.,|rFri cutui\i \.,izdti\ul ,u inl,,.i 'i\- "., i 'rpbu;nr"r.p,n 'r rr'.. in ro,ur un"i p'uouz;!ii.",',pJ- rr Jir^, r.. , "u bniu,,,r,r lhat urr,dl.i,l tn '\ljar'1;, ;i rl .er,i .rrb,-r' ,lihr,',l-.,1.i".,,t *L-11'";t s" erenrplrr F erri^n. I mdi .us. ln ",".rrt r.i , r I,,, I rrimul "onsr,lpr, fi redat prin lraza neidiomalicn 9i greoaiea eir.i construcl.nr este mai ipropiatn de limbE romanni "l \"-aut tha.tshe shotrldt nc in (to) rhc Buchale,li rravclength". Propozitia subordorat' "that shc shauld.irfu in._." este rrans Iormai,i jn ,,acuzaliy cu infinitiv" astfel: sxbieclul propoziliei. s.t (noln.). dcvjne nir (ac.). con,plenenrul dne.r al rcrbxlui regeiieii pr'orljfatul ei. rhaul.d. tunr in. (lerjre iniinilirul /o ,/r, in: iar conjurciria /tal nu se ,rt,ri erprjmn. Se obljlle astrel forna nraj concnn !i rnai alefii:
I Nant /Er ,o ,r,c itr...
ln a.elaqirnod. propoziljtiufllel(,nre: T}iJ didn't c\tccl rndrni! rd.r".rrlorll i,. $ol I sn.c.ss.
Tncy d idn l, e \lt r r il lls t 6. r r s / , , , s nlh l s ! . c c s s .
-{ce Rsti . ons t r ' u. ilie e rtr: i n r,r.r} ru i ri l ,rtnd u p i i n uneroA se rfrLe, di nrre S l $68 c are p ri D ci palele, qint : d l vcrbe c ar e c - \ pr ir rl o rl (]r;rrn . o p e rn i ri u n e . un ordi l l : l o dcsi ," .1a erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta permil); k) recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d d. to ardi et|.l t .ati.:.rctl. ltou /, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat. l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.) Slrell .".,r |ra,i1 .ltaut., totue lra.:k. (curind a.e srl lrea !. si te Intorci.) I nr'| ntton lhbts t. so o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse. i\n t.i. l.rnil.e ia lui,uilc sl contjnueasttcth accasu c!stl.) LIe t4inhe,itd ntepttior tt, I)elaten in tlc eienn,g. { i | o i i tn ' c r s l l n l n a l i s e .rr.) 1\ I ) r es ( r is Thc rianaAcr .tdct.d atr .rquir r. Dcmala inro thc marter ( Dir c t oNl , d a t d i s fo z i !i is ,l s e rn c l rc tc z !ri hesti uD ca ) , ) ve rl re les al, c do s n n l u ri fi s e n ti n e n t!: ta ft.l .to hear. rD s.r. 10 n./ti ce. g 1{i ti 9 to obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.: Thcr f.11ht .hr.tt. to hetselt. i\u simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I I henrdthe Leb! .r!. ( \ D r uz it c oli l a s u l tl i n g i l d .) \]i so(, iim rt,s o/I rnd Ld,? Urc form. iL-an rezut puDiudrec.1]iorulJI lurcd ii pl..ind din c.mcrn.l Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r iis Desl lcopilul u iri cu I,rirhea lnslir.a d.ii lrr.ilsea clibul.l SlE d hatelotr rat to trtite oltan. (l-ar dislli..ea grozav sil nr i soii d.s ) rAror nr ' i. ' ir ' , . , . ' I . . hdl d i k t l" nn, . ' . t r p t. l .,u l l .,o $ l i (p ,., ru rr ,t.,! L ,,I .rn i ,' ; t.i tt,n L ubi ,r: tr: \./,ri " ,urn.L
E!0 I'n ule the foar) ta be hot. (lli-a. pucea ca tnincareasi lie iierbinl.) \\e shrutd prcf.t lpJ ro 6, less sensitive. tAm prcioa lca eal si fie n,ai pulh snsccpiibi]n/sersibill.l to.onsider, cJ yerbe care exprimn acdviinli mintale: ta essunte.ta beLieae. S 1670 to decktr?. to find, to gu.,ts. ta imagi t, to intet|].. ta ju.d|., b knotri to near' (: to intend). to suppose, to suspect. to think. ta untlttstand ctc.l Tl\.y b.lie'ed him 1abe s\nAle. (Crederu o'i este neimurat.j
I a1 .td', c ' /oi", pr , , , , nJ J d- l , r ' dnl. ((:o n id , ' ,n i. di ios ' ' ^l ndi L' r n p"i . n ' I opcncd tl,c erlelope and faunn it b caltai \cv tear's g.e.lings. (.\n dEcliis plicnl ii ad gesit in cl lclicited dc \nul nau.) I haoe t\c\er ho6 L hn arol ,. slaok it her rvork. t\u ttiu {c! ei) si li losl lroddtil ne8lijerld in mnnc,-rl \\'.'l' . I dn n"a. J h"' . "t ", t p, / . .'''o i r r . r '. . l l d l l r ..,r",c r . r di av (rt .-rn '1 . nt "n. i1 . r t oni, . r 'l - l \ , , r t p n n 'r n 4 r F n t . p ,u 0 5 .
1,671
Hc unde,:1aad ia ,r ,. i ddnce.. {Dutd cit n4elcscsc,ca c.a dansatoa.c.) d) rcrhe de nfbmdlie, nerylie, d.eclarulie etc.: to at:Atto$Ledlc,h dctl.[e. to dent, to lmna nce. lo stdle .1c..
D\ct)nne ddlavd hnn ,o i,. quililied ior l,is joh. (Toii au ali,rat .I csle .alilicai. pentfu nunca hi.i D Le danr nL. statement b haee ban hisl tA fieeduii Iell cn alirmali{ dr a lui?l T\c t)rii.ics ,tunounce,l the nlur la haee b4n s\:.n.*. rL r'ti. JU rq l r . ' l , . 1 , : . , ir . ". " - r s u" ^
5 1672
.l unele verbe ca: ta b.ar, tn pta"e1 ta repatt erc.l

Srbscql,cnt rycnis p,orld hin t hdte been wrong. tEvenihrntele unnitoa.e dovediri cl (el) nu avusc$ ,Lrcptate.l The srannnar \aok rcp. ed this ntistahe to h. tt\rltc cotnt@n. lGramuiioa s,"n!rla aceastd sreEealll ca loa.te obiinlit;-L )
1673
fl unole rerbc u,nalo ,le u complennt pretozilional. A: ta bclan?to, to carefar. to count an. ta dep.nd.an, ta laok for, to looh t.. 10rcII on. ta send fot, to uait far etc.:
tt beLnes to HeLL Lo d<ide jn ure matier. (itlena lrrb!i. si1 dcnll aceasli chesliuc.l 1 .l.n r care fat thit.len b,cndr ljk. thai. (Nu-ni piacc sa se loafii coliii 3stlel l I d P t . h t" / . d ll' " _igl' l r r ir . . (ci,n lez r. cl sa lr c c c dc z c in nod jus t . ) \\. /1 , "a , / r r ! . 1, e r ! or or 4n, s r r r : d( . ' r 11 . ' r p. l na n. ud o '. s l J f r'. - ir . o\ L on l,'" tSend Fn c n La lie l)toulht roun.I al a\.c: (l\imit-" s,-L in adNi indati nias.iDa.l \\e U Mtit lar h.:r ta tp.aI lirsl. (vo nr a ilep la s i r or lr . as . ai c a ar lnt ir . J
.f.
lltil
8) loJrstructir -.for'r substantir (5Ltu Dronu re) + itrtinitit. - Lonrd." s,u;i, .,,u'"ii' u irrrirr'rr -r- lpa'l ';. dp prrl'^/i'id l* ,r"ru 1' lr';,rr 'l r-rl- r,'t'.-f"ziLiur',tn oL,n"lrnr',"lr.u'rrid"\o'lrir. prepozilii: piin inlermediul uni Ii ilcterninaie de un ac''zaiirdecil iot
I \oti [at cNrlarc 1, gd a l,h.atr.] ticlift, {Spe.au ua toti si caDct. hilftr de teatru.) r . lghql: a- s a, Th. .ll ' ln5 l , 'r l e ' i . u 'f . "J or '
w
T h"v spre ou itF coDr"nl lot t h. , : a n t a' Loaa li. o\ n L a tr r " . (Llr; u lo rtr rlu lldmili c J , ' . 1 ior . i r , l eJ gi "ingur . ,f l p r J r
Pentm obl,inereaunei mai mari concizii, aceasteconstruclie inlocuiegte o prorozjriequbie.liva (cu qdu fard;l inlrodu"ri\Jr arrjLu'i\dr.omplati!a, , tinala. .on.aculivaplc.. si cslc ulilizari in mod obi,"rurr li d)pi ,on-uzeil. sLructiile impersonalecu lfterrl sau i.tt l is (inl)possible, nec4rsarlJ.difficalt, eas1t, right, ercn$ (un)usual, (m)connon erc.l: (Subieotirii Jt iscustomarJ/o. r/rreroDe aDcacursion cverySundaX. 1napozilialni n) (EsteobiceiDl o ercnGiein liecare dumn'icn.) se se organizze gra(s t h re rsi pd'ch,.1 /or ,ru r, iip on.(Alr:bu'iru
rL l i ,ro lo Ln p' : , d i J rb d ! . ' r s J l - l n l i n r.) l'll arrange/or my sis,./ ,o rdft? tou to the conoerl.lComple[iri] (Yoi aranja ca sora mea si 1 lnsoleasca la concert.) so hill\ly. His innovalionmlsr la\e bec! FrJ importani /o. rneqd\-sa'eu. ta!tuie ),i. ( c i! z.l i ) (Inovalia lri lrebuje sil fi losl loarle imtortantil tenlrn ca Sazela de perele sli o elogieze atlt de mult.) The Itonan mosaic Uoor unearthed irl Consiarla was on \ie\\ lar cqdsaneta see. lFinalel ' (trodeaurde mozaicroman dzgrolaF ta Conslanlaa lost crlnse pentnr a fi razu[I lr It ti,mefot the.h;Uren to naq, l"nch. (Dupn eonsiructieiBpersolalel (Este vrenea siLia cotiii djunul.) Tl'ere will bc noihing /of 9oz ,, say. {Dulii consiNolie imlr.monal{) {Nu lci avea nimic de sr)us.l inAcasin oonstruolie con"q$ dintr-ur 9) Nominativul cu inlinitiy. finitiv care {ace parte din prcdicat Di al ciiei subicct coincide c,r subiectul rerbului predicat,: i 1 -t-i f" ., Th d s:/uds lr , a" d / 4. n 9 IL . : ' -, " ' . l ' i ,'l p]i -l , 'l[J (" p ' ,." f ara i f o " J . /
' "
S ll;75
In gramatica nglezi. inlinililul arc in acoasli siluatic functi de nat?e (cr. S 166?, 2;24): pr.dicatia subiectir (SubjectircCompLunenll d, Construc,tia numirii ..nominaiiv cu iniinjtir" amintette corstruclio { 1676 la dia..acuzatircu iniiniti\"' (g 166? 1673)rcirepfezintnvarianta acestein tezn pasivd.,{sl.fel: ||,p-r n ,n" (\, . .,r i l l\; b a.,i\') orp..tr.d
' in l.in'r. l\on'. cu inl.) (Verb lasil) lfe rre.e e\petdro r, ihere (Trebnin sI lnn acolo la ljnp.J ni,r /o 14 r Silled acl.or(1,r cr inf.i (ferb aclir) Ilrcflono supposeil lToii il considerru u aclo. 1,alntal.l \ -, 1 n... t a l. j g ,| " d a .to r, l \u m r' ,9 " $ a s s uppos ad "r (Er' , ons lder r l, ! n a' l o r ta l rn ta t ) Do you ttrfenddts rredsuf. to sdcz.er higher strnd.r ntr Jo',r glodsf {,\,r. c! inl.) -r rr. pp t d . .J nni " ' ti, ft ,o ) J ' o p .)
lsoopul acestei,ni$ufi .sle si !n asjgn.o lrodNc dc calitate !r.ioar{?) lof lonr goods?(Non. cu inl.) IB,Iis n.nsL.e intrnilerl ro sd.r/ a l,igher sr.andard lAceasu mSsurdare drelt scop 6ir ii asisuretrodnse de orlii{te s,terioarir?l .\sa d a r . r nr belp c , un ,-fJ r- i 3 ! I' ' 3 l 6 ;l " . r, r' l n' l l i u,m. ra du1 a ri , ' u inf ir ir i\ - t ' I fi i n o ,i rF i r d - u n .rrr l i ., ..non,i r. ti r ru i nl i ni . , . i, tiv". bineinleles ru xceptia aclora carc nu p,rt fi inlrebrinlate la diateza
pasrva.
r.\.".r" , n. r . d. li ir ' r r,,ru ,J .,.1 r "i ul ,rrp n ,, ,vi l )urr ,r\.
3!8 i#.\it S 16?? .. _ Traducer|ar.rDllxt predi,:at lirnba roninnd ir modul urmnt0r: a'J cu pasiful:
He r..i to so home. -ds rd:,t duoindu-se atrsi"L.l 1-{ /os,
de arcasri con,<trulj!io se Iacc in
Tt\c! Mte i]..n L td be ntlustdrus. (ENrt cuhrs.u!i ca oanni hnrDici.) Tr r -a" " [ t " . p ] . .... / L' - 4 . , e , 'r : t -t.\ ".\n,i\ r
a"/
cu o construclie impcrsonali: (\'ezi ii g rrs t) clin aceasG co st.uclie se tduce in limtra romAnd cu:
re (l o o r. u\a.l 'Ihe housr iras lell t. hdr( ttenbl,al. (-c.a simlit casa .rtrcnutrndu se.l It \r{s m.ant r, ,i r.dl (D ,a l i nal i i .i crr s.i ti ..nnn.l
Tr, l{.",,/ , "/ i. . . . / lob, . pr . . r , l. tspd td.a r;a,rd , , . , i". J oulJ .
Infinitirul
a', serunziul:
! l' c $ds hr ar L lro o /., r-\ l,'st au?ita l.s?rl:r,,
a" , c onjuncti i ' u 1 : H r'asn't erpectd ,a l,. suoh i ., ( Nim eninu s a a ti e ttrt c a c l s n
a"'l
un verb la un n]od personat:

I le t d b f . n k n o $ n r , / , . l c v o s o r l . j. . t i " "1 t1:cp iocrt. ,?t,.,bit.)
shc $ is lrlip\e d r . &, . at abt p. p s , , , . 1t , . , bit , . rj.,rp Je J.;
S 1678
b1 I r alar i d " r-" L ,l p l a d ;a r-2 1 p a .i ra , ,on.rr.r.,i a " at" r- td { tC ;6, ..r unins li! , d i n l ;n Ii !- -,ri p u i l . rn :o l i :i unpl p \prb. i ,, b') iliateza acIl.'e:.b chance, to happr:n: to appear. ra sctn: ra prcee. to twn out \ - t o p ro v e ) e tc -: IIe lr.ppens ,o tzo.e Enstisti. (Din intlmllarc tric cngrezeire.) ftey sccmdro haeeundererrod the tostiotr. (Pnrcau sh ti lnteles situ.tlia.) ,rne tur!']d oar ro ,e a li.s! class pitoi. ise dovcdi a Ii trn piloL de elitfi.
Iik.lt. unlikela erc.:
___
D" l lr ec u, r;i v e rb u l
c o p u l a ti r ta re u r mat,l e adj ectn e.,,certai n,sure
lld is strro ,, ,. laic as dstrrl (Sigxr cn a.e sn lnilrzic oa de obioei.l Aro ,lav likeix to hare ha-d rhe lV .rnnoutrce,nent? tEsle posibil (ca eil s{ ii anzit anunlul h telelizor?l 5 1679 t0) Acordul infinitiflrlui. - O ffoare destul dn f.ecverte consrd tn acoroui gretit al infinitivului cu subiectul respectiv. Astfel. este grsit a se spunei j . n ," s.drJ' , To l h o ro d g hL ,l o $ .,.d c . o" "4 41. .'o t,I n d n \n n h r m o ' r r i. " " an -,,"tr"t . t o ! E nti m.ta 1 atl
-,
NLr .,cuno-stiniele iemeinire de Eramaticd" Lrehuie..sn sclio bine,, si nrci ,.sintul unrorului" nu ..cste intotdciauna vesel,t. Propoziliile de mai sus trebuie ret{cute. lie $chinbindu "ce subiectul verbului prF,li.dl spre a ti ,o'dat ti cu infiniiivlrl respectir. fie schirnbindu se Io.ul inli'ri'i!ului suu lr'loruindu-"e intini irul ,r, o fr.to/iriF sa\,ndhra, astfl: Ta srite qeu.oneshould havea thorough l$owlcdge .r gr.mm{r.
.A L). ' .\. d l' , on lr ", lin 6r Ft ir , l o' np) t F l r r E l , . f , r : t ', , " . . , s . I".a 3rJ-. | . i]..' np j.ord lt . o- ' , , . , lp t 1 r .' ,,ur , or . ", / " it,.nad , ..in.initr! DF
Il
lr ''5 ,r-
t, i ',, l'. \"
' r or o' r e , s r'. i
. or t d_. , o gr , , . n. .. , r.d." .,,,t. . , u^ t n o\ 1. " t h b . o t j o r . g . s qotu e oe a!qa!/s sa!.
)e .
\ srnsc or huDionr is essenrial iI(e
ll) Ilelel er larticutei infiriti\ate, $ 1680 lltr o propozilie in (ar rtoun sau lnfli mrlrc infiiilil.e care se succedd i 1681 -dl !,,, in.irui I utri,"i num,,ipri,nui in:"S.j.":. 'iepdii s,r',.aLi rrnrlrl rste lfcrr,lat d. I'arti,!la /o.. "ir],tare.'t,
lh J,d. ,l",l lo \aI to or , - r , i "no1! rr.i . it :. t . "t - r t o. / , . i 'r' ,n - ". , .
Partirirrla ;ntiriti\ului se rerDtd aruxcr fr|o: d'l i],finiti1.L,1 respe.,riv rreluic accentuatsau conrrastatcu un,atht; . , o.o"r t!rr, tord. ., Lrp t, ., ioajL, th"r,,-t\.s l',r l r, h! /,// I u, n;. r \\.,nr b Lt tu tr..r.n. ' .". ro , . , a. I r t i . , r o- "d. olr . , r Il-t , , n,.!,.,,,.
-.I'u
a"/ lnl.reinfinitivclecarese su(.frte inreNin nraj nlulte cuviite sau clnat constfuclia intrcgii propozil;j ertc compticatn:
_ ile islid l)er not cDt) to lo,/i |,rd,gh je !.!os he liad branght. bui also to co'..r $liat srie didr't arlrovi {,t. t , . i, , , ilii ,., i ,, .,.p u r.u ri ta tn rc b ; ri i n &r l IrrI Ira?. .t,,ht, p." .), q t682 . " I n 3' FsFp \rr ; r pt ' . r 3. , . ' r n. r i i n l i n i :\. o .,ti , rti /a b p m Fnti ,rp" h:drJo-d\Fr. b u l li p se fte : " D i d h e Nant io c om eN i th n s ? ,' ..H e .ti d r.i s c e m ,o . ,, ( -{ vnrt sa viri! cu ndt? \u plirea si vr.a.) .' t \a \ n o ,.to(.d /,. "\\ h v Ji dn t J ou s o u.ti .n ,\\ 1 .,,,! r . ) r d q i , p .trp .!rrJ l u i J ;r ml I \-am .\ , voi p.l I-don'i want 1o sit lor the ex{n in Junc, bnt I lare,o. {Nu !.ean sn dan examcn in iunic, d.r ircbuie s,o rac.i I'o u ,l o n I ol. " y r ! ur D a mn rqa . n .t r ' .r,,, o u g ., /,. d . . ut r i t , t , nl i . . i tu ' ,,.i i . I, b ,i r .." 1 .,.i .) ' )u .i r H"J l i k n r o t , ' ! i, I t dr.tro to $ , b .t h n s .s to td L o /4. i r . , i. ra rr' -u l ,,8 i p d . d " i \ . .p u . \1 . nu.," j " \\'h y d J ou I . \ " J " " l r,l a ,\ .' _ \\d - | o o t .u !p o ".t ,o 'i { De .e ii } le. at ir . i?* N u i re b x rJ T J Yo u .., u ld v , s dr of pr J i n i o r b q i n . it ' 6 ru d d . r d n i 4. ,.. i.\r n p ' r t ul s d lF . i o, .i p ' 1 ," t" n ,,r,l d ,.a r ti \" u t.l Pr"zc, !6 pir r i. ul. i in ti n i ti ,J tc ," i n a ," ,.r.i .; ' r" 1;. i ti .d .\r.r" nra unrr| .u mtl rm pnl dr F ni in n r,i p ./ r' i rn ." ri " " ra . d .?rui r" t,.ri l F ," t, .,.,,,t I2 j ID fif f if ir r d f ar o orp ri m i rro p u t.. D L rd 1 ,,, t, \.rb" . D r ta t. q,a.h, S l ti bS , t onurr4 [L p .) . . t a^n, lt . t , . lp .to ,a l l .n .r.4 ,..t^ -u ta ttn l os]o| .,t..i ntt.p-$u;t, I nr , ir r \ it ( d rp F \p fl ; s ,,p u t s e .ra rrs fornrn J_ ubi ,_i i ntrun mod p ' rco n a l. le; el , 1. \ - r b L l fr.rd F r,t l x .j r .u n j J n, l i J ,,r,,/. ,.t,.,.,i . d a .ps T r.rh ps ' e t d ! t or . t " ,In ,tu l i ,,.p p rH r:\ ..,,r r,| | l ,:\dl _n at r," s,ui a -, ( u Ln\ri rl rc. , r n in, lem n p tc .): I'll .all o,d asA him myself. (-Am sii tr.c sel nilrel eu insuDri.l
1 , : r, : tp, t,.: n " i . ' . 1". jr n' 1r , , un . : , , . r r . t i n r i r '. . ;., ". . . . ir . , tgaxd aank11,. lJat hd s,ankd.
330 I'll ,inq lEt ur drd retl her the nc\!s. (-\m sr-i telelonez ca sa'i spun restea.l Cane a l pldy qith theml ( Y ino s I te j o c i c u .i i ) You oucht ,o comea\l see ts. (-A.rtre6ui sI rii si n vczi.) Cn dnd eet ronr hat .rnd coatl (Du-te ac-li ia hai a Fi piliria.) IIuttlJ up and./tnrs, Xour workl (Grnbette de-li termin4 treabal)
Esc.p lie alun.i .ind varbulpredi.st Infiniti l .d.p "rpt;nri srrput sc rncnLine I a $ I683: li;,p mention a t e l a da.it.ole " . 1 " all r n o dsuu
It makes !s so halpy $'hcn we so ,o sdehim (Sintem atil dc ledciii clnd ne ducen s Yedem.) 1 cdlled. tt inquire, but ro one waB in. (Am trecut sa mi iDic.cscz,d,lr nD .a nineni acass) : t t - , , app" ,J u . o s A In " n o \ l $ d ,. ($-a orrlt sn nit inl.rebece nai fac.) He cautd'rcaoneto sPe!'ltnnY il she'dr told hi to. ts-ar li putui duce (sau s-ar li dus) la Fanny dacl i-ar li slN eal l a d n .) 1684 13) IntiDitirul negatir. - Locul negaiiei care caracterizeazi un inliniLiv cste inaintcu i initivului: "' "To be or no, to De,that js the quest-ion I told he. it was a mistake no, to t ll Jan{ the truth !'or you no, ,o hdeednsamd bY a lrosn was signiticaDl. ot nat (to dcide)oD the subject I|\ ior them to 'l.ecide
s 1685
II. PARTICIPIUL
(TIIE PARTICIPLE)
CONSIIIXBATIICDNXRAIE
t) Pirtiripiul lrri\it .omparolit i0 granlali.s engloziqi [n roa romtni. A 1686 ' cramsti.a limbii ;':lez" dilprd toar'|. l'lull de gremalicalimbii rorina rn ceea.cep,rivqtemodul de tratarc a larticipiuluj, deci ti a terminologiei res' 5Dre exmDlu: Dectrv, dl ln ercmari:a limbii cnglozot"t.t'enrLi d" pottiipiu ( Port;";pk) i 3c da un intelis mfli l"rs d".il in sran uti.a limbii romcnF,deoare'e "l .uprindA qi.perticipiul pFrh.t prl;, ipiul pdrli;ipiul prezcnl tormFlpp"rriripial": 'odlp irecut sub ambele aspecte,pc ctiv ,\t rmptrfe't'v' bLla ambcle draiezoi ieF in gramsromendara drcpt corespondenL m.nul ..parli"ipi,- din gro'"l.etir" ifl')l rrp"ut' ( onsioza Port Parti nrimai torn.nul ,,parlicipiu tica ,/'in Lr"mAri,r li.bii .nsl-," F\iql - douH lorm" v.'bdlF: pd./i Participli) qi Serdnlianl (GerandJ' care, degi nu se .ipiut pre.'nt ( PTesent
lslc'd: sne ldd (coloclial). ! Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este for ula rccomanda6 lcntu e\itara r r p F t A r p 'o l u s l lr np r ' r r . L nt u r i 'u h i i ^ l i n i . i \ d l . d pzdLldblpr o, , u5 ^t".tutd ,fon i curc ntu cliia r !i ln sf f k . Vez i ii $ 1633, 1030 Shalresre.re. Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk 'W. { P..nume nasculin fdssnl.
831
deosebesc formal. au lunc,tii dife.ite. Se atrage atanlia cititorului si studieze i, .odtul Ltunolit i.r-l":. unda pJrti.ipr,t pr.z, n. t,rJapti a.prqt; .hFcliunp IAirF lurrriila Hlr;bu;1,L,pr.Lrnri,rlui ror';nF..r qr .6 td,a .t:.tln,rii "u'.;r'a lrrtrn grr;rr'livulr (C tundtpnelrz'.r !i g"run/iul roma'Fs,; , J:rAmAli.1,li'nbii FnslFTp Fr- tn pot.i":t;d p rl.t (P,,[.! Pdtt;.;rl,t. . dJ ln gramatica limbii nqlzenu eriistd r1rodul.,sup;r,',, ale cirui lunctii lc lrdeplineste gertndilrl. 2) Diatezd. Timp. ,{spcct. ln grarnaiica linrbii englczc.pa(icipiul dre g 1682 dou" dirl' z- l,.ti\d .i pasi\aJ.tr"i timpuri {orFr"nt. trnlut s: oerfe.t, si. tn rrzul p"rri"ipiLrl..i prer"nr. dou; o.p.".i rp"ri"" :' .i i- 1.-rt,rrrr,.
Participiul
Diol.zn
T ]\IP
e,,,."rst,pr,li
(: pornind) {: li'nd pomit)
,-, ,
(: lornind) harlng been startcd (.= liind I]ornit)
(: pomirl
0bs.raalie Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive ar tn generesins pasi,, iar par g 1688 ' iiripiul tre.uL 11 rFrbclor intrsnTitivF o.tir. Form, parliiipiului rricur '"ns al verbelor rcgulai.o este aceeasi(irfinitiv + ed_,), in ambile cazuri:
O nc ps @' pd l J rl i v i , th r" o $ a s n o .to p p i n s n,m. ( O dall po- , i,, n ,, I m J i p u t' a o rri n i + n : , . d- ll" d lox s ^, o m, b y p . p to o t rt,. n:6.I rrJi n. -: i t' rd l .r" n .l J ,. n;dp,e.r , Ch. aol J r . t -' t tF p fri ri . . T O T i ,U A IN -IN G
(TIID .INO T'ORNfI
s 1{i89
lr Dotrumirp, ln gramatica lrddilionald. narticipiul prezent, c"run- ( l690 .ubs'anrivul vprbJl Ei ddja ti\ul rerbal au priniL, p.nrru divtl (G rund.1. bimplifi"ar". rumelp .uprinroror: ..torma in ing-. pentru ftp{!) c,i ,osr, !airu au i."Fa!i form6 lerrildta rn sulirul -,'rg,i"r d-os"biriledintrp pla sinl loarte subtile. De faptlnsn, substantivut verbai-era o varianti a gerundivului ( S 1748-1749), cu distinctii Ioarte controversate, iar adjectivul verbal reprezenta o funclic a participiului przent. Pentru acst mdtiv, in lucrarca de fali chestiuneaformei in -ing va fi tratati in raport cu cele doni forme prin, , ipJl-: par Lj.;piul prezFnr problena sub.Lantir rrlrriv"rl,at ll !i gFrundi\.u.. d.4pad ddj F.ri!ul ,i rprbsl fii,,d Frp,rsF In i,SdLurd t"rma princip.,lor"i"u pectlvi.
r!iD.o do p' dr n. 1, 1""r , , i, d "dd pr!. C / ' lllei-, ' . 1rx ,, ,t m rr ud ,i u J ! -dod , " .n gl./t. lai u"na ut , ut ' iJ da p a r , o n . 'l'r r. i i.o n t r n L-a '6 ie, . , er lir J iI "o mi l' . ; a"uo ab i .,d.:!1 , und l. gd". ioi, . F. Tr ' n" r . aau i d t u - \ i . t a a l n q - m J i " d r . l i n i . ,ll -i ne r,mbli,d ltd,r/d / t or - p nh. "m 1 r 'i c . J : . d " d r o . a m b . . o . E; . a\ t : t , n
,, Jilfff$
itii:illt
rarln rimba cnsrez{ rnctt ineistent v'zi loatcri considernt' 're
Bt9 lr Tiun. Diatczn. Arir |rrtiripiul prFz"nr..it ri :"rundiiul au dnu; A ' l69t limpul artira si laqiri: qi doua 'li.t.z" frFz"nl si pFrh.'
harinq called (pc.icctl Diate.l actird. calling (prezentl Ditrte\e .lsied-. beins-calcd (piezenl)- iiadns lreeir crlled (perlcct)
s 1692
S 1693
PTi,DZENT SI GTBUNDIVUL P-TBTICIPIUL

(TIIE PNtrSE\I'I P-{RTICIPLI] AXD THD ODRUND)
1) I'ormn. - Partioipiul prezent si gerundirul gind , ." ruli\ul -irp l, inl;ni'i\ :

to see- seeas
se construicsc addu-
5 1691
1) ortogratic.
oJ Yerbele t{rrminate intr o consoani precedati de o si\grd c.ntuatd d,rbleaze consoanaInaintea terminaliei -ini:
to to to to to lo lo to bc'gin fo. gPi Dre ie. ;d nriL olf-"r 'listen de r0u. fc main be 8innh3 lor sctt,"g Dfe'fPfltns id nittrg bflcring listcnl:r4l de vourtrg re'maini"6
ncalii tlc'
In celelalte cazuri, consoanafinali nr se dublcazn:

-
to d.ink -
drinhing
Erceptiel to ivo.shb- worsl,ippt,s. retminate in p umleozn regula de mai sus aplicat' Cuointelecompuse numai la cuvintul firral:
lo h oa p{hi0 ro .o Ji'r - ho_- \ r l' i[ pi, ; - lid. s lr pt r , g io ( "r n' l t lo ' aI i ! o lidnJppi; .' bo ll-adlprr4
DJ -l final ste intotdeaunadublat, oricarear fi locul acce tului: .,, ,.qu.'t t, L| lil tul''illt.g -- .q rlll,,E
lo roin rFl lo lra l:l r on ll , "' lr . ' \ ;'lli, r a io an nul r o . ol r o l lo , ' n| ' ' - an ndli,rg - '. n 'r o l l t r 8 gamLourrj -
c) to to d)
-ir devine intotdeauna 'idlt: l.o trallic bilouno - bivouackina - hallieLi"s to licnic mimic - picnicktng - mimickiug 'e mui {inal cade lnaintea te.minaliei -ins: io hare - having lo make - maktrs _ ,np. ?n.B
- dyeingr - Iomg . - srngc'"8" - ting[e)i,g to 0rnoe to hoc to toc qu.ue g dri,sl lXins tting J nJl I\' l s,ndr: vag,ag canoe,nS hnetug snoo.4g totn'g
Exccl tiL :
do dye ro eye tu srtrg. Lu iinsP
to queue c , - ic f inal s e s c h i n tb n i n ' q : lo die to lil' to tie -
- n r.i n l r. , t yP i ts ' . \ - " , onr ar a: , lrl i n g l .l .n x r inl, ndJ ,. u s i 4 g < i 4 s r,n d l ro l { ti rrrn JL []"ru Jl
333 [)'!]
tn"t '' ,,'"nLrn-i',1i'r'" 'rr' i briei ".': lo lhr" to inn.r-' - arDolr,g tlalrag lo obcy obexlng to crl - crXins 3) Portioipiul prczent fi gerundilul. '- Din cauza formei lor ideniice, se $ 1695 ,ont'7ie ir prr i,ifiul 1,rez"l .i g-rur,dit. Di lin.lia Intrn t".e dpsFori "" e..c rorbi'n inlu,r " i por'snr'1. dFoar'ap de o,".'" 1"rti -1" au ociqini 9i ' fu nctii aiferite. Deosebiriledintrc participiul prezent ;i gcrundiv sint urmitoa-
aJ functiilc granaticale: .q1698 pjr. .t;r .i rb \p,h \ io"tdt r odi u'lt I'xrfiripiul Irrczenl ')" ' ps !crb u \rlâr gcrundiYul ' Jp -uh.trrttr. " ' Primul srvestepentru a calrlrcdun suhstani,i{ sau un verbJ fll doilea aanp,rle acliunea erprimatd de verbul respectir: t ,.. r .a"d .Jt.3.r.ild-.r, (r"r'._it. I t(Ea)tleca tInslnd.l
olr i ' l\r l^ l 'uh " ll' She Fent aNay .rli,s. {l'a.t.r' ad!.]
,' l \ T h, r \ dr / . A n \' rt,,.y ,,/i ,.C ;n tt. 1 " " 1 . Iart r da u ,i In In rl . s l l i b ' J !ri rr I (\. l ' r' Crltzg doesn't h.lp anyone. (Gerundiv- snbst.l (Plinsul nu ajutiL nimdnni ) Il'alltzs is go.d lor lhe herllh. (O{undirl (lleNnl cste snnltos.) a ' a rl " ,g -s ti c k r (C o n n d i rl (: !D l .s to n ) adj.) a (,olntB dictionarX (Pat. (: n D d i o l i o n i r .mb u l a n tl
.ml
,J i n trebuir l. at p s t r i b n ti v . p d rti c i p i u t p re z e n t i ; gerundi vul se daosebesc S 169? d e c e l e msi r nult e or i qi p ri n a ! rc rL t: subsiantivul precdaal ae ni p.lrtil:ipiu are in goncre accentul principal, part i ci p i u l r es po r iv I ' ulr ' rd d rp a u ..p n L p r;n .i p i l -a u .' ' unddr: su b sL s nliiul pr " r " dat ,l . u n s tn ,t' J a re i n g " n " r" ar" orrt s." undsr. gprundivul respoctiv arind accentul principal:
Psrtioipii prezente (:
adjective)
th e ,[.i.rt" i nsrvcnus i dtntlne conmenn.lJ r tar.rtg library cotnt tie6'
i\ lbullying tman the dmtng Xear judsment an ''tns
r /auiq srar
r mrtg s l a i rc a s c lhe pos'us hour a nalch in 'sotzg ronl. Gerunilivolo (: substantive) a ,adi,rg-rcsort thc _ cdlrgtrg Lriidc ,4rdsrngtoonr ^ a t-^rn8-ro( a lrsng-par a 'ledrt4 cerulio.te (un ceriilicrt ne abetrire a un-;' icoll
Lhe detoetipinel weins
{sraliune 6a:hea.d sau climate cl)

n a t t F n l n r a . r - p p , 'c '. a.rsl C r,Iin i u l " d 'i 's d r 1 I Arlr' u m . r c u L '' "dld. :
rCuvint .t ,,d/ti,r ddo16r F, . r a. f b ".t, d, i; . f u1, 1i, . i: o t t "Llo""alt i4a : n t r ebuinlnL n.b lon Ll. \u rn l r nr plr " l. g. r . i m nlu;D psl"pin urm'" J dt li\ , ' 1r i n' r ' r "r lhl lotelese tn cxcnphrr ufmi'ort d dictioNtt! that ealks. ! Ttuile ln curs de dezvoltarcx :
334 1698 c, Parlicipiul prczcnt poate fi prcccdat nunai dc conjunclii, gerundirur de prepozilii (91734).
N otd 1699 ln uncle situalii ru se poate preciza iD nod incortestabil functia urlui ourint lermi at tn -ing Si anume, dace este \.or$a dc un parlicipiu prezent sau de un gerundiv: Ll\e Hanging Committeelpoate fi: comisiapentm ,,alegere a tablouri] or" (geru div) sau,,care alegetablourile" (parLicipiu przent); a haruesti.ng machine lpoateli: o masi i penim ,,secerat"(gerundiv) sau (participiu prezenl)l secerd"l ,,care 1n ascrneneacazuri, un criteriu concludent pentru interprel,are astc acceniul ( g 1G97).r\stfel. ln diclionarele engleze,cuvintele citate la $ 16)7 stnt consideratesulstadlive, funclie indicatd dc acoentul care cade numai pe form.I in -inf.
$ 1?00
S 1701
PTIRTICIPIUI' PN,I]ZNNT
{fIIt PLESDNT IAR!TCn )
Cflraoter ti fune.tii.- Participiul przent are pe de o pArte laloare de verb, pe de alta valoap de adjctiv 9i de adrerb. s 1?02 1) Ca Yorb! aJ are forme verbale (timp si diahzn): bcins callcd calline haYiDicallcd haYiig been cnlled 6../ poate fi detominat de un adi.erb:
S lc $r nt r $x y l .u e l ti n g\i L rtl !, i P ler , i nz , n I n re t ) Haoing spahel conainchely, \e (Cum vorlise convingnhr, a a
succes.)
c_,)poate avca un complemeDt direct: -a1d"zga l.rrge /dntls. she tas very iusy. (Aylnd o lamili ntrmeroasd, era loartc oculate.) Eaains l)een aoafi.4l a pti.s, his work was reriewd in all the paleG. (Posiv) (Fjnid lremiali, lu af.a lui a fosf recclzate h toatc ziarele.)
Avind caracter de \erb, pariicipiul prczcnt cunoalt urmitoarelo lntrobuill!nri: s 1?04 o,l lmpreunn cu auriliarul to BE. Iorm0azn tonjugara continud: (l'.czcnt] Don't dislnrb l,.rl Shc ir ,eo.lin,i.. S 1?03
S 1?05
( Nu o ddar jal L u c rP a ? n .l She aas hdenq a Nalk wli.n I ncr h.r. {Trec!t) (Se tlimba cind am Inilhit o.) They rir, 6e Elelhonnry \ery soon now. (viiior) tTrcbuio sn tele6neze ioarli curind. (r"-area f.ijd.)l D) dupd un verb Ja un mod personal alaLd cd anbele ac-tiuni sinl, BinrulThc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts. (Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.) lle slaad laokiry at $lS1.itca pdrindu'ne.)
l Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1 de nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn, denlni.fa adoltaii tiind ,.o src"ditoar{" l: a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).
335
( g 1723):
cJ poate fi intrcbuin,tat in construclia numiii
,.nominativ absolr'tt" $ 1706
u b . ' { i N ' sp" ' k ' t' ufv' -stri . u s belîr e.' p hsd n o ri ;h l r,' d .p . s . rJ i " r o b i e,l i . S.ri ci rrjr binll" l We havc decidedio reoryanize our dai.v f.lnn' cicuns&nc^ alla@ing l: it allo$ I. .iruNLanocs ' _u i An h o t , lr il i r P u" q a r:z d r i -rn d n o J " ' r' 1!d n ' r drtprea vrri l or J" l aD r" ' pcmite coDditiilel dacr nc vor No td Partioipiul prezeni intocuieqte o iutreag5 propozitie secundard, ln spe- S 1708 , ic l d u p a -" onjun" ! iiJ c ( 0 t )th o u P l ' . Q h ' n . + h ;b e tt-l Prrr I rhoughl " Pw ' nl on ' Th o u i nS air | on t or " i\ lJ n " I ' s ' " J ti v p ' a s ,rr TFr gr b ' ar / i. Jrd {D ;i l l " o $ d . ion ll. dr ol. i n r,{ a P d " ;3 ' w h " n 1 ," p b " s" J (Un ,o ri v int h noi Li n .l tr c e !c i i rr' ) She read (ntie dd,tze {: whilc she atcl. t(Ea) cite.r in tinp ce mlnca l $ l ;Oq 2) Ad j c c t iY elepr or on i to d i o p a rti .i p i i -p ro z c o l o s i n' . ' onsi deral F In " di c:i ofl l Frrul .0ntual .l rrnd .d s rmp l p d l ' c l rv p . /,rP l ' 74 g rd m at i' ilp ac lu l p n drF l e Ci ' Ll p aJ dF' l ' 8ra' p_ p p c rrp o i ndeplin' glF un .u !' l n l s d u o .o n q l ru c tr' obig n u i l e : i r s t ic i l e a d i ec t iv elor ---'-
d) poat tnlocui o inLreagi propoziliesecundari:
The lili. ,'lj[s out of orde.. I had to Nalk ulstahs. {Liltd liind-deteot, am losi silit si trrc pe sclri ) Th p fo Jd ha\ iDS/ . a w n d .d . p P w l - d b l " -1 " d ,i t" o n. (P d' j v] tSo s.JU.li' ' . d r dt J r ar J . D F ' n p i u l ro n trn u r ru m u
S t707
*'g*a" "I o mu :i nq
de toiparalie dxcdeslecazul:
$ 1?10
sl i mul Jt:ng i n v i ro rd l ' n g lldm ' n B I nL" r p s l i o g r)fl rJ-1S p ra cl i ns s ru s l j In g thaD I c.rn te]I. He is nol, am&stDs (Nu pot spune clt esi,cde amuzant) I lound her d? tust i\tere'ting pe$ol I had ever mot (rrm gdslt o cea nai interesaniil_pelsoanir le care o lnl'llnrsemv'eodatl )
D, pot fi Iolosite la formarea adverbelor respectiYe prin addugarea su- $ lTll
lixului -ly:
He answreddzgni4lY (Dl rd:rpunserlzind.) We looked. undcrclandingiy at oach othr. (Ne-aD Privit cu inleles ) c)
pialn cu lunctie de atribut:
partici- $ 1712 au funcl,iede alribul sau pot face parte dintr-o construcrie
ir /rirs vL tl tretine Mi" tn p 6 ..,,,1;9 pl dn" ' i iat J ; " c n" n " tta n ;a g.d" t' r ln" " ; " r ; g r " n rd l o n l h e r, Ir' 8 sun r l i l d ra r t l, F bot ht as Ever:r'thingis in eallt order. (ln starc de ruoiionate) 'fhi\ is x! la!/.ins maittsf. I ne o( t r r - - ' ,;,s !u b l i c h 1 q i r' r.a s ' d .u n :i d" rU ) $ h o s . n i l i n .j j o tu Pl i l 4. i s Inv ,l Jught" r' T 1" Li" . s m i i i rs ' ri on s i o St $ n o b rro g rn gtlr,4I. T l- or pii s om F o D
r Vezi,si echivalcnl.ii adjectivali l $ 7,"5-78?). 1 : un bi'rrbai, cre chclciie. 3:o viziti sriL bita . a: aviorul care aiciza {sar arcrizenzll)
33n
Conqlru",iil"oarli' ipidl, cr,,/;nr ca hor'r'ilr, rin<ih;,/ , // sin aliibul" tiu .0,,r'ri,. d.o;i""; repr"zinraprapoTiliitFt'ita .lc subi,' r,loi;,ri, r".spi" atributil.e. dJ poate fac parle din predicat l: adjectiaprcd;mlie) | S 1713
T lpy dt r t ant i .r In u J l d n .o \J n rd p r" 4 i 'al i v . rb: .l i \l \ \ ' . ' t ound h, T i " 1 \J s o ,.g . \u ma !..J r. i \ oo " " r,\, t 1?11 ll) Ca sdrerli. DalticiDiLrl Drzent are lunciie de conlDlement circumsta!" ti a l , poat e t ac . po i te tl i n i r-o -c o n s tru c l i e c u l i rncl i e de i ompl ement ci rcumstantial sau poate determina un adiecdi.: She la! down r8dinc, icirc. de mod) t v h" n; oil. t - t o th p' t' 1 6 .I' r n ' t i s 5 o n . C i " . Jp l i nrp) -iIo, l,.inq;ode/sd,/ *ii th. subject,ie did n.L undc*tRntt the lectu.e.(Clrc. de ]9eeus ploling n,. b be in the isht, she snould no! hare nsed that to!8. lcirc. . { k i; lv s ! niI t o s , .h " r,.r' $ .,. ,o t l tIro n -i . .. C i r,. d. .onai F T I p , nilk { d" b o i l i rc /m/ (D a l p rn1 :I u r i l ' ' l i \l Pul on yolr heavy ioat: it is liercins rold. (Determin{ rtr adjciiv)
s 1?r5
participble CoDstruetii
(Psrlicipial Phr8se!)
s1716 1) Acuzatirul 0u psrtieiliu (,tccus&tieeoith participlc). Verble rfritoarc la simluri - to /e.'1.to hear. ta listo, to see,ta laok s111? at, lod.) to nolice,to obs.jee,to parceire,to s,atch,1o srr'?lletc - pot aYea behokL,
ra gi in.gramaLica romend, un complement direct care si fie subiectul trnut parircrpruprezenL urmaror: I trlt re child nenbline. (-\m simlit copild lrenruritrd.)
H n w a l .\' d /. .a a i ,,g . {Ne lrivca eum venenm.) I can smell &e ntlli Da.ntn6. (uiroasc a lalte ars.) t; la \ ' F . r p. , r i. ip i u . .^ ,,.i d a ' i r i ' , g ' " ms ,r d l i ,nbi i rl gl " z" n u r'e pr o. li' " r r t ; bi ' ,i !r { .t. $ 2 .2 6 ,. r" ,r" " " 2; i rnp.ui ;.u o c.rnsl,ruclie echjvRlenlA cu o propozilie compltivd direct;: I lelt th. chil.l ttenl'litls l: lhnl the child was t.e'nbling.) t I c s aw het c omi n s(= i h a l s h e $ a s c o m i n s ). I c{n smell sonrdhs bolnlB e rnat sonDthing is burDilgl, a fi i nd un " uhi F,rul l ui
S 1?19
.) ,\ltc verbe urnate de un afuzatil cu paftjcipiu: l, catch' ta find, to to har.. lo imdgine,10 heep, to l,!aa|. Io s.1. b slttt etc.l !:et. \ t ind n pd 4 .i ' l o r )' r o l i d d tj ' ' l p , " i n \" " Jnl i ' \" l'u ga. . l: re 1 ;1 " "' Ind b ' F n l rr Thts]' Iept n. d'oidzs {ror) an hou. ill ru ilcul. sd atrcpr o o .) I can't Isre n?' spotrt,s flJ chil{l.en. {In o rot llsa sihtri rezgiic .o!iii.) l^rgine tue sun bathinc on the beachl ({e vczi rre mine li'lcind bdi de soare !c lhjal) r ln gramalienronnni. in aceeaiiconstrnclic: ..Am yiiztrr. venind", lo.mn verbali .,\'enind"esle considemu ca a,fiDLfuloomllenientuluidi.ecl .,o".
387 , t'n '1" \ , r L" . lin o ,,a .. a .1 rb { o ri e p o ti u ,r,,a,F ri .tc u, i nfi ,,i ti t r $J 6ri n r.d q r , uo" r r bt r las . h i ^ b .r" J p rn r" l p s :i n ri n :ri ru t." ,,i " ri t,o-ci une , b. t a "td . n " t iL, nF . t. u t , ,. r" ;. ,/.' ; " p . p r, n ,l p i rti .i n i u t .,rs,ri s/" " " ..i Ilruo l n tu r s Lu r lan l Pn t d o t: I have ofter scen him .ra th." race. dislnund l= cd dislnta) .rcea-rricurst.t lL am lnzut adese.r l _ \;, rr o*ing or " r . \ r , r" n | .' \' h i r,,,.;" ,tu .J ,. -t. . r
Iirdld\ dm 5r''da':aJ t 1 \ i z . ' dl " r" r . ] , n ,t .,.,sd..1 ,, d" ,..,.,.r.,r._
s 1720
' I heardr''ouJrcdi to him. tTe-amnuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il yousrrdl.,rs I hFard 1oh'o. lT .am ,u/,1 \o"biid i ( ,Ind ii \, ro" 'i .J 2) \ouilrlirul ru parri.ipiu. - 1n i"Fa..d "on.tru...ip idFnri.. ir ti. l.r ro.r;n.].suLi* r,l\crh,rluip|pdi"atla,Jiot'z.rIa.i\'a-"r-,oroJstd5ub:" Il urur pdrrrcrprr prFT!11 .J.a il in.olo.la.i , r'retH.p ! tF din pl..i.it , ar,,r,. pr'di.otit subi .t:,' (, l. S 2;241. L^ns Lia ,..- irtrpbuirt.,r; ,,r r, "bele '-u, pr"ruri nare prprim,r t.rpplii spnzorisla t\ l,l,r. "u ctie ,t,ta rerbe 'S l;l9r..i ftpr"tint. !,r strp,o pr.t".t v"rbuluipredi.. r :n.orit ,taun. ,",rzat;v cu pariicipiu' (g 1716):
s r;21
?,' ?"r,r ss! a eo ord,irC J c hi' l f - , m dr o L. in; t \ on. . u ! . . . . t \!rb od.i! ' O n l lr \-/ul !a lvin d un r olil dp ld . n, ) :om, on" a atr //- Dra sd ' , , g J ihi' d i, . , t r ot r 1inr \ , , u p d , . \"rn , i\ r (-rn \a \, ,r o r rl q dl\. n. 1 n r o! ' l d. d , 1", . , 51" saq [e !nl n . t:a.t. C lo. r r ' am " l\ om . . r I , dr t r \ , . b L . , i \ r \ l05 .. m.1t".nn , l n|m ' , , . l "u /i "; L.a rd h . a? ai, r : "8 i1r \ i. r p' r i nd ^. r \ , \ d r . . 'i . l1" on-
Constmct;a mmiti ,,nominatil- cu DattjciDiu,, aninteste constructia .lnominativ cu inlinitiv.. (Sl6?t). dosebireadi;tre cete do;6 forme tiiirrl aceea;i ra ti dosebirea dintre,,acuzativul cu participiu,,si.,acuzativul cu infiiiti1." ( { 1667):
.\ D o d , l o a' l" d \ ilh l- if l e \ s s ... n ,o /.r.? th ta n ,i ,r^-t.' i ,, r\.nr. cr' ^r.l . r' i .r,r.l r \d /. i !l ,,1 J , lO b a .,; in, iF llJ . u " i pF!.d.td,l .brF ' l u -l
. l)rrair, i; 1 a r t i ' r ! ,
5 r?92
l /o ,r to" 4pt (
n r r pp r. \i .
r 5 r o 1 i.t itu .,\,,1 t ltq ...,t ,.,d tL.ot | ),;.I.dl
3) \ominatirul ahsolut (Nominatioe Abtatulc). ln cordructia numita { 1?98 ..notri'rrli\ un prr i,ir:u pr-/"nr.lrtr-Luinrd' i',.pt-nupnt dr ur, ' ^b-nlLr'. rcrb predicat, are ca subieit un norrjnativ carenu este subieciul propoziliei: ;i
\ \ ' . .h. ' ll h 1\' a p.n . nn i1l . r oat . , "at r - I , p, ] . t ! t ,r c . . l im ,i irrb i r.iJ. si , l, r . i , . J , . - r " o. n ':.r" ' fl ht dret. n 4.:n B sD- lo b. , , I n, ' . n' \ , bt , o, pt . ' C ot: ,n I r.1 , pu rpd r , . . a od t , , . ". , 'li. ',rn ' f l,; b,:aCU,d .,q 4l. up p oI o t l" , \ t it , . 1, , , n t r - . , _ " r , J , I \".r.d -", , u 1 . ' t un. l l iilJ n 1 .. b , l1r l, r o J . u , . , ; r n " d. .i '
_.4) Partioipiulabsolutfl&srlaie PurricilL.: ). - ln uneleerprsiirurelrre. S 1?94 subiectul pariicipiuluiprezcntlipsestc:

f .au.t:rs lra n 4n ..,.r, n . Ii' " p' ndJ rn ii e. m, .ir du. b. p. , ' / I . pr n \ r ,. r t n o L " 4 ..,t .r..t,r.t c. :p "a ttrs. th, r , - ut r .e, 1lt rV'nro nil! tn g pn pi.,r. rFl . t , d, . t p . . nr . r . . . , , 1oa- , His solk j. q,,i],p e oo d..an: i, t . . t \ t L. lu^f dzr I,i p,1 " ro . dJ , d' ii . . j . . i | . .,1".
338 A lte erpresii similare: ,a'.ina aocidents b.sidins \'il\ our nert issuc .ozsid.t,sr thc circunNt.rnces sains.Fl\\t judsng) bJ apFarances rn.rrd,4a iomorlolv /c.ioztng t.om today .?gdldt';l rour application s.?tn4 that (loculiune conj nclionau) p ," ra ta ) s ' ' i r' r' l - J i< "' ,rh j n s i n ro d '-r" r,,rl ,R i ,," v .o .nr. r..
s 1?2;
172t
GXITUIDITUL
1) Form5. Gerundivul are aceeaqiformi ca ti pariicipiul prezentJcu care est adeseoriconfundat din aceasl,i cauzd. 1727 2) CarecteristiciFi funclii. - Gerrndivul esto o formi verbdd.c,t taloare de substantie si, ca atare, are atii caractrele verbului, clt qi pe acelea ale substantivului. 1728 Ca Yorb.' al are forme deosebite dupd timp E\ diatezd.: I don't mind her se';namc. {Prezcnt {ctirl tNu mI supiril cl1mI ved{m a vilzut sau Ini1!a vedea)'.] I don't mind ]netharingset ne. (Pedectacl-v) (Nu n6 supanlcI n a vnzut.) I don'i.mind beinssun b\ her. {Prezent lisir.) tNu mi suptui si liuh{ li losi rizuti {le ea.l I don'i nind haoinsbeen seenby her. lPeriectpasiv) (Nu md sulr&nci am losi veznldde ca.)
,J poate avea complement d,irectl tinsins fotk sonss is her g.('atest accomrrlishlient. (In hterpretarea cilrtecelorlolulare sii ntarele ei talcnt.) cJ poate fi caracterizat de rn adrcrb: This is worth dotDg ,clt{Acest luou meritl siL lic fecut bine.)
s 1?29
! 1730
Ca substantiv (singur sau lnclnd part dintr o construc,bie gerundivaln3): d,) are funcl,ie de suDi.1, de nume predicatie srn ile complement dfiect: Her 6etq youns was an assct. (Srbicct) (Iaptnl cn era tinlrl ccnsrjtuia nn {i'anraj.) Se.ins is Dlte'ing- (Numc lrcdicatir) She eDjoyssn,ntns a cigarelte allcr breakfast. (Com!I. dir.J t(Di) li placc si lnmeze o lisad drlii nicul dejln.l
$ 1?31
b ) polte ti i,nsalit dc adj utit'c : Some of Llie books wcte ha .edding. (Une1c cn4i crau srcu dc oitit.) 1 cansi'1.{ihs ftsa tns au drenjt adevi.ate prepozilii,coNid0.atecn atnlc in dic. ri . Ito o u" r " , , , l, , ut , - . . ^ o o J .,,\u ri r.d .o rt ri l D U ril d bv.rn-qrr.rF.ut:.r\r:ro.l . 3C, . lhlr r , l' lipg ,l u i L r:\rA d :n ." " mrl " .:1 : n ," I :ae,J;trs ,i saoLi reu ti yFtE
330 jn cazul S liZI c, poate li lrecedat de nn ddj.ctir Nsp-eiasau d0 un sabr^lantir

IIis plasiag Ll\eliano alter Jdnd'sr./ornlzg on rhe riolin ad.led irterest to i.h l i p l -.i ld. , nr J t l, p ,' n J d n .t ." l o .n d a p r" .u t ,t o Lu,.h tJ Li od," d tt,.l p r ogra n u rm.r nr ,r . \ anr . )
3) Alte fu ctii.
Gerundivul se mai folossre:

An l. or ias th r l 'o o s e , I l o o k c d . o u r L l . ( Par es ind r .r s d . a m I I j \ i t r m p r e t d r I
o) dupe o prpoziliel:
I am I f Fd o /si? xt,a . (lI.airL srtu rti rlr cln tal. )
.\ 1733
s 1731
i r" $ a j puninha.Ilar b p ;rE a \o r\ Io "' t 1 t . ' r r " nir L rJ s tn ri rz i .")
th d te o ' s r; ,h.ut -aui (S " ri l F l " s . dp ta .;r'ne.
h ri ,l ^ n L , d / o |d. . . { . ep ti a d F l d a " p rs r; r.s u l " a lun.i .tnd p. p D drti Lut,l i'liiniri vu l u i . dpoar . . p ps t a p ri n d ,ti ' ,i l i a u rm a G < tc i nti ni ri v. l n .et;tal ra.1. znri insl, ctnd are fdnclie d,eyepoztlie. este ca insdii urmata de rrn gerundiv: I a m l o ok inglur ( r r d !o s e i n "ro u . (Arte tl ,, 1r n, r db, Lar e s .t tF 1 :e i .) ;he is used r, sLcrins on the corch. (Dste oi4ruitl sn doa.mli pc dormezli.) Th Pr :s r ' , . D lioi lo r,,u r " ,.^ ;,E i n th i s o , D a -tn Fn .
l \ : m" ni r r .'. o o L ' p t1 t d ;"d \r ci .1 tu ir .r ' . ,.i 1stJ 5,.;d
ll dupn unele rerbe:

abhof .rdmit disconiinue dislikc,
{ 1735
l9'rcy
lqget, sile up (: slolJ omit: lostponc
spend (tine, morev)
suggest
h, LlP , i rr.f, l, a\ c l, , n cl : l L n i s l ' t !rc v rrt can(not) help propos.: Slt P .niaus ka \ins nr Huv can t lrclp lorrns mv sister? C u m p o i s { r i u-i ,i u-n" sisi ra?J t lE il ri plrrP sr n i tr Lhn. z e. l I hJ\a I tn;sl@d m 1 I et t er . \au kap PpeotinEthe samp mrstakr.3 sc,is scr is o, r Pa. l l A , n r,rmln 't d -/rrrrs l f a c , l re u ., cpratigresei l i l .)
She p l , os pdleo"ur ] plpt jt hinc as r L u a s . lDa a \ ei , lF giDd s a las e t at ut a; a , sc afla.) 'rm 1 rcttuertber h.arh! the aoise. iNi-aduc {minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.) nai al;rqall
lNi
ir l"...a ,r_0 .,'..ilk at , an1d, p- , J do, r J , r , . . r m i. . n. . j, o . r nrim", -r. p, l 'rrma,i . . \ 1. . 1a, . r at t , ; |a. r to r ^l tt ta tth". i . s o t t d ou_ .. r \.psr4\rrrr,.J.u ftirrr., J . . r . d4r . ndi\ "1. d; . nin. nit i\ . r n : d ( J : l i r e d c d r u . " ro " . rns' . , o s h InL a.p d " I l- 1.r ( . r I j- 2n ' , . |,rJ In .on l., r A . p a. . r ' - . , _m p- : ' ' Tn J t , ?p.ne x a t t p e . . , n d " , , , . r r " s p . , ..J.., rdi. oda. . . p a r '. i t . . J r n. or r r r . ir d, , hiu, , r . \ rs t7t6 r."b. l ; /. p I d ,t. I: : 0 t ". . , . . ' . i. : . ';l
El0 S t?:|6 ,./

bus!!,l;ke, tuat. qotth.rhile), thd! i:;. tlbre ir, thae i liLtle, thue is nuch, thete is tu, theretras. n is ro soatl. (it is ) w usc, it is usetess, ctc.l The!/ ate busll e.t){itEnting tlie *c mei.hods. {Sint o cu p,rti cu c \ per im ent r r ea noilor m qlole. l I don t lccl ltner 6,i,9 ozr Lonight. (\-rm ehpl sll ies din casn astl scui.) Shc looks Eaf ..ytq. (\r. . ru r.. 5r ' s . r " s , pl' c r ' ll ll d in j r,J, r ""j r l r r r ' - l/ . 1 '. r. r ' r r " r ' d r id r . . ur . I n r ' r , r ' f: llrn. ( tr". u 1 lu q. . c % . v c t o, r r ' lr th t ! !- Ei . ! ''o 'r r iob. ' . . \. ,j id j . . r t i a , nJ plj, ' ir ' u r r ' - . l ', '
Ih-|,t. t, rYo k slol?i,g d '|^|,5 Dn l "ol i ni l -, lLc.; Iou shotrld make her talize her mislake. 3 1 g l\| J tr i.r r ir ,r n r ,i4 ,o , ' r 1 ,In r| ..\ ,d ,
.i (trr.ii: 'l rla unale 'u\inta '
(N irrenloiu rosts-ocrli; ar t.ebui$o lncisi inteleaE{ cn a g.eiit.)
S 1737
4) Fu tlii sinttr0tice.- G.rundi{ul (saLr construclia gerundivaln) are in genere funcliile sintrclice ale subslanfi'ului (.\ 347). .{sttel, el poa',e fi: d, subici: S 173t gilit,s is his best .ela\ai.ion. iErcusiil. pc jos sinL !enl..ucl ccamai bnnnree.cace.i predicativ: 1739 D/ nune S Her great,Ast is grtzg to concqrts. tleasure pl;tcere { ei rst. s;is4drcll la crnc.rt. I l(l.a mii m]rre ./ complemont direct: ii 1710
Harc vcu cirPn D y0ltin!? ' lT e ai' li' s ii de rr;rt? i S 174 1 d/ c om plc m e n i i n d i re rt: p. eLLy I c ar ne n e a . rh a ts i rr L h ec o i trp c i i ti o n. {A lipsit loarLe!u!in .a si ciil,iB concuNul.) Do vou nrl iike E,tn! anvilherc fo. the wc-"keod? (li ;. plilcei si ;erBi rndevn li sliryit de siptaninn?)
S 1742 $ 17{B
/ atribut:
I don'l like his way ol,trizs. (Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l n ro r ' .1 i . .l ' .' l i mpul. . 1, r 2 '. \ve \\enr ft oittutt riasias i.herrorL-doorI.tl. (Uod.) (Ad jntmt l{rl sd sunlm la uta ditr faiiL.) Oz m-r.?edfttry io [er. she ag.eedai onc.. (Tim!] (Cindan lorbii cu ca, a iost im.diai de {cord.l we 0duldn't say a wonl lor taushits. \Catzl) (Nu puLeam scDatl o r.orbi dc tife f ridcam.) Fol ail vouf sleeDias so badlv. vou rL" elw.lys activ-'. fcorcesivl ( Des id; r m i r r id c " I)ro s t, e ri i i n h fl e a u n i ;c ti v.)
erprimind modul' circ,rnrtnnlialdup{ o prepozirie /./ complement
S 17i1
5 ) Cor undiv ul ti [o s e s i { e l e . - C tn d o p ropozi ti e secundard di n l i mba ro meni c s t e t r adu s i i n l i mb a e ^ g l e z i p ri ftL r- un getufl di v ($ 1752), subi ectul e i s le pus ln c az L rlg e n i ti v 9 i p re c e d d g e ru n d i vul : Zrl letng late was fcmarked trIron.{^dj. posesiv) (fapt od a Intlrziat.r lost conentat.) I Snocu sdottug {r cigarelie)".l Barundivdlneerp.imat: "I leel ritu a cigarcttot: lik-A
att
'lh "I d i s liA pd . r ?d,s s , e i i ,{ s o m u .h . rS r posFsi ! in (L e !i 5 pr , . ed, . j r oaL- r . n d i r d ,. .,,r.i .1 " 1 ' " /u l " A .o d srd. on\ ' r u. r i. F-tc d h j n t,rt a ,." ..ru ..i nJ.Jbi e.r-1" (" tor . " tu ,r. i d o un \crb e ( pr ediLat s i gc ru ,,' l i r) d j h rs : L u , L r J d. ! . nLl t non h L ,.o d o ta (Po i , i i sigur l c A \ a r r n i ) Th n F i s aor li, C t o V . r\,' p ti o u , ;-;\. i n t,," T o u n ' " i n F . fl nA . I vm'c n u nF , . t r pd, r , 'rJ I,r." t,.J ,, ,l p :rF m,rl Cind tnsd cele doun verbe a ,e l " .i s ,rb i " ,r pu-p.i !,rl ,rpbui e + \rral "u Inarntea gerundi\.uLri: I .\on't lile editin!. (Nujli place si asicpt.l A se co m par al
Ilj rou n rind sl,/,r,,e tt" . t . ! r ( : r h F I i, im , n t r rr Dun ir In.h r'1. urr') D_ot oom inu mt L. bi. ii h d t"gt n. r nor : J ier r r ( T e sup d d acii tn Lt'iL l i, r r 7l l ye st.IrFd lu ag ha g. tSt r br p, r r or nunl nd Fm l {A m lnceta Ls.i ai l"r', q Wc:ronlpd lh.lr'n/,r'8 - "bi, . , dit , i" InlFr.issJ mri rn r , . D , . I . dn t d. , s 1 nu r udr r t d d . ) { LP -an
(continne ;d iiDtit)
-,-1!\'"!': In l n t ea gclu nd L\ u lui I|rm d pos es \ ' "-a l . olrrdn't h elp llI,tEFie t ot ehn! _ ' J g' . ; r , . I Nusint vin okt d ;;d \r . du \Jm ) nJ mavdo p"nd on JoL r r k it t pns . ont nB t , t d\ 1P , , t r1i s ig ur c! d zi yo r vpni n, r r I t ej. l -
*t:, *i". pt o,po 4t 4t po..si! rnumodc rii,,l" crc.,rpri n".. g tTti

pr t . i 5 . o , m i r r n i i . te I riJ./
Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd tn aceastd g 1746 construclie forma comunir:
Nn o n po ppos ed D{ pr d%6 " ;,j , ,.ri .d u ,,l r m pol. r \ , 1 " d l i /i ri tro i ' .trl o rm.rp . we can t rely oD the ueoth.r rumih! I.fle. I \u n - put p, n biz ui , , , - ta p ru t \., In ,bun\,,1,. 6) Se migenr ndi0ul t ' h " l ta tf.Ge n ,n .J a r F ,L .,rj pdrti nptr). TFn4i ,]. S l ?rz .( I a ac ru a fa a f r m l) r ' englez an rb i t.c s te c a " u b .td n l i !p l p , .h;ar dtun.i Lrnd D oL a ! ca l o rm6 f ' oE c s iv 5. 16 p d .rrp z p fo rma .o m u n ,, inai ntcs q.rundi r rt,i i : . p p 6 u ,Brt,ap ro p o s l ( ot hi . .o sork.rs. f .d o n t u ndas ldnd! ou, .o ttro e ua ( ru rn Frpgopoz r l, a I olF q rtu r L l u td p ro p u n e ri l le l .u rp d a ,.ot., ti eul Iui . to R h s r I s a v . ll.a s.. obl, g"m , hy all o u 6 n d ;n e ( vi ro g a \ c li bundv oinl d s a trl r i u to l j i rrn l i L F F d c p.pun.) Al p a a !i I c ndinld f ac e .a Si p ro n u m e l . p e rs o n a l e s6 nu ai b6 formd dp ,. a dlpch \ p o sp ql\ . . r c A - s rp5 s tra /p fo rn a l o r d " a c u z a ti v: Excuse tu vdq n,ng. (l a rrd m, . ii am c is c at.) FaDcy nim b?in"'so pa.lvl lci n " "-a r t i 1. r . pidt { c i.i .1 \ n r d )d d p rrp m e tl it s n n u s eas s . in{ t o bed v e i . , N 1 r" .o s l s i n. dJ . pm d " ' p ' d .1 m ta ,,,t,.d ,,,. Their work prFeFntedthaa benls prcsefi. {\u a u p u t r l t id. t dr a pA nru ,J d , rv rr d " l u .r r./
;IX;J
a substanrivero, pen.ru n.minahv,,ob,ed,,{s r!,). ',1"13u
verbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului precdrti Fo.ma aceasLa partjripirrprczeni.a primit rurrr"lc rle un posesir'. dar care are s-ifitrctic LLe 'l"sn';:n'nd'v. lr,rrFbuirl,".a lrri e.tr '.r,",,,'a 1r',"r, ra-.j"r 't' "or^te de la S 1744 1745 dau o nuar!:i forrnal:lstilLrlui. t7{8 7) Grnrndirul fi substmtirul wrbal ( l'r,rbal lioun). Unii gramati cieni fac deosebireintre gerundif ii subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli Gerurdivul arc nu uumai caraclerul unui substarti\', ci Si pe ac14 al urur vcrh. pe ehd stdstdntitul re./6al ste un simpiu subsianrir'. Fiind o fornla verbald, gerundivul preziDfi caractere de verb, care lilsesc substantirulur I ..ra' ' rL.l r-ruoiu /i.l 0fp lin'Fr': .r d:al"/- d .\j ipi.rr,. noJl' .r' tlrr"" l r, .t",i. i ^,z" rd- LrnidrerL gi poatpar-a,ir, o "r.ln.' "a cile s,rbstanti.\'uluipropriu-ziF (aftifol "p,, si plural)r
ll. l.dd h.r ahoul n,.vli?rnq l.en ,narektl belatc. (,\.f rornc vobal.: pdre.l. ii pasi' l 1 don'i. understrnd htt le@in i eath/. I- a'J.\') r ' ^nc ! n c t it s x ro ,l (+ c o m p l . d i -.,
Sulstantirul verbal, ncfiind dcclt substanl,iv. poate avea smbele arl,ic.,le lorrnit de plLrral. poaic fi cara(,terizal de un adj.ctiv !i dctcrminat, de un ge ti n l ti v ( s a- \ on iau p r.to z i i ,i o n a l ) : T p. r , , , . " r , t t" r,.rs p ' \." r.,o fr. r.trp rl tdl i ngol t. I ., nrr.^t..: dj ) , , d { " dl, o l ,i g n i n g .-n tr ,1 .' ... r t 1.,." | // , -/ dui oss, Ir at \ I .' l o l , r l s F nili! r r pp o z i tl o n a\l s a . ,tri . r \ , s " a \ lrl l " r .u D i n a ! I soincq d n J tcl cph.ri ngs.P 'r 1749 Substaniirul verbal a (lerenil, de faDl, un adeviral, substantiv :ri est considoat ca al,are in dio,tionare. dupn cun reiese Fi din ur ti,oarele nenple: lerrin8s r sul'ins l - rcsturi l i o z l i rl tl ) s|rp!'ng nfnxmrnrngs (: letreceri) 1: n{rt) (t{nnn nrnti4 ," rr, rd ri . tu ) bu^-ua.. i dl .: or
$ 17;0
8) Geru dirul cu intels pasi\'.-- Gerundivul ste uneo intrelunrlat . ' r i '.,,1.. to. i\ :
'lhe chlld needslaoline a[l..r {: neing looked alte!). Tl,e room wanls d,s,i,g (: being dustcd). rs ihc ethibition s'ortli seins(: being s$nl?
S l75l
9) Trailuccre.
Gerundivul englez poate fi tradu! in limba rontenn p n
a) geutzin: On seclnsUicn, I waled. (rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.) Shc ans\rercd lI nozdtzs assent. (Rnspnnsc d,nd diz ca" alirmativ.) b) suhkLnli!: Idding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic. jnstNctivii J (Leclutu esle o djstractrie Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg. llzbtlcni irtr un dcoes de lltrs.l .) infinitir sau conjunc!.ia: Ann stood wilhoui. rooî,{ at me. (l nl i c i o a rc )re re am e rni e I I n. r s tl i te .t One o.n't Lclp lining thcd. ( \ ! p o l i s d tu l l a l ti i g e i .)
snmi pti ea* i i .)
a4il d,) ti.mp perconal intr-o propozi,tie principali sau secundari:
There ir no sauins wlLJt h" !d. Lio . r T p pv- ds!p r' or!pu" l l. n 5 l J r" i r . l\d p o d F ni" " n; s il- ' - c . p r.. I rcmcmler ,rrli4s he! Uic storY. (lmi amintescca i-dm ryzs lovestea.l ,i " " nt:prtnd; i G,rundir r l F r a. J o l t tn /rJ i /J rS 1 7 4 i -l ; 41; .. lim h ,' | .a n i o un' l a15 l n ,.' -" r i1 174 7 ) si n t r eds r F {I tri n l r fro l ' ,i 1i e cuvintul in cazul posesiv sau acuzdtiv devine un nominatil': Io!/ dzvrelizs withoul thinkir( $as a nistalrc{Fapiul cI at /;spazs llrii sl te gind.tti a losi o greteal,'r') He wasn't aware ot DaL'' adtahitlgh\m. (Nu -;i d adeas eana oi ,d n u o b rtu a .) I don't undcNtand ntm goiag home so soon. tNu inlclcg de ce f.rl d lldcar ata devremeacasa.l
$ 1752
pertect. 10) Gorundiyul - Gerundivulpcricct exprini o acliune,o exis- S 1753 exprinate prin verbul predicat,: inli sau o star anterioari aceleia
rl e . ch i c l hnnLllc aD | \ ' I h a ti .s L " P nttt. l (l ri o .i l r J lt ei p: . di' ; . l _ /d p !,/ d " d l t l o s tb o t' .o ra I wonderdat his iarhs dd the initiaiive. {M-am ni.at ct iniliati,a fwese a tui.)
dintre infini- S 1751 Geruniliv. - Deosebirea ll) Intinitiv. Particiriu Drezont. pr "z"n L ,"g.ru;di! i s" podta ohs'rvrm . j b in od in u rma lo , rp lt iv , p a r l i n ipiu exemplei
io lo. l c bou t I' i m. { l n l i n i ti v ) He sr,p ped {S.a o p d t pt s i' t r ua P r i v i l mu e j u r ) H e sn p ppd,l" ok ine ab o u l . i m J rd c rtl a i a i n s .' H ^ \v r;n" i t i s: (P 1_r.prp/P ^l s e lm p re j u t 6 r " \.l a ml n d : " C f' u m o s : ) {S s o piil u, Undu look insx bort h i ff 6 D d w .n l rL IJ I. (C e ru n di \) H B sto F ped {A l n c;i al d" a m ai pt :\: l ,n p rrj .r ri r l l e ra l l \Ie cdtueta talk to Urcm. {Inlinitill lci.c. dc scop) (-{ venit sii rorbcascaou ei.) se cane talk;q to r\eal. (Part. lrezent) (Clrc.de mod) (A vcnit vorbind cu ci.) I rp m.n' b" r d / o a, t o Emi \t. ,Ii l rn rri \) t\l :-l m rdx q am inlos a m i d J . l " Il m i l i d . I re m"r nbpd s oi. a l, o E' o l v s . tO ru d ;\) l l l r-d m aJ us J r iiir L; c r /rrd a i n I d n l ' l l d l l :i :,. PATIIflPIUI,
(THE UST
TIiECUT
tsINTTCI}LE)
s r?5;
alerb 1) formi. - Particirriul 1.IecrrL du'se terminaiia -ed la infinitiv:
or rqulat. se formeazX adnugin- $ 1756

print?d {: tilil:rit)
nercEnlatc se gftesc in lista de la S 1847. Participiile trecute ale aerbelor 2) Pronunlarc. - Terminalia -ed se pronunln: S 1757 a) [d] la verbele terminate ln total.i sau ln consoandsanardr (e\cet .lnd -d) |
to to to to to carry xang lxalil dire disoover raued nangeo trarelled dined discovered I tre!]dl
l Ye zi S ! 1, not a 2.
&l{ sutdnl (exccptin(l -1, : Dl ffl la rrbele ternin arc in canso&ttn

to to io t. to tist nas s ar h; \ f-"tch -askcd D a s s .d f" o p . h*': lriched ld:sltil l l E :stl !" .pr . L L rl tle{tl
I adldl i hendrdl I lajtldl lstd:tIdl
r,) lldl ln verbelc tefrniDate ill i ro add

io hr nd t o t at to start -
sau l: addcd
handed ta i l e d slarlc.l
l?ar8
al Cld partiuipjul irPtut a devenii cu aderirat adjdiv, tcrnriratia -.d a,dipcri.ului. pcntnr a se Jiosebi de icirrlinalja lerLului, este uneorr pro un-tatn[Id] oricare ar li sunetul preccdent: an ns.l [ -{d3,d]:nonrn my ,,ror.d lbr ].rldl $ire "l.herlssdf'blesnll Danoze1"3
a ..dDDad I lr4brdl iacc nr .rooia, t k kldl neans . .".sed I k.:srdl nuisanec aosscd I dlsldl lersistcncc rJ r
a J ' s " ao ' ' Lr " ll i hor ' r ' ' ] P"' id lr i the Laicd l'ne,kLdl tru lh ' ' AAt ' , r ' i d i|I lr p1 , , "! Pd nr lr | 1r , 4 pianad lwlk ] s c andal r qretch.d L ft\\dl ir.aiher, inl^phuir ' l0r ^
ctc r-rli i p i i r " l t 'l p l F r r I i n s l 'd
"a q" ' " irl" J " m' i ' ' r' ri I i; i .i "o r'ornr--Lrlii r '.""',;!,lrJl. ',,r lle had dlcd I i iLll ,onsidfralh \l\ o .in -ror $"r P' ' . , / r "d I l. r 'F b 'r rhprp o :r,e h ". .ro ol./ k r . k l h. r l, r ' p iin- . '. p " o \ '' lh s l 5 l" k " . l r o ndlJ H l'.tl t,Jd "lio rl..o . do !a", , d t J l i ' \ ' s "or "om p r : r n " n o \ ' r ' ' : t ' or ". "lt,* -i'as ; t '' ; l, e; o " "" il lor ' r l" nl llJ\e t.u l oa . / ': Hd \, J t \o . lo, "d ' t ^v d r ; . p- uf . . - ion l: oor ' h 'l h" r ' l Il'.I' i.d """d r r q, i. r it l ln ml,d e \ r eDt ional. in poez ic . at Llnc i c i n d r i n a
Lrrrd a rlna :i
. J { i' 1. . ; nl
h':
uneori pro ninotir -,ri. ,l,iar si atonaa participiuiuitntrebuintatverbal. tsslc gra!': printr accent' un indicatd pr.,nunl"rehltid de obicei nn!t;tJ lr,ll. ", ",'i;
I ilh lw. nt y t f f nc lv d gr t r . s o n h i s l r c a d r .
,l
sari me|l\ll
o ctY ter-
1i69
3) ortoErafie. ac precedrin de o sinsurd tucaLi irlr-o consoane al lerbele l.ormirate (n|aitti tl\tble^?n tdminalioi l' inainLea consoana
to rre I.f Lo de mit to rc gfet tfe'lcrred de niitt., fc'grctl.d
r \ ' . z i t 91. r o tn L js i r r nili, illli! a .e .a i i p ro ,,ti L i c " i h c \o d n r i s agcd"l ' er.l :rdl ,dal se sl ut' " an
p"lpli ' nli. ''' t" ;, /'t : Ll r r liiai. ." br llndi. . r f l.m '.r i $'. Shakespea.., 'the Ttdgc.l! of ]Iucb.th
i ',1 ,,'ll":;i.-'.'], ron ,l",or ' , .", . ":,
.t".J-F'
."
TL
i-r ii-' , , , r' : 8

ll-
d t t 'n l " L a l t h o 'd t t a l 8
ro e . ,o o r' l
t45 ln celelaltc cezur;.con"qoana finald nu se dubieazn:

l,o sert t! liang sfat"d hangrd to thickcn -lo o.der io lardod thirkctr.1 o.dd.l pnrdo&d
Erceplia.
Forshilpcd.
0bservalic C.ui.ntelecanp N t,erminatein ? urmeazAregula de mai susaplicatd numai l.r euvtitrl tin'l:
| r, | or5 Llr ip "ilpJi,, I or - q\ iur a, . d J ipp", r , . Li, t r ,1 p d b u r ', ^, "t , Lidnann,r' Lo||t,:idDp"d
DJ -l final este l,otdeaunadublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului: ru ,o t .o " |ri - "gu.)lt".J i..riJtpd
lo | \bl 1o com rel to t.avel r i\ "ll^, com pelll travelled t o . on . o to Eimbot to a; rul cul lrotla.l sanibolld r; nnth.,
Er . e p l i c.
un par{llcldd. cJ td d r ine - t . A l to lilouac - tirouacl.l to minic - ninl.kcd io trallic hauick"l d) a findl trcraiat d. o consoand se schimbi in -i: lo (,r]' crLtj to carry carricd lt pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline: io llel - play..l io disobcy disobeJ.t eJ - mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei -ed: to dance drnced to ii. - tiet to stdlr to dle d"kd -- shi!.1
4) l'unctii, - Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze: a/ 1aformarea tirrlDrilar ptftcte ate\erb]lor (dupnauriliarul ro U\YE):
I h uvc secn I had seen I s hat t h a l e s c e n l I shoutd hale secn
! 1780
b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii Nsirc (it\)n auxitiarul to BE): I am s-"en ! sh.U le scsn I am beinescn I ivasseen lct nre be seen I \ras beis seen t) ca adjectie: lhc rrouts..JreFard long-/o.s,rcD memories s,tdd nissils iet piapeLledp]rane ^ Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul trecut are si grade de comparalie:
decided more (lecid-"d most decided sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shakn (V c ri q i S 8 0 { -3 0 :i , 2 ? i s ) 5) Tr$dncere. Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba 4) qt participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv: ir p, , , r / , , pb{ r ( p " g i r,.r.rr" d I " " t ' , d m J nt { u r o 1 ' In ' .,1 , 1 l,arncd {adjc.l.iv) este pronrntat ['1.:nrdl.
romAnI:
.a 1761
b) u tintpuL9i mod.ul tespectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunereatimpurilor perfecte sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd cazul): I l,aaes.en ],i (: I am ldzut. il lazni)
I h Jtl s , n }im ( : |\ il \ iir us Pm ) Jl '' \ l/ l i" 'l )
-{ se cornpara: lle l,assonc lifiI. (-{ im!lirii i0 dc ani.l H. is s"'s liitJ. (-\Itrgc!c ir) d{i ani )
s 1762
l?68
PAETICIPITIL ItrRFENT (TfIn rEBr,.ncrr{RrrcrP4)
Participiul perlcct este format din participiuJ i) Iormi. Diafezi. plezeni a) au:iiliaruluito II,\\'E. urmat (]e pariicipiul trecut al 1'erbuluide (onjugat. Partiiiipiul perlect are diatezli actil-i ,(i pasil-;:
hrring be.n called lpnsi\)
1?li{
2) lnlclcs, lunctii. -- ParLicipiul perrccL expriln:i anteljodtatea unei , {i rni .: rr'l';,lin';ti ru,"ri..,,rui ;,.um,r. n!i, l l irp. JF pu7, " . i'r-a.-rl ,ra.nriml': r" lnrrr': r'r "\i;r'i. pJ: rrad,r'^p'r1"F-- " tr-un timp perfect trl iDdicativului intr o propozilie temporalii ori cauzaln" sau nDrlr-un gcrunzru:
tttrins liritlvr) l1er \|otk, she $enl oDl. lIr1pd,.. ia l,rnind, Iu:rN!. a iciil. raz Ea a ir,:it deaareu l;i t,ml.d."r lulrd.) :l: 'o, ll' I | .. h , "- . 1 ' l ' o lD .f. ., | .o."d . ir . p. l n b. , I . i. , t , , . , r e4 Tl,f corch hu.ried to lhe stadirrnr. na'n,g rptu r,ld lhat hc $'as wtrnicd. (I'asitl .ri cra r.roie de !1. anLrrorul alrrgi la strdion ) a.tp,rrdr-is.
Pdriicipiul per{ectare ivnntainl rle a da o mai n,are eursilitate siilulL,l prnr faptul cn iilocuilte o intreaEnpropozilie. ' Llneoli. jn 1705 3) lnlocuirca tarti{riliului prrte(f r:ri participiul prczcnt. pedert se intrebuinieaztpnrlicipiul prezntpentrLr.r se locul parLicipirrlui r\pri,n.r o a,iltune cAle a lre,,edat i'nc.liat ocliuner v$bllhri prcdiratl io look aLthe waU :1.rnn,s (: liariis ,rrri*dl at dl oliicp.Nrl.rioli|I. I sl,)rped asuzila l,iNn.n'.omrlril sn lrivfsc sartJ de rer.te.l ls.sindd4\'r.inc
,,rJt;r i ilnirin d n r ,\a jir( t iL 'in dn ir lra ng c nidc dl t he ii. er t r , all. s l i . l o o l , c d t o r | $ r t . sala dc c olc ot . . Anii r n s . ann li b o . l ha ring s aidi goddl, r e. lr ! hI L lhc l o u s c . znr a bun: i. ! l. c i. i
s r76G
r, \RTItPrUt
LTrrn llSSIrD
I .r SI\r
l,lnTrtrrl,|)
17t;'7 1) Timt. --Partiripiul pasiv urlr ilorn tnnpuri: prezeni r"i perfert. 1?08 l) l'orm:i. Parliril,iul paslv esle fornral cu ajuLorul partitipiului pedect. nl auxili rului to BIj. urmnt, de fariicipill tr!.ur trezent.re".pectjr al vrrbrlui dc coiju{atl
],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl (liird chcna ll
haring ri..n .allcd ipideru
Prilr tcmrrnul ,,parlicipiu" st, inyltgc aiLi si gcrundirul, acesta conlundildu.so lormal cu parlicipiul trlzent sau pertecl.atjt le diatczaartirn, cil ;i h cea pasird.
a7 3) Intrebuinrare. - A se vedea lntrebuintarea DdrtrciDiului o&zenh 1?69 prs;v la S 1700-1708.s prfli.ipiului p.'fo.t taci\ la g l;C4. isr r serun,ii. wului cu lnleles pasiv la 1 1750. Participiul trecut, al verbelor tranzitiye are senspasiv cind estintrebuinlat atlL l'erbal, ctt si adjectiral (S 1688).
CONJUGANEA SI]IIPLA,I. UNUI YERR NEGULAT

TO C,ILL l{ CHFt\I-{l
s 1770
DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA vorcE) {Passrv!

INtI\ITIV (1t?L\'1?1IZl
Prezelnl ( Ptesent) to be caued{: a li chcmat)
Pertect ( Pcrf.ct)
to have been callcd (: a li lost chenrt)
I'IIiTIC]PIU ( ]JANTICI PI,E) PrczaJr\ ( ptesent)

being called (: liind chemat)
Trcut fP.rst_/
cRllcd (: chematl
Pefii,ct ( P$f.11)
haring bcen calted (= Ijind chciiatl
MODUL I\rlIC-{TIV
( I ND IC/1TM
]IOOD)
Pfizan+, ( besent)
I dD callcd (: sint chc al.)
Tre1Art(Pa Tense) Lrds callcd i- erim (lusei,fui, arn losu

Jou werc orlled 1 " ,. , " o j l." " wo $ere called woe oalld -vou ihey Fere call.d Treout perf0ct (Past Perf.ct) I h /d o " p 1 .d l ..J .v ,u I' a ,l b " a nrl l l q n"r s i P,h J l D -!.d l l o we hail bccn called you had been callcd thcy had been odled
you are ralled s he l .s .d r. J J {c are calted Jou are callcd thX .rre orlled Prezent pcrfcct (betent Perfect) I b .n rdlho ( d , r o " r e 5 m d ' "v p .\ J J .,r" b "-n , 1llF J ' @t s I I/ l n . ' lhd rve hare heer called you l,ave }cen called they hare been {.rlled
lui
i rJ i rl
\iitor (Futarc)
T & o r' oe, r'F,l \.\oi Le' 'alJei ]', . \ h. l sl p l { l-bp,1' l"J Ii ,n "r . r . '
lriitor perfect (Fntve Pcrfed)

I s lr llhav . Lqn. dr lp d l - \oi t:ioJ LU $il hdr p b . n , d l h 'l h I . l- ) s ill l' "f . b "n,alpJ r l '. "
rve sna, bc called you will be crlled they will be called
,u l
'r sna[ have been ca]led \r. lou will hare been called they will havc bcctr callcd
348
Yiitorul hli de tre0ut (ltntwe in th? past)

r sn,"l.l ne orll.d (: voi ti oheDut) Itd rrolld le called nel l' , r d -r"l ' Ir l ' , " r r. ../,atu t,. f.lllcrl ron Nould l]c .iallc.l thel \rrxlii bc ialld
Yiitorul lerf(t lati de lreeut (Futur( Pilt(t in lhe Pnst)

I sl,z/d l,a!c b.rn cllld (: roi li l.st o h e m a rl .!!u *otrI./ |.ve li.etr rall.d hcl I' Is ,u ' | | ' \' L..,,| .J \rf rn,all lr ilf l).rr riilleri r.tr *!uld hir. tr.!r cnll.d ther Fcnkl lrdlc bcfn orLlled
\lOlI_L SLITJO\CTIV (St,RJ{t,\t 't IfE lornr:r \e(he (I llt'?t"tluttit de tlnt) I l)! ,iil].d Fonna |rczc\\t (hesent) I \vo.e r,rllpd
}IOOD)
rnoderni Pttttct (Pcf.ct) I l,ad LJeeic.lled
'n-
.h" I lh
nt' l
,rl ir I
( si fi tusl chetuai.) tou liad |c.n .allcd h") sh-" I hrd been crlled Nc l,ad btn called aon hrd becn o.lled ther hid lePn called
trol)t,I, co\!I1loN_\r, I'rtzt\rt ( Prts.nI) I rl,rl.l bc .al]fd l- ai Ii chemrt)

r"on $rntld |e !,rxtul .IP )\n xld
(co.lDtTlo\.1L
aoD )
|erfrti
I sn,rld
( P.rft,::t)
(.t ii losl
ha\1 boJr 4llcd
hl ,t
Jon \vonld har. bc.n callfd sre | \roultl bire
'll.d
rlJ
leer
callerl
Iou rLould l)e .alled Nolld rc .alled utl
\r. J/e,/d ]tarc lu called ron Nould have becn orlled ih,.v {ould huvc leen calLd
ODLL IIIPD}I_\TIV (1tr?LB4'lIfE Persoana a 2u sg. bc clllcd 1: liichcnat)
IOAD)
Ptrsoana a 2-a pl. lretalled(: lili chenrili) OOIJUOAR]]-I P,lSII.tr CONTI-\U,I (YeziS 1t9;)
I'IAINZ-{
s 1 771
Dethritie, Diatezele snri catcgorii Sranal.icah s'17i2 raporturile djotre subicct si corDplementul direct.
vcrbdlc care indirn
1ii:|
liil
1) Diateza attili (ThL ALtire I'oice). Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii rpr;natc dc rerb: Cathycalledyeste,darto seero,,. 2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.). Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl) u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic). ctnd vcrbul c tranziLiv:
The cleciri. mte. ,ros rudd lasl Neek thr i|e usdal man)-
SIMPI,A.
DIATEZA
PASIVA
(b! the usuaL Complementul m&n). t lr|1r"o|pl,nmt d( dft,r1.Doateii { 177; Fxprindr , nd,.'" inJir pen.dbil .i,sului. dar rn generntipse.i'.:n.p..iHI ' ln limba englezdmodernn:
Thc tracloN nad ,!en o'drnd&Lt in lhe $irter The Io". iso vi. r oF r - r , . r . - a dt t t t . . . ; gt I . Diortls.
3) Diateza reflexird, existDtdin limba romani fmi 5!dt. te in,brdri. se I l7i6 rrde. / rut !n,Jsptft.lau lh.\ (:JouNth hp .tta-. th;;s tl/l..rp arir Jp rara ln li, ,bs -no'"/i ir, i r L,odr^ li .on.rd, .e in^\i: -nt;. r\;zi ;i S Zt-r,, '1'd 0bserea!ie Ilumai tfb( le ,.dn.r;lipd.inchrsiv celeprcIrozilionale(S 1319, 1325. 2195). $ 17i? pot avea diatezi pasivA. Tnrrp moJurile tj tirnturil, tunJulnrii sitnpter pot ar.a Iornre pasivn. S l;78 . Lo fott.t,t.ot o 'onttrua \n.t, numAt rr,- t,t.,l .i tF,ttrl ;nJttat; ,ldi. nrc,_m Fi ptp'"ntLt.ut rn th.t/,ri por at", ti.rmi. pr..i',. \Fzi ,"1,-tut,t" ta i t;q5/. 4) Patternul diatczolor estc: S l?S0 : subiectui i r.erbut predicat a0t,i\. (evntual prca) la diale.a . .dctirai cdat sau urnaL de complenrentulnrdirect) { ionptementul dircct; q 1, . , b) .su diqrp prs;r./: bdbi- r,rl r-r'but pr,.Ji,."rp..rv {F!, rtusl pre mdar urn.rr JF !o,,Tl-n,anrut i,,diB., ",-n,,,..t ,o"tt.m,n,,,i u. agent. Erenple,. Diokza o.tirdt T\ro lrofessonh.r\f c.nr-" to {clcomethcir toreisn coleaocs. TheI ar s],o*nrg(tol' the risjro|s ihe nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss. pasied: The visitorsafc sloNr ur. nei! Potttr.imicnnildnigs. Diare.a 5) Formarea,tonjugirii l6,sit'c. lreccrca de ta r:onjusarea detn.i la ,_en S l78l p".ira sc to"c in moJ,rl ,ootJ.t,Ft.tttt t rprtului e, riv ,t-rir. 'rrn,lrrorr "l16;../ rin.a,,ul noflri .li\,i.ubi.l.l r"p6r1u; n":r,1.\in. (F!,nru"tl .omnt.m-, 1 (ln cazul acuzativ) pfecedat, de prcpozjtia D4; r.rDrl d.tir esteinlocuit ;u aurii, liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi.tinp,rt )rod, urmat, de Jnlrticipiut 1rct at I-erbului actir: ma .r i .,.r \d..r !\d.1. \,r'\ I tnJi.o!: ,alnt I ll .".1 Lj. r.. --"'- ut , L" I I 't.." -,.,,. .,r i, m t...1. | I /'',h \' r \ l t,ai"*. ,, l t t f r v . ,'oLet ' .-' ' _ .' _ * ''' " ' h. \ q T" . : \ . I I ""
| .t , et,r - - - ' - ' - -. te"r"t
|
I \\
| |
, . h- . bt t . t |h
id. t,1 bta,.ht
.n
1\
\.r,\ t du. '. ( - ..ia.,D tt,
I r.,., , "- /" _r . , I '. j ,^ ! '" |
J I t )
p,1" , I v,;,-
T i \t,o tp l .' T ,h a ,/ r.,,t t' .. n" $!. t\, v T ' " . \- h ,d .--.." ." , t., th" rn d L pr" ri < r- ri l / J /l r L p rn l " " (r ' rnr r-\,t:\ | ..ta r b .d u d \t In rh . m n " n: I' bJ ,-. r,a.,
l,: 'ip ,"::: ::l:i: 'j',""b;\ I +:! ':i::";:ri ii, ,r'

obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn ,,corjugr 'roDjusarca , onr p, ' n, r r ' r ldj t olr ' , - , l , Pr.pu/it J n.,1- udr' , ' . . r . . ' r l' n 1, d. 1. $ 1?79
I,,Clnj,usarea simpli" esie ' z(. i' ,ll,tu t bl in dt* !'r "h " a 71 ,omp n "n l .l in lir"l.
s50 I v,.. 1",'t ,t" *,,

I lit , ot ,e ne .t laL I dp tu a;t ot p rcte nt | .oh,j;ian -' ' I 1 I Canditiandt petfect
I sh'd'{ {Md Ihe Fonctor 'linnPr'I \' riv { I l,:,:,,'""Ji d, nnpt Son S @ " r d r p s o d a d p db y h i a i
lPdsivj
I Thev ha, e dueht l h e l o a c h e r b e l o r p n , s n t t ) l l . l \ r l i v l "no&ld bJ do$. rPd.iv, 1 Th; t hi. t , hout l ho, ; b. . n.a ; s , t / x , r L' J r ' it 1 4 \ p l o 'n F J 1: h", r "r ' ur . :'r \ r\' | | "haut d b" ". c u"ed il I e \ n l o l , l e d { P i'\ (had) I'd, i^ iJactot iI I needcd one. (Activ) ha,e cattet a f I, S d.cto! qauld h@c beeD!,n, 10. il hclp had been necessa.y.
I {pasir)
'l rn.l '. 1 i i i . i i " ' i ''; .'" ;" ;: ":i"; r tl;;' h r P"",' , | | Fnc li c \\a o .L .d l ,D t (\' r
-, .
i,liif;.i;1,;,:,'" 1(,():l,l I s,07, '' p*1" ' { :Jii:::,i,

tI'
t^ p '-i'
- , ''
p . , r:, , r d . i. { ?:o",i i l ,";"'i ;J '):a o , $

1s
r l- c l n, ". "11 pr . ' lA' t : . 1 \ L"t n* 1, . at bd ( bl m r | {t J . i f J \( i\l | \\'. rfe /'e1,in! hrr.
i.rl;-.. I thr -ati! sdb io "!tr) | | I Indbn'; brc:ent
n Lt.' si !, " 1789 6) \'erbul compl6x. - Ctnd verbul act;1'esi,e urmat, de o pariiculd adverb i i l a s au, , 1" o t r e ,p n z i l i " l a d i al aza pa.i vi a.FS l ca si n' pu.e ' o r,' l i l i o n a ' i r. rmet|rar, l:lupa verD I cu ptlrticuLd. ad.aerbialdl \\e sh.uld nu thn oz first. {Activl \he:i aaukl be tial, an tist by us. (Pasiv) cu prtpozllLe: T hev dB s r ed ti ,s ro v o r. { ]\u ti v l \ oi at e t ' . ins _ a /,.. 6 i P * rr ' p o ' te , h i m. (\c i i { l s he ndl loo& ;/ fle he,t bun tooked. dfto (by hc..) (Pasill r'rb " r F t t ; " r t d a d t rb i a tn i fu t y ,1 ' o -;7 e : I m6i, da awda rtn it. (-{ctivj Il mrlst 6e lo,, aQa! Qtrr. lPasi\a No one oan rz, zp ;rn hci anr lorger. {Acti!) Sh".cn.t beiut ui eilh any lons;r. (Pasi\'t 1783 ln limba englezn sint frecvente formele caraclerislico tle pasiv ale unor verbe prepozilionale al ciror complemeni lipselte: The! eerc ldugh..l at. (Rldea huea de ei.) .\ t,(i /o s s p ,t /," . (S-a l.rimL-dupi un tari.) Qt 't r\e b. spole\ k? (N n i s e p o a i e a o fb i ? ) 'fh snm couldn'l bc accounted fat. (Snda n"a lutut li juslilicaul). \te lan beins attended 1ol (Sintcli sovir?l L ]. ,. " o m L l " r' ,:
I \_e zi S 2!9 3.
I' i j.n .d 5 y tt .4 kt;,
I -"', I-
i" b,,,; r";,./ D) L.. ra,:!.
| l n p r,, rc l p t,h t,p ,.,l l rp' .r\,' i \ 1 rt, .,.i t,tr.n rp ;" L " :.s l.! teo Ly
.1 .i p \p .,.i L or l u' ruri -.
tt,;.r"
, ,.
SNPTA,
D:r\TIZA
PASIVA
361
Lds na& an April lool ol (-{m fosr pic{]ii. de I alrdtic.) An agrcemcnl aas arttre.t at. {s a ajuns la o lnlelesre.)
7) Vorbul aetiv cu doui complemeDtc. Ctnd un verb actil' are doun S 1?84 qi celdlalt, complemente, unul direcL indirect,completuentul directde,-ine aileseori subiectulverbuiui pasiv, conshuctieprelerati ln limba liirard:
ch" h 4d .d 'l"n { omp l. ind: r . l t h" pt : 1 I , onol. d: r . 1 . l A c r i \ l ' t h. p" t ? $ir l , 1, , oaL r / "a , , o. , ! l: : ndi, . , br | " r . {f i " i r "rb prt \" $ nl //p ,;r,in a rhd - pion l"nr Dl. . r lit \ 4 p, p rn' r0t. ,lir.l. \r ivl "n.n l t . i n d ; . . ) b \ '. . a t t . ,,r p.", L,r.o q I, sJ nt t o t hp n ; , r ; r B, dapi6n To tP"":, l n a"es caz. comp lpm . nlul i' r , lir a t r dm ir ". d jn limhJ p nglpr d B. t ot nql Do' t r ti F. l , nulllil 1 strp i|| propo,iLin dr t i r r " i i n u t l . pasiv6
In unele cazuri insi. in special ln limba vorbi'ln. adseori si ln stilul folm , cotnplemenlul ind,iect d.e\ina subiectul verbului pasiv, complementul ( Retain.d AccuttLtite) (- acuzain re!in;t): d;rect rdnlnlnd ca ^rarc Thcv \re.e all $anted s./dbBnipr. (Li 's,a acordat-i.utu.or brrse.) The children $ere otfercd t.es. (coliitor li s a drt Inshetra6). I n'as set an inl.ercstingrdsn. {Mi sa trasat o sarcin{ interes.rrtiL.l You hare been atlotted d sh oI money. (Vi s,a alocai.o sume d bani )
(h { i r hd / , r aPJ b, r ! j- , 1 , re. .oto. (\.' f s uli , d c it dlur . ' r . n' 'fh F Air ' s o ns . o o lul l ( nr r , r , , 'r L i ,e \,,.n . ,[- ". "LP\ "t
g 178;
' Principalele verbe active al ciror complemenl, indircct poai,e del,eni subiectul verbului pasiv, tn vrenre ce complementul dire.rl estu pestrat ca atarc. slnl: d.coril. dlor. tLLIow, award. c.Lus..cammduL dcn!/. giue.ran\ leaee, offcr, ot(la, paA. p.jnit, protnise.refusc.sau. shot\,) spare. t.ach. tdl .Ic. 8) \ierbele to bid, to make, to $ee:to $atch, to hear, to feel, to lct, care $ l?SG la diateza actiTi .qint urmatc de infhiiivnl inconplci (: firn particula to), cer la dialezapasili infinitivul precedat de t., (' 1662-1664). 9) lomra iDrporsonnli din limba rornAnn..se spure", ..se Iace",,,secrede" S 1;B; prh acelasi eio. esle redalArdeseori in limba englczii rerb la dialezapasi\n. subiectul nce-rrLiia iiind .romplonren L.ul in;l;rect al icrhului impersonat sau subicclul tropoziliei compleli\-e directe din linba romAn6:
I rar i/roi orer ihe iarm. dc cconomii. I ias stretr a SaliDg! Book. l\furcii.: He *ds dq\t,tuI thc Orilcr ol Labaur. : He rra3 r,L l rrrs here. trinite ceroilc. -= Student$r.e /eqzied to scnd iD tl,.ir aplliIi j d .efur si .i!inm. : We q,c/. art.l lo srng. oiL{cl) rste (un) savant. : He tr Joi.7 to b! a stiolar. ^\i,.?zn? \1 r' l - (' i) . , rJ d Tlt p. \ ' ' p b, J ". 4 t .,\ 1 1 ld' " lr d ptl,j".ie, I x \ a. ' . a . ttpa. J|o,or|" .\, Ihorl I c u f d. sau For dctub ers . nlJ . .t o La !,t.: lilmrl ro Df , oc 8. a. Ttp Rumatri.n pirture ' . i: q I r . , p. l. , lJ o, , r - . i < . . p o.l. d t o lri\p s lh ts Aold m t s dr l 'n f,li s-d orrr,Icfma: Ii ." z dar un oimet I s-a dcotdal ordinul I s u v,s cd snrt aiei & e,e sttrdtJilo. sn
,q.lto constructiiimpeNonale trailuse{iu pasirul in limba englezi:

Lrtu a tti tu da sedtua alinvnlia lui este etooald. : h qiU be rcali..d that his i!!.nl.ion 1s omelious. \u sc paate nintni bizui pe er. Sr,. is n,r ta bc Nlied. upat. -
852
I a n ( sa r L du. l t old
CiteuLfanne uzualede pasfu:

(N i s -a spus...) (F{ ce l.i se spune.) l u r ,ni l sd n,a i d dF l d C d,d.l l l l i s r dai a ntcl ege...) iAn lost condus'Dlni la usll. (U-an lacut si jstrpt.) v 6 , b ure .i npl J fl r i t" ton pL. )l i 5 e s D unel al ... I i s e c i e det.i ..t,P ,...ri5on,,D ;d,ndturul La \pn, si ri di up sclsoarea.I (Casa este de inchiriat.l (ce este de l:lcut?)
I aus r'., (at the station) I .ras errtr to rn.le$tand... I (as sn,@z to the door -{or arc &anted (dn the DhoneF l , ) It ts { s au o, as l s ai d ...It ts { s . t u , . s ) r no ? s ns , a u b c L tt,p t... To be callal tnr The horse is ro 6, lzr. Wl\at is to ,e done?
1788
10) \'orbeleto HAI'E, to BE qi to cDT pot ti tnrrebuinlare in unete forme spciale eu nuanti de pflsiv qi Inlelescauzaliv: to H,\Irtr:
\\ l' . \ v o. 1 ,,, y o u r s h u " ss rt," d l o r .n c" . I r , .' lor n'il r J . d ,, i ^ a . o d d .A ti i u .,rd g ,.i psi --i tuJru." ;trtJrtoti i 'r He /dl his tfouseN ,fasd. t$i-a cilcai lantalonii (h croiro.)., Shc nad a drcss nat . Lqi,a ricut o rochic lla croitoreasi).] Thev Ao.1thrir slo\.es.lcond. (l d s p i l a i u a .r.l | ) , . au , ur , lldt n i a n u ..;t" l'l1 nare rou inoo thai l'am a qua]iliedNorke.. Tin sa ttiji cI sint munciror ialilicat)_ Jim nad lis rline /,iia,t d. (Arionul pilolat de iin a tost dltumar.t Adre the sec.etarvdn,o"n.e you. (cer/oerelisecreaa hi si G/ve aDurte l T h" gn\ F n' n nl l d . to .d d" $ o rt" r. i td t.1 r ,r/j.,l t r\ r r:, Lr.ntfr. ' rr { S ' d, uln, n. lr u .r" :n ro .tJ ,a .d a Ird rri n .n rr,n,,t.,r..!,,' n, r .n.r' o,i .
to BE
Shc wanted hfr dress to be madc nl hone. (\roia sn i se lac{ rochir acasi.) Tlrrr' u"d, md a .1h" to bp Lrculltt. nh$q - to t. q,rot s" t. and p{-t\thng n bp d.4. . o{ ore rtrp (Fd drn g. {At' comandnt sli sc aductl u t.xt. sr1se uanjcze flori ii totul sii lic gata inainte de
fu GNT
cd, lhis done quicklyj
r I\ ' h" r p do . 1o. x p r \o J r s \o p sa e " d e d t0 rc p a rJ ti l lUnde it i ildr g h e n i te Y ou n . s t s pl r 1 F ttd .to r o . r.J < d to (Trcbuie sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.) c v onr!1 " . a .1 i n -i ,r p s re tn d e p t i ni r6 dp subi prt, , i Je fl l l .i neva, . .l r r s + . r " ' .ti a D a s i !i obi snui td..i dF compl enrentul Sr n r' r r ulpnlJ ilr e l .d i I| .o n s tru d i 'p .1. \ , ea. ' u t or m e d p p a s i v b a rra d u c a !u : ..a Ll ar sd-i tacA ., ..a D us oc .i ncva s5 .i f. d" r h. t ( e ) [o ;rp [a i r,: \re tf;,.) rn o ,h p n l o.s.n.
(Da si se laae aclasta repdet)
Obserrd!ii a) ln caz:..{leacesteade pasi\, inrrogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E S 1789 ir lrcF cu ojulorul auriliarutui Dr) (( nl0 .l9lJj:
\\'l'ere /id you lrlc }our drrss made? T het dt dnl ha!r tl ' e i i s l o re s c te .,n e d .
SOPTA.
DIATEZA
PASIVA
35C
ln urmitoarele propozilii:
b) \erbul to GET n1ai poate fi utilizat li cA auxiliar al unui pasiv: S 1790 IIe !o, &t/ld durinr the $ar in nn air rajd {: waskillcd). 'r'.p-bo\ s, .,tl.{/,;,o", nc ,rJin I th".ie!Lr I \as Lruenrl. T t ci'-.tupt;.t,-;u ai"a-.y smrn't' \/r; shipsr-,hedl. lItr,buinla'Fo ir lo, rl cux i"rul,ri BE aLlucc, cum e "u\ilidrului GEI Iir"s., In plempnt mri Llinami .or tF\'ul,ri. 11) Verhe activo cu yelorro d0 pflsiv. - Unele verbe intranzitive, degi g 1?91 forini activi, au waloare de pasiv. Ccle mai caracteristice sint ardtate
Sn ,i l \ 0hy s on . r | . ra n n u l b p d rL e J r. ") Hd m. , r ' q; r l w, lh m u s l ;tu { i s e o o d$ h " ;4 /ta n $i l ' r nu,rJrd). Your skin /crls smooth {: is smooth s'hen lelt). \e l o n s don l ; / o, { . (a n ro l n e :ro ^ fd These piuN don't pal casily (: canrot be peeled). l l :. a c uT c lr lhil r," ./,ra ' $ l l I ;" rl u m e Jr. ," Hi s p opm. r i, ill " lq .l \- s o u n d ;,' l' l..n "is h l i u h .o i r i . " " ddt. Tlre rottery s//s$eli l: is .asilv soldi. T, i i ;. l" dt . inFds r . . rr{ l d r ( r b i h " \i ," n " \tAI,. His coat had a collar thal lune.l d,oq't l: qas iumd dosn). The silk is suaranteedt ,rash (- can be \i']lshedl. You wlu lird the dressped. $ell (: witl be wom a long tin). (Ve z i s i 5 tt8 t) D/ Unele verbe au adcsea \ aloare de pasirla{orma contiDui a ver}ului: Th e c ot t as eis hildn ,a l - i s b e i n t b u rl t. th ".r . { ier . a? bt.;:" I a rp -L " j n J b ,u " ..,. g / on g i s b i n g d o -n " . l Th "rp- ir ol. hi' H n .a m d r o s pp aha r ro . d a trc I trd s b " i n s d ^ n " ). u rp a l d, s . oe" r F sup p L mtn i { . a - b ,i n s p -!;rdr. Th e book ir r r i, / i, j a :l s l .fn g !.i n te i l .
$ 1792
! 1793
CONJUGABI]ACONTIIUj. A UNUI VDAB REGUL-{T'

TO tX CAILL\G (A CHEILI)
s 1794
DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
(ACTIVE VOICE) I\!-INITIV Prer,ent (PNse
to be calling {*
f I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4
)
a chen.)
Peficct (Perfect)
h, have beencuUing(: { li chenat) (INDICATIfE MOOD)
IIOTJUL INDIC.\TIV
(Present) Prezentr
I @a calliDg (: chcn) sne I t! calling are callins "1'ou
Trccnt ( Pdst Tense) I @ds canins (: chenam)
t to ctoss dinst theligh^ : a trare.sa pe rqu Dereglementar. / g 'Pentru studiereaacestnitenomeng.amaticat!e?i 1796.1805
854
MoRFoLoGIA.VERBUI,
Prozelrt Pede't ( P&.1 Perfect ) ( Pr.scnt Prfecl ) chemasem) ohemam; (: calljng becn am chemarl I had (: cnantl caxtng }een t hale becn you had "allils Joniave be.ncrurng
Trueut Porloct
r""" ",rrns I r,"" "nf;" *ru"s il-"rl"* r*n Ie e n c dr r r ng

v ou ha t. i n ey n a ! b e enc ar nns
l ,uuo""n"""ot "ni" '*" L"a l*" *'r1e cqlrlnC

\ou had ben ihey had bcen caNng
\litor (Futte)
le cal)irg (: voi chemo) I sluati you {ill be caLrrng sle I {ill be carrrns
Ii cl'mat) voi l,iKiiir:#"*"lf ""T'l'l:

*iu r,"o"r""" *tti's "ni"\ i,-",Lrr n"* r*n c'rine
Viitor Pertoct(Fut rc Perfect)
ll" ,ja.irn" *ui"e
lou wjll be calltng ihey qill Ie callrng
Tjili'""s {f},*l';""f"T:1"
Viitorut fatS'de hecut ) (Futur( in thePost

I s/D!/dbe caring (: loi chemr) Jou wouldbe callng sle I s!!rd i' car|ns le *1" carl g "L,ia $odd be""tti"e vou ilev Nouldbe carnng
talii-do trecut Viitorut Perfgot ln thPFost) (Fature Perfect
jjr*f .'le'f; lff \"J#i:'|.'{oitichema *ui" 3f;" | *""tun.'"'*"

li,.i.,ra la'" u""nc'tLL'g
';:1"""":iiH' ifl"\Tli.'iJ;.
( Peiect)
) (suBJUNCTII',E MOOD tIoDItL SUBJONCTIV
lormo recho dc tLmP ) ( I nd.ependentai

I be calting (: se cllelnj
trorma moillni Pcrla trcx9nt ( hesent)

I werc oaring (: sa cheml
li t had bee calling (: sl Jou l LU dbeencal rrng
3,i" ir"*'';"
*" * *t,''* iheJ be callilg
s h" I $er P dLr f i8
!i', I r',rt r""" "aling iil

ii" r'"0 I'e"n oattlg
\ou I'cd been caLL'ns inFv had bern carlBg
NODUI, coNDTTION-\L GANDUIaNAL
MnD)
) Prezent' (Present
a) I st@lld be calling (: a'1chc catltng be vonld Xou
ri"r'""'" "u 'f .l"Ji;il'Tf'r!; if f l""Yf

I'f" | **ra r'*" t""" ""'ins
Pefiec\ ( Pofecr)
ff" | **ra r" *li"g

ihey sonld be ' alr'tg
iJ""t"u r" cdrrlng voLr Nolld be""r11.g
"x'l*' ;ft:**":+*:t?tt:
(IMPERA'IIVE MOOD) trIODUL INPERATTV lE callins(4 cheamar
CONJUCIFEA
COMINUA
36;
DIATEZA PASIVA
(PA SS IVI V O IC D I IIODUL INDIC-\TIY (INDICATIYE MOOD)
5 1795
Prczout (hesent) ( : s in t c h c m rl ) I d u b e i ngc dlled_ r o u a rc b ong c aued beilc caued l,s we are iejng called vou are beins oaled ihey are biis called slle IIODUL
TfiC].tt ( Past Tcnse ) I (cs being called (: ritn c]'enatl Jou \rere being called slre I ,ds beins crllcd we $'ere beinEcalled 10u 1ee.cbeinc called ihey wue be,tis callid MOAD)
SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE
Prezerrt ( Prc.sent )
I wcre beiry caUed {: si liu chenat) fou were beinc called ie , sh c, i t wer i beins c c u e d wo were bin8 callcd you were beirg called Urey werc ben'g called
CONJUGAREACONTINU-A.
l'OBlr) (TEE COXTIT[-0US OB PBOGRISSIVEI
$ l7s6
ll Formi. - In limba cneleza, spre deosebirede limba romAui, existd $ 1797 : car" eiF to0tpmoJurii" Si limpurilenonjugirii numitE,,coolinud o coniusdrF parlicipiuluir.prerum qi .rLavdtorme dlP.onjugdri;pssi!'e a.tiv6 riu excep!ia cu ajurorul 3u\rlrarulu'lo tiL la ({ liqi,. Coniuqarea conlinuas- IorrnPazE toa'c limpurii. ai modurile,urmal de puticipiul pr"z'nt al !mbului dP !onjuqal,:
r was gonS I should be going, cte. I have beer soing (vezi tabelul conjugdrii continue la ! 1794)
!o be soins I an' soms
to h3ve been soins I nad }cn soing -
2) TrBd coro. In ljmba rom;n6 imperfectul fiind singurul timp care $ 1798 0re,spp.L ronlinuu. loate plplelrerimpuriSi rroduri alF.oojug;'ii ronrinuc pnslez; .onjugariisirrllo. dupi "um urmrszi: s" Iraduc.u timp,rrila "i ' ,odutilf Limba rom{lnd Limbs englezi Canjugarea actiod Conj garea uctitd continuii
'\ ' , n' "1" l" Pro ero csie.lor onu po' dl tt..,, " f ,1n4 l.,g-,, ttt1 p"ae^"o: i. r { " t FIa r '. p nA"e.r\1 rod tnd 1, Jnb. , "" 'irl ' ? rrld- r . r \ I li t l. a I ns l"7 | , t o L" . r p oS ,, r r o d r o c . ' ' , . rsl;,A,liln 14 r n dld. " l d a l i t"tl J . oni, q. ' r , i wl / " . us.F sili .lrJi,ai r-srr"Qpd. r
d oJr46. ltl ' rr' ra.trrn/3rn ld:r 1d i ' de\[i1!urn.e,t4
Limba englczi Canjagured actied continui
Limba romentr Conjueueudctioii

Prlcct !mpl r IIai mult ea lerle{t
Viii.or fall de h.cut Vrtor pertcct la!.l de rrcrul,
Subjonctiv- lorma veche
{ {
cun,ritiunrr I i;;i#
J Indicativ lrezent lasiv rasi"I { Il$i::11; f.."""Ti' { Diareza I lndicaliv imperl.t pasiv
ilustrare a se vedea traducerea exmplelor ce urmeazi pind la - .(Pentru rapilolului.) eflrtilul 1799 .uolinua .orp lnbpbuintatd pFnrru pxprima 3) Fuorlii. - Conjuqarca o arliun" tptipohtrd ln dpsfo-luarc lin /urs, sau o starp t;mparcrd pr;st.ntd ln mom"niul vorbirii sau lo cursul unFi pFrioade datc: A tia. I, atu qtiting t letlrt.
tD4"L o sc.Noare,) Sh " h od 1 "P, l ai, s ir l r or J \ . . h. tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini )
Pasi.v,
The tracio. is beinE oeethaaled,. {Tracio l .s,e ln re'aizie.) A p arlv ni iorp ilr "r s / , r / D. iaa r lr o, h t he ilnl - . {Unu i g.u p dp alr J ' n: is " d. r id nr d: . ul. l
18 0 0
Tin p u r ile de bo:i ale conjugn rii (p re z e n t uh l,e c u t u l c o n t in u e vjjlorul) cxp nd acliunea ln desl5qurai.e-la mament (prezentr w dat lrecut ti sau viitor) sau il\lr-o perioadddatn (prezntd, irecuti sau viitoare):
A C t LA . Lookl It ;s ro;ntna. luirel Ptaud.) S r r ns as I ' nr n in i .o l l a n d , l . I s ," i s ,," /,.s n ]-hrourh: noN . I S r nJ s 'ul ln S.o 1 :d d 1 ' a ' u m l d -.r? d l a P v B oLt\.t Whcn I cane in, llrey kele its,eDtnsto the wea ier lorccast. (Clnd am intrat, a!.irdz buletinul meteolologic.) S hp x or / li, s p a p p rsrl t d l h ro o o n . t lD. | d o. d" jdi h i r' i i h .n d , s d r" l o d rad d p d -a mi rzr _ He oi b. t.aeellinsla Deva at live tomorro\,. t(El) ra ii ln drun apreDeaa mline Ia ora citrci.l I thdlt b. rcadias in the \ibrarri lor a iew davs vet. (I/ot mai ctt la billioiec{ incd limp de cltyd zile.)
1 ll!ruu hL p lt6d9l u I ) ^- d. r i r , or r J u m t r , bar a I d ! d t r . , r mdi ! r cii o rai fon da l dp, oloni. lii . Dgl"z i t TheP; ls - n I a t h q s ) \ n ia i620 i f.l veche m dLr de aulom nbil
DFvon. AnctjJ r, / cel M r s i , \ c - . '. . , i U A ,
CONTGAREA
CONTINUA
85?
Pa si p . \l e e p l" J ir s c os t s . , r d !r!n s u b s rd n l i rl r. /o l ri r4 o F du, pr " 6r b s ra n l ri ti d tr ru ri ,J r,o s r.r I n 1,he schoolthe clrirdrs) q'ere beinE NalI laak.:tt \ttar . (La icoali, colriii e.du blne tne,iili.)
tr'oartoimportelt :
A sF,ohs pr r s f i odF tu to t.\l ti n tp p r-.h t rs tc i n ,l;" oti \)Ltt pr" ztnt conti nuu . fl uu rn d i c at lv ul pr z c n t s i mp l u : \yldt a./ .)or d,ins th!e:
Ld tr ' r li,g a s$ "J' e r . l!P id , i Jco ln . tin sfcsr m o Dext,! th Ph ks u l JPt. u .l
Cbi"r da.a rimpul prpzpntconsl4 dinrr o r, rio0Ja mai Indetulrard {ca ln F\Fmplul,lp lsta). daco rFlprimla momcnLtt pr. r,r/ v.rbLl !0 ar Fa forme ',. prezenh ui conti,nuu. "Look at he.l $rhat is sheloing?",'She ts doi,s tap dancingr.,, lntrebuinlare a indicativului prezent (vezi S 1806) are cu rorul alte impli, . .. calx. (o.nt.in-u. Tinpitr,ile. p.rfectc erpdme acliuneain desfe_ S 1801 , fn ursur dp trnp ontqtadr"|dnuimomen'dat: lurar. ].pnaad. 'Jnpt a) pnzentnl perfcd exprimi o acliuno sau o stare inceputa in fec.., !i S 180tt conlinuAr;pind In lr -.r/ sau pir., intr Jn .r-, Lt 1,it Jp re,| | | in"it poateii consroeral cd prcz.nt:
. hd he" b4 " wrl.tqg o n. ' r dt r , b , or qur t " , $hii. n! $ (Lu, rp,,/: do dp sru r dp I nut , i L^ m e ja pr oblem l , . . i -., In.r.din,rt.) H os I nne ldu p ro. 6""f . udn, , c t o- , , s . , i ? {D P clnd re a i&pI; Jici ?j ( Vez i t i S 145i* 1. t 60)
.Acliunea sau starcR c)rprinati de vrb poate conthua sau nu in prezeni
b) Trecutu.lpeiect e-\primd o acliune sau o starc tnueputa tn trecur si q 1803 .onlir uJl; pini inlr--n momFntlat tr,.tt'. I\t,ti/xt d, un rirrb, .n,r de u; " vorb la indicativul trecut,:
r r ladt . pt b t" i rE t1 o mo u n .,rb fo r i sppl Ir: l o rd m " rL l ml , ' ipur , a ho. L n r." p ri n mu ,l i d . o .,,tt,m i na, She ilcnt lo see a doctor )ecarse she ndd not b,.n /eln,s Neu. I(Ea) i consultat un doctor pcntr cI n! s, st,rl?a binc.le"NitaL\a vreme.l , A , ti u n FA 5du s lr F J F \p ri rj a rJ J F r,j b p L " tc , o nri nud. s-u nu. )i dupd S l8M
c) perltut arrtJ o actiune sdu o stare care continui pinn lnt.,un .Viitortd m omFn r o a r et ' r or qr c ar p n ra l p o fl l c d u r' -. s a u n u , d u pJ a.pFd: B y l "n nd of lay . I . ld l l /.d r. b .e 1s to .t;,.s v o u ,torl si r morrhs. rL J i l i rr ul Li m J i. : " fo r l mp l i n i F A e tu o r d-g " .i n a l 6 t aI td \o,.1 In a n o l h ' r lupnt J m ' nu rc r$ p ,fro l t,u ., k p 4 d l l ..i ( rror si \ horrr. (Pp srFl 0 de m . nuh \ o r f: ,d :e u r. d . !tn J u mL ta m.. I rz1 dczctns step ldarsl. , sau de echiyalcnti adverbiali.
358 Cottjuqareri(:ontinui ! 1806 .Acliun I I temporarn in desiiiurare lu un mo'nent dat sru intr-o perioadA
rimDireb3zr ror s contirul I am callins

I shall be callitl8
.{c!iune anterioare ln desf65uraretnt.-o perioade de timp
--",";----],1
rauing hrre bee$ r r'aorren carrinst shall I 4r foniuqarce a 1806 :i 'oojugdrca 'iirupta' - 1n1'lcsul rcrbului la ' 'oulioui pJrticul6rilili 'drp il dpo'rb"'" J' lnlpl'3ul lul douJ 3r" coniusare. "o"nlinui Ia coniug.rea sirnpl,i: tcmlJorard momenlandsa1f, ; a ) actiunea sau starea er primat[ de verb estre uner in cursul dai sau la noment ur se alln in rcitinuarc Ji ."ii'*^ perioade de timp. ' ea va li ,llâ".. ctnh acliunea lerbului nu la inlruni acoste element'e, exprimatd prin oniugarea simqld:
I Jl ment rt I'I an Lo din ! Shuk P, D"d. " I n Ens l- r , it" p" ! , t r "- 1, u. ' t pl' J lpz . : r i p ot " l.tmL no . r i! t r i or r . r no ll f.dd Shdlesre*e in Inalish c ; ir l; k ; "p , ' , . n: . nit . r , r t ". '" \m' 'r r " n mnr' o r 't F f i n a '? n t M '
ir tor "lub, 'iri rF "c*L,i"i'ii,i,.,"ii':'".nasinir"'.r','narmi:mp In englez.ite.)l spcarc nu se In ex,rmplul hr care s a tntrebuinlat prezentul simplr. ac,Liunea i\ acl moment 2r. .rl,r lcrnlrrdrd. d.esfd-:aard 'si Alte exelnple: netar.)l
l'o DlF rl p $l n 1"Y 1r ' lir r l r ' r nl, o"il r f inl O":n ltl. d;r'4 c r nl n lnr i t " . J lixni' r " f 'r J r L U n 'p L go-
N. 1n, .d
nu o r:rbc rn -, In mrn, s\dke-
11 3ri is i/-?i f , 3 f.Ua;ia doa,,k. ldltLuntd cslc ir cuN !i tenpofa l, tnllul liind linital la momcrtdl prezent: Urria se poaie trezi odclnd.)J \\.e.., . rrlurrr I : Fnc . al t h r ni\ i ". it r . r 'r 'u a p - I 'r S r l i : , P' r r n, dl u r i l l i.ni r y d la I niv ' Fr ' l l ld dn . 'u l r u n In Prezen t.)l Hc ,.rr il!.r lFs f er dav .
i'-
{', lia" .a r r . r \ n l r 'g J r r i l l ,,^ o ir . ' . n J 1, , ' r : ' " o l l r . i L o "i"-. t t J : a p t.. ( lo v . J r ' . ll. . f !,' . l lh, . ^ lJ o slarc trslti rr ner*ts fl.dztc'l! iNolo ilc"tfei {ni: liinindouJ flrnrelf se 'eterl conl'inuarea in l)rezctrt' ideea dc coniinuitat. ii Fecizind t d;'i.;,iccnruhd lihaitr 'i poa te ti viito r S 130t . ) agarn' \tho rvas wcll I nrct rnY ooulin: he told me he na4 a,..sr, his bror.he.. i;iiinjt pc ' "; in, l m eu! m i- d 5po, ! il : i i t r ? 3 , r i r h d t 'l e 'a f t e r a r r u m s r n a ' fL ;; rerurn l rf r L' . onP. ! ?a\ 4n' o t \ t nt lat r \ Los. l1.ll'l 'n 'i 5 l 'r " l u
Ha ' d r " ' " r l h r" -n p l r' r' l h i rr' dJt l r!trtl l c l ml ]-a l l' i n ti l n rt { \ri i u n F t 2.zfs l r ' rr' nroment f S " a, - , i " 06 t" p i) lr r Pr h t li,Pt r hp, p i
li.'.,.,it,, i"ii Gii"iir
iern'inatnsiiviriiri lntt un donrut t"cut deieminat)l
coNJuG-{nnA coNTrNv,1
350
I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om [L-anIntllnitpe vIru] men; ni { spnsce"ii trs.tjeu tle citra limp) iratel. care era Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne tr.oufi !i ,-"fdrnindr,i.rnicrioara altci acliuni trecuter idea de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l I ridll ldd Jou tonionoN. lTe eai eedeanline. {Actixne viito{rc.)l This fime Lomorro* I shattbe suinc some lricnds. lNrine ra ora aceasia'ot 'ededldh sd.ed.t nitte prictcfi. (A!!it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia dat ajitor.)l uD 'nomcnt I tlDuld sa there jf I werc you. tM'dj.izd acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l I 6nodd d go;ngthere it I wrc you. LAs.fip e d. un lnlF r . olo d 3 .I a i i i n l o c L l l i u . i T i mt l i m,l b l amonrnl ul p.cz eoli 0 c1 ,u ne8 r n c uls a. nn. l j
pi Ptrfecliv ti imperfectiv. -.Conjugarea Dglezd..arealadar, spre d- \ 18{}7 de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii: oscbire astccttlL Iierfect;t (conjnr:d.ratdn ii.) i aspecLulimpertectiv (conjngafta conti.nad )1 I6n! I oxistr I know, I uDde$tstril, Elnt,lomreverbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune //,rl.ti!/rir, ca o clapn de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl sfi$iiul. si ' ln ronrra.t tns;. / or, sirgl,'s. I an eryin2, I .uo"i,,1.;q: I shott b. sp",n: yor. er\primdi",iunp0 rprb,rluiinp rhtt,,t..d uo cr.u: r0'F. l,,np.indp. o sing1lrS.o0rdd de lo un "rpar la c"l;l.ll oblinp o gp ; in'init, d, 'n-uri nuan_tatece se siing ireptat. Acestc elccte apa4in numai lormci continue. carc nu sc limil,azi jntot, deauna la prezentul ln carc so atlE rorbitoml prozenLul actual, real, ln eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln trecut, ci fi lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoareceexpriirr] si actiuni sau sttui fdrd slirsii ce se pierd ln neriunoscut.Forma continui deschide drum lars in.erriruiinii. da friu lib.r.p,, ul0jiilor gindirii. r"ti."nrF,.r. ri.,rrilor. rmini intrriliilor inerprirnabilul|,r n atrn.fpr;.olorara, lirii. r"n,Frilor. -- , repa/,1 Incdrcatd de retinrile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot fi numaj intuite ti nu crprimate. \o1t aan't gainsa\ray ior good.are yotr? (: I am alrai.l Xou.u.) You adBotng awaylor goori,s wiil you? (: .ngoasacr.scind int.o odatr cL1 ducff.a liitorului -on't In loctl n.ezentuluil.
In F l rrd L r n rt i -. I -o rrh\ n, l goon th" t rrj p:r In s-r"l ho|| t . ho; ; l l -. "i ri , J hr s E nglis l'i r 6 a ,i a s ,u < r\ l .- l l e r' l ' " v , ro .ri rt b rshrg' t tp. G { rp anl b" . J o; " e! \r. I J o ,r a r' a -p d ' ,r } o .ri ,l .l "1'll bc kaitins on ure sea l.lk. Dad (: so hurry)." ' Yn .i 1 lb pI ot t ne I , r \ li \L r.i Irn S !,1 ! .1i .r1nm.bnd hs b c h o o l tn S.p r j \. r.,,rFt.nrtJ qh,n m rdni . '.14 t or pjv .air . t I m v o u r ta ,n ,i d n J l -o \r J n x .,i,, ' .l I py o n k g o n p . S t ir up r he lir ;, \rl l ro u . D d d l
6) lltc caxa0tcristioi ale formci eontinu. s 1808 a) Viitarul calocrial.carc in limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica, $ l80e tivul prezelt. estoredat si In limba englezitot prin indical,ivul prezent. 1 se la forma lui continun( S 1522,1524):
She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'. f{Ea) tu na$ aici miine senrl.r l Vezi extlicare.taeestor te.nr,ri la S 13i]i. :/o . d @d: penhx t , , rl c r,rr !l )i n Tall, , l Clld$c ll, . 4 I n l o s re tu L a ' ..
36{l
te.rriitofl fdld de treout Tot astfel,itdicalitrl hccut contindllinlo-cuieF t 1810 ---post) ' id stilut lrmiliar ($ i523-i524): (tt"Lir" ilt rhe { 1811
o in'"nb) FormJ cunrinur 'o bp;oin.. L un infinili" .omplel-'\.[imi qdu tl tJzD)i at tnpd titlor un liA p.ntru viiLor !rii'ot;nt,n'anall
I on ao; n! Lo $ ," k h J tJ tro m o o r o l l V:i ' of i a' " nl ronal ) J r A n d: es ; nd . a s r" J ;F zs " ri u : d e a c u m l n a rnrp ' Y ou n F rl .d y o u r o a m e \\ i l o r i ntenl i onrl ) " eieo: ne slui rumclr d tale ) (voiar s,r-o,
td'in fo. ihe seaside thc lollowing dav' I tol.l him Lds li inafc ln ziua urniltoare') Ple. it-i^ 'l',s "t
$ 1812
p ' { p ri md $ o a" l i unP hoLdti tddi noi nt" sA u c ) V i; lot ut r c n ' i F L ,u m a i n o a te ( 15211: 1 5 2 2 ."re ir e loc in nod n a tn o l $
.d n" I l'.ii,:iii, penrr .r .Jt. nnrma r,"';,.ii 'nr,rnjm
l:y;..',. i:l;!.;ij,,i'1''':#iic.ill.lil: ff;::;l ,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll'

Whrt rloil rou ,s doi,g tomoro\? mri4p:l .r iacl r"i' * idri in nod norDJrr rL:"ui iii,uirri
\j"i i l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:,
IijfiT;'i;;' i "lili" i l,ui'i ll J li';r :: #1i"9,;:: ;;l,:"lJl iili:l:il sinpl' d"pi1dF l" holi'ind un-i lpf! sdu de r" i"r.a, i" \'."m- ( prPz"ntut
imDreiuriri
N otal A.tit pr"vnt ttl or !t rttt tt., lt |i I,r" 7
I "."1:l:" i,li;"; ll'1,". "i.f nt l \ ; n 1't por ar prima.^'ii"r,i I iilo?-rc'

f
'
obiective:
E t 8fl '
ifi i'":'":" i:"lixii"'H' [|];#irliKf:,":s:.ll "*1'lf*"i"{iiff """ "" "' ! : :;i:it 1: !" i :i:'^,';i i t. ; ;T :;"': ll;ff b1;ii" r 1;1, T:lTm:i qa l or' 1ul b -,,,, mai d I V i, nr ut rc n L ;n .tu p ' L p i n l r' b rri rrl d r ' i ppr' rru , 'u
5 hp k/rp s up her , ir ips J ' a| hos "r q n r t U o n J 'v t P P a '. t tnptu)
lil,lir;ii;:l: ;:"ii""i;i,"1 Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t t p' pnins tPre' ' ' s' rD l " ) i s l i o h p ts o , d ,tr 3 r T his ^ "!':'i\:i:";:'"*'' lAst{-sa.n; de ser ciu la birou )
l r' I o i l r"l ' d| - U s ' l ' rL Fr! : rn rr lr , . ^n- idpr c li p . d i s frc i i " 'u !r'hn trill votr Nothe' &d 'ontng b see usi i ,8 Y o u s o ' n ' ' lnall $e D? s e i\ ' ' i, , ill r o d r b ;v ti b " ,a n n g ' rtS o lons lll b P " a ' n 8 J U " (" o u r ' 1L' ic ! eder e !e L u ri n d .): viiiotul Toate ace3tc tormule sint' mai pulin abrupte dccit d e c i r nai P olib i c o a s e . i e rr b i g ri ' r: 7 l: , r r u Pro P o z i $'c'll 0ori rerl ha'd
simplu si
ji;;il;l; j'; ;r lr ;,rti; rir;' I i,lrlli;:ll:;"r;:;" . .r rifui lr ir r :;; u'"'.'"i,i,i.i:l?"',1,,,11;;;'',:;;;:',li?,".::i:)",,iT

th srlu t ftn,l in (' nPr r niiliz at c olo. v ial, Pl po' lr r ' ' d Lm "D i n l i r o r ' i' *i" i i,"il t. ' . ' r n! o
\'1n n r . ,r!.
. / a. ron. p'.
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CONJUCARB
CONTTNUA
80t
care poate avea: fe') tnlelesulunui (,;ltrr pud (,lt:

tyor, l&./a toarte se os.l
shall).
dat ri-(e") inlelesul r,iitolalDi eolitit' (,tL: s,itt.)| lstnten hotdililyreh si tuden toarre scrios.l ambiguitalea va dispira daci se utilizea_ziitiitorul continuu, car nu are aici decll o singuri interpretare: aceead.e a{ttor pur: We'll ,e ,o..(izg very tiard. .;::!d arp caracter rnumcutan ( g 1344),foma conrinui expdmi ^-,, {]. llld aclrunr sEu stAn rppetdte: the t:raat rtF morning. ?, i Yd b"l, noddinE.b!
d rap p,, g t hin$s $r iF I s ns dah. p.
g l8t4
r.l Cu adrerbp ra: dtrq4s. lor ,r t. "an.tin\ott!. .anst,I,ttg. p,ryauolg, S -:,8t6 rLsuolllJ rt,.. fnrmi .nntinua.,.\pri,'l d o rrtiur,tssJU o slnr^ ;...; .; ' mereD, care constituie un obicei: ""p"id you ar" ok,rr ,1r.r"u I,ri ,.4..) ".otd.nc mn.
Don t bp /o. ,,pt luttins oL rru a mtn b rn " r.u .) T\?y aft .ontinurllu atrujls. " A - l n l ru n a d i l c rrl i r' r He x,as cons,anrtggrrinujns. (Era nern ncrnnlu;t ) N o td este deteminat de nici-unul din adverbete de la g t81b, nu poateai.ealormd conri;;;-;i;J exprrDa o acl,tune repetati sau un obicer, Nu se poato spuDe : I r nal, . . . ?p l d e Sa rrrd ..\a tL rro o n a L r hLrl av t p , d. B a tn gto th . In s ti tu tp ,,e t! d o ! . " . Daci I'erbul nu arc caracter momntan (g 1g14) sau nu
Se spune corect, lntrebuinlindu-se forma simpll pentru a s cy;ta pleo.
n,:"!1,:u,ii{,1'liJl; nT g;' *" n'* l"4f.1,f
"*'""''i";;n;';u#";';:,;;;;;*l!1,,1:J::'",::1",i':lT'.".i!1Ji-;":,1'"u Existd
p F rmi l tn l rFbLint ar ad t or mp l o r c o n l i n u r
laro {erbntDu continuu. llr,""lfi': I r ea I nr m F r ,o n }o:rtc aveaaspect In rrFDUU4r

i n u p rr-,a ,6 s c ,i uned ..a
S 1Sf6
stare dpnu-
insn verbecarenri pot aveaaspectcontimru,sau situatii carc nu
,o""J)
U""O"t" nu pot aveaaspcctcontinuueind acliuneator nu estetrece_ S l8l?

!@ "'rd m / / ous lr um \ { ea, r o 1"5t . lri u.'t.s d (lear trand.
\\.sr In Eosr ... nicj: , ,,"1 " r. . " ", . . 1 ". ", "i p " " 1 '1 l l ." " :" ^ ;" l ta " ,n ;tron ttpjstrr tng a .tcar hard-. pentru , a r, tiuI|acrprlului nu c"ietem/orarA. 'j
"-!nJ":" "' * *zi qar.k,Acnnna. al cor'.nr,rure rrsrsr e.ir,,ure tuture-as-
30! 5e p o a te lns i s pnnei T l' e .l r' a ,' ,,s l o rta q s mu o l h l Y . H; ; - * i ;i ,e r" n ; i i ,rc * : d ;o ' t ' l r' trfb hi m Dc'rl ru . a ut ubel. a .fi trrri s i n ta mp o r{ r' to ' o n l F\tel e raspP ' ti LA . ii.esie creia" tioing?" clnd persoans
d- Jdre.a "r pFrnranenm' uou li''":'r'Lntl nc inleresnrn " nupol dvFtJ'p'cr 'orrrinuuverbclecarPerprrmA 2l Pcnlruaceluirrnotiv E l8l8 inJ"p'nd"n'P d" ninla pt-pti; tnn;rt" "'-'iii"itai,'*',,"," "d" ",,rii,i,". ol poato dP'r a'!'ond': indiidului. equPrac5ror" nu
"--'rti * zj'ie: "where ari uau intrebarease aile inir-un lo' ln mod lrecdtor.chrar dac.a.,qeoere adresati".ir"l dn iooiol p""t"usitx (de exemplupcniru studii ln strdinaiai) lit 'lv here
, a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i
0 t8l'J ' 61 8 2 0 { 189f S I8 r 2 -
a l i ne l i c i nev r i a t r c v J l b n d r r c r ' t ' l i k e '! o " l o @ ' ctc' e s4tisfv supa'dl' t=' a {se) ( t h o t . ) ' -t;d t o t F p o s r ' to b t h i n t t t o oe, F. t o b4@ P nt a, o! F b) d.L iritatt r.tunb?t' ti lo'E4 to s4x'' ro*'- @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r' 10 ,ad".std t' 14J to r'qt " r o 'uiq"i ", "i"tt, p e"iep tii , ' f eel' , 1a h e a \ t o s @ , b s t u t t ' t o s o l \ d ' t ' s eaz ot ; d! . : c) r Ps "nbt P t !6 io aL IiA; \: a 'a ' m dJ "r ) peF tetatio. au rnsutiri c at e de. obiec t e Ie s at e d ) e e,b ete 1" l'td l: @ contoin)', to '2n:i::- of ' t4 belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"'. D. s ' s . t / 1naal u a t ; n t f ) r o / e s n ( r n r r 'J {c ' ro po s i"* t . r c , i* n. u ' oit,ti t'o'".. bpead' id"p d J c dt P t u s us pt "az a a tie 't " n P o r d r ': t o """t'" "t t. b aJ t t ,o d" *ita. b. : e, , l: r lo^ ll! ! : p: ! ". ta p tLa 4) se ntin e tut e: " ,; ;it;":; i"l'":',;;i";'", aale ( t P.efet it to the old one I caa't undeitaul what vou are snvtng' I see now {hal Jou nrear' I I r r d ln" dos r J t \ . Io IJlh f ir on r s ir io |1J ; a_m "h' ir : i She aa green eYes: she ts a "witch' o 'g s
N or d la pPt' raler5 v'rbeled" la $ IQ'l0 c-ar^se modetod, ln eoqleza colo.rialu 6 t8'.fl -modaiC4N: " de aur'rliirul ,"ptti i"nlri"ie, sloLde obi.ciprecedate
l l n l i mD u l u n e i PU m n 6 !il o P rdure): ddn yoir t,e the birds? {Auzi P5stu e?) I .dz src the acacias. lsimt Darlumul salclmrlor.) b"n viu see the lishthouse too? (vezi'9i trr ferul?) | .on und.rslaod \our d(ticulty' (lnlPles dilpma ltr caro te ani )
Modalul CAN, ca orice auxiliar, nu pdstreaz&calitatea de verb no9ional ei nu se traduce aqadar In limba romena ln aceastdsrlual"Ie ' Construclia aitrnalivd. fd-rdCAN. esLetoLuFilnce preleratauDmrr: Dd you tuo. the birds? t s7;11th acacias. too. I se the liShthouse I lndztsland Your diffioulty. ta S l8l8-1822Por d'"afi t?l!4,:1' AproapFtoate vFrbplemenlionate 1824 S drspa' lor l'xii'al se s"himba' ideeaJe i\un, dat atunci sansul "parmanenlS rind: -,p,,'**-,r,-a I ua hatins {d'liun" ind'p o' 1rai"^" ""itli;${# ",;,, nn i4' oIntd noaslra) ; I dn iooi dented-ee! 'l3r
363 to tlcpclrd (: a dcpii.lc tl4 devjne,.aronl,a (le)':

\ \e h e .lepdx lin\ is au u i /a /r,a l l o n rt,u l n r l h e y ,ats. p r ir . ^ r ' r " r L 1 ,.{ i 4, n l t o h a rcpier ( leideea de .p o s e s j u n c "s i d c \i n e d l u d ( . a brtr. a mi ncaei c.): To hdre Lea, a rrfn'k. r wliisla: \lhrt rili \,ou lar., Sir? t o h rr. a I alli, a s $i, i,. a n .!. ,, 1 )rrtI. r s n i o l < e i , l r| 3I. .tc. i uzi ti S 1se7) t o mi n d ( : a s upA r a ! a l u a i n s e a m n c i ,c .) d e v ;n e,,a avea gri j d dc" : Do rou n;n.l ny smoLirs? (Vd'suldld drcii'fum.z?) \ever ntnd what Clara sars: no onc nids l,er. (Nu lua ln seane ce spunetlarar nineni nu-i de at.ntic.) Wl\o is nindinc re childr.n? {Cine are erij{ de copii?)
to leel poate li tntrebuinratpntru a exprimao starc tcmporari:

He is faling mnch bctter no\r. {Verb noncntan) (Se simie mult nai bjne acur,.) dar atunci cind sntimntul sau senzatianu sc limitcazi la monentul przent, 3e poate spune nomar:
Hr lpic 6 n i n t!rp b l n J o u . r\.rh d urari \, ur r nk r e s e z r.J T lo r oo m /,ri 6 d a ml . V,rb o u " a ti \ ) ( S a s jml . .h o d d i a a rr i g rrs , " Ho$ do J o u /,,1 s h q ,s ^ n ,b o d y p l s J ou a,ompl i rr" nt? t v er D r rF ra v j to hoar derine .,a audia'r; ,,a asculta' (lec,tiile etc.): T hr y *+ . h o ti F g J u o u rs "o l tmtu r.s. ( A Uo' a u u n .u rs .) I - uB h ? a ra | h i m l ,;s l p s o r.. ( ll as . u l l d m s J \i d d l c J ;l :, I.c l i i ,e . )
to look (: a ardta) (stare temporare):

\ ar or p I@ h i n 9p o ^ ,1 .r(- p " i k J , p e . ' k,dJ. ( A r r li . r m rJ u , Prri p d l i d .) dar numai (a semina cu) (stare permaDenti): Ycu look like an artjst. Wlro i.e you? You aooktike yolr mother. tsemeni cu nama ta (la tnllliFrc).ll
to seo derine: ,,a s lntilni", ,,a vjzita", ,,a conduce", sau se lntrebuinreard cn prcpozi,lii ori ddacrbe care ii schimbd tn.telesul: "How ts Chfis s.r,in( on?" "He's oX., we;re E;lns lim tonight." T nF s . t ,* v a tn 6 h n s i C \rs .r In " ,i l ). n F rF s a D .. d rn o r..,.l | Ncins het ra rnr do,r whcn yotr rary. (o'tds conduccan la uF,l cind ai snn;t.) \t ho i s."r',g \lothnr o//.' lCn" o n J .." I. l d n i Id S" r :l My hlsnand ;s r..t4 ro the rickers. lsolul neu arc srija de iilete.) 'ct- ya u a. F I r A " ! ou" n o th p t ;n ,l a v th n t | . to ..!.D,0& /: a s.mtna rh l ri c pn\i.le\. ,ou atr IiA. lair tutter. sou lik" nusr And uo'4linc ana paintins. tOr (o, t ogr af iaio*d, U S Aj (: h i n .).
304
MORFOLOGIA
_ \/ERBUI'
exprrma o srars to smell (verb tranzit'iv) poate fi inirebuinlat pentru a iemporara:

_ e d a s .4 4 1 .,s ru _ ' n l J l rr' l r_ . [" m i r^ " u r d a r s e poal, c s pun e n u m a i : r'hesc floivers dDul snel? (\'erb intranzii'i{ dufatir) {Florile accsteanr au mrros) lincs (Verb duaLiv) The nark snel, {sau '"s/ sodetrlvith the scent ol Llre itlr;ut e.a Inmifesmat de pa.lumll teno' )
! 1825
\-n ' '; de ailJecsirt' tlnnate senzoriale verbecareseretffi la percep,tiite ,\ccleasi t;tc in loc de adverbe: _ l l 'n r r 1 'L d )
ii 5 l"rnporâ-ri: lo ls6lo poalF li lnLrebuinlrr pFnlrd 1 "\primd o siluaLie
'fl. "t at "nt . mmLp d gdi on r ' 1nr t "t 'tr-e " drodsl. smPi^ va'datut. I $r ' n ( L Jrrb s $o rl /ais ' \ r " ' "oI L "t 76e) (vczi .Jt " N l ''1 rPrr
verb.mom-nr1n) oo; h, ;,s, s.r,r, c ook rl, l :ll:,. l i,i.'"Ti;, li, .Tf ". gusio InPr! sosnr {Euddhe.si
d ir r ' r or c , . - nni, . r . s i sau doesn'i il'? The litre 'u'drs nr i air?l (\ inul c rcrn, b"ll r k , t " - d i l " Uor 5n l ll' ,. -1Prr r ' ' ul ' l+ er ' i' l \u g
dar se poaio sPune numai: Thp mFii r' r, o/ g".li". {v"rl drrtlr:r)
loalF inrarSi (olu'i rr,luri r"r r' b'l"r " u' "r''" Ii o l8l6 1812.'rr ns'bi ba'p.srnanrr'5 rieLu uu ai Liii. i""ia i:"r'.L,o a\.p1 IripoiI'^n'i nurnl" suhrrlp s4'sPa rd,,;a ,um s-a ardral mdi s r,,, fi" n.nlru a ' <p_inra rnrFrprerarr ' sirrl I maL muLta pr'Llndu-3e r da'i poFonal orbiror' d' .oirirat. cppol oblinpjon' ?. sublilp r" ";1 ,',j., -lo o,rtsider- tjF eio.r" fnarl" rdlinat i ' r l: rl e Y i bilp lF' unosrj^'
abaieril el lnsugi asemenea orl-earth Doni, exemplo.Palliser, deschizindbrusc uga' ex-ploziv:'What for a story acting rvas ."" o1u J.tooo*.T to be doing?" - Lady Glencrjra: ''i. pxie'a comumca nu procedeu stilistrc un it Nici loli'gi " il"Jtv '^;^r ""4't" tnciniarea sceneila care asiilasem noi' .spectatorii' deoit aceste orui tiupattl iqi p"rmilPau lib"rLdli 'u rpsulil" g'i'nati"slP' ""'1"i.'' Pi ''T an t,t'tn! you v"rv rrJ'h "t am lotine.vo:l" ,'I ln ,h-:!t'!!.i!,: :. inLardi"' lor.dp rigiditatpa iil fcrpcalF {ab'r - s ai li zi* inuabil forne verbale sa spareatipsr.lp pFntru a a\prrma rnFlprr- sr ruusiu iiif. n""."ii"i""ito' in.tabilul l4 'ihi's Aba.PAtt'! et" ra'lsu .prinrr o simpla li'tLi,l, i "'e;;; p'i"tic al xnui s"n imFnt abia intirip't sub ion.rr',"ti. 'fem'rul , r'd"ru e' - a nu cvaa urnan' "i""*uri, am"run:rroa6o_rbelor.sortit
l sq,ccr : rra.tumal dDtce. ,: lcntN cei nenltai! !Vc;i se.ialtrl Tv "IuniLia Zd ts.", dula ronanele soriiLoNlui ctgtez Anthnnv ? rollor e l18ll- 1s 8 2 1 r . T l" : s 4boi ,4 tt l \l rr rrp r " l " l o 1 l c . .oman lostbclic alronnn.ic.!1ui Eric ilowbray Knjght
.Ddr si ! irii i r ", l - $ , "^ ' "i;r; i l g ,a "i i ro i tri ' ind penirua 9iputea ingadut ciiito l limbaenglz6 ri ln-suFil 3" fi""t""fr"* *-!i
CONJUCABEA
CONTITNVA
coDtrastiyit loho lolma simpldgi forma continui a conjugdrii g 1g26 _Compsrali 0nglczc. (l ext exemplr'r.arrv.)
' . t hoc h i J | a n o . e p a t h i E " \\ ' hos ad &ing lhll .d rk "r r in t . r " ! v inj- r oom : rn6 ' ql ] o r l . lronndUp ', on rh p Tr. ' ' . Hot r . ' r y ou - idod t ; t m h a t ; a : i t . ' - We l l . r i e v f 6 i a'i , 6 1' elimaolrn Firl,\ s1 I don r r , , : o - po, l t h"i. r , , , , . '. - R i r r r 6 s . u o r " r . n t u n. \ ' s d " dll on .dg eo . I z so r ' s ou r or a $. ( lo r , la\ ' '
FORMA FRECVENTATIVA
(THE FREQUENTTTIVE FORNI)
s 182
I) Iormd. - Forma frecventative are nwnal tlauii tinpwi - vcent si \ t8Z8 tt?trtt.L\ se .oDqlrui..te .u a;utorul euriliarulL,i\\ tt.L ia pr"znnr 1to61n' oer.uanelc) si WOUT,Dlr trF.uL iradta parsodn.t.). tr "r,F sF;J"uL,a i,lrl_ rirrl incnmplet al vcrbului de conjuqai:
/:p. . t t rpcrt qJI y.: y lu lv i I s ap: hp. s h, . il $r I I t se ei t}ey qill s c . . $ould. e": np. s h. . ; I I wo uld . b" e: r or t yo u s'olro s pe: ' ' oJ $o. r 0 s so . . : $ o s i ,"". Jou \itl 5Fd.
woutd soo rv. \.ut,t
2) Futtclii. - Forma frecventatiyd exprimd o sctiune .dr. sc r{,retd q 1829 sAr "ntt ,oneiluic un ob;"piji e5'. sdeserinqolitd d" ddvprbet"r"t" iji!, : often. seldon, teqrLe lU etc. 3) Tmducere. - ln limba romani, forma frecyentativi se rraduce: S l8A0 la prezent c\i indicativul prezent, la trecut crr imperlectul OJ an rcning, I oittl oltcL sbou atongthe riyer. (M{ plinb adeseori sarr !o nalul rtutui.)
whpn [rrF cal i5 dwal|, thp m:cp ji ,t,r. n u i J -6 d :" o J F .i i j o d .i ( . a u -obi cei rl E ' ;.., -) r" n1-1.1 lc iDd pi6ic J ghe piA s?endhou$ over hr books. {SH ore lnlresi citind.)
T r e c u t.
E r c c y S Db d a y J p l f8 , o n } i s n e w m o to r b i kp. ,odtd adp ou! i nto rhe oubki.ts ot Br.hffpst t- usFd to rido). t ln t F . ar n d u mi o i c t, J ;tf s e p l i d b d n ; n oud t, m.,roL cl cre D .i n im pr " jr r : m i h B u " rre ? ri u l u i .) U' hp1 y ou o s - th e J .ro ,l d s o mp u o e s J b i n i n d," ., pur i hFatri .dts t : r nP y ns Po ro J o rn ,. (In tnereie, jucau uDeori tn teatu do amatori ) No ti L Forma lrecventativd este intrebuintatd tn timba scrisir. La trecut. ste I 1881 tDlocuiti adeseori tn scris, qi tntotdeauna in limba vorb;td. cu verbut dsed ro
( s 21rj6).
: ' : c.o ca cveninenlelor sportivc. 3 se d;sireaze r: Nu vreru sli srozar. le stric dishaciir. 6 : A ,icht ! (exclamalie)Dc acbrdl 6 : llar oaloi pe nervi. I fo "m. f . , \ nld . . 1ld 6 I s g ): p l . e s % m a i p u i ,, i ,t" bu' nl a,r. 3 J.t t,b r ' v ) : t ' f f r c 4 I.p [\)]ttrl .
866
18e2
183t '"--
UGARILOR CONJ CI,ASIFICAREA
sldbS' lu limba engleznexisfi lrci conjug;ri - curtjugorce. 'onlugirea inu'canprin lorm'le rrr" in deospb'' 'n l0r. ii oniu sr' c mi\r; '1" 'tre'ut' ri rra.u' par'iripiul .i !ului Eorm"l^ ptir''ipah alP (Th"ll 0l: t l)iooiug"ti" fc3f 'll't;n : 'aniq'LtiaP sdi ' ir'li'Ali'ul lrp'ur si"narrr'F rcrbrl,r ca"re ao,rlin s'csl"i 'on;u;rri s u r i' , r u -id ' a u- / r r a ' n t in jt ' v u !i'1 ";'"* i ; pr" ;i; i'i;;L ";i ",s nu originegFrmani'i ori lrJn'pzd: i"uarea t.rbului rc.p.criv. ' iu'a pna'a s!Fc - lcam' to larn - leam' - laid to PaY - laid se face prin a, La majoritatea acestor verbe' adiugarea sulixului -d 1336 intermdiul literei mute 'e-:
to call ( o PlaY to s'op callcd PlaYPd roPped - called _ PlaJed, - roPPPa
dupbco)' inilial surde:"y g:]".tP ln g"nere b) Dupauncl" consoanF. c 1836 ' vocalFr raoa'rnll: dc srurt8rea precedaL t. dPobicci sulixul -d a devenil "urde,
to to ro to mean sleeP leav; leel - slep' - ler; - lelt 9l9P' lelt lcl'
$ t83?
sutixul -d sauJ au sulerit qi modific, CltevaverbeIa cares-a adeugat radacinii: carea1 ocalei
to seu to teu lo buY to th i D k - sold - told - boughr - tl o u a h , sold to].l bougl t rnougrr
numitd tn prezerifrlg ulatd s,'ed, -rd' -ing (\'ezi exemple rreii.'"e. "lala, $ 1835). t - La verbelecareapar\in s la:rc| ftu Stonq 2) Conjugar f838 S sc IoF _ geimanica ( ."gi-n' 'oniugotion v.ro. o. a.esler onlugrr . , .indicfllivul.trPcut psrticiJ'iul,tre'u iar. d. i,bic.i prin modifi'areivoc;leiinfinjtiuului rneaza veroe: _"|lsau-'2. insola unelp dispdrul prin addugsres 'are a "Jfixului
to lall to d fl w io get to ;i d k " S ls J! " letl d r" w - got - i L ru c k lallen - dta$n ! gotteor - sor (arh ti -amer' - s' ru' l l arh r stncken)
s i n g u ra focrl ' c produr-ti vS N umFroasB Coniuc aneasl a b b e l e a c L u a l m e n l ' e pnmpsc ve rbe t a" r i_au dF!F n i l l o l a l s a u p s r!i a l s l a bp. i ar toal F verbel e-.nor
l recut 3) Cooiugaro s Ei fl A f7 l " Mi x " (l C o nj ul ati an) arc- i ndi cati vul rn -n l rFrur i ar partrci prul te rm inat 1; ' ed ( ' a r c l ' ri s ti c a ro n j u g d -ri i s labe)
conjugnrii tari): sau -n (caracteristica

- sowd - swelled
swollen
o d U m i l p s i ru a l i i di D sLri rul _d ' S uI ir ut r s .a d .z v o trrt i vocalei I rtrddcinrr. Cu sau IArd moditicarea , d.n. arnaic, atrf. : englezaamerican{. -
307
VERBE REGULA'|E $l VERBE NIIIiEGULITE

{Ri'GUL\II AND IRREGULAR VEIiBS} Slnt consideratersgulato toate Yerbelecare au indicativul trecut gi participiul trecut, terminateiu sulixul -ed. iar nereguleto, toate celelalteverle de coojugare 31abi, tare sau mrrti:
$ 18{O
negulale:
to ask asked asked to cau callcd cttlled NoeCnlate: to learn - lcamt - leant to draw - dreiv - d.awn to lay - laid to fall - laid - lell - lallcn to lcck sou:lht - sought to lccl - leli. - lelt Lo sow to got - sowed - Cot - Cot Iorme p rqulatel unelc pfutrind aceau aralele C.lteva verbe neregalate Ei laqi lnleles, altele cu tnleles deosebii: I lerrnt - learnt o in'rt"t to ro!r! - learned 1 tearn.d ) t:
Pentru acesteparticularitili, a se vedea mai jos lista verbelor neregulate si observatiile ateiente ($ l8i7 -1819). ' Marea majoritsi. a Frbelor din limba "n;l"za 'inL \"rb" .rCrldteti ! 18ll loale verb*lenou .rPrtot sparlin a."s Pi .JLpgorii.\:ltFl: aproape ro pros.an{dc),to compule, to computo' to televise, to {tele)phone, to telesrsph, rize, to radio,to xerox,etc.
to w i F L , s ru mo l of , lo ld. i ro sre Jm lo .rn p m alo*r . nh to stre am lina ro s.rvi .F to e d L er or ool lo p i D l i; t " l o .,L o m, ' to x{ay
Lo, ddj;
t"'un {ifiif"a : if,,'l"o _-lliig"u "o*, {L"l8"a
(: a varsaun richidJ
l: a l rd D l n :l P P ri ' l ra d ro ) c u l d\rrl l i: a m" rs " c u J L L o mo b J u l . l J .u .,o n d .a ' u c d h d c u ol ' rrr) r.i r .:n " ma l o g fa [d ) r.a d a o l i n i e d F ro d i n J m i c l ) l tc .. d .i l u,. a l ogri j i l obrl ctri- a o f" tr u " u l o mo D i e dintea olienteleietc.) I d ,,i p p .m" d b i l i ra ) . d . " J ,b p o " i ,t p ri n e o n d r.l ,r: a i n" l dl a o coD duotd de r)errorJ (dttni z6,,,P fr! ' a v Jl rori za) d '" n ro r' u e" ,n o mp i :J rl rm . Ji xati v petrtru p& el c,) n ,l l ru v '.' ro " fi .a r' p (. i radios'alia)
i r .d n c' :lP
ro st ,r
.' .e D ra u D a .l o r mrre sau o actri l l h rol ul ' \..' tr lrrnu!atl
I' r ' a r d ' lio )
PRINCIPALELI' VERBE NEREGULATE

simplP.precuo $i ci[eva ln n.p:r.r' liil ' I'r , l ut ir .F Jp.lL varbelA I .n dilerA ds t. caror pri^cipa.le .ont.,t t). db forn. \Ar6p l,,r; " tb lor. i, rn ,"- i tr' .r" in'rs rr , ^"rpunprcd c."lpd "1" Itu rbcle neri:ll.latc tirnpLr\e a se vedea $ 1848. Pe
1Indicativ,,t irccnt si narli,,iDiul oorfo.m r81t' trlicut nreslo. tube stnt o/rog,a/iat jio, l " l a S r - i . : ipr . \ p l ' ,:' J L n p h t. u t" p h ' w d -E l ui sel .P N gmnuw l ,anP IA K d,
tdripd, ":na"otoA"rpl, l1 'aF t-,o1, t. olontzpd. t+44.t1.
$ 1842
388
$ 1843
51844 Atentie!
Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr
fal In limba engleLe,archarcilscarara ..perimat', ..inr.cchit' (oa si tn limba romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn literstrri sar diilcctal. (b) lneret 'rpi'ol rcre, ni ,,r,r,-ir:.lar.i"ipiul rrecuLln,rp51E.|; "l".io"i buint,att rLol- ss\r ..adfat,,nr ! "bol.r', aap.t; rLrrrno d".pn ni d p"r rripirrl trecut, lntrebuinlat la construira lormlor rrbale compuso (I haie lcari,ed,, I shalL d,c.) in contrast crr participiul trecut lntrebuintat adjectival hnoeLeerned (a laafilcrl man). S 1846 f../ Yerbelc care au doui form verbalo paralele cu acelaii lnteles. la trecutul sinplu !i participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii cu sufixul .pd, Ai 0lta nerp:ulr';. lornrole rpreoulr.Fsinr prFf,raLpin ersl!za briLaDica iarcph reculat".ln nnslpza ampri"rri-rvezi B. eiuirk.A Graniar ot ConlempotarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarele si J.drnaticilt ceie nai cunoscutesi rccente nu confirmi lnsh aceastdasertiur,!.
$ 1847
TTIIPUIIIIE PIiL\CITJ{I,N AI'X TXRBEIO& NJiRTGUL{III
Trtcut . ,. . . lnluo ttu sinplu

alide alodC
Participlu rr".it
iboder la'lard, c b.ud- orleudl
Traincerc i a locui {arh.)i (lit.} I a rlmlne, a sta; a { conlinua; a attepta;
asoke {:l.l[i"
Irs Imn
r""",1,"'*-k{:l|.:,"}rr
l l i :, w .z , b i :nl al i l ani i tet a suporl a
lcat t;:;;'.
begin bcga! rent
{ffiii"
r.:, bc:nl Ib.o,

lbi;t, bi:t, ni:tnl br'sdl;;'#, Is'n.
lbrrg,n, h s3:n,br snll Ilend, bcnt, hnrl
beaten bn;orr n
Iesnn bent:
bseechs
basouglt f bid [ { iD' ec li[ )
berelt lesousht betr
[hrri:Y, br relf, br .elt] lbrrsj:u,br sr:t, br'sc:l] fbet. b.at.betl

fba d. baund. baundi ibarl, brt, branl lbli:d, blcd, nlcdl lblend, blnt, blnil
1 a iscj ptcca I o ri pi hni l al r a 1 i i r$i ,a !ri {r {tl !nz.) I a oroona, a spure, { al i .i tr, a ol cd { prcl I l J l i ci tE ti .)
b,d.rr,dl J ll9,"" r rbrd, bed brdnl t fbrd I ili'ii"ri,tr

tr.nnd, bitic!, bit' bled bleDt{{1i1.)
bii.e bled blcnd
bit bled blcntr (]it )
l Pararelcu fo.na ndguhra, existl Fi o tormil regulail, dar dilril,I ca Irletes sau l n trcb uint t up. t V er i Ob s e r!a i i i6 i 8 1 9 r. s I . z i O bs eA ili i 5 1 8 1 9 . _ !I or m a bes dle ;rh i i .i . {T im pulf ps p. . l v tu p ri ro rd rF ' !,rL .].tn s l rd i r Lt n' rpb,r' nl rLJ.n S r A ..ormarorpgIlal,a fijid ;Jra,Jeiistice ensLrzri lit.iarc.
36S
Infinitir
Trecu"t Parlicip;n stmpln

lblcs, blesl, hlesil Iblar, bht:, blcunl Lbrerk,bronk, brc!!anl tlfi:d, r,rd. brodl
TradLlcere
hing iuild
f i desic. a da nastere 'l ]i, a'se lnnulli a cudi { a.,btrcnii a crlild a
buiit
Lb d, b t, brttl Ib a :s t,l .:s t. i a :s tl tlar, bcrt, b.:tl tken, kudl lko:st. ko:sl. kosu iketl kc:r, k.:1.1 rtlardd, tijard, urd, 'ijrd(n)l
bouSht canSlt J chid3 I chided J creft I (arl.lit.) chng I chidcd I chiddens { creft
[rJu:2, uauz,,rJouzn]
cling
.,-. .,, I klelt, Lleftl 1 " " " I l d d !v , U J U !n1 a (se) despica, a tlia lkl!, kl^!, kl^!l tklaud, klad, kkedl lkrst, kcst, k st] [ti:p, ]cpi, heptl tlnt, k^t, kitl ide., do:st, deadl ldirl, delt, delll r se tifi, a se turjqa ldsprecocot) a clnta r tfia
J ffe$: {lit. I afh.l { dxrst I (inrechit) dng

iiid
d..g,cl !q's. d u ' , ( lId ' o /.n l

td..:, dru:, dm:nl ldri:m, drcmi, dremt L L i n o kd . 0 k . d rn o kl torarv. (lrJU!. rllvnli d $ e l , d $ e n , d \? l tl ti:i, ct/eri{suA). i:lnl flcl, fel, lr:lrnl lli:d, fed, iedl llil, lelt. leltl [ti ' n d , fa u n d , ra u n d ] lfli:, lled, lledl lflrt, flll, fl.lr1 [lar, nu:, roun] lla ilet, fa'git, l. g.tnl Lfsserk,lo suk, Ia'sc taDl tl.iiz. irouz. 'lmuznl
lid r . lJ:I. | :l
a sara
a t.asc; a dcsem I risa .,b9" d n a a a l ocl i nlnca oiidea {se) hrtui (se)simti
a sp r'ol J
drink
Iall lisht llins flv"
fell lorght lled flung
IoL,glt Itcd
,' j d La ..
loryot
. si si a nrgi a zairli a zbura a uila a grlsi a lnsl'cta
r Trmo u r es paI ' v ar es l o rn l r' e a l a rd .l n .i ." l ,' l r" b ui n!a; In sr A , t" " ma -" rp-p {iii(i .rurctBsiic;, FriJalezi lit!ide, AUlatA :!e zi O bs er \ n1i 3184!. sP1 'a l L u l. f na r r r . n l d d .r;s r.r o ro -m . rF g a l a td.dard..i r,a i r' .1" . sar )i h h ebni n ta re .( \ r z i O b& r lat i i 5 1 8 1 ,). r to rmx |F s alalii. lnUlnrl i !F v r.n -ri { n l i r L a n c fi s l .i {r a" l :.zinumxil a uni i l ooti i in un ,h p \o r" s i i .o rb a irr " , i s rp n ro nunl Jtr,n eenere m ai pul i n i D nor ' iantai ca.i cei t r p r ngu l d l a d ; ob" bir pn t iind. r n m a i ri .a tp a ,l a u ri l o r, n u );a i !rt;B rst;.r:
8?0
Intinitir
P&rticipitr
si IIu
go i
Tradtcerc
I gotienl
!:ild gird giv
gilt, glrl'
I {m;r girt"
c"rr iS;:i,isir
rdlI Jlr. sll
l A i :d . g d :r. s rJ l
a olrine
1 r" i e,
, . -iI ' -" -" , ^ ;
,,,,
iround gro{ n
'ill,lr i S"' u"*," o,*. flll:*,,iJIi i d ra L n d . a r.u n d .g ta unl l r n,i t' nr I li:,r'l . -r,r,.,' Hj', Fdl I ;H"'i, c v 'i I ihFv , hc d, '",1," ' I auzl ah, J . I ' i: d. 1, : dl
fhi:v. )taur. hcuvl { a l 5 e i r r d t r1 { a (se) uni a I a annca
hju:lr hjo:d, rhj:u,

h ide h ir liold
hiil irii held
{;ili""l:j
"***'
I hid
, hiddenr hit held
rhldnl thard, hd, h ,t. h n . h ttl i h a u l d .l r' l d . l re i d l i k i :t, h T i . tc l rtl l n i :1 ,n e J t,n rl tl tnrt, nt, ndl i l e ,d .' l c ,d rd .-l F i d n l
a (se) t,ne a retima, a ngnr r (sc) Pistlt taJml l cti ,at utr
knit lax
hrit
laid led
I itrc]1 a, a impo{era
l.d
a l i :d . l c L t.IF l l ilrin. lcnl, 1etrtl
iraii. d,nt,n,ntl
lelt lie lighi. lay lit
lit3
night
i :v - l e l t. l e L tl i l e n d , l e n t, l e n U ilet. lct. lell i l a r, te r, l e rn l lla{, ltt, lrtl u:2. lcst, lcstl incrk, netd, netdl tner, martl tmi:n, neni, nentl tni:t, met, meil
a a a a
ti.5si, a preca da cu Imprumui l5sa, a lnchiria nce, a. dra culcat
.l a putea {: a alea ' al nsetrIna.al trl el g I a (se) lDtllnii a lace
tmiu, maud,naunl
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I cunotnnF
I c9sl
l l du
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I.i:d, rd, redl
'
.^ ,imLJ ,dun'ipo4 nLn,ri ,are.,dri s."isd. '" '"'l'ilJitr;;)i1lr9.'i"fi.i;l l-'"'.:3,.1,"' l" ps t , r . s ii . o ) d' r d . p! lo p r o n u n {r t l i n s ! n r ' a i L r " a
orlin im o orra oli )r rrr ' n ' d rreldl: a. dFuse0 riealiin d, 1, , n' ' d- or it lt pd dz ut r lor . n' r r n a r o r r o g r J l ! d n '
rVe zi O bs er v alii $ l8 4 c s'ti mnul Rs Dec ir rar c s i fn rmArp s d a l ,i . r" j s1 | . p ;i ;i ; ; i; ; i .i r' rr, ri o ro ,ml f" s " rr rr' ddr di reri i a" J " ' -i i ti ' r ' n{
a?l
I finitit'
rcn d ri( I
Trecut
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Pdrlicipiu
l.end, rcnt, renll
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I d (se) {'pc
ru'rg
rirc rivcd rirfna
t.'il, nd, rdl rrard- r,rul. ndrl i rl o . i e r. ,rl l .' farzi rcuzi frznl lra^', rdrld, "!\'nl i s i :, s c :, s i rl tsi:k, sc:t, sr:tl tsel, soutd,seuldl
pa (nanz.) de I r sci I .D c!,r sau de cera
I fcsirins
i lsel desriou a Ulia cu lonslrlul
sold
shall shear' sneN! shca.ed
Uc'k, Iuk, Je'kJnl II@1,judl
a scuturai a tredura i,rebDi (fi auiliar)
I {t.hn.)
shesed
tJ,adl
ljr d, I Pd, J Fdl f J an, t iud, I J UnI
a rirsa (lacrini e!c.) a potcovi, a h,o[]la . ararta:a sc vcdca r rute l n l ,i i i . u stqi d I o i ntra /a sestri nge/ {( {la apI)i a e,iia, a s coar n {sel spo!dt; a reria
shos' shrinkr
showed shrank shrorcl sltrn'cnr
fJorn,tcn, Jcnl IJU:,JJd, JJd] tfu:t, Jct, J.1l ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl tJrilk, JEtk, F^!kl tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl tJ^t. lrt, J^tl lsril, se!l<. s^!kl isli:p, slept, sleptl tslard, slrd, 'sltdnl [slo, sl^!, sl^!] lsl!1, slnrk, slûkl lsl!kl
sine
sans
slew sleDt
surs.
slain slept
slide slina slink slit
..:
slung { slaDk I (ra., a.h.) slii
l s l ,d d c n slung slutrk slit
r slni
a azvirli. a aNnca
J a (se) cdpa [s]rt, slIt, slttl lsnel, sDeti, snteltl tsnart, smonr, 'smltnl tspi:k, s!3uk, speukanl a {se) grnbi tspi:d, sped, slcdl r orLogralia,a silabisi fslel, spclt, speltl
spell spill spilti slilis
tspend,slent, spcDtl [s]rl, s!rlt, sprlil
1 a petrece (tim!nl)
! Paralel cu forma nere$lai{ cxistA !i o forme rgulatl, dat dilcritl ca Jnlclessau lnhbuinta.e. {Vczi obseryalii S 184e) svezi Obse.val.ii S i849 t Tjrnlul resrreciiv a. ;i lorma reguh1e
37S
Infi itia
sp'n
TrccuI Partiipiu
j span trar!
Pronunlare
lslrn, sp^n, s!?.nl tsrr{enl
Traducere
spi!:
spoil
spl!
spoili, sprung staid:Iarh.) l s ri :1 ,s ti u l ,' s tJ u i J n l [s|l]]. sta!, si^t] lstr!k, stDlk, st^lkl Isi^!kl l s tru :, s tru :d . s tN :n l lsifu , rtrand, 'strrdnl G l rrn ., s l l ,l ,, s tr/l ,l lstnr. si.r'r. stra,.ll lstrarr, str.u!, htr,rnl lswi:p. sweli, srvptl [s\rl, sNe]d.'srvollenl Lswrmi6Feni, swnml l l i l j , trri , t.rtl lsplrt. ltr l. si,]rtl tspred, 6]rred,slrcdl t (ensl.an.) lsprr!, s!r]r, spr^'rl
a sclipa a (se)si.icai a .{sliia
siiv
staxt:{arhl
x s!i, a Inmhe; a opri a ,6c)lipii a (se)lnligo
-: -
| st t r nk lr r l
a rnspindi, a presnra r mogc cn pat mar! I a s!)l ori . a 6el tbi ctc. { a racc gPva; a oscoI pcn (!eirol, aur ctc.J
a nNata (pe ali.ulJ a (sct rnpei a. snsra I
tell tl,ougll
told
ftrl. truld. l.ul,ll t0 r!k , J :t,0 J :tl l r)rd ' \' . 0 ra u \.' 0 rrv nl ' I0 ,J U ,0 ru :, u r.u n rr"si.l l0r'si,oDst, q { ri rw e rn , I i ;;;k r D ]
a o ca {ln pioioare) a (se) Frta; a tllnge a dura
\reI will
twi:v, Nouv, 'w.n!onl l w e d ,' l re d rd ,' !" d rd l tw,:!, wcpt weprl t$et, rvet. fttl lwt, srdl l\tlrnd, waund, s'aundl lrv.:k, rc:t, m:tl Irr0, r^!, rall irart. ront, rrtnl
a ierpuii a inllsura a luoai a lorja a i.lnge; a stoarce a scrie
':vp zi Obr , iS ' 8i9 oa -d l " l ,N. r , f . m - n. r ; ...ri .\i . i , ro rm .i r" g .tJ J.ddo,t,ri ..' atn' " )ps" .u _ l n t f ebu i n ta rp ( . V e?i O bnr r ati i q l 8 t9 l 3Ti n p u l r . s n. " t iv ip. . i -,rn ,,r f" s .ta L i . aj v lnr . _ F j. lr " : r" r l \\,r' ,_ . " . i2r03. 5V.zi 'r$
OBSERVATE
ASLIPEA
VERBELOIT
NIREGULAI,E
E73
V]IRBELE \ETtE{iU[,ATE COMPUSO

Cite\a v"rh^ .preruldt- qint i .1" r prin a,t- rq.r.,Jun-r r.retir ta unul , " orrrrF vrrb.to drnipta,.r pfln.p irr ii. ., ,l , m-i s,r . Tr".rrr rt stqrptu .i L,acti, i plul lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor simplc tdto:ite in Bxemple de asemenea verbe sidtl:
3lo ar'",o,'_us" :. r h 1 .,t .ttj l
5 1848
Ia(k-:
fre-: DrGd-: loF : irter-: mis-: 9l!:,
h, br,rDn,'tjr|k.//rer
,.d
rd.o
ra becorn?,bcfaq. bt pi,l.. hei,ld!. beser.terlcaN. be.st,et,,berttitte, betdLe; to broad.ds,ar ta n tbco - to "b, d. , jc . , r j , , . u , . , . rr rntall to inter0.drer to nis8ir?. misne.,
misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd.
m;rdnc.
nis
- f u. dor. trp-: siv-: sif t -:
to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro',, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu, out,,ea.,. to o\,p rb.o r. a \ "b. . 1 of L, j/ . o\ r . dr r . , , \ " , . a , a " , B ^ \a ^trtdna. o\ dr , pd. o\ , r g{ , , . n! "r / . 1, 9 . o . r / a o - .t ta!, oaerrt4e, ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke, otetlkra@. olernorh: to rcbuild, rt:pd!, *lak?, rebeon {let,n.), r.,,tzll to tDb"tut uD L, t d. r , - Lt , t a. u. . , a, un, . . , , .nx.ii. untd.c. untdde. un. te ott. .a4 totp . LNa / , 11 E, un! ; nd: t , L, u ,d rr,d . J - r / . . , , . . t d. . u1a t - t t , nd""xo, ).nd,."t,r. u.derl?r',u od r4 . un dp . nt , T". . nd. - . t / . k. t: .rd" akp. 'J. hat t . . t . - . ', tpb p. . r t . ". r lo si"u ..,, r : ' L: . . . . 1, t a. ' .
O]]SNRTAII'I,1SLrPX-I TIRBXIOR ]YXT,XGULATf, Ahide. - Formele nercgulate sint arhaice5si rar intrebuinrate in lite.arur,J V.rbul inqJ)i e. " intrabriinlsr numai in ii,nod tiL"rard "onLFmpordnJ. llTbd \orbrli ltint,h,ontind" to st.p. Lo r"t,jain, to stdu, tl n rnloculL.rn_
t^ t , o p. to Lvott lot sdu .u / o s ' r a / . t a p, t ' Lt p t ilh, to t^t.ta|p.
S 1849
_ lTr!".wake. awskstr.$akonb.-tldt" l p). wokr. noki, ookpd esLe intrcbuinlr'in limbd vorbitd: oxI+.. owtlhpn. oah"., tn limbd..ri.a.
ljmba vorlirr.mrrd rL n.'r ol. . , p: t ' I g. it r ng t . t F. I s r ls lo b" [ 'lr - oLPd ^r t uor ld l-h n \ ""m pd Lo ox al? r id . i , '" n . I ,s r "pr o"d haf s . ns F ot d u L v . { "{ ,ijt / ", "d r, ,ratuD thc dead. I It was a nojsc
A|ake ql awaken sint prelerate ctnd sensul este figurat: tn a*ake to t]trerealitiesot tite ,o oean?susDi.ion !. dpai? to one,sdanger Whar an adftenr,sl
rverbele simple ca.e iolrll tn compunerca verbeto. din accasHlist{ stnr initicare zYzi Obsovalii g 18,!9. 3 Ycrlul este drnaiii. existi $i o toimti rcgulaid, ilar di{eriti ca trleles sau . _aPamlcliu loma nergLjlirt5 l n t rrlni n t0 fe .lv ez i O ns uv ari i g i 8 4 9 t
"",
At2 t: r , ! t . A . ) i t o rm, n .r" a t1 rr,: + 6 ,r' ,. .v r/i ti .rJ \ rb.ror r" r | \ lic n c!tare l a dc t "", t )t. A* d u s h i l g 1 rt1 re . tr - al, . n
i 'u ,," i .'o ,r:,'rbin"' , i, l, l, lli l i , i l i : j ' ; l . t d ,. .F r:md '
nun^r p."nqu,i
8?4
.1(1,./1., are in gcrefc trelulul rgdat cind este tranzitiv ;i neregulat cind
lie (ioie.n i.n }ecau s - "r o of u hr d dnz f t e, i hid.
.|eali.n i ttulicn t;nd si fic intrcjruinlatc numai l,rarzilil : lle \\as (orrulzned Il' ll,c Dolse. llcar are treouful 6orr ,ri doui forme de pa|ticipiu tec\ft: barn \i tur e. Eorn (: niscut) este irircbuirl,at cu srrH ldsn, (firn IJy): lo bc Dr., (: a sc nari.)
He \1'xs ,D., i^ l9t6 IhL i. l,l'r " .th-. / . of J i c o, r " gF , nl,
tor"ne (:
nnscul) esie intreblinlnt
cu sensarlir (sau pasiv urmat dc ,/):
Slc had Dodrehim iwo ch'ldrcn. Uc had tNo daughlers ,orne him Dtl his s'ile. Bo rn e r nai ar e f i t nt e l e s u l d e ..s u l o rta t. p u rta t, transportat" : This cannoi be ,o/ue. He Fis ,o.r. on their shoulde$. considerablX. -4i.bo.,d traiLic has develope<I ln limba vorbifi, ,cdr (: a purta) este inlocuit cu lo carrV cind iDsenmne e duce in minn / niini / spinare un obiect, care are oarecare greutate. de la
umbreln, n5nugi, p nrie etc.. pini la clemai ma greutsli(lnzi lncdrcateetc.). CI. io bear : a ava 1a suprafale1 a purta etc.: The door ,ore a notice / his name. The lctter ,ore her signaLure.She Dears my name. cu to Near : a prrdo tnbr{cnminte / incnlrnrdnte / mnnusi / 9i ,,_Cf.
Boholdon. Part;cipiu l,recubarhaic al verbului ,o behold,tntrebuinlat arum numai ca adjctiv predicativ tn limba literari, cu lnlelesul de ,,lndEtorat, obligat. recunoscdtor(fa!e de ...)": I wasbelelden to hin ro. lis kindness. Bond. - Vcchiul participiu trcui Deadd nu esteintrebuinlat decit adjectival si numai in expresia on bended, knee: (: cu genunchii plecali): k ees Theslave{as killed because he had not ,ezr lis headalld asked on bendcd (Sclawla fostucispentN ce nu iqi plccase ln genuncliierla.e.) capulSinu cemsc Forma participiald contrasi mai noud ests lnsi preferatd 5i adjectival: nq(are --- -. | (r'Culat) . t.pi lprin modrtP cl. ) numd ron.rFt alipii. a priva. a de|osedal \rniegulot1(: bn.aoett l]'im ol his wile. I An accident solia.) I rUn ac.id.nli-a r.rtit.
l' t h" b*. o ' " d r o ri p r $ a s In m o u n ,., ' E . t (Mrmr, c{reia moalte.t 1i r{pisc fiul, e.a ln dolin.) ol reason,ol .n's senses, ol one'spossessions I To bc ,/c/, ol spe0h. (\r. . n p rJ l . a + i p i ,d , r " :i na. Jri p;erderver.a.l n o ro cur ai . l ' n i n ri l ,:a | 1h" lJ os /,r/l h i m o l " o n s .,o u s n .6 " . (Lovitu.a il llcx slli I tiardl cunoriinia.) IrariiciDiul ,crrarrd cEte lnirebuintat curent in sensul de ..tndoliat". Partici:piul ,lr.t (!i uneoi bereaveti) este lntotdeauna urmai de prepo"i-
Beseech. - Verb desuet sau litrar, tnlocuit tn Iimba englezd actuald prin: to as,lrearnestlyjta implorq lo enteat.
triao/.
OBSERVATN ASUPR.\
8?6
slnt inlrrbuinl,ate adeBe r, - F " r m " l" pc i r c i p " l ^ r" g u l i ' a ,p //p d . Dette.l, eori tn engleze britanicd. J P U 0 P .J ordona,a in"itt, A corrvooa) I Lid. , t ut " b i J J a / \ . h; r l. L' i, J . Li' dli i' " ^ l .ri (prel la licirlt/ie) \ \ ' . / , . r' r .;, ,1 rr.L . (Le-an slns n.aptc buni ) i was Dtd.Ltr lo dinnrr' lAd losi chemai (sru ilvitat) ]a rrasil the rtddru Euests (uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti ) ri _ Ha l' , / f I0 ^ n ' r' ' p ' jir i
lI npr: I i' r b .1 l' n l' p r'" l l ol
tntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irL scris. liind lnlir Yerbul esLe cuit in li $a vorlriii plin ta say, to tell, to order' To forbkt (: a ilit$zice). comprisclr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai nrsd si tr limba vorbiti. ' Bite. - Participiul Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi nunni irr:
Once &rlten), t$icc shl. lProrcrll
Bourlden.- Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.lesto intrebuinlat astdzi numar adjectival tr erpresia:
du t\ I 'a lt t"d i. ", l tain P" : m ' pi' d , ' d ' o1- , , ll' ' bl o"lJ lu ool J i- r I ' c l' r d ' r
llroaalcast.- Accst, vrb dre urmiioarele formc: broad,cast. fiil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul general de broad.ca:t. broa.)cast. eic., clt o diiuza, a rEspindi Di cu sensulde ,,a radiodiiuza"' "a iraff,,a ;Lire" llite prin radio":
The nels \ts ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.
: (radio) a radiodifuza, a transmits broad&sted.brodtlcosted' btoatLcast, /uiilizat la lnceDuturile radiofoniei) ' Boucblen.- P"rli ipiu ,rc"uL ffLaic al verbului 1o ,lry. intrebuinla! partt' In onsl"za'mericand Spre .leos"bir"de baught' adiectivil ei dialecLal p16valie de duzrna' la dF..cumpdrat nuanla arr bouEht?n trecui curent. cipiul nu lucrat de mltr6 ingdjit". C yod. - Pafticipiu trecui arhaic al verbului to cd.te (regnlat) ests lntrebuinlai numai adjectival ln stilul poetic: Participiut resulai cdrretl esle participiul verbal intrbuintat in mod -in liroba scrisd, ctt qi in cea Yorbitl cureni atit Chido. - Acest verb este lirirebuintat numai tn limba scrisd li este lnloprin verbul lo scold. .cuii - ln lirnba vorbitd Forma regulafi ;hid,ed (ir,dicati'r trecut Si participiu trecut) esie mai {rscvni lntreEuin,iate decli cea neregulaH. eifrsaa,- Cloeen, padicipiul trecut arharc, este tntrebuinlet numai ediectiYal: " cropeu timber' loot (sauhoof) a cloeen Se folosette lnsd adjectival si forma cleft: a .lett Palaie a clet stoL (cu excoplia parLicipiilor trecuto ast[zi Acesi verb este rar i l,rebuin-tat, ..left-{ doeen) 9i este tnlocuit prin lo slllt (: a despica)
3?6
{'lotlc. - Form"1. nFrFgulai-, lp indiceti\ului trp,ut si parli.il iutui \aD sinr.li'Fran sJu rrhxi.p. .u .\,enlir p0' hipiului ire, ur jnrrc.(lod.t Drrrnrdr ,rflleclrvar: jron-.ldd {adj.)1 l\gttL1! clad vire.lrd walts Narmiy.ldd .ltd in glory nn iron./a,,(subst.ll n r"dht) I d,o.r .. fosr [(.;n't. i e\-1,r" nn:ul da .os , l rrrinz. 'pcrrldr) ' Il .o{ m. i \l iltinAs Fmson'hptL. ll ,o.l.l bplor"li' ,\. in; d II'r l'ro$ a gir.:uri: Ja"pr" .o oir a , inLJ. \;'bvl ,.r, a.r!zi aprudrF lr,loldaiu ., r.!'rlJl. Trp,urul +./.5'p,lFrup ii intrpbuintdrtn lit;rd,,ria Dumai refe tor la chiatul coco_sr ui. Darc J(h20lot ti nprytLot) , indrizni) S 2l2i ) (t,3ulat) {- s dp"L;d,.c stida. a lrrrruntr) La trecut, verbul a.e trei lormc. asczateaici in ordinea frecventei intrebuirr,orii lor: dar,d.r"a m.,i hpcvLnta:/ar"l lirarora;Jrrsr. arhri"; ai lir"rard. Dirc. - \'erb rFgulal,l^ limba cnqlpza.are iqdi.arivul t"ccut drr si p-rli.ipiul lrp"ul d/r;d In torirnta an,ri.sna a limbii.ogl"ze. Drixl. ..t" un pirtiripiu 1ra.uL DtL,nl,pn iI|rrpbuiDtaL numaic.L aJiF"riv arlib.rliv. dr ,/. fiind parti"ipiu !.rial ti adj..ti' pr.di.1;vl H" \as in.r d"r,tp, srarp. hd\rnq dr?,, too nu,.h on Jo ,mpty sloma.h. Sh $ae dfuar.with I'appines D$ell. - In sensul de ,,a lacni". to d,q'clleste inlocuit tn limba vorbitE ptin to lir". Formd requlaladrFrp!, esterrr '. Ilec. Fly. - \rrbul to fled este tntrebuintat in limba scrisd.fiind inlocuit in limli f orbild yrin ro run nn 1 s"i ta lt 4 l d,ro4 ). ln ra t, ro lt u \-= -rest ^ Flp lnJrabuinlat i num"i lJ infiniriv s"u la indiLrrirul prcr"nt. tinturile 'gi) liild rrp.ure v"rbului ale ro lpd. lpd /r.. I pl;nJ... Prriripiu n"rcgulaLal verbului rFgulat io f.,;r,, l Tuqbl ^ rnrreDurnlar, numar a0lec!rvar: Theirremarks surprised ne. /ruzgir\ritl rnalic Gird. - Formeie nercgulate sint intrebuinlate md rar decit,celercgulate. Collon. Par'i.ipiu tr"r'r' bl r"rbului ,, a. irrrebLir,lsl I'Jm1i cJja rrflln li.rbs pn-l"zd ii i - r , , p"''i"it i,r rrn"ur rr.brl In e :i.ra ^,1 urc.' f or ' L I e - J ui |. n , , . r dP.r ol hp .l , . , . . . dJ . . \ r n, . r
sc gdseite si in cornpurere ca participiu trecut al \erbnki ta foryet (lorEaIIen). (iraycn. Pdrlieipiu nergulat desuel al verbului regulai lo gar, (: a grava, a ciopli). Inirebuint,ai nirrnai in limba literard sau tn poezii: ll. ras srd'dn on his menorl. 0.dr.r irnrges. ,. t (tarlot) r i cn,,,/Jra, u"ng 1r",. "tnt -u i irni. r dL.,l": a st,inzur-),s,iliJ',rilirr) ' d ., T . " a - t,.( t]h .ir t t^ n e p d .
ll ,|',.i I.i .J dr'd ,, ,l o n ,' ! j.
I ian dalt lt\.):.| (-
lliidal):
au i.oz.ldd (snbsl..) (:
!n cuirasal.)
oBsERv^Tr
a7?
Hca rc . 1 t . . , t iic t. | /t p u to t I r!.r q g , r..rr tr a rr.r u m lla; x ar |l, r 7 l r..u ;4 ,t ri l I,o ,rj ,t s.n.J. Uer bcsom tcorcd Fith sigts. th. shjl /-re Ire anct,ur.
rti .)
it ; i , , u oD ^ ru t. a .i ^ p ti ., J ,ttb .," (pi ,t11. I.m." ,,urbuni : .IIp w undr, .p . 1. r oplr , r ,.. s p r" ,l -o s c b i rF d F /o s d r {= at.i L" uf.rasrrtu.r. " r l. il a 5 D b u. ; ! i. r dobor i . P a rti .i p i ,rl ,ffr I ra , tt..L tr,\.d psl . InJi rJr i ntra_ b urn l a t d e c t b f or m a nere A u l .U i .,rr: n" hdd .,tp r, . J u l ," a a l t I i . \\a y rhrousl I.p torp-. r ) r 1 I rra r .n l r n p r d rr" ) /Jcttn. esle si lorma padicipjutui tntrebuinlat adjectivd: The toudaiion was made of /.,a ston.. It was a rough trQz statuu o, a nan. . l, r r r i" ipiul. Hj d c.. l j i d .s ta i ,rt,a L ,ri n td t si a..azi , " u o u.narri ' pJ ,u L n us n l r.d p .uplo. J n t in, ba i t,.,,,rJ . H i 4 d .n N i ;i i ui rr" ,.rt ob;s,,ui i . ei ue ' l n t r e l ,,i n l "t a, lt ! . r L. l. , ' -i s l j F .rrl J j \Yticre havc Xou hidden the key?
I{neel. - Formr:leresLrlate sintt trebu;riatemairardc.tt ceteneregulate. Knit.-Tr-,r ul .l trp"ut n:.utar Ln: *!l It.|.int formete t",ti,ipi . 1."L,lF.lntr"Lr.in'|s e 'i rr . od "Li:nuir. p.rii,ipiut tF.-l ir., nu *ri cste lnrrFb, n'r' d,.lt .irj'"'i\rr .,u ti:,rr. :
wiih nnl,(iedl bfoNs closelr.7 it scntcnces
Parlicipiul trccuLAniupde.tF p,rl-rii tr .azut obiectelor tricotate, mai tl-. ci||d nu Fsl. in.oli- d- U', .l' tprmi,.Jnr. Lade. - Acest verb estc intrebuintrat astezi aproaDeexclusiv ca termen llu r la jr" rrcir, J \a.al^r si F trto.-it i|| timbd , ur"n,, , u ,-rbut ,o l;r, {rFg,rld l p-n ru .plpldll. d n..Uri.In .rlH'. d" u.-te .ornt,us, ,'r de "u\in rprcsii consacraie, ca: a veu tadentree trcalylad?D truses (d a r t ddcdLuses) a haJJatc4 tony (d a r a lorry loodrd ritl tray) PJcli.ioi .l tr",,rt /r'd n (= in.ir.br i.,,po,drrr) Era o Lr,naranuanta y^..":li. $l i dal prf-rdL totn-i tntt.d.r.d;"r" lu, rn ."ng li;u-.r sau e )ntrFnLular rn xrnhn lrteriri I
L9 .".... L" or n | , o P vcn rI a d ] . i. t r \ : a leoEd mat | ' n tJ . j r\" t..t. F ru J i rl
ste participiul trccut
a teonEd ?..\trl!L! tl'." i.aa,d Coursel p ro n unli" Cl . j r, " .1 c , ij. ' i\ rl u i l . torl ptor \.rbJl e , ' .t d L \.:.t4 l ,u " / .arr?r I l r:n di ' lJ : nt i f i g l '1 . o/ r pr in ' l A. x ,r.l u ,i n 1 t1 i ' rd i 1t \,rt rj a,ur. bt!sarpa " r n 'n Io rma F s ulilJ r i . e 0 n " ' ,..u 1 r., ,. p pr" fpri nte nerj ondl e. " J i .td td P ar', rp i u l l c p,Lr r P gulat , " 1 / d .rr- In r L L i n ,d ' r1 i , !Frb,t., j r .i r.tj " , ri u,tr a Liglued tamp ihe t.g.hcd end of a matoh The tirc is t,'glrcd{sa! ttl.
t?8 Pa ni\,iul neregulai lir tsle inl,rcbuiu,tat mrrnai vcrbal gi, ca al.arc. tn lormele adjectivaicconpuse,!d:
.u i \" . r' n n J u ri A v d .u ol Jn' f. apri ' si /uo .l r r nir a' dlp1 l,) "l" a i ru i ! t b ci n rFgul ari ' p ri n " i l o h l e f elina i a p rrn" r F r ' . f or n. l. S " / r ( n , l ,n r 1 ,, | ^ .l o o r.
\n L r d r ' ,", Ir ,Pd us o In P.d ".
l fclf. Pdrri.ipi,l ttqut mott n , "1" rrr arhrisrn in'r' buir !.r ' '''7i npirca.irura Durnai adiF'i\.,l,rororitoIlnn"tale."., l' rllaobi"rppcnrru ste ncvoi de temperaturi inalte:
m/idu glas mauea ton
dp-r- J-,li i' poezi".ln lirerat'rra Lo torm-re. ,;'npLrilnrrun.fucp ',,, ir,'r'b,rrnL.rir cpr..Irgrrra lonrr. dpsP.. recoluluirl \l\l"a "r., urc ,,,1,.n !r.,nnr ol sorg (A C Siiidrurne) no7lr4a.suncnts ($'.S. Lardofl
m/l.n pa$ion (!. tlar|h)
Participiul trecut regulaL,?slldd estPtolosii la formarea timpuril,} compuse ti adjecl,ival ln c{zul subsLantelorcarc sD topesc ugor: The sall had ndt d \'a rhc t r' tuerlt sao* nelkd bnl.t(r
teltal ice rn.ll.d wax
t'.,rti,iniu rrF-'rr Jlr-i, .i Ji'',"l"l al \"rLulJi r.!ular ta lro\co. p,.o'F( i do!Fdi).jnir"b..i1lir Hd-a ;\dl ;', nc"irl rrr limLajrl juridi, tlronunlat I pn'rnl: Not r.oi,,. ( .lipssf l,rt,rle ) ljr.l
'lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh rm!n lact.
Qrrit (: quittcd).
a pleca, a pirdsi; a 1ncet.,)se co jugi ti regulat,(to qttit. qttited, I'F U' ldJ ritalr I ri tt"n tp1.tt.\'it:u rerL.J' I ";d 'par'i"ip;u "p' .t nrs }een ,.dridl.D n.rv tur a lcar' -qhc H. N.s rtl ol l,is old laliLs
Formelo principale regulate frtddcd,) sint raro. nu o lnl,rebuintat (lrcii ln linlba sc sn ,sie inlocuit lrr liisc (- d se scLrla) fimbd \olhir' p"in /^ t,/ rp. n enh4 'tt. C.r r' "lûl 'lp . r1-dri'(rd .prc s oare,l',na.r..i "dl. r"irebuinrJr-i ln lr;b 'orbi''
rodrt3 (adjeotiv atributiv) cslc lntrebuinlat nunai ftferito.
Roast
. nds , , , $ ,rL i i p i u r,:u l o rl r" rl u l ui to l, , ir ' ! r l l r l ^ r' ,,a rp i ri n ' n u ri l o r,u m n ' i .-. tor la alie alinente decit carnea: /oa.r Lcff/Dork .odsr F.at 1: i- rriptura de iaci/pom) {: oirnc lriltl) rcdsr.d ipplts rcdsredohesl rl-s i: {-' n'.rc .oaltel {: casr.4e triiite) Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.
t^n ' ) t-tp tt ttP ' ci p -' 1,.' ' .1.' rral r i ri ptd) caiea ]Eijiti'rl
l sra.ln : hrmirat de sl..lc. 2t t , " . ot.t I mrn 4 " r "f f , oJ r . , r . ., \ tb oJl,rl .l patl:Eht "ut 5 , . a". nt tt\a .lt \ rsrn i \Jt,5 31 \u t - o. , , ,l rip,u"d dF |ld , r ipt , r r ' liobi, id- r r g \ / , , b i i r h i l r l . i r . . 'i i n ,|| sr, ir , . nla; d. i: ; , o " t o r ut pil",",. eapul mesci) sar1.ie ln nasn icliilc d. lripi,rii din bucata lntrengl de citne aduvi din
oss.nr. At tr
^sLPra
479
Ilotten (: putred) iir1. adjocti\':

rrr'r wood roudL f\tit. r ror,t solint{ ( rrtrcte put.edc) (: o s!,jiefati rutredd) i: lemn putrezit) nou.d, (- pn.|rezit). Participiul trecut al verbul,ri regLrlat 1l] rd (: a putrezi), are inlr?buinlaro rrerbaln: The wood has /Dted as,ay. (Lmnu1a luirezt.) 1n stilul {nmiliar, rollc, esljeintrebuinlai io mod obiEuuit pentru a calilica tiiDlele Di lucNril de loarte proasii calitate (: lanentabil. mizerabil, eroazr ; c , a fu ri si t c i, c . ) : { .Drrcn!l.I
forP4 lveah.
,,r.2 bo.oushl nt z Ro\: intrebuinlat pentru fl areta o insulire: Salt, -,\djcctiv

sa/l meat sdl, lnilc. to \reep salr l,.ar$
to leel ror.z
ParLicipirl sahd este i,rlrebuiniat atit adjectival (nunai pssir3), cit ti 1'erbal:
cu tnleles
s4lkd ne,t (idj.l sdl,..dl,utter (rdj.) salr.l he.rjns ladj ) solld pork (adj.) Slie hadn t sard ihe neli. (Vc.lal)
la4 sint singurele verbe cara au trecuLut Ei partioipiul S{y. - Say, pa3l _si trprlrt tcrnrinate ln ard. Cel{llaltc lethe, ca plaiJ, t/ay, au lorme regulate tn n 1, d (p l o q t . . t o4ot J t pn tr i ' ,,l i 0 i i .' rl rr" u l ;i p arr; i ti ul l r" " ,rl . So ri n .'- P " r r r " r pli r" . r n " r-:ru l r, rl ' " rt,.l ' ri to sc\i . i ' ,rrpbui ,,l rl , aLl ! ca participiu 1'erbal. (,iN ;i ca adjectil.. lia d s a rn a In ti o n o n n J ' c o a t. - s hc
ShrDen. Pflrtieipiu trecut srhaic al vrbului rsulat li) srarc (: forrrra).intrebuinfat isldzi nurnai ca adjeetiv:
I loolted rt his ?nis!/,aP, hands aid ryondercd.
ShayeD. Parlicipiu trecrt al verbului regulat ,i' sldt. [ = a (se) rade], lntrebuir!ai adiectival:
smootli s/d'n cl,ccks r 0lose -Vrar.a l{F^
.tra{,rd arc tntrebuiniale vcrbalii. adi.ri sqvcs[o 1a compuncrer timpurilo!

tlp hrd lldr.d oll iLis moustacrrc.
Shoar. Shed(:
Trcculul rioJ". este arhaic. (.\ezi ;iL shom) .,lrcrimi': a vnrsa) oste lntrebuinlat pentnt ,.singe",
To lled Uood 1. sl..l ir ' ierrs n rr ,,1' r"1 .r. t ') . a l ', i . , , m " v t t .,, n,.,in, a
. ! 1 . .i. , r l ' i" i t ,, ,.:i 1 r^rr 1, "ol i' r d! ,n.. "t. : t t . , i . , I "t..o, , l, t, . i,'I'".u i,lr, ll -t., {a t , rin I.aDce ril: totle .tu N i llr l .s lr d, t |t \ ' . . I l i.0 ,rr' "iF D.alo j ' rm. l i4al ?n. r ' ni cdr. "' l i r l rd " ,,"-,sit t prr1.i..d it.d,".,.r, , . , ". . . , . , . , "i. . np,
l Rttt l " . i '- 'r d lB I o u |. . p - / , n r , j ,r t,,rt1rn,,nL, ' l. or ' l r ; / . r '. ' '1 r " i " r l a r i "; - . |. h or^ r"n (,"Ds I p n 'a r J \ '" 1 r ', " , r , , d r r n u j i rr. I,.r....r....,n.!d.
880 Este inlocuit cu /., spill penlru alte lichide: To sptlr tlc nilk Not a d.ol rvn6srilr.
Nuch jnk has b!!n spil, about the nall.er.
8au cu lo rorzil lo sI{r peniru ,a virsa" (: a voma): io rontt blood lo ,.nil smokc The volcanos?.rs iis lara. Shcdded (: ad{postit), pariicipirl adjectival regulat. Sh0n, shewsd,shomr. - Ortografie arhaici pentru s,tooj shotruJ,shoq,n. I lintr. n4.lulotl ( a srt;ru i 5nfn0 ngutatl ( e lu.lnrirln .p, ci al ln engleza ameriean! \ 1Eanz. The sun sloro brishfi'. He sltnd his snoes e":eryday. Shon. - Participiu trecut, neregulat al verbuiui to s,{eal,tntrebuintat altt $rbJ.,1l si adjenlirel. lorma ree!larr .h or J |iinlt folosirdrareori $i aruncr numar (a par crFu rcrDor: ,He has !tua,fd {sau ino.a) the sheel.
a 5,t Ir lanb s/Dftr yool a sno., crownr
sn,rz oi strcnglh,ol lower, ol moneX, et'r. In tetrnici se tntreluin-teazi numai lorma regulute sl,ca,.d (: fiiat, fop lecai): The bar \.rs s.,4a.ed into .qral lenstls. hassl4d/adth; rircis." "The pressure
Cu snsligurat,nu se tntrebui.lrazn deciLforma slrcn (: privat de..., deposedat de...) atll verbal, cit 9i adjecLival:
Participiile trecute sinLshaDA irrtrebuirlat ca participiu verbal Shrink. qi ca adjectiv predicati\., _sislrarArr. intrebuiniat. ca adjectiv atributir-: Tlic coat has sn'eri ni the wrshing. Thechild's sh&,nen{s au sn&L{/ cheelG hadlaled.
Ile looked at the sl.Lnnez cloll,.
Shrire. - Verb arhaic tnlocuit prin lo conf8s sa.u ta absalec. Formele regulate slnt nlai rar intrebuintatc. SiDk. ,Srn/r sle uD participiu utilizat, ca verb ;i ca adjctft, iar sanAen numar ca a.Llccuv:
T I J ]i a d s & n l i h e !o a t. t&trft in urought, in slee!, iD d.bt, in vice a senl,a ls au !Ln.(./ shi! srri.a eyes a suz,ldn (s au ezil rock s&n/rtr cheeks r sa,tcz (s au sLznl road a sxn/.u wreck Smell. Formclc nereguiate sint mutt, mai des int]ebuin.tate decit, cele
regutate. Smitc.
Ilste arhaic, cu exceplia participiului Lrec.ut s itten q,ith h?r
Sodde[. Participiu trecut dcsuel,al verbului Io seethe2, sod, sod(d,en), lntrcbuinlat, adjectival, participiul soddenedal yerbului rcgulat to loddn (- a imbiba cu api; a rbrutizn) fiind intrebuinlat ca verb:
the sliFDd oil her so.td?Dshocs. TIe rani hid .rdd.n.d the grouid. r a s/@f" .ern : caD tul)s chilus. 'Verlul rd seerd (: a riobc; a calcdi) cstc asHziregulal.
Bttt SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin!al rnai rar declt, o.1 neregurar,. I r- d se lrdbir | (iri. ne.t.rutot i\poio 7 (tun;. r,;utdt) (- a dr."lFrr) They spcd down the strect. (u!) i.heersine(theear,ihe trar|i., clc.). 1ie rydedal liormele regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate Spell.Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales.tn limba vorbitn. SDil.- Parli!iDiL,ltrF.ul sril (: !,.uio.') esl" arhaic. idr iril r recut simplu ;i parri ipiu) oor. .i In ;nglezr am"ri,ann. de 0 prad". o spolid-.csle numsi r.gular. ln ""1,1"1," Spoil. In sensul Bensuri(,,a stricar a avariar'etc.) poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat..tpr;li este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival: Stay. - Fornele regulate sint intrcbuintate ca forme verbalc. Parti.ipiLl trp.ur .,old F:le io rFb.inlar In c,,glp/0moJ,In" n',n ii , b.lj- ri\. , u " jnlplcsul de,,asczat.serios, gra1":
a s/d peNon
Ca formi verbal{, particjpiul stdid este pedmat. Stink. - Termen vulgar, inlocujt. la propriu, cu to s dl nastll (sar b.i..l). v ulcnla lui protestatarn !i concizia crplozi\.i i,au to hate a bad st11cll.'fotuqi nnrit nrir de circulalie reducindu'i totodati din vulgaital,c. csle lnl,rebuinlat,n1airaf dcril Stxe\y. Participiul trecut reg.ulats1,"4rr..1 fol'ra neregulati slrtl,n. (: a lori). a.(tizi Stricken. - Padicipiul trecut arhajc al vcrbului Io slr"iAd intrebuirlal, nu ai co adj*tiv si in uncle expresii consacrate;
sri.leD jn lears I i mto \ ir . ' u" r r ; (: n'grozil) ranic sr.i.i?n i - ..t " i rs d F ! n -u )
(=. cu muslr{ri de cusetl

uiunders,"z.ft 1: lovil de trlsnct) htrebuinlat la lo$rarea
,.ttr&./i este pafiicipiul
tinpurjlor
conluse.
String. - Participiul regulai rtr"irgd cstc lntrebuiniat, nunai ln cxpresia slrinled. i|slrumcnts (: insirumente cu coarde). Swoat. Termen vulgar, (: a asuda) intrebuin-tat mai nult ir lorma regxlald a yerbului. Dste iniocuit in limbaiul lngrijit prin 10pcrspire2. P drlicipiul trecut, rcgulat streatetl, ate qi tnlelsul de ,,erip1oatat":
sreardd children
Participiul trccut sedld, a inlocuit aproapocu totul forma rguSriell. lau s(rrlld, care mai este iDtrebliin,tatd numai l]] cnpresia a swelled. hedd,si The)-h.rd s,!.lL.dc\lcnscs. (Urrllaserl chelttrielile.) Se spune lnsd adjectival: a s,rorczcheek
tcaf srrrreu cr.s
stro?lrz budgct 'r . sroll., rivef
1k st' .il :x risr;lr, r iz s iiJ t S e ilr U]dl' mo d sn ".;l^ i ilur i, , ' r ' i o Ld, r n 4 l n ) p n s c o n r r p r s F l r a o u c . "r pnstpze . r o"s p; p t iia\ ) b"n", t t iA L r . , t - H p r , r . p : , p . I \ , e t r p"in to pp r.pir p."n' t " i, tn l i mbJ liu a iranlpirat nimrr.t l E l , t r ans!it ab un dp nl.':No al ing , r , r li; , / ' t \ u s - d alla_ ilm i
382
'"
trtrrt alp iodi'lrvului lr"' ul 'i partiripiului Thriro. - I orm^lFrFgulalp
r " . rli. " i i "' p ", ^ i i " .
i' ra l'| nLaL in' n es'| "ebui ^ iii"11::"''ll*1,i,-l$"ll'ii.,ll*lY'^',' a d j eri vd l: ro n n L r'"

The thread dot'n \'ire ndii beel qaretu i\lo cloth' oloselY so'etr labric
" ru 9 i
numai adjecii{al .i ln specral ParticipiuLLreouiroea esteintrebuinlat /'o"papcr ,o," {satr poe,apa!c,) 'eam '" "iff":::;"" r'J al v"rbului*q,ll9t t'i.::l: \yod. - p.rtilipiul rrecurnerpsurar Fstt'rorosrra adjecrivaltorma r/grlari LlpddPd *. ri',iirr"i"i"1il i.i;jodar5,
n ti t 1 'er bal, eit ir ad l e c i rri rl :
iilii'l'11iis ;;i,; ;:i;:[.'uiliiiltJiJ"lill':J'l]"il:.'"'"'i:iJ -l t"i.,lr,l,fff. ii,,r,, ,'"*, r, prin sinonimul. di0 ir,lo, in gen"rp r,,"'.",,,csrF '* '*' ,",,)i:',;Jl:'?il'i','i;l
| ( r :u tu t t a l u ' ro (s ' 4 " t' nP rdl )
tto o"* aaeddrd H"'*.iJ";;ilffi"il$""Tii'::T,il:,1T""',ii|!!
n r,",' \rorL I Pni ;"i:il]'"'i;i;; (irusucr' a: "i',"','t:E;l,l"l'lri:i;;I:';li,Xl; d Lucra

t P, tifipiul nercsulai adjectival: {r'rorglil esie in special inirebuin!'at
counirv inou' r: d ii"f",l'ili;'#";J;'fti$t.?i?.ii";"/"rs lr;.'iili,,ffii'i$

me in hr surpriscil "r,"ng,,'ero!s/i,
to be .rorsnr u! o \e $taryl ' 1 leath.f, oils. disteltle.
"'"r''fr1,"
SlErl)t
clTDr',\ 0RSIBYATI ro\DTrcD
AsuPR't ! I]nB[LoR \Enf, GI]I,'tlE
il:#'"" "' o,,,"LL1lh.,n'u1l"';!{;#',:i,'i'"iJ"#;

,\stfcl:
acela au siprav
"i1i''t i'ii,'ff :fnff :'i''"'l #"i"1'1$,f ill;,Xll,Xi,'

Se spunc irBn: tscl' scdl. l'' su?s scz' ror. sail pronunqat
r,".,1J"!-il;,,.:i), H;; l::;?# p, l; i, tru :' ' ]r' r:' . i ;l -i ,,,,,r' r" , :: i. t Hr lll. ; 1 .1 ;;,1 -l','i{!,ii:'::i*f*',"-1,: :'," ll . ",,1 ., '';u:d d !'M.' ru: i,1"".';"'"i,oi", '.,' \',"'{ \';fii,;)l,';i"
,u-': l'"'ii -'liu:I.1,1.:l::,i','i:i':;.:l':3"i;; ca qr rornte pronun'tarc accea;i au 'o.", Jounl
38t
DIFER{TE C,\TEGoRII DE VERBE

(VEliB CLASSITSo. CATXGORIESJ
I, I'ERBI]I,N AUXII,IAND (AUX[L,!.RY YnRBS)
s rs50
formelor 18;l 1) Definilie,- .,\uxiliarulestcun vrb careAiuti la consiruira Ca auxiliar, verbul igi pierde,total sau pa4ial, con-inutul 'A verbalecornpirse. noliona]. ' 2) ,q.uxilidele in gramaticaenglcz5. - -{uxiliarelefolositetn granatica S 1652 nqlezi slnt: - aJ suxilirrle tfitu ra ( primary Auriliaries): to BD, to HAVE, DO, S 1s;3 I,ET: nodale (MoJal Auriliariee ,J auxiliorefo ): CAN, l{AY, SHALL, WILL, S f85{ \ I I J ST. O L]G IITTO. \E E D. DA RE , US E D TO. tr'initcs f.4&ailiarr ano- $ l8;5 slnt nDmjte Anomalous 3) Auriliarele engleze
datori a mri l"q sau SoeeialFinils i/'4'utlidr, sp.;ol") dPDarprc, ",ale)l dp v;tbilo.i e.upra lor. el" qp dFp;-Pdri , !ol;rici idrnri." ei influ.rr"i "\,rrp Inartp prul' de tipul p'pvalen 6l "onjugurii rFlorlalleterb.. 4) Foroele tersonrlc (The Fintte Forns)2 !i formolc impersonals /fif S 1856 rprbolor au\iliarc sinL dupi .,j'r rrrmarz;: .\'onFinit Fotns)3 "1" a t 24 to"nc p"r.(,r)a/p(.impl")(finilcs):"r,,.ar,.oirs.o.r.;l'orp,lto.,hoJ, d4.,l^c\. dd: t;tt shotl.shoutA\trtll, roul.J' 'on, "aul't\ na't, L.;:t': nast; to; d.are; used, ou:hL lot nee(t., (simple) (Non-Finites): be, beins. btcn: hat'e.h(*' ,, 9 forme {mpersonale it!, hadl do, doitg' done. ;) Cele 24 d forne rerbale anomalc mcnlionate la S 1856 Du sint toate .q 16:,7 slru intotdeauna aux;liare: to BE poate fi;i copuld ($ 1880) sau verb lcxical fll existenlei(: a fi);to hale poate li verb lexical cu sensde.,pospsiure" r ,' rrrar srulinflu,r:c s"n,anri",l' .o-rplPnFnrrrldirF.r "1r'il insor... to!! io r'"Ja,todoh,tnt:.i r'rbpl"riccl ngul ar. ,S 2141.21.t6tl. r\ 1896r: ( r 15.r). v. rh l, \i.rl nFrpH,lal ".'c "i rr) ..Vcrbc detertivo'pstc ntrmele rpzervaLnumai autiliarc.lor care nu arr $ l85S ioate foimele: C,4-N.dOULD; MAY.IIIGH'I \ IIUSf i OUGHT to; SH.lI'L, SHOULDT WILL. fiOULD; NEEDT; DAREa, USED to. Unii gramaticienisconsiderdinsi ca liind auniliare anomale sau speciule numai grupul verbelor delective (S 1940). Obseroali.i.: :rJi"5 nu u irlini'i\ ll) Au{iliarFlemodal nrr au lormp ihpF''on"l" s8u I'rrr' t. ni' i serrrndiv pr'"z"nisru 1erte"'. p"rriripiu prp,/pnr î ni"i -odul ' (2) to BE, to II Ay E, DO. LET, N EED $i DA RE por ti si werbelexicale, in oare caz Dot,avaa ri fornele inptrsonale. 1ctca vetb neregr ato, cu modili care senraniicd,nccd :i dare ca Yerbe rcgnlate?i {3) auxiliarele tra?, }IUST, OUGHI to, USLD to au o singurd forn6, indiierent de limp sau de persoand;
I otu'nal: $e7calt.C, anornalil. nereEulst r\ ' ozi { It3 8 n. |r . hpt z l J if - r p1l1 d : r r p , " 1V .ri u os ineu' i lor r nl n 'r l r u S l-la -:13 10 rn ?, "s oadl acind nu slnt lrrbr lericalP r.qnlat" of CanEmp.tuty Lnstish. "R. Q\irk. A Cd,ttuar r" i!,":oMp. l o a l " l r i p F r b o 'n r l _
:t84
MoElor,ocrA - IEEBUL
,,,,' ;";;i iitt:rl,i1 xij? i: 1'tillj' :"'"j:,, ;i;, l;:: ;.;":: y:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli; r""r'"i'iii,""i'i l:i";
i,i6il?,f ;;;;rt-*.
r aacauc.i ifiL""i?:X"
S 1860
. . . ir at I n a y s te e p .,.tf, at f z"rs ljarc a natj ^y," ." a
(ttini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare demodJ t']mp ."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ule
i""lfl,{$,,"
r i,.i.iii,i*
#1f"T:1."f",,
i;,il,j,-itt_
8) ,\uriliarcle se oot aiuts si reciproo 1alormareatimpurilor compuse ale *r\elor prLncipaLe:

6,i1th@e beeaenin$ i{iror pe ccr.corrrnuu) -r_r-e l Ll r c ar e e s t" . i n to l d F -u n a u rn ,,i L d F un i nri ni r i i T srd pe ti nqa H A \ F. ,,,,f n .\\ \ L ( c dr e in 6 .p a s tn c i tu a ri tsc q re i n rn r,ro,,,,," ::; ;' ..!' :1?.-.,1- " " ,
"
.-
i.,';',,'i ffor l?L:i ;d'J':ttite : Ii";:'Lj :; :l:,i;"li*-# ;*, ;ir l:: ff ; r l" t" dPi rolosi !'Pi t" ion' sins:r" rormp,",1i,$llr " '1,":""'., :hf,;';.i ji#: ?i,: llli HT.,""ii$t,:"e" ?*,,xtfj :*ii"l,!::,'#
cI Li Jcrst.
,) lorl* n \ilisrc ri vcrbc prirx.il,tlc. Toata \erbelo :' \ "l . prin,;pat". lusirtnrlu-.i In b.pqr ,iz .o,rlrnutul "ur.ili"rp por tr notionat (hi;.at). AM ia
p rta
s ubjf t pipr j.
;,'r, * ;','-,,.,,,"): ,'.i11.:* l3"i::"

S 186:1
i!:4;!liffi"i:-" i. 1 . 1 . ' , : r"" '
ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",il ;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.
l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:" ,,/r .,v o u,r .
ui"'!to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff i:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH ""n"t".i;""" dra ' ,",i !ti*rl*:lHi:"; !i:iliJi";*"fi:l <; ttgy;l"pertF 0", l,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,î,ilr,'lliilii,sl?
10) Funclii. - Verbele auxilj
.,1c r, marui r*^ m.rii rn com*nu, Argria,ioarr alreciarde '""s1 "'"*'.iff;;1"" q r 910. '\' ii i Ver i
6 191s _ rVez i { 19r 9.
.ili;;l*;;";riii,","r,," **"t""",iia""" ;J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i """ri,ri,i t.a"hnt -! t r:n;t ll, i'1,, 4."-"ll-,.., "t. :l; i;itrf gi j;'fi Tit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;; * ;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".ru i iI
u ","'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,n cl.rrare a lepetirii acestuiari aiuti
385
d.,/ LET - auxitiar modal: un echivalent al subjonctivului (g 15841590)r imoerativul indirect. "/ MAY - aurili0r modJ: un ..hivdl.nL al subioncrivuluilQ l59lr. auriiidr modal; un e,bivalpnral sub"ionclnului // NIICHT i( I5q2l. g, SIIALL -auxiJiar morlal; \jirorul (fsld dc pr"zentl pers. t. .s. ri pl.: viiton,l voliriv (lal6 de prcz"nl/ rosra pprdodndt($ 20791. i, SHOULD auxiliar modal: viitorul tc'6 d" trp"ut, p"rs. I sc. si pl.: viil"rul !oli'i! fbln de rrp.uL,toJl' p"rsoanelnt conrlilion"lul rp"rs. I se. : .;diliorslrl \ oliriv (roa.. p;rsoanetpj. ti nl.,: un e"hi\ "lF,,ral subjon.Ljvuluj ;./ \ lLL - au\iliir modil; fiirorul (fld dp prFzc,r),p^r.. J2-r eia 3.a sg. 9i pl,; rii'orul roli,iv lfala Ll. I,rDzFnt), Iocrt prrsorn;l.i pr"z"n,ll torti\p: ur .chiv"lFn- 0r .ub.ion"tirului(g 2095J. 'npi lrenven'. j, WOULD modJ: \iirnrul fstd d, rre.u ,DF.q.a 2-d si a "ur.i liar lHla dp lr".ui J-e..q. 5i pl.y; ,iiLorul roli'iv lLoir" p"r,nunal;)i, ondition;lul (pFrs.12-d si a 3 c. sg. si pl.r: ronditionalulvolrriv (.oat- ppr"oanFle); lrF. lormai fr,.v.1tstiva: e"hi\il"nl un srrbjo, irului al Ib05 -l6lt). !S "ulul llJ .lu\iliirolo ln inl4ogalii, n.salii .i id ri.Du0.uritc iourte.- { 18 Vezi i IgJe, 2:118,29tJ, 29Jt, 29i" 2qi6 12) Caraotoristicilevcrbelor auxiliore. -. S 16 a) \.rbpl" d"te"'i\c modalc-.,44. l/ll, I// \f, sH.tLL, IVtLL .r;.OfGH T to - ou a0 la fprs^s,taa 3 a s. u nr.z.rrulL,i.,,/;Jrl .c..urd.rerislr. la.rzui'r'Lror.alorldl p r"rL". in,lusir ro BF., ,u H \\ E, D', "i LEf:
ihinks is ri l l
USt, ,o, fiind un trecub,nu are in mod nornal sufirul -s 1a fers. a 3 a sg. D/ Cu ex Fpliu auriliac"lorro H \\ F.. \[[U .i l \[t] r,,, in .nptpqirua!ii {$ t3i-tr. ni,i un ruriliar l^.n,-,/. In .r,;.,in, ,,pr-r,.., Inr."^qr5.ufl ,u "'r ,,utunrl .L\ili-rul,ri LJo ,",.^ r, lF Inlo;u tis n"sar;\i .i ra"punsrrl ips " lici p.ntfu evirar.d rapasrii tur. 3 I.teJ. ..b') Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu 'subiectul (S 1939); L' t .\"-utia prin adoucar". ,r,, . . t,rin torn,irnn',tit,:^d ',aL,JliF fuasen'l (: nor) le auxilid/ (g lCig). b"'I R6punsut s at prin rFuFririd e"rili.,-ul ,r d ir , :r .1u n'J.,riv.
( S 2956t.
c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati. Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,. poate insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920): ,, ,. quietl Hc zltd lla@ anothernus oL treer. ,o d, you. besl. this iincl Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl Drz'r tcr me keep yort4 . 1 ) \u ri liar " l. . in' s in g u ra l . l a rb a .1 rF e u l ^ .n p n" doti r ' .antryct, dtcl pl a l" nu n u n r i ln lim bd v o rh i rd ..i s i i n .^ " n ,p o L rr" otr;i al . i rrtnrmal o, unde aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate. 1\xiliarul DO esteintoidcaunan.mat de nn iDfiniliv. iar USDD ronu are intidiiiv. :L \r"p l 'l : / a , e, . o" ' ..h l n t ,i ro a t. xIJ4 ":," p' . ur . i inr i v i o l | rl J c o n h ' a ta : ," i , l l ,i o pi nl n qn :Ji a.,,omobrl . . de la acroDo.iutde sosireDini ln Scotia. 4 t)a i 't te t m . k eep y , i1:s a n u ' te re l i tr! N u u c a u s t re rel i nr
38 ri
e) Auriliarele intluenieazn chiar si struclura conte\tului, locul unor cAtegorii de adverbe fj;nd ljxat in lunclie de prezenta sau de absen!a auxiliarelor. (i8 2297 2299) t3) l'orn)c tcri !i lormc shbc f.tlrong and 11:tak Fort,.s). - Auxiliarele au,si ciracterjsticifonjcpentru c0re sint plasate, impreund_cx altc cite].a plrll de vorbirc monosilabich- articolc. plonum. prcpozr!u. conlunc!nr adjectiye,substarti{e chiar etc. - inLr o categorio afartc, dupi lorna pe care o iau cind sini accntuate sau !u. ln conslruclia (patkrn ) Iiu\bli englcze.ac.entul tonic principall rerine la inierrale de timp mai mult snu 'rrni pu!;n egale,dird asttl o inprcsi ger* in1,,' raln de scandareAccFnteleplincipale crd pe cu'intele absolut nccsare lsuiuj. care ar li, prin analoqic, cuvjntle inlrebuinlate in slilul telegrufiL, adicir: substantirelc. adjoctivolo, ycfbclo, ddverbele, numeralele,negalia elc. Iccstc pdrli de vorbire i!i pislreazi lorrla lcxicali, ncinlluenlati dcit, Cuvintelenonosilrb;cecare pot eventunllipsi. i;i modilicdforma dupr eurn sint: &d.rnl aie (stranEforit2 ate (*etLk forrns famn rarc) sar nedccetd -- lolma slabi). In \.orbile, afesl,emodiliciri stnt inpusc d necesitata{e lntrc carc pot exrsa se pdsira c1t m:i egali timpii dintre silalele aocenLuate. ta una suu mai multe silabe neaccentuale,sau nici una. Vocalc.le acestora capdti atunci forma neacccntuati, in care elc sint scrd,ate dup[ uzanle acccr tal,a (vezi Tabclul C), pornindu-sc dc la un sunet neutru peste care se poale ,,.url In-," i1.'-n-n [..r.J. u] .\arl"'efur 4istdrrd.u ro ul. i'rpr",,n.' .i p\a.unsodn". Cu cit ro. irpr n ri r. ri,la. .u .ljl disnar m-i " in li!ii i ' .ulr. q,,np.. .il"b, s. rniar , uvi r. lnrrFgr 1i iniel";' rer Jin d0pindeln ullini instant]ide rislunsul l0 .dr. tr s,stcpli,al ci 'p t pan,rn. bazai pe accenlelel.onice,il cunolli Ei care poaie fi, in ccl mai fericit caz,"r"r" sau"lir", sauintr un cod pe careil recunotti din obiqnuinln poiiunple golLrri-si sau clLeva le, saurLnr,;spuns sibillt r;ipoli taceapella agerimerta mintale. su nete indistinctc. 'murdbled and manqlcd voi'cls and missinE consonanis':' bruiate gi de pipa din coJfulgurii ,sialunLj ")ou llrro\v up the sponge", adicir te dai bdtrt qi abandonezi dDgu}. $ lSli(i trl r$belulA InRBELE AfLuLrARn: FoRttD TIRI iI taoRrID SLADII Forne tari ( accenluate ) /;,rm/ l9:l' /rJr:/ /bi:n/ /{on/ /kud/ /drd/
/d n :/ id^zl /!r&d/ ltlezl i havi
l|li;
Forme artagraficc ?re re bccn oould dnl

do does h.d t,a!e
/br'/. /k.d, Ird/
/qd,q/ ..
/h3d, ad, d/
I E\istd si .u.ate s.dlndala. care nu alarlii insi $rbi(ch,lui aoeslLri catil.ol. : \Ir"ilb ln t.,1 r ln a o, l r r r l . 1. ) t / o, / r r I i \umitr ln lon ! t ic d a. t ualA s i lnis | ' J :1 li: n' s . { Cilai de A.C. Gimson in alt ionrexf {or. a.il.. ri.3), lnra ildicarea surei. L. ,,rp." p-onrili i, , ir , r ii1 ! nr 'r t d o:tti .'t r r : r r "r l. i unui.linll "it , 1 \e.i I1Jr.387. ,1d I I nlpr""d o \a "d l' . "- ! m c l r r aint "a u"i, o. o- n
38?
/Iol, Il/
will t5 l ToletulIr-
N Itrltrt.tllr .tlrxJll\lllr {n: FoR]tEr,rr AI,IR]IAftIti co\TltlsD -{
13{J7
1'n /o!m/ :r '," k*t

'' ,' , "i
,, l \ t ',1l ,ll 't! ,,) l
/\\ir*, uouo l i ti rt, i , t. )rrl / / , . a ,f. rd a a r. D ,J + . d r+ / : i\ , l, s \. d o A: ,.. ,i ' i ://: snr's /l i rzi; n's, /,ts/: /xds/,: ttln.r thn:ztl 'rndr's (.(hEn.!t*iv:ii : 0h4.;s i\!..zil : ( 1 ' l " h ' | .1 :| - th .| ' ' ..' : bar r : / , /o r\' ;i e /\i :\' t r r ' ! . ti :\ . i i !,. rd rr!. : l' od. s h o u td , n o ,i rd r ti :t:..t, J ti .a . l 1 ad: h ' r i: 1 d . v ,.d a : , to i d i .,.a : .t" L.t o .J : s i , q h ;[. : J /t /o rti r ' ne' ihlJli stb'u Ai:rl.. il'll ltt\l: ee'tt lv:)l: lou'tt lj\t)l: tlte!'tt l6ct1t.
S 1E68
wr*, Fo+/:
16 ) Tolchl C-
YI]RBILII AUII,IAIiX : IOltrILLD NEG\TIVD CONTR\S| ain't lc)nll = an not,are not. is not, hasN\ harcnat; rrecycrt tD SL]A: ronsig rr'" ,rl 1 rL .L .t-:i .n .\n 8...' .,Jar i nr.n.t, , . , 1r al I " u l .l @ e| t ta t:
, " -rI
lat^1l:oh
r| o nl hr: L m t nv , r . r , . ,r . , r . . S . o r r , : h d r . t a lo"m:LrJrb!n d 1|| \ 1s"m lid. nlr r J . \ i. r . r ! i n \ rir i.c"r.r.,rr, ll I ro pu Tiliie d , ' t ur : \ . . i , F n- , r ' . - . I j/ r ?r a i n .'t m" -/ ld .nr .o,,o ! Lr ' t . , , , . , o/ |J qnt n. .auldn't lkrnnl.i : atn,t hat .tat.n't ltn..nlt : darc nal dtdnl /idrdrr: dri otud frl nu c finat/ : did n,, ,t,. c r nd_ r nu r indt dn" t d rtltt d "! @ , tu, t ' 1\rt. JJn.d .n. . ' ; , , 1 n. . . - do , . o ! t n. du' n n t l\ta:srtl: d r Lt lnr i. \ t N) hddr '' lcrnt. h rln"nl, r "at nu " t in. , l hoJ , at j."/,' t' o-a lh atn . r l , ln. t inJ l hos , t L . nu" n o t i, , p, h urn l, I.c , n, i r.r t t i^. ' r: " r . , o/ ,!n) / rTnti ,zn uln d [ t ] r I c linal/ p . ' r n"t I t , i lnl. I , u, nl" t uor.-t tnq nt nun1 i n \ n j t , J nl9ttn 1 In,\n nL t :,nt qht r ot n,s,D1l mnsnt; m/-sn ciDd tU nu c rinal/: d&r 2,, I o.k"ir &l. .ln i d a.tr ' - irn o, r p indi, . pr . r n . r uDu, " t r n 1 t , j - . . p 0 - o . , , r i n i l . n- rn a: .. i\ \: p ' p . "J.' \, .a ti r \ \ ". .. r" 5" ' . .n-, ' i o \,."ala unei .i , o on. n .i u. ,rn n! :!:\\' r e. ./ / ,Lo , L o n. 4 ,n n. ;.. tr i, $ r r ;i r r;;i s n t .' : \ . 'ns n , o ddr, lrescnt /... rv, prcznl/. : Cl. ,r! cu ir's.Vczi 1800. ! \' '
is.h o..d o,.t rdl r . i, , , l1d". r m "l dFLnpar 'i . i D j r 0 - / p o s d 'r d - 1 t c \ o,birp: J lF F \o, birp:HH rsol,sno r sol,8 no m ".". H'H : in r t "' hr / . , r , \ - l"as / "as t f l n d e-urmutdc c L r m l t J . un m !ii''l r u a I,i r , , rti r ', , i p , -p c . ' : tt ht t . , b/ '' ip rl ga ap r;e ;e:: \ sg ay lpro t om to m" ma a ()( \i it \ l' l ,,a alr arr' ' rr ih , c. doc d o)c.., n ,:u , ."us : uE E ,r . lt:k,? : l p ? Wt W t," ,rii e s tt-: t: r n, t:" p c .': : ,/ tr' ss8o t : ttt t d* - . d da.,ta.) t rn r c. . r ,rtd .r I .t. \t n,, ih" . p- W l. at - . . 1, k , . ?- \ \ h 1 t , . . . t r l a r ( a u m " s F r . / 1rus
.l,'fj,:,;Xn-
i: "r'lt.-$nF-"
i' /"" '
J"!irJ'
888 ndedn! /'nirilnl. ni:tnti rni:dn, rni:tn cind [t] nu c linaU :_?red no' cind ttl nu e firal/ : ,&stu no' a shtn'i I .rfti'crtn/ : no, shau shda't ll(],ttl /t.el. fl, lo, ir JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl: shauld tut u pt l) t t lju: s n t::t,.' n a t D ru IU n l a l.,n d n u n L" m! d' rc/,-- ur/ i or ' ' a. r ' , / $uz nr i tJ :n c n d I n u P I n tl : rd s ' ot aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl : ae.e nat qon't lqaul|, w.un clnd ttl nu e iinal/: zo, 'til qoutd not |oul.ttt't ltwdnl: I O F \ lj] C O \fl A' E C l PffO1 \t\T l ! nP t' l \L4
da ldn:|, does ld.Lzl- doD't /d.unt/, d0sn'r/'duzntl shdu not llet t\1tl- shan't llcltnrl rit rc, /wd nct/- wo!'t /wunl/ catmot / kBnrt/ - can't /ks:nl./ mustn't / m^snt/ nust trot /mr'6t nrt/ use(d)n'i /'ju:sni/ (dum1n't / da:snV)
s 1869
$ 1870
l7l \ c r bele s c m i d u ri ti a rc -
\e ? i v e rb F l a rrodal '
S l 9J3'
T0 BE (.4. Fl) A. CON*JUGAREASIMPLA"

(SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION) I}IATEZA ACIIYTI (ACTIVE VO]CE)
s 187r
INFINITIV rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
Prczet|'t ( Pftsent) to be (: a li)
Perlacl ( Petfect)
ro ha\'e ben (- a li lostl
IPLE 1 PARTIC]PIU ( I' ATTTIC
Prczer\t( Present)
beins (: liind)
Trocut fPdrlJ
bccn {: fosi)
Perlocl ( Petfect) havincbcon (: liind, dupi co

MA A D I
\rn D l L I\D l C Al l V
t1 -\D l r4TItE
(Prcsent) P$ze I art {: 6inu
Trcefi ( Po,st T ense ) qas (: eram,lusei,an fost) I
ftl
l o " , r 'r 'l p b . a : r . div pP?"n) qi ' r/p , d , D.rh . s 2dDg. i. l siDr lorm" a 'Ji,p . . s l, in englTa r or ' . m p o r " r 'r n u f . r ' nlI or - i
simprrl !g t i' JrlrP rJr bllu In srLrrl
389
Prezontporlect (Pr(snt Perfcct )

I lave been {: atn iosll
Tlccut Dedoot (Past Perfcct) I had ben(: rrsesem) sle I had bcen
\iitor
n-P s ie
(Futve)
| ... I s,r be
Viitor perfect (ltufitre Pcltict )

I s/@lll,afe been (: roi fi lostl rou n'ill lave ieen sne I Fnl harc beer {e sna/, }rave b.en you mll lalc been they wiU have lecn
I sna[.be (: voi fi]
they will Ie
Yiitonl fati dc trccut (Futwc in' the Pdst )

I snotrd be (: roi li) Ie t sh c I would I e
\riitorul perlert fn!6 de hecut (ltntwe Perfcctln the Past)
n"l
I s/d&l.thave been (: voi li fst) you lvould have i.en
t' e I $ o u l d h a v e b een
we rnoLtd hare been you would hale been they would hale been
TIoDUL SUBJONC1 Iv (SUBJaNCTM
Fonnr voche (indpendenfi de timp) I be (: sn rir) ht l.
IVOOD ) Forma moderni ( Preze'lt Present) Peflecl ( Pttfect)

I had b_ee! (sl li fosi) in F I h J d b c c n
I wre(: sa liu) hil
they be IIODUL CONDITTONAL QOND]TION AL TIOOD )
Plezeft ( Present) I sirould ls (: as ljl you wouldbb she I wouldne
Pefieel, (Perfect)
I slouid have necn (- as Ij los0 voD ilould haYe }4n shc l would la\e lreelr we sft,zld have iecn )ou would have becn rh"J woutd have been (l l tl Pt ttAl l t E \l O OD l
llO Dl L I \ I P E B AT ,\
Persaona a 2a
be{: lij)
sg.
Persaana a 2-a pl. le (: Iit'i)
390
$ 1872
\RliA CO\TINLTA B. (]ONJ T]G

( r'llE coN rI\1]OIiS CONJLTCATI0TI) Dll'r'nz;t rl(rTILl ( llc t I ri: Mc E) IIODLL r\ DIC\'fl\i (I)iDIC.4ILr: TVOOD ) fr\\zent ( Prts.nt)
I a,, }fing ( . sinLl
'ltt\tnt (Past Ters")

I nar lic i . r a i . eradl
r,,, I
ii I
i\1, l.^ 0." i tJ

i\Io!lil, ajtBJo\cfiv Is ui]J i;:'ic1'! r't: )ta1D)
Pt.zQAt ( Pr{s.rt) (: sr-r fiul I wcre LrPirrl

I ou r v ef . r ' if g
I."l shc i w.Ie !r uis

{e lvere lr.!'g sc(' beirg l[ |,ltc\'we..4 Dcln].
C. r,'oRllELE CONrll,\Slt (rezi T(b..t \ ut6i)

1873 18?{
L\ili ' '^l'rrl'li\ 'Ju poJr'l \'-u p' rn'il"l \prhul /r/ I'un.lii. ur,, Ja urr ;nlir'riL " rl'l'r)' nrr o,l ,l rtn r' '"2 ','n'r '.ind 1) Ca icrlr lrilr{rilair este vcrb le\iral cu senscnjstenliul: a):a fi, a clLnl]: e
70 ,4 dr not ro /r., ltiat is tle qu.stion {A Ii sau { ru Ii, a.,rrstr e intrfbrrea l I urinl<.i.he.oloreI d,,l (C ,ri ].l , d c c i .ri s t.) Hc is the Si atfst lot l, l,hatcrrr oas {Esreftl iiaj tn,reioct carc a e\isiat '.eodau l : ll (+ un adverb oli o locufiunc adverbiald sau prepo:'ilionaln) sk. a Lacttl aua Lac.a se afla, a se:dst, a Thev z'i, rt ho c iu tlic rcDngs
l, r ". nl , b. . "s ' 1 He is on the llall. (F c. i)arLc din lersoral.) Y.uf biho ;s l,he.c, ll- tlre door' (Eicioleta la estc rcolo, lirgii xtt.) \i | 1L T' r d . onJ r dl on , ' ' ( I r - m ons l. , alid d J \ ' , 1 l. c r t f l i mcctrngl $-Icn and $llce ir th (Cnrd $i nndc ar. loc tedinia?)
d fi'
r Li. , l' . . ! i . s . , r " i l ! 'r l n' , n, , '1,, I.u "i, me I onal, "i i"pu i / T l l i n . J a r l F. lr u1. "J pot r " blr ' nrm"rL J. 0 "Ilru .d.' , \\. ;hJ(\!, D, r na4. t. , uaaLt . t t Pt ol _Cnlil" rR J s d rl s. D, ! o( rgo"rrm-' apla l/ / od'
idl' liro' l r l o l r 'l r r ' l r )
'
39! Iith.. rnd mother ,,er. ,to*rsr.,rs. ( T a l .r s i rj a mu s . .ra u j o s .r ' lhere ; i l i rc g a n te ntu u rd th e trouse. lIr jurul crsei sc al]l o grildilr rrumoasrr.) The niitk t.q in ihe trrd... (Lapt!l! se gisci& n, ce,nlrli.J t " i .. D ,., h r^ , t,5 t!. (Si.i /esrc/ se uflli ajoi d. o rtrtri ilrragli.)
. c) =..1 I i, a s e duc e , a e e n i : H" , : o ..' tb " . ' o t: | .. r \ i " ,.t rr ,, t,t ..n \.,i Has ht) bn, to s.. Gf.r:el l:t r.st pc ta (itu.ge?) I ndd Dcaza ov* Urc muslun. ttuseseDi lrin tor mrzcu].r A lie lor l)ovcr? (uos. la Dov!r?)
dJ Verbul le:rical to trc poatc avea idlpcraliyul iormat cu DO ernrrric g lE?; penru acccntu:rrc: ,, ,. srnsi etr
,rtr,t bd s o s ens it iv c ! ,
., Ilentru fornele contrs$e l-ezi g 1gii7. 2) Ca rcrb auxitiar {orrneazir: dl (+ l,artiripiLrl prczpltt) conjrqarca conti.nud(E tt-gi): T,i.,hi J .. .,1\ ..,.-r.s
r\
s 1876 s r8?7
L li r ' r r b, . . , . p in"" 1 + . r J
/,,! /p"r 4./,dI.i"- o.
,. , . , . t , - n d. nr , r l I L t! b . , 8 ' ia , ur , , , . , r ot r . i_\r,, s - t , t Ll I nt ine. )
vs.m
E./ (+ !articitriul Ltec"L) conjugdrca pastod (g 1781):

Slj. lrt.llion|d askiiA ,, D. mei. 1.1 tcl.Ionrr rngn(l si rnjii cineu s_o de ta grla.) . . . . r c hr s . H^ , tt tp.n pt d ir h , r o. , ps ds dir r r 'a \r, .' L o ar. J J . " . , . \ r ". , / ' p. r o, u Trrex {,cre .alt'rt as..r. (Snrt Itcca9i, i( lost'otrcrnati )
s 1878
tS rid3j,-'I,"*l"ipi,,t
tuecnr)titnrrurik) p.rfe.r. ale cltorva verbintranziriv g 1879
iiJ laJ . r . nil. ?l

I aa doae to the $.rld.
lJ) Ca rcrb (otrhtrir., facc tegiitura intrc sub;ect !,i numle predicflti!:
S M i J a s j .g .r. lEsle ct'rtireati.l .. I t J o -r " .' " \. h .rn , . r,a You r.e eirh rodal (-\i lenil. de'renc :ri.l
I $astAle : cnnrinle, iniclcpt, cu l,un 6!m!. r sbni'a =. sensiril
S 1860
\n r k . ul l b.. -.r.cs5r .. ,)
39!
MoRFo',ocIA_\,.ERBUL
To $ ot k i3 lo. bc r onLr n!
" E c '':i"i , otL d b . a s $ n l l i o c o mFa r o b fP v i n a i m Pd i s L ) o 1 bin" il. i, ^ , '"1 constr\rclii: Se atrage atenfia asupra urmitoarelor a se s;mtt': .r) (+ dnumite adjective):
a fi-Arerit etcl virstl' lormi' culoare' misu ,,) (+ substantrve care se reieri la etc )
i,r
i"s"im"a tr m"tt"it
1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tli
;1"*..,ir 1 .i;,;r,,:
.1"',],'ii,,"ir,, "" I L Are d od ize ci d r nr ",r
l"jl;,:.'"' )1i,.,"
"li"r,llllr,i',jl:!;':"'' i;t.-;1T..',.i?:,i:t' ,";"iT',tir.:,""::'". ; l;;ill.,,X " "."" :g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li;

a ltltl i iil
)ll-1,r""j}.",,
"
exprimi ideeade viitor' aratind: 4) Cd lerb modrl (+infinit'r\ul complet) dn'crior{$ 1526r: d, un Ir p r s rnbiirL
["J''fi't*:xi;
f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a'!isahoii'it)
S 1883
fapt de infinLtl')ulperl'ut sc reieri la un Urtr.(Lt cut sdu 'hiar !i irr vDior:
H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf '"i""*,'r iostr a'ci I (care 3 fs """i'i,'Jitf h::l+'lH 'i'5"1?iT**" "ll;l;.tt,f care nu I
u ilixnl',i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf "- .'o^
l, oblibali" dalorip ordirr' diepoziri'
avui loc ln tre-
dar ,si (raf):
) r rurn'cnL'Inr'r l'li l?t"l'li'x; i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:

T h. \ ' of t t o f t ^ i ' h th a t J t o n " rm e o rJ r' r lT r ; bu, t ss ' i.rn ,i n p a c c a s tJ
g 188r
j;r Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';" :ll:1":l;l " .,.'

s 1885
cl Dosibilitate: i. D t," fe,.h./ lrom ihe ro rd 'tir,"nouse lr 'as:tdrn_loscr' rFnge 1S lorte
Jll ili'ixtil;""""" r Jl fli'll' :'ll;il:l 3,1r ;';j, ;l11ru""; fi .:iil;r "
r ""'i"i"l,i"'?ij'll I i",;r"'*-''n'-'i"a i.'"';
i "'" ;^' i i'lil;l: I ll';::"1;'"i'":ir :lri"ii l?.:
393
Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br rrF nuBb.rs on therr b,cts .Il"rg alo ,:: ufl d! s i t F d. ir r : t i. a' t idula num e F h d n p " l p a r p How @e/coe ,o .r,ss the In'o il the.e was no lridse? (Cum lutean Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?) Ticleis dr, to &? idd iL the enl. ncc. lrlillele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p ) Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il.. lNn psre ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune ) $'hcle is this ..co.d] ,c /,rndr 'o (Urde rori. li gnsit a.est disc?) You arr ro (dft acrls l,lie sardcn to.each l,he entralcc. lTrebuie/este ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l Shf is Ir Ddpmis..l lor hcr achicremen!. (lrcbrie/moite sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l
s 1886
rl in'itabilitatc, so3rle:
_ , nrrq rJ" l. . t r i" li I r . reno rh ri ra n b l rrl a l i \ r' J d p r r.r,.cndA nr rd
!
,o/, m\' ,,-,1{

1r r.
s 1887
rf arla n od ,ri ,. oi.rp rig. . ddr d. lo a t i l 1ia1a cfa ma i Jl'F'tid r: ' plr t , n; . ) Lds trcar ro 3., tle old tnmblerl!$n . {Nu ar.an si! nrai r.\ad
. ' i- i: t p ir d r i i- t n '.
\ 'b d . , . - . i
Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati nn njoc
ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n , r ' i l 'm r , r o d d r a .
.'rd.\ nl lon' . d. J $, d, , p r "\ pl , ^ ' l, rl."i, ,idp .-r.i ,'.. di f oldll 5i l D Lp. J' . r o n.a ol '
5) Eap&sii idioxatice:
L. - I I bb. n L, D P . ,.,a rlp r b o l . s rt i e., l. r s,'rlrnn astl.ll ur.r. ir, tlicre o.c (: este,sint) There rill Dedancirg. {Se ra datrsa.) Let na rrr (Lrsi!,mifin pacel) .t llos ts shr? lilo nai la.e?) I $hai t . ( s hc lit e ? l c u m e s l (e a )? l Irh.t is to bccone of her? L(lesc (ra) fa.e?l \ \ ' r , . e is s h' t o g o ?fL l d e l t} e b u i ;Js i Ls c d i c a ?j l: loiyis it iiiat . ..?l c x m s l rc f c i ...? ) U'.ife lhis lcltcr aDit &,'/ r? ill daI ahotrLitt (Sc.ieaceastl sc.isoarc ti rn pie,de ioate zira .u eatl Wlrnt's ur: (Ce sc n,limDlii?l \\'h.t In;? ydr Dcn ,? r;r lC; toznli ai n,al Iiio,r?)
s 1888
6) Formcic rontras. kzi
si $ 1867 1868.
Cuvint'ul la care se alipelte, ca u srfix, forrr a rontrasd a auriliarului toB,Prau a ncCatilrice il insolette poate ti. practic 1'orbin,l. oric parle de
l' o' r' ft. n ds rn i o rrn ah s h o l i d a r a l trL T he s L re es t &C s i o a k i n rl i rl s o n i o u. ri .hl . ' Y ou , /fd i i r rn l l i , ,\ i r c u ;,l A .ZEy'.e rNu lired. ?rer.'s no donlt ali.ul, it I ?n"..'rs ihe m{n 1/.2'l. arfaid cl.
$ r8E9
..,1
I Eo.d : ii ,.hregistrar-d' etc r,n?-pn i,a "n rua r .srrp "- i. r l. 1 inr . oo . . i\ . . . "\ ' . ", . r ild, au i , : u r n , , n i L w i u l . ll r lspnsllJ "a pr;"/ol(Q.titi;. t 1. on". . . ,.\.',r.s r r r nt Abx nr j t4 ,i ' fo b . f a , pr-"/o Q.t it Fc:rnj.r i. I nrtr4 spnsld J" nll l. t2aC1. 21Cor,L, h{E u :,n " r d B , r t , i , tiu ' nrmeazi predicarnl ln propo?ili{ dclaralivi!.
x.
t rn?.paccntue!este adverb dc loc (: acolo) (iata).
81ll ltt,s r.d: ntlll's yotrru? ( \rhal .,/,,r's J!urs?) -\nd r/,ats lhrl r1 . / ' r , n .L th . o d { l mn r o u l .r ,t!lr's Ur. nudla rl vod. lursts t.riht. Oft'r dissins. n-ii, sr l.he B,,r in q.;1 ari ivhai'salic? tl'l,,.C-. In'nc5? Illr'i sfu {ono61 1, ' s n o tl i l rg to $ ,i fe n o m c rb o u l . ? Cone on: terc'r Hrl.n. i. r t t . r L . unD t.l l I: ,' ,j D , i s r' i :.p -\ se rcnarca irsl .i tfurrlul rinpln al verbului to r. nu ,rfe lormn contras,-, ei d nu o ncgatia. Nrg.liia orpdtn folna contrasi cir.l u lnso!.etie ttl LiILa tatl)itii. O t : s er t alii: (d) I'n nat llsLe. prfl('rnl.i1 fomri / ai.n t. iE aftn't I ? lonai uin't I ! (S 1 8 63) . dt t l t iiD d c o n s i d u a i d s u b s ta rl d rrd i n ambel e c,rzuri . fl, l ornele ncgativc cailrxi. .rL, verbului lo BE al! /ori aspecte para],"1e. Erceptlnd pu*oara I (1 ain al arrin t I ?, adt I )). crio douir sr'ii de
lorinc uzitaL .e 6in | :
I ain l
IoI'rt n ot, he s, s}e's. il s not $ c'r. no t, lh. y le nol,
$ 1890
Practic rorbind. difefc la dinke ac$tc douir scdi 01tc ncqlijdbill. lorntcj proriunf.l) it'u ;i its - Belarie rdeseori cnnfuzieinlre aecslcdouar lia lor riind ateealiIrts]. i/r:;l is (riorl cuvint? cortrftse:pronume nlrutr,r+ vr}b) .. (rt sar ea) eslc; ilr (un singur cuvint,: adjectiv posesiyneutru): (rl) lui. (al) ei.
t ltsl
T0 HATD (A r\VE.\) ,{, CONJUGAIT',{ SI\'TPLA

(SIMliLn CONJUG.\TIOr") IJIATTIZ.{ ACTIT]I (ICTIyL L'AICE)
s1892
tN F IN IT tY a /,\7 /-\1 ? 1/rJ) Prezam\ ( Pftsent) to harc {: r areal Partc|\ (Pofat) ro lLalf hrd {: r ti avul.i Pq.RTtClPtU (PllRTrCrPt Pteze t (prescnL) harins ( . avind) Treeut fI,asr, lad (: avu[] E) Perlet:l; (Pofect) havi^s had (: avind; dup:i ce a avrr]
?a t,t\-/,4a 4t-)o t t 14"l. ' r . InL il. . . , 1: / ; . i, . ' \ \ n"L r o " r _ , b . , t . , ..tho -.....( . i. 'ps if l r p . . , Ri, ! , r h: . an _ld fr... == ce es t . ? W - hat it . . . ?' - c e 0? il lr o l c s i c s {n o o u n i L l n a : rc? ./..,": | ..u t-o nlir"nglFrl ! o .,f r . r ' , ' r n ! "onu4lar o . , r . nr - 5 0 5 'r '. a num rluj zrit.i trJ.li ln n, if oloqia qn ac J iinJ l-.m" dr p"riccl lt ' hJ ' - . . . ) J r . L 'l 'Wh !".l,p Ean ". - , - r lt k ! h^s . . . : t {q t 4r!. r(!3 t. '1 lt s ;h,.t t nt qp t , L ( o a ' t ol t h. Lt r ] . r n 'J ) . -
r"And thal's thal !" (ton cntesorl.l :
[i cn asill basl.r] s a u $i rstr.i [ot.
i95 \lOIrrri, I^"DrCAr'I\' (INDICA'r-IrE NOOD)
t(ze:tt
( Prts,:nt)
TteLxt ( Plst T ense)

I l, ad la!c a , . , a v u i , a m a N i )
lii I ,,,.' il, I

Pr{,zer!l lcrlc.t I Prtst'r Pa lin)
I lur{, L Ii (, a h a\ nt )
rf l .
it
ll, i]
J
l: , r d
Trccul lorlc{t
I h ,,d l .i ,,l i . .r,i s.s.r,)
i t,
\iltar
l ,c sh!
{lt tur.)
i 'r $ill I'arc
i sl{rl halc 1- !.i rY!n)
Pc[,11) fiitor Fcrlect (Iuture I rL d tl h a \c h:d 1: r(i l i arul l J.{ riil lL!r! Irrd h .vc l " rl shc i '1ill l l rc y N l l l h r vc l rad
Tiitoml latil d6 trecut (ltuturt: in the Past )

I stualJ hrv. {.. vai av.a)
'l'iitorul llerlert lc1[ dc frcrltt (1'uiutt: P..tfttt in thc Pan) I s/,dl Lrre hid {==lci ii {rui)
I!! sh. $r lld havc |a.L I Nclld bare
'i.d \ v c . \ ioald h a r c n u d Jon w.nl.l have nad Urer wluld hare had
I lU OU L SU U J O \.T l \' | \t t;.1 tl(' 1tt
D rl OA D )
liorma re&e ( I ndcpcndentd de tinp )
nou a nroalornii Perlaf"tr(petfad) Prczcnt ( Prcs.tlt)

I lad had {: sn ii r'!l}
irj
i t)
jn lifJ(ir jrz r nr . r " ', 1 'i p . a t r E ' rloa , {r,r. ' ho' , , , d. / . i1d; 1liv ' r " . . l o r m l d J r d.. @di pr' curn -.:, 1. t ' h". "i it hot h . t r \ ' . h" pp' , , ', F t \ a n a p e G o anpd r.d.1 c a b \ pr' z. i. 5 lnl, i,rrr. bL rnld lc nuour ln . l' , 1 I oPL. c .
3$6 ]IODUL CO\D]TIO\.IL ( CI)ND I T 1Oi{AL ]TAAD) Petlect ( P.tf.tt ) I rl@,1, havc had {: ai 1i arui')
ltezcnt ( Ptesfftl) I .lrald hat (: ri a!.al y.u ivonlli ltate nr nin lia ti l sht j il, ' \.e t rall hivc rl,u ieod{l have tl,"v rrould hirc
,,"0 n,." li. I"",,n ,r I

N. r/ro,,l hare had {on $rul.l htvc lud iheY would lralP had
] I O D U L r\IPrlrfATrv (IM]'DRATIrU P et s oaiat 2as 3 ir l oolte i l ,e l liav c l= = hali t of li! i l)
) 'UACD P.rsoandu2tLJ)1. liare {- lLrrr,iL loilili )
s 1893
CONTJNU.\ ]J. CONJUGATTE{

ION ) NJ LtCA'.t' (coNTINUOUS CO
nrlrxZ,f. A0TrI.-i.lAaTt rE rotcE)

I N!-Ili l1'I \i r/r]ia1Jl?1 rt)
Prezen\ ( Present)
ll nf liv ing ( , - a ,te a l IIIODLL INDICATIV Prczetrt ( Prcsent) &lr,tihsting (- e! aln) you ,gq havins !rs, I LE'havirg
Pertc\.t ( Petect)
to hivc been havntg {: I {i atut)
(INDrCl'L',Ivr:MOAD) Ttoc\rt ( Patt Tense) I eashavins 1: eu avermr
yotr are hiYing lhv rre hav'tg
perleot Prezont ( PrcsenlPcrfect)

(: etr "shlrur. yotr hJve brPn
I haae been haling navlng
Trooutperleot ( Past Perfect)

I had been haviry You had }een havnq sh l had )cen hav'ns \re had been laving You lad leen hutirg fher hird }edr haling
I'f" lo^ r.." nu'"t

tlri ri .F_ l. we lvc lecn nr v r lg ybn h,'vi q{in La!ing ih Fl l,[!r gGe , ho! ins
YiitiJrut (rr"rdleJ
I J ldl/ be \ \ in s (:1 o i \'ou s|rL ne 'nav'ng she I will bi havirg i[ l qflrql' sltblJ 6e'l{lttrns .{6{*.y6a \iiil}-bd.tftlring inev Mll bc having 'leal
Viitord portoot (Fatrtre perfect)

hariry (: voi li avut) i stuil havebeen voDwiU havc beenlravrn8 sne lwill havebeenhauns ii,e ia,
y ou will I a l c b e e n h a i n g t her s il l I 'a l e b c e n l a a i n g
ru'rc reen rravrne
807
'lriitorol t?ithdc trocrt (Futule in the Pdst.)

I snoz?d Lrehaying (: voi are.r) you wonld be havirg she l {'ould bc ha ns y'c alodl b-aha\ing xou nonld b having th-Aywonld bc naring
Tiitorul lorfoct lllti trecut '10P nst) (F u l u r, P f\t i l t th, I snozll laro bcen harins (- yoi ti avuu you would h,rvii ben h:tr'ing src wonld hare brn halins i we sloalz, havo bsen havire you world hrve reen havj;s ih.]. rvould haft lccn h.vins }IOOD)
]IODUL SUBJONCTIV (SABJUNCI]YE
Form:r Yeche (tnd.epenlLentd. de ti,mp ) I rc haliDg (: si am) ll:u Lf havtng
l'orma moalemi pertcat ( p.rfect) Ptanol:'t (Present) I wer. harjns (: si aml r had becn harins (- s,.L fi yd rrererr., ns
6 l r e r'd 'i" s ib' rr\ ins

sp h ? yo n De I r\ ' na r h d l b p h r{ rns
i h" i ""r
,'r"s
I:u lad
beenr,"uiog 'outl
w L( Fr p he\ ing Jrou wd. e hlv ing pJ w. . n h1\ inc
i l ' " ih
J b " " ", , " r " s
\. i,;d l."n ,,dv;oa \o,r hbd o"p,l havinc ih " J r d | . " p i n J . : r i 3
TIODUL CONDIT]ON]IL (CONDITIONAL MCND)
Prczar\t ( hescnt)
I in r/i/ ir_P_ lving(:a i vo,, wo!rd De n avlrg r v F, )
Perlect ( Perfed)
I s n o rl l I' d !c b eenhavi asl : ds Ii avdtl J o u w o u l di a re hoenhvj ;g sne i o\r | een havi ns luodli we stould have beenhavjns You lvould ha! been ha Ds they would lavc been haliis
sne
wdld be havinc i we snoedbe havins you wouldie having aheYwould be havin:A
C. FORMELECONTR{SD(vezirdDdg 1867)
urmetoarele inlelesuri de bazxl: aJ exprimn ideeade posesiune sau de apadenenrd:
Funcfii. - Verbul ,o ,{apepoate fi verb principal, auxiliar sau modal: S 1894 1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+ un complement direct) cste werb lexical qi are g 1895
YoD nara R good name. The door ias a lockThey nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y. ,l este sinonim cu ro pdt sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele care g 1897 , dnume sc m es e, alr m pnLe tc ,: \Yill you ldd someb.caklast? Do r or P d n o l h p rc u p o I i p n l ! t , " " nt t a D n j t;n g s i n - rto n J l ). Y ou ox ght to I' a ." n d j y o u r In " d c i n ; ag^. "om" 'in
I lnlF l . u_ ir- n"n io nr ' . o ! iTr l" indi^d ii - an"m h. C L " s t i n a s p m , t r r i . r i \ p r i r po aio I' pp urzar . ii1 . adnt c as t u' . r nit ol :4 /,n. larrrb rin a l ir lim ba r c r lna in a. . r a. a"ur i, t r " b I : " t r a d u s n . i n , o / . o ( * Do { n u p n ,o rolr6Jcu a nu m||p pr . dpr r i J o' r h} . s x gr "l ( . - , , O b , i n u i l i , a h ) . ? - ) .
$ 1896
5S8 \ l \ lb " / r t l' r \,.t d er i\ . r F de s ' rL rra n :r^ l F ' J rn ' r" ^ ' ' ' lor n" T d In u r' r' 4 ' ' -" v' rI' ' Ic ' l " II' rt' ' " a' i /" ' r' IS i l l rvi i l o Lot" ' ' " | .u- arun " ntuu.qh ili+liiir:-l1li1,l i l or"
i;';;,;;:';i;"',.';;;;i;,-irtiiw,'rona''ulatr ;lroat'e corespunh \'erbcre sinLtradusr!.t11'
fornre acest'e crc ; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:"" a sta irr cadd)asesc[tda(iolac' riu' n\are)' baic race o i""""',"; * iJei" f .." " r' e . r"^ p"t''" e ;;i';;lii; i;;;'tilrj, ".piirLr-Ln ^llllibl'" u'r'' a..rnre ". I rid'a' a i,t.*" fi a.;,,, o l;ao)'"ltu"" suuiLrbiclrlct" frtd rrilge pur oe sonu" un automoiilul, a se rade, a funa' a ' ;;1;;';,1;;'
a alrli etc 2) Ca rerb anxiliar \ 1899 d) (+ Palticipiul t)lllrut) lormoazi tinrPurilc Perfeolc: $ 1900
lo laoc crllcd I /r.,e onllcd I s!ratl i,r'e rilLd
called /td( ii: L"i .alled I slllNtd n('. ualled
s lrul
d;r ' --"n' r" pN ^'n-'iu-:r L) r't,1 ur''o' t'o's":J t l'r0'' l;8rl d n';t r' ir",,'. rn ro r"r r''l'r'ri It"r-: ..':r* '{ au:t' int'rc intercalat dircct urlral itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul U.rYl 15-'e "*. infinrtrv: sau liar ,si partioipiui trecut
i tlar .ldanal tnl shoes (Prcz'frt loleltl rli-am curliaL icu lDsnmii sheicl( l I lnt, dI shoes 'rcd4ez l. .nrllat ) l\li ad dat gl.nrlo Slic /,a l h ef Nf' t L r ?f ar f ud' mina l $i u nrhlit //arr llre .rke Dtuulli' inl sn ri,iD si sc a dr r e t o ull) 'l lrc al]I)liouts rx"r noring tlirir mcmo'J t'slcd' lcandida!rlor li se t.slr ,trcnorta ) r ' l d" lf l\ : lt r ' " o '0":; ""t b g, ; lld r 1r " : s " l. ! ,t ' lalel l&l h.r biogle rr'ln ilo inci i ta |uat lr , - ' ! ar a l \lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds tom to s'c trs
ii" iii"i,'i',iirt i r.i"t-ii Dostri vnr{srinc rad{ ) o" ' n o I r' r' r' :a n ^' \rfv u tu l rr ti r,
\.:
\\1 ,1 $il\o
',,
.b r,' J r-\r/" .rn ro " i
i r'
' ' f 6:!l ' 1rn]
lr il
16looll' ' o"ds 5t r c r ' / o"ll E P' J l' r ""
{ 1902 i iil;
ll) Ca Ysrb moilali (: n1 1'. int;"iti",'t conptct) este sinonim cu llnrsl

llr shofs $ill naoro bd mended {Pariolii m.i \rtr tfelui relarrlr'l \ \ ,...1 r i // n | r' l ' " l ' 1 ; h ' ' d l ri Lu' l_ r' rruonra. \ rr I i .1 i s tu n a s " .i q L n l Yod don't iot' r' ao vet: it is onlX live o'olo'k li'u trehic sI pl0oiincl: nu e dccir ora unc' ) (\:ezi li S 1901,!063)
trebuie):
A sf cor'P.'rr:
aiost ci, (pcnrru 'll :i]l'lif;;*o-,,,u".r f"T,ilJ'ifiJtl"'i,1'xtil ,i[:i1i,i,]"1i l,olir;i airl;i). j'ii\r'''*' i li:ii,'f"',i,i:"1',x::i"^"1'"iiliilt ".da,rcrnari'rir'
,dr!," sau sooncr. S 19Ur . DJ S rbjonctnUl tr!?pnt bxd urmat do comparaLirele rr- ldvprblrlto't,ta",,t).. tu ,,r.r,-,r.r0,, pl,r" un infi.irit in.o ,utet.tor_ neazii construcliile idiomatic{rhad be(tr, h$d soon0r,h;d r&flrer, had as soon (. . nai bine, piefer): \on hattL.uet d. sonethirgabout il. (Uri bitre .i r.oeccrah aceastl privingaL.)
I1r0 .' / r ' , . d f' "!h tr J,
W. nd., s.otr ,dtn thc dishncc. "s sl1nc ducem pc jos (,\m prerern liniL acolo.) Ct. cu I QouLd.l'dratho s^\\ jbn as soon. (S 1579) I l u r' , lr dF in' F r ^g o ' i " .; n ,J rti H \F rb ,rl l o h o ,,. t,o1 tr,.^r-rr" n , r , . r"\rl i , r J l DO . , , n l u " m u rr " ' o . -p l o r L Z l n rF :
' ' u ' cr / lt '' 'r 'l i ,iP,ti ,,o ld 'I,r
' ddi i n^
i^ lh
"ou,
yerl,ul ,,to hare,' in interogalii fi
cgs,tii.
j au
$ 1905
"
1) DO zero.* Nr se ldtrebuinteazi auxitiarutD0 (: DO ,era)t ,a) clnd verbul II,\VD estelolorjt ca au\iliar ta iormarearirnpuritorter
.\ 1906 s' t90?
HdN. yo| otene,j t\e leftat? (Ai deschis sris.area?j \\'e hadn't scci itie Dcrvractorl Xcr. lrioil !u vrizusen nroi Donairirrto:r.l b) ciLtd {ttbrl to ho,veexprimi pose-riuneasar aparienenl,a: Ik\'e loe i\ r:i]arctLe? (r\i o liga.e?) I kr.zl rn)- ldcnds jn i,ouf rosr. {\u an trieieni in .raitr] drmtaj..) C^ l u \i dl. ll. \ \ ' D p. r. d F o L i .p r i ' ,.o l i ' d F v ,ru - t l dl ,,i rF.i -. ni ^-Jul , nr r. inu .l no. ionr ' , . r I u " ^ tu t d F :, 0 ,," n ' ra i d" -, d" r,,i s" .i J. .. ,u " r-.1 -" , do " ' n r,l i \ n" i: , , i1. pf l r i a /,,,,. \S l 4 ;i ,: ' f / " t o l s o .' ' i J F ." 1\ o ti q J rJ ,) | !"-r. sa' i ." .. n J o u - ro $ n . ' .t 1 . \ , a,,, p | c " ,,r r,rd ,.t r;rm i .a t , c, clnd verbul ta haae paate fi inlocuit cu l, ,d.. rl r. tl ,i . . , . r or , , " " , , . 00 ..,1 .. 1 ,." 5 0 ,$ o rk.ri . t. tortor..., rk ,." s . q r' J'a " lt . ' L, r , i i' 0J , "lo ' ,,r' .l v ;j I j r,/i 0 , ra tu.rdto r,.,....tb," t,i . f J l ,o da' , 6, r , dnl u l L b o o l . , ttr tb rJ rJ . , , (Nu.rveru dnll. catrlir(cli ln lirti!l.een.l (- Nu erau!r!lre oi4i !.chl nr bibtjoteci.) 2) Se folosegte auxiliarul DO: ta .--gl oinrt verbul ta haoe arc altA inirebuinl,are decir aceca arirati 1907 1909 ti e6te sinonim cu fllle verbe. pierzindu-si asttet inloiesul propdu { ,,1 the children /dr a nice \rnch? (- to lltl H ,l .n a ,o , t la, . h r L. u d t o r ,o j o d . l o J r.n /, \\'i ,l ri d, / J U. / r , ' J 1 u r' ,,r l -rh . ,o ta L " I d .l \th o, p . " h r ' o. o -.. t,,q ,I h " r" . JUt ho, " | 6N, 1r t , , o J o -' ' r,, , ro . n o J o n ....i , !!;,t w rJ d u , I \ ou r r . , \ , ur h .| h o p l d ,tt t,i : ( tu d .l , J Jo.tor tu l ook a.t" r i t \\ ." I . t d\ " ) r , o t ooti .t. to s " t ,.r. /o , i n e r r_ .\1 ,-:l sn " d ,d ,i ldf ! i, , r bLi,t ,,. ." ,. to ..L s o ri ,o .p lo pr...:r r/tdr" .J /" i r v ezi $ 1 9 0 1 ) DL . J'-r 1l$ , J : ln. " / " ao ro b .oi h I I r' ( \l u .L rrtd i 1 J t " r o o n . ( , .o b ol t,J" u.
s 1903
s 1909
s 1910
.s 1911
{00
$ 1912
sau b) cind \erbnl to hare se referi la o acliunesau o siarepermanenid olisnuiin:

Do aou olten L,ra colds? , o ilP v us ur ' l \ ftd ' r m u s i " j n i h 4 P \4 n i n t" \Ye d,;l nate'enoueli hockeYiD Nnre.. II thc slror./,6n) ftte lhe booksyou wan1.. Jou nav order thcm h posi
(S 1906): xiliarului DO ( D,0 ,en) niicn aceastesitua1,ie

pt ! u a"o' r ' r I i.a \or."r \ o k "4t t Pt t Ho \b \c , e ot i t m r s r t , r ig I 01 |. hpT\ . ' I r ' o' nr ' n'o ih' ( al' ng \\'n /h u1016rrd
Prin conirast. cind t0 idr se refera numai la o ocazie anumiti.

P i r 'l h "
lipsa au" a 'n
ln enElezaa rericanli. rorb\tl to haee {ormeazi lntotdeauna interoga}ia riuro|ul a'rrilirrului Do. 'insura ex'apti',lind ' /ul lr"'drF.1o n"gr{ioiu 9i p"rr""'" r.^ rrui): i{.\vE .. ' rnr;"buinLsr ' c aurili.r ra lurmcrps 'rrrpurlor
Do vou idtc a oiqarette? \ our lo$n I d ;n, ha !" a a\ . _", r 1 . ld' "" ndr ", r : dl. ' llsl ,.,r/,;, 0" r p s i 'l '! i l v
Acenste tntrebuinlarc s verbului DO s a eri,ins foarte mr t qi in Angha contemPorilni
s 1e13
$ 1914
TO D0 (A FI\CE)
Vnbul ll] do poate fi vcrb principal sau auxiliar' I'unorii. 1916 li C1 \orh nriDcipil | 'r "'lp H 'm l i uln"./b D"r crnul ' ' i";srii p lF verbelorl, rirrl", tnlo.r I ' Ir'r;i t" rn- DO rurili.r i'olo u-de i'ra'ra necesard (aczi eremplele urnntoare): d./ : a lace (scnsgeneri4. a indeptini, a realiza a se ocupn cu a ercuial a termmir:
. trd . . i uJ: Hos ,r' o )n - .. u j ,, t.rr \ \ r ., r' -Pto , i ro r.gn o s , \.e J U . I rv. (Ce iaci retn? Dqti oculatr) \\rhat /oa sht d, ior a lirinC? (Ce ocupalic ire?) roonr'" "Nrat /id r.u do reslerday?" "I did mv (Ccai lacnt iqi?- Ni.am lilcrt cual' j^ carntrr'l hrir YctYou /doeDl don.a -vour l\tr tc-ai lieptar{t lncil ) ; l o " ti . r,' p ,1 ' .,.' 1 , $ l l (fcpnl b' r
I \ e\e ^ l lr _ d I \J" _n'a1ab l ' " l a bL'
'1 1
I'll d, mv bcst. lvoi lace tot losililtrl ) \!l,cn in'Ilomc. do as rh. Rohans do. (Prolerbl l Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'ecuNive) i ' 1 \i .l .i l r" o m 4 ,L v rbr' l ui / n' ' ..ons r' .i o\' rl JI' 1' - r : , . . , , t -
* t,..
p"' ' ll l;'r.':;""'iii l;p.l^''"*,u'-, l'll:r ''',"i/i,';i'; , ,j" ;,1,3 i1;l H u r 'l T r d a b n t : " 4 " 4 dl' t l I o s l' r t 'n o -r llste o:r"D, 'l r \ d ' "i ' ":1",': ''r'! :';, :,"1''" : /"."; 'iir,l"ol-'llli .';,:r : ;.:"j;",b'li":"F: :;Y;T,'."":;i :; ;1,,;;ii;i,,',, ;;;.jl:l'r'd ":;,fl"":;;1"\ ;i'-li)'F.j::i;#r,''"lli : ; :i l,ij"; ..e I d" i xr
C. I t . S a L "r "\p r !pnNI' a sc coala t to ,li one'shan': a se picniiinr, a_siarrnja .1 i p r ./ n ljir r i l' r :i' . Id '
401 ., 6) : a conveni, a {i poirivit, a fi de ajuns (ln special la viitor si condilio-
cl :
"lYill I dol" said thc sardener...I'm sure vou win.,' (Vh con n? sptlse$eaina.ut.- Stnt siguii cI da.) ' I his build: 1s !d t, l o l o r 1 d a v -n u r)e .\. " r. d , I A " d\ t i r t diri b rn . p . i rt" u .,., , 't\a\ qill da ! { De ajdr s lr \ st{ c to l ! P o l i tl e c a l s a u d i ml otri r,1:U ersc,e bi rE :) l' . u " \ ' " d, ) o u -(,Il ,!ro p .rl y 1 h .t x .n t do xt i \l q j . 1 m r " gd rptoc Ni" i" . t J t, L t" ' r. i .u ..i r- D U r;.. ) a r er m ina ( t n B p e c i a ll a ti mp u ri l e p rfe c te ;i ta parri ci pi ut trecut): lYi,cn she nas .lrnd. we,ll Ao to bcd. Onc nore sandirich atd I had dane. ne.rlore ls at ,are dozd, now! It is gcriilg tai.. I hdee dane \\lth tanl Have soe d,nd $itti me oomtrasses? His N.rk loae, hc Nent io see. a liln. I:trelln.gnn ii liali dou'. (Pfoverbj :iuxilior $ t9t6 g lgti
(+ infinitivul tncompret): formi interogative. Degaiive si interogativ-ne, -c-or-st.uirêa satire (g 2913. 2920, 2936).
2) Ca rcrb . d, ajul.i.Ia
Dl inlo,,ie"te Ln rlr \"rb. p,ntru c\itana r-p-t6rii arpltui!, prnrprl, u \ tCt8 nu,nir d" unii gr".lr,i"i"ni ..rr.mporlni nngtozit\ CODIi t- t;, LOD/:
\ \ n ! r lh u,g hl, rr so r l|"1, 16 r , llas 1p, , . . ' ' Dr! tou f.a d 1,h i.? "Y4 . I did' " \vr,J ' ,-dn I rr.r joi" ir ' he . om oe' iiiun - - Dur r i, . J d, r 4 , d r s, ror. Imt, d r'1,1 he/ She dj,ln'L Mos.ire mc, dtd she? Y oll , 1.,lr'p,II,ro n tl , t dr , p, .a \n v,. -Oh.!L:l ", I d; , 1: \ \plho.ghlh .q,.lo r\.-r-,-.,, . r . s , ut i. 5, t . * ba,r ho rttt.
trd,,tt
c.,, este tntrcbuintat atunci clnd. pentru a se Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun si S 1919 crpr4i\irarF slilulu;.." i,\pr""1?a orAin., ohi.nuira d.uvin,etor, d\4b;t Gau eohivalcdtul acestuia)fiind adus la lnceputul propoziliei, iar auxiliarLrl DO pus lnaintea subicci,ului.ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai conrexiutui: Novcrdld 1$r suchsjro.tsmnnlikc lcnariour: WeUd, 1 rememr,,r him!
Odly {'hcn lie called ont .lld 're n.tice him.
d../ accentucazd ideea yerbului pe lingd care sE (Enfia.t;c DO).r

He do.r looh kindl { P ar cint . r de rn . o m b u n .) ,, be quiell (Tlceli, ra rosl) We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard. ' T p r s iE r ; ra a n i .n r" i , ,t tn r-a d " \tr r..,r' . j d,u:ror You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go! {Spui cd nu eram acoto,cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt) "l l,operou don't nindl" "ilut I d, mind_,, (Spo ce nu le sulfu.i!- Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.) ,r comc iomorrowl (Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
$ 1990
3) Pentru comp ara_ti a contras livi intre vrbel e to d,aSi to make .rezi S 2200. S 1921
I DO este h aoest caz puiernio acclntnat.
10:
ltrt
192|
TO LET (A I,,{SA)
e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau parlixi
Frl]lcli', .- 1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt auriliar. 1991 l) Ca rer) prirr{ripnl a, : a lii-qa,a permi|e:
L ivc and lc , lir f l /-|l m. bel (Lasa.'tri ln lrr0!l) llc 1 , , t |. . L0gs loos o. or r r r l -/-., nt halc r c ur r ns $d. t -I-rr me krow irl,.n yon $'rnl li) colrel we m av s o iI t hc Nf r lht r ' \ r ill 1. , n s 'l r,r nqr r r i / ; r no . r c in 1,., sl,r'tn,g dogs licl (r'rovtr]r) .r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl {Prorc.li)
,j:r
(sq inchiia: (:dc incLirirl) I s,aslookin; lor a hd6. r, 1er.

It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu Ll
lll;
ur '.1-.r '. i .,,, froru , ir ''rul abi' ii\ | :J r." \o,! au\ilirr, IJl uhj^' i!u ;"i urc'r" n'ini'i\-r i,,'onplpr ILf 1'u,|, 'lF "if tui persoana I fi a :l :r, trg. qi Pl :1
l,,l r ! . s ir ' l is t his r ight ' 1 Do D' t lilo nc i l, r hr Fo s hc k j, ' s t n o w l ' ///'s hrrrr,l-'l I)o i' l lc , nr c . at oh v . u her c agr t ' l Ddn ' l lel s s ir r g n. \ Ze r X b! f qr r l li) Y. ( Uat \ qr ^Lie' l
S l0.lti
lranritanilLnrnlri LD t. - To Lll L liild un Crzul compl$metrtLrlui 'erb atund tiv. eito urnat de un plorutne sru sub\iintil-ir cazul|lcuzalil-chi|lr li cind o1estc aurilirt:
Le , n. t hn, Ll I s r ' t h. a dii. ! ? I-r,' s s ir end. u. I ' olit h, s ir L|c . 1 o u 4 l . n b
Se atra:loatenljr asupragrc;cliifF wr tr 'le 1 s! I'unc ' cpsr' ^n lrlcrncnt fbI ri u"-r'r"r "l ;"ur 'br^ r''': n .zrl nurinr i' {',b rrrlr'nl ' in r . . l' aohn:9 .
Le t nt ' and r r e 8o 1 "L . 1n. r ! d 1" es Laif c c r f c il il a ! r one ls . es pans i} r lc lor t li. od i s s i o r , 1 . 1 j t b t i r s ("Le i it 1, . r . ' f s t e nt oof . ut l
1927
\'erbul lo l,l este urlnal' la diateza acInliiritilul dulir rcr;rul "to lst". i]r 1&diiiezr p-rsirn(cljrdinsernlnn p.rrmte') Livddr ir'finitivul inco,nplet. 'n in grn.t,) dc inlinil.ivul complel (1tlil3 l6fit): r,1r',. (\,ri\ t. 1", .aath
t.f .,..r ,".p .tt..d .\.a \ i .L.,n d.{r -\
19rB
Ifornel contrasc.-'Nodalui LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor IL, r, F\nri ir,o un rnl' n in "rr'"" 'u r"rbul rni:rLcclrJlr: /,1r .d l,ii..,l /o,'( n rm;r-J.,"t" ;,r r. f^r1, or"r' l in 8."d li'iu'i'
Zc,'s have I strinl lluxiliF) r//a " h, P' , o l' r l: r ' 1 ' l ' no" r hpr . ! "d- . l, / lL| r ' , r " Eo ' l' D J r n e 'g i . 5 'i n o l '
os;:;i.',1 I i ,1";t. i 'rr,"'"t'i' .,"'jl,:"..:l' "f;:";'::l;jT,i li"l'd",,,i, I roDo z, i"i "li ' 5cr,ul j .""".'''..i" ' r, D: ' h r' , + rt : .
; " i : ,j,1;,,1., ,i ,:. " r' rr'" , tn'c 'i D
1 t-rDiirulori coNi.loe aoosie lornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.
403 ,,r\,,b 1 ,, ri , bdj, l oln \ : | .i n i .l a " \F ' ,r,:. J " tu r-p ron i ' ,- L " lrrl r r , lui L ET."o n- iJ - r . t e u\l o p 1 .,tt. ,.l ri .,F r,' -.n :..r ti rr ,or,t: l o c vi n l : Zctr, t- lriml go: 1,eln I-- tijcul spcak ouIl Pentru formclc contraso, vezi Ei S 1867. Do a ce e t nat ( E r npha ti c D O)!i r.e rb u l to l e t. D O dccentual noate i n soti ycrbul ,o lct, lie aiesta verli lexical sau modal: Nother, d, l.r us gc }ikins in the mourtajns this lrepk.nd, I|.n ard rrel "DitDI. shall rve go surf rjdn,g lodrr?" "Oh, rd, Lr's/" q 19!9
slltt,[. 1tr[1. nt]tY.

Acesteauriilirre,liind vcrbc dofeclirenodal, slnr tralat la capiLolul verbelor deleciiic rnodalc ($ 1930).
II. I'ERREI,N NEI'trCI'IVI }IODILE

( I I O D- \ L DE FEC fM -\U Il L l l R rItS o . l Ii D tl tOD A LS i r
s 1930 s r9i1
\:ERBEI,E }{ODALN PRNARE

{ PItIMIR T IIO D -\L YD IT I]S)
CAN. IIAY. }ILTST. OUGIIT. SHALL. WII,L. 1) Vsr',redelectivc. .^.ccsl,a verbe sint numitc defrctiw deoarc|.c tru au toatenodurile li linpurilel d, urmitoarele verbe au nurnai dauii. lonnrl Ptezent (Present) m.y
shall srll
s 1932
'lt.cut (Past) corld mighl

should would
DJ III,ST qi OUGIIT nu au decit o singurn fotme: aceea de pN..nL, it\trcbuin,tatn nerri ii cu rclerite la tecut.
AtenlLe! Toate vcrbcle de{dctivesinr trdz.itire, complemenLul lor djrect fii d inliritivul care le urmeazd. 2) Ycrbo moilale, Verbele modale stnt aslfl nrmit dcoarce au si S 1033 ltrlllatie tnodald': insolind verbc care nu poL fi decit la nrlinitivs, ete 'nodrl j oasi un rol aproapeasemindtor cu aceiafll ruxili arelor pro priu'zise, exprimind moCalildlca, al.1,l. ciLEilitnpula *rbului dr:pend.en, de olo.Cu al becuvint e, in propozlrmc: I .a, lperk, you atgli, go, clc. verbele dependentespd.r/r ii go, neputlnd avca decit formd de infilitiv ln constlucliile cu vffbclo modalo, nu pot reda ideea exp naie tr Inod obilnuit, prjn
l ii gramaii0r englez,'r aceste v..b! .r! dinrrit. lrmiri durn nubi: )lt.tlal Delectioe yetbs,.Mo.lal .luitiar! r.rr. (ullimul, nume impro!.ir, accsti reliind drci! un 6pect al :,ualdr : (Diliannral linbii tumdnelitoaN se ftie.,:r ra un mod .sfadral'.a1,.. ..caf-A prblirat de -{{radeniirR.I'.R.) Vtzi si S 133t-13n0. .onremp,rdae r\.rl r' .i ti \: \" rb' rl modl l 6l u" .61l , r , , 1" 1"nu I , r ri u " m.r' d ..rD d ? r,r' r / p", / . i d r i n l inir i\ ul uI nr lur .. {Ve zi { 13! 6.
!t04
i(lccnoCrld esteredatnjn exerF indicaiiw. condi{ioDal sa subionrlir. AoeasLar plelc dc mai sus de 1'crbelcdelctive regenie C1)r (i,r(licdliv) qi \{Ii}HI (indicativ trollul,,conditioral sau Rubjonctiv).Irbul defrotiv rcqcnt,sffvclte af* dar aa;nd.i tar norlal.: spra crc,nplu. chidr darn acliunea bi fsio roalir si ar trebui deci erprimatn pril indicativ. ot cste pus La modul condil.ionelsau lt. subjonctiv pertru a se ariia cd acliunea la care sc refernverbul dependentLLI Pentru funclia modali;i acecatcmporali pe care o tndcpli csri pistrindu-;i totuqi propriul inleles. verbclc module. in conirasl cu aeeleaauxiliere, stnt considerate 'ra semiauri.liar e. f,) Colrjugarea{erbelor ilolctivo modale.
l93l
Prozont,Yiitor
Trecut, Corditionalli Srbjon{itiv

I Xou he. s h e - i t rve Xou thel collil coul.l conld conld ,jould oould
f,I&y Preuod 'Irecut, Conrlilionnl li Subl{}nciiv

I h e , shc, i t miSht mi i ht
Uust Prezontl
I
0ught Prezent
oughl ouiht ouslri le, sle, it ihey
Prezont
I shall 6hall shall
Shrlt Trecut, Conditional!i Subjotrctiv

I
r u'
,,
will
Prozent
I will
Troeut, Corditional Fi Srbjonctiv

I
they
wiu
405
-Pentru-tinpurile 1961. s:1940,
compuseah aLrxiliarelordelective modale primare vez!
1620. s 1581,
Pentru subjonctivul si coldiiionalul auxrtiarelor detectir.e modate, vezi Pentru auniliarclc rnodale secundarevezi S 2069 20?:1. 4) Oaracteristicilenrriliarclor deleetilo lxodal(. Auritiarele delecrive { 193b
r . / ' . br . . t r t ot |ot r t d. . sp.i.tt. /,\pzi | ,8-,:,.
ruJ d l i dr l,o"rs d in,rrp rnr . , (t. d drd" . JU u .mu tolto t.
d, sinL dctcctiro: nu au irfinitivl, pdrtifipii. qeru,,rli\ sau irnpcrrtir.. \ 1996 i"r douJ dirlr" FtF t,,r 1 si lr,t'tta) nt.'u ri.i tor;r lp t"",.r: 'l rccut Pre.enL Prezent 'l rccut
dav must ,/ nu au irrrmil]alia lic maJ he c an r la 0ould might _ 6hall *ill ougri should would indicatiaului ti l9Z7
persoana a 3-a singuLar a
it slall it x'ill
c/ nepLrl,indInrno singure prcdi, atul, sint lntotdeauna urmale de un \ 1938 itIit,i ti, in.rnpl.l tl..H tar. tu.\.fplia lui o4ht. rlttpa.0r..infiniriv,r].jtp precedaL de p.rircula lr:
You ay si, dolr,. Ii ougbt to 0o.ft.
d) Iormcle )or intercgotir. )i rpgarli,pstni conshuire, oa la auritiarele BD q t9B9 si HAVE, prin inv.rsdre.uhi"rrului , u moJalul Drpdi"r ului. drci ldra in terrent[a aur;liarul&i ,O ( S ]918):
Cdn she do it? Ma! | ron P in' .tnd ll I h ld, \nu a u. u of ter? Wttt lou tinE n t s r p ( . t . oul l, : m : OuBh t lo ,"L i "p I .dn'r scc soor. nh" ndu , ;"vou , b, ,s.y. You e, , t " l be lote. I rna not lic ilo\rn. Th. v , r / t , o , N " i l n o $ . \ - idCht n o t r o $ J l k L o m p .
II. AUXILIAN,ELE DETEOTIYD IIODALE

(MODAL DEFECTM AUXILIARIES or THn MODALS)
s rem
.h_ aceasti categorieintrd uD numxr de auxiliare disparare- deosebite S 1941 toLsl de rpslul rerbelor din limba pncl"z.i - rarp, 1n d"aursulIndpl,inqdrci' 9i ,buciumalFilor jslorii. aJ pia,duLlrFprdr din caraclere,rbminind asrezi unele cu doue forme, alLeleou una sinquri - sau chiar numai cu o fttnturi dF lormi - ti rouqind su supmvieluiasra tn mdsurd In carpru izbutit .a sali.fa.d n"voilpde exprimar"ale odmpnilar." lF intrebuinlau.Pc tru.omptFLa. rea Iunc,tiilor dispirute, s a apelat la sinonimelerespective,dindu-li-seistfel un cumul d" fuD.lii (v"zi Col LD, I'llCH f). altt al;lorprnprii. cir si In contracl "u CAN, \4\Y, I\4UST,BE lo ssu llA\E TO dln ic"casi nateqodc. Rezolvarea ambiguitdfilor astfel create a dat tns[ aoestorfiaqmenie de yerbe alLe sensurr cu implicalii foarte subtile. Noilor auxiliare, eminamente colo.rialF,li s.du ad;usel Ff..Lp nblinulp prin miiloa."l" socciticerorbirii: noditi.Sri sinld.lic" Ei so,nan'ir",abrcvieri, fonnc nootraseesr"ntorisrire modalplor, arc.n, inronrli" "i rir.r shr , ,.ptF modsJ-lp fiind mono.ildbicp.
' lLotlat la vortad i.fin:t;o, totlr'- b . a", to mau. to 4,sr. /o or4n,. adeseatnr ltriie r d a l ' oJ:drrli, s n t tota t p toa db, nlf : c dld , r t ir nd m nr i I nr : n , t i v u t r i .
it06
-\
1042
(D C A N C]]NEIIAI,E CONSIDERATII
S 1913
1) Fol.mt, - CAN [- a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e din cntegoria verbelor defeotive. Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,: ClN - forma dc ,r:en, (toate persoanele)',inirebuinlnli ,si eu rorerne la /ltrrr. (Vczi S 1949) COULD - fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind ;i rinorul fald (le fecut, ca d.ilianaLul gi *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc). Aeesto lormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3 ,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndentlS 1938, 1933). 2) lloduile unitersorale ii imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au!' l${,1 S liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv. 3) l'ormclc oompusc, - CAN, neavild infiiitii' $i participii, nu poate $ 1916 avea nici forrne verbale compuse. ,{tii acester, cil fi ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale carc ti lipsesc ({ 1!44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul situ BE ,\BLE TO \"-i |! 19.q,. {t].o.,/,,: }oT lo BE \BLL.,u Bli I'\4Rflrr. Inlocuirpr o,laluluiC\N frin BE ABLE nu se poate inse face d.cit. atunci cind acestedoui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\ irNamni ,,a putea" : a fi. in rtare (1'ezisi S 1949). 4) Pronuntrare. 19.17 - CAN se pronunln: S foll:ila taro (vazi $ 1866); umnluat lker): nc.LcccntLrdt Lken. kn, kll : forma slabn (i'czi ra1866). CAN, fiind auxiliar, estein mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln'1, pc verbul principal: tul ciizlnd go to sleep You ca4Lkalrl now. Al1$e .an lionl do i'r to kccl sniling. D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmt ii mod normal tI1 ur.nitoarle situarii: - cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv: c1r_{I kenl is a modalld]] I .4n t kenl." "cdn ikanl I'ou tell me xhere slie is?" "O1coursc introgati\.: Shccan't s.old you, ddD I korl she? urmai de ngalia not (lolma necontrasi)i
I .a4@t I kan.il tell Io! his nante.
- peniru a exprima un protest, contrastul sau o co.irazicer: llc can'tdo afobatics,but you.az t kenl. {cuionul ur.:ndpc co" jn'rl). adDrirdtiv (cu tonul cobortnd pe silaba finali): You. son.oDI konl .rctl cind, liind lnsolit d un advrb de timp neprecis,preia accentul care revenea acstuia (vezi S 2298-22119): .az'r I lto:ntl yoa? lind thc dsht No.d in a crjsG, You al$ats.az lrk@nl You ncv.r.aa I'knl l.eu I
r Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili pcntru toaie modaS lr45 J 2i s 3. : a . . L 'n . lormT.l1ril. D nlq, ' r,r'ri ' , hr Lk lr|?ns "r r ir i . d. iDn' - u n c a r i v , n '. 'n a , . i D\vr'-i.o nd k)ttl " o 't . 1 ( ) s t 'o t slnr d rhirr, ii ini.D Lin x r - in idbd r onr Fm por n n . '- , " , m J , d , a l '. r a l r i t ! , ': l u t 'u " r r ' un"at dc iniinil,ivul .ur plct. 'Cu erciipiia nodalului o,snt ro, c4re esl.eIntuLaleduda
,'0?
:)) InlerogR1i!,!i nega,tia. Formele de interogajie ti negalie sint: .s 1918 aidnI /Joulri crsl'.jitlNc/lou/ihcy ? I/ro!i hcisr,./it^yri/.ronlrrer .zn,,r i l^.tl L.eLl: I.rna .onnasn:',atr'rLlto!11'. ti) Flllltiii. C-L\ (: a pul.ea, a avea posibilitatea referindu sc l,r \ 1919 pr(.?nt s\ tiitor) arc rmntorrde lunc,tii principalc: aJ exprinn capt(i!a|.. .onNte !d. priul eft, pu.tinld,[i.nn. intckdualn. I l95O dcli de durati (-, a li ctrpabil de ccva, a a\ea l,umoruld etc. t:atdctt:ri.tti..d, ter.a. drcptul. caliiicnrile, nijloar:eleetc.): fnogrtiv: d nu putt:o.: e\tr')t1..i\ ircapacitatc, ncputinti. impo3jbilitate etcl: I arntold ]o! orn trne bc.rs.
l' hrt ron ln.d r !: a lgood) s po . , . ihc $ill d o Nh at sh. ca, . (yin: ir| iL itoso.in :) "11lat ada I do lor nuda d ? ' - v . n, C.:z aou curv il{i orrhr urr Ure st.N? lI-" .da'r lrpnd ilic punr 1u... nof irrargc llc i!se(Cn ce rn pol srr!i?)
Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui) Dio ca]'a(itclis(:,,Iatn de ce sini i sLare ticn trecntoare oaneniil",,Se intimple un.cri.'):
Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses. | .od.i. a, nnlc . lins . cfl.cn be re Thc crossing Dr!.r Cahis .dn b! r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year. III llat .dn lc llril,ly l,ct in lhe snmner.
H. .?r play lhc ..11oliLc a lir,tuoso. His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n, th.netic scripi. a j d n r.u s k r t . ? To ,i r.a a r s F r k E lglis h a t a l l . ( Vc ri i i ro ,l t,j rtI 5 19e8) .) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl!:. dcci ;i deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir: i tpasibilitat t)'. Idith ca, cornc\rith rcu on tour triD. C ,n i t b c t hat y or ' r ! : ,l l .rrtri e e r l .h o ,? had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ. She.tr,', Lrum..ried. -she uic cost. \\'e .d,1 give r!, rr,atcv.r Th cv.anL l, a! r . , c o$iz e d h i tn . l h e l i Eh [ss tre o !i . "Do; plfrse..d, yox rrescribea pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc'siccling so dowr' - . nd o u l j u st r or l"
,.) esle sin,rnin ru .,a !ti" (- ft.rn.n ln limba gcrmann):
S 1S;r
! l9;9
d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori S 1953 viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\!); (negativ: r".lr?:. inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y. care pine la al doilca rnzboi mo diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, singurul accptabil in acasti siiualic: Formulele obitruite slnt: .' ' 'a n . l r t ' e ),1 a n . s a L -Y .u r,rj ' ,: no\v A gyi 5 " t h' r d oir c l , r r o oL , ' s ! r r . ! t " d J , ',, d l l \ l 1 l " o u " b '-l .,r t, o; ; . " . du, , u ,n a .,J .rd .t," i r" r ' .," /. !i g J r.,o e J .,
I . , i Lq n l .I' p,o n' , , ' I . . 11. . . , e,lsDl, o D roJr" nt t âant .t ,"'j ,, l . |. |no. "a tn t ru n co.i " ,,;.. ,,ste cu ndevi.ai....", ,,itjc lntr {d.!tu...", nE r a d| d, ' ' 1rd .l dli uno' nam 'r dbil,.L. 'r - 'b '. . , \ \ L d l r r 'l LA\ - h p. extrinlnd admiralie luperlnlirA pcnt orealin
s; . , arL. t1 dr6 r r...,,b...ut . , r , v t . r , . , , o, : . , c os d"p- r ar , : j"u\ F r b ! , r , - o " - m , onlun d r r r j h ' p . o p l l a u a . t , a l fJ p l u r jl t rtrd o .r'ol r l'rr'"d, ' dm "_ii, I n) r . \ n. . " plr,l not or Li' u, u a p, apl. . p1 . p"oDl.s /, t 4 r, . . ub. l.nl.li\ tJpu".popo r' : "t h . p ; apt esof th" l: t on; . ; ele lum iil ",'l;/' a v \\ I po .ib lirJ i p/ i $ 1012: ! A\ r ! r m i5 . n r s 2 0 3 r .
108
MOEFOIOGIA
_ VEEBI'IJ
CoDI see vou a nonent? {ton neut.u - cel mai frccvcntl C oail I s eaaou ,l o rl a mo i l p n . rl o n m3 ' l o l i l h osl ,Ua, I s c c v ; J lo r r mo me il : ro n 1 i o i .ra l . to_m1l l Yofcaa so;o*l llomuld pntru a marca sllriitnl unei conleNalij cn rn itlerior ca vl$tii. rang. i.eatti social[ ctc.) De fapt traducerea in limba romAnn ilustreazi aceste nuantc: "Caz I smoke?" (= ?o, iu]na?l "You aar." "Co,i.t I smoke?" 1 ,4r plka luma?) "You .42." ",tta" I snokc?" l: Imi pcnneti sI lumez?) "You .a'." Rdspunsul; .,Iou can". acelali la toate irtrobirile, inclusiv ]a ,.llry...l" si la,,Could-.?"' este simptolnaiji pentru e'olulia viitoare a rerbului CAN. tr{ai edificator este ri.(punsul devenit clasic. l,iios. nu lipsit de urnor, dat adcsea la intrebarea'aan I snok.?' i\ apaca Al1tbelicl, atunci ctnd sc tncrca sA se stivikasci aceastd invazie a verbului CAN. coDsidera sloppy l: "You cd,, youlg man. but J.n ndl not."3 l,ati,enrul ,,CAN-.. M-\Y noi..." esi,elrcir intrcbuiurrat in l1lod curenL pentru a se sublinia o siiualie eontrastivn indicaie d. context Dc lapt, evolulia verbului Cr\N, depafie de a ti sirncit limba oglezi' ,l u p a , ur ' . ir pE r " ' d i n .p l -,\t,s . i .' o,,.ran1u.tb i l a " u .. ' Jd' ,sJr 'n ;i C n j ' i crol i nv^l l d :n rr. \\ . n " t,i ,,,,r i n i .l r , iit " uinr r e " rm " r.i .d i h -n :r mai si XrlAY. mai lornral, 9i ,,respectabil".3
! 1954
(D C 0 U L D CONSIDEITATII GE\]ERALE
S t955
1) Pmrunlare. Ina slabi:
COULD esle pronullat lkuttl lorna tare !i [krd] lor
How could t kudl youl (foari0 rocentuat) (E\clanaii\') I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d lk.(ll be.
S lt56
2) IntcroErti:rsi negalir. -. ,/, r /r ,u/h rpr. l "r./i,l\,.ro,r l\ , ul, " " n

[,'
$ l lll;
i\ .,n r' ' ,/rd / ]t d l ] ','L . r t un. ! ii. - L U I I D tn fl F F \p ri ' n ' : a) tru:dul simplu (PAST SIN'IPLE) al modalului CAN, in nnumile liDi.
tr: irqiuse do cclclaltelunetii {le lornoi COULD{:

\\h:n 1onrg. Ned .otrd slcak Ercnch like a Parisian. (: capacitatc) | . , | . a. 1o 5 \" p ,o p d J . { J rl ) ." ,1 d. , r . t.].. \ . . , - , . . . .,,/, rrf,J i u !.:!,0 n ,rr , 1. \ . , r 1d s l, s , n .,i r_ o o ,i b ;l i l i " rl \' l m.r ' .n | $ J o l l r. " n" t.. I i ^ po' bri l Jh . L " t' " ' " i t I . : : ao 1 " -1 Ii ai d" .u| rl dr \ r!' Ti " rn" . i . r . j. \ l" .l n " .i l l .' ,1 rt.' y (n
I 1 ,rr in ,uiL t : i nf c liiF0t d, . , /"n p dl l, r :G . i Lp. L1n' .U p o ' .ioJtt C 'q t . h t , . L - . p -
o' ab'e\../s"-.../s" ,i,,. , ,,.::u:;;;j1".,,
3, , l,.,rl , / a \'r'zi ! l!/13 . ; sni (jip pn'riLat \n| ;in \.'''.i '
lskiN sau f.til, ultimn fin,d rro,'ulia - i \ ' - i1 p: t . / , 0, 6. 4, dh \ p.\.:/
nor'cgiaDn adoptatiL ti ir A . a t o 't a , t, t. bl laa
mn.t.:b'. ota'. r ibi.ron""r"ib'
4{0 D.) CodTd(+ i"finitivul perfeci al verbului dependent) ajutd lalormarea trecutului pe ect al verbului lexical:
Irp d o v qas po- ili\ " \o u a u l tJ " o tl d n t h o \p M t h " t. l ,o u i a ha' e @/ d J or , ' rh a r m\s " l t. l p o ;i b l i l a rn n ,rp ari zara,
cJ poateexprimaaiitarull^t4. de trecutal modaluluiCANI

T l' " r srid lh e\ ,otld : \ ot uLt r al hplp us m ov F in o n ] r ( n d a \ opn; t r ", Jdu ,a\td lo"t dn' : nne t r h; , 14r t s eaL . kpal
d) ajutd la lorniarca ditorului pcrfect fald de trecut aI vrbului lexical: Hc lold mc lrc .auldn't tossi\ly hdre canc the follo$'ingweek.. e) poale li condili.analal lre.?ezl sau poate ajuta la formarea condilidnalu,di pcfcr, al verbului lerical: He coel.t 1= ar lrteD) ra&. more erercise:he's (: has) put on weighi. (Conditiona p.ezenl inde!endni) (posibilitaie)
Tne). couu.cone il thcy sa, Xou. l.lL.r in good l.ime. (Conditiolal tr'reni corelat cu subjonci.ilul prczent) (losibililat) _ L o n J ,n C a ' l :!E 3 nv l omurro$. C ol oi Li ond ra tL J vou I c t m lr f " n \ $ ' 1 .. r F r"r;n d L sp iJ \ r i or , r Dos b r,| ,., r.-r,- D o t:ti .o o .' ' ft,p r'a u t d la# awi, t h ,\to 1 , " ;.I ro u r Irr" r' 1 :m fori h" $.dd:nc.rcond: liond l l r"l .l , or . dl . r s l l In ,; u p r " ,:l Io .i b :l l .' 1 " 1r,,." . " r-Jl i :J-' l v e z i i S 1 tj t0 ) f./ poate fi snbjandiauL modtLLttlui LOIILD d\1pi\'. il, s .ppose. inagine. as though, I t+,ish etc. ($ 1,580): // o n \' lr . ' \ u" . i a . t' d . " , d ;ti r (.: ,r, n .ri \ , . ." r.a,,,1F,' l It \o t . oulJ . oian a . \a . 'a td ' o n l i r' Lndl o,,/pnl , i dr. \ouf nxnte ' ai,-.o .d l .\" -k .d Jrl o o,rs-l \" .. sh r. su p p u :p\ t v - t d . ulj n .ri \ p " , n r n d r" vould vou like to lro? rn rr i l h p o , . l i \i sl ' Lo U' r ' ,,,. " r " gl ds$.1 " " )o' to ' i l D of irl J) i . Ie n l i . c ! Subjonctivul erglez sc traduc de celc nai nulLe or; in limba rominn prin - condilia al; deci identilicorea subjoncl"ivului rrr se poa1,eface conform traduc e i. ci co n lor m f unc liei p e c a re o i n d e p l i n e tte . (\i e zi { r58i ) g_./inlocuiqte t,'lr.3/t'l&l C:\\ ir stiL l i./tdirctt: (La tcl?fon): I sondred il xou .oLrt l,ar e all rishl.. {Ua htrbam dacd mi dz:, |in,,.) ,\1il diect "cat rou he.rr mc rll righi?" They askcd us jI we tholshi Fe c,dd ftach an ufderstanding.
r';!.rol rrlr'o .'l ,1i,.1 n oi' J pd c aonp. adl ,\ " d, S t:t dtt".t: "L,o :ou rl'in t \ 1 , d , r o \ an und"r ' dnlin s . l r l ! 'r p )
h) 1L eacltlnalii: Ilorr dorlrl shl (CuIna ptrtrt laceaia ceral)

r I next wek lutiL de nonentnl {illrl ariicolul holiirit d.) : .,s,'L]rtdninaviitoar' zent |t\ cnre se afli'r rorlriionrL: lhr brrt s* k r m a m o m r 'i u l u i r r " / r ,,.d !,,1q' I r d u"m or oar r ' . aJ ' d d. . d, ar p 1 1 . a r-alld \o .Lilo r.l .r'd r"pu. : n, \ ! , : J "J , l1. : "agndio' ar d p a f a r 'i . n ) r l ,nd cste sinonim{ cu the la aan\! .vet:i. t -ln' , dar tottt.ts t - 88. Lo, da, . at t : ' , q l: lr lt ,l p r o ; r 1 n r 'r . i " m i '. n l o f C u r p o r.lj"i l" llu ,iu ;'T.ler,r ' Lne Lundon - . l- BL . - - 8f l, i . 'i t s r u d l " i . r i n g C o r l o r 4 r a !a$i,, didinuiiv Irrhtenc6L: Atsnalian(d)).
{t0 t9;8
CA\. COLILD. BD ,{BLD TO (sTUDtU CON'r'RAS ITV)

TI}I?UId II CARACTtrRISTICI
s r9,i9
l-olna C,\N erprimn:
C4\"
19{i0
1) trrezcrtulmodalLrlui C.\N:
Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie. ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl L d i b | \' H - , . . \ e- \ n' , . r J l. H do". n r l , , L i r , , l : . . h " . \\ J.d rj,, l. ' L J ' u l. , or oJ , lr '5 s , i n g l o l . o u r \ 'i l ' ' r "la ra r.
1961
2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N stc urmat de infinitivu} pel.fect al vrbului lerical dependent,(Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii ;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi, rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
t -iz" lJor'| , J' 1\ h " d? ] . ar " bp"n d t , t , J E\ t s . h,to.k".tt.,t' ti. .l r d J n d br but v . , ir t ". t . , 1 / t t , n hc.or
[ln acesteexcmpte, tornele (can)hat'c bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:anhe (harc j ', for ti fiddJ,! in dord | ,o luîl .n[]niLr: ..." I,uru ii..., .... p,rr,. .tsriq".... 6/ .u "o" n) " I tt. ,, .r-i ri r^,j1..: ...nu po.l, r- Ir . q i;Jr.... "u ju .ri\Ll ' t, txisiluranld, ind.oiald.l '.\ptiminl "o,'
,r ,i.., 8 " i, s , . m p Ln. { o. . o, , \ , u t r , i n i . , r r t r ! t l; , / , r no; , n..i a.drJ \ t d\ t, p..t. |.tnar ip ro, lo, Aa.. ! " t ""t d. r , o, hpn. dd \ . r in_ . , t ( s r b i , l . l tt to r:tuI .1 tt or a nt t I r a, . ' t |t 1, . ', I. 'l) ! o t th o., A r ' r ll' e p. ' r k , , r . t | l . , r l m r " i b l i - , ?us /\.t n- t ] lt i. bin. n: . pr r n p . , . r . r a . J . , [ i $aLi "" t...t?.r," 1', ": t.o
'1 " i , . a . '
s 106:l
l9ti3
COULD ti \|AS/WI.IRL
AILD
TO
Functii
1) CoLTLD qi trecntul simtlu. - COL'LD este int.)ttl.:aunaform.. intre, buintatn pentrr r.cdateatrecutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.) kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itatei oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Scquenceol f tnsts): Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcrsl, likrl. (p.rnistuntl Lolld ihil gaurt m{n l. .trr lrttrt {posibijii,ai,ir certri exolamatjr) hc_v told rrc lhey .oau,u 1 lir h Lordonbccansc ihe cosr01 )irnrgwastao high. . _ 't ijlil indirecl im!osilrilitate) 2r lHpa.iliric dc durntj. pr:n lnr.u.it p-\F. n rrlrritcr.i -..;1..1 ",t.sut ut r.n.t,,tLtttr I \ rS lq.,0r_ LUt LD nu p"ir" p,r,_i"nr r""-. i t,, su;ire decit atxnci cind ea este o ruractcrislit:d tl.) d.irati. e\;I]tni ncinteruptd. detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
< . , n; . . , o p . r r o t (t,p1 I.F J. r . ' r nin6 jr s , ot ! o! "1 .a"|Jl. ' - tdr, r. ,. ' il1. . hii(rd rJL t,,.n",rtr oh, r p\ t , , , , t ior , 1\ 1. . r - h p , . m , d d o f 1 . h f r $ r n n , r , ; . n , i t " rror.. lu- 5 \ e ' - 3nd t , , "ge ,
I'Jril
I n,, !.onuBic ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului-a.nrire cireulalie aetunlah Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi S 88r).
Iortri {te
4 r1 :) liE ,tBniil - rcrliz:rrc prirl {}lort. Cind inse verbul se rfrn h o i 196; r(rili.ttc i/t.trntt, oliiruln prl;lf un ,/o/1,Ci)ULD estoinlo':uil cu rormalJli \LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carc mcrcheazi ..a uni dt Iicuhdli inrinsr:
(posilililate)l |.ti.r (i.;cD . ds drlc i" ski ( . a f . uiit ) s r , t . , a/ d s k il: a ! ! h i wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.' uP a, a sla.t Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\'! Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire d thildlcn 11,, drla to tui th t tc odies ' 3t D t hc 1r llloy 3, oul . I r c a c h o i t l'at an d 'd." ( \ er i iii 5 r 9! ! )
4l T0 \l-!l{,{GI - PL:ntru atrcnt'u:rret dilicultltii eforttihti depus sf S lttli in lo rerb|l t0 ]L'rN,\GU (: a r{[fi, d izbuti: n se d.l1(Iirct) t,rtrelnliflorzri cul lormoi COLt,l):
It N.s v.rl !r diLrlt Dd rrn,ing l,ajd hul Fe iererurelss no,/r{.d ! lo l o t. \ t f a w. r lr , Ne Don. s . d t o lt J to rerch iioni! ii put tin g li olt Lhc dchl oD ilie caf
Aceste formr, c.Lre nrrcheazn {, i 1!16? 5) ts.8 IBLH f0 ii ]IA(AOE T0. sr! realiztrc diiicilir.pot fi jrtrchuinlaie la toaic tiinpurile -/r:!r?1. 1r"(.al ritlo. - \'I,\NACE chjar jn ro'tlbijratie cu fornrclc oAN ,:! I'OL:I'D (lrczoi si r:sDcolir con4i.linr.tN\ rirf.dfr h /iilrtl - situati ir1 crrr pltona.'nrri :'can ivLnt:i' uorlribuic l:r ir.rttL,utrrca idei;:
'\! | . no' . : onl, ' il ,. 'u l ./h l ' ,' L l ,' ,p :.n cu refornc lr \iltln) tut,tds. a $ocd Nliile Lo .ome ;/ r' l .ro" "l
c-\RAtl 1'ER I STI (l t
.s 1lJ{;s
1109 \{rgrtirut COI]LDN'T po.lte li inLr{rbuinlet ca negalic a anbelor tor- )R 1) 'COLil-D caztrebui. durlalntrebui lareal i in accst siWr\S,UlLIiTOnre toate detuliilc- De piidd. tn erem mulli\ atentie Dcntru ca el sl corespunili 111 iFi LOUI D\'l in lu' ul t^rbu pun. pro' roi""ir', n",l. 'r' I' ul Dlu 1i1 'r ' ' Iu) or .o,. irui ^ 'roarF. JaoH'.. t,r BE.\fiLt: fO (..,u \1 \\\';E I hart b.n dlle nu estc COULDNT nu irdcplineste condiliiLenecosarc: caracierislici crpacilato exprimi nu negatir !i ti continue propozi-tiile negttire (S s 10?0 poaie ln li utilizat COULD l.rimrlz 2i 'Lfu)cut 19691sau intcroqatile ,:hiar tn cazurilc ln cnre WAS ABLE TO cste sinEnr& forni afirinarivi posibild (i 196;), cu condilia insi ca ambii ternreni intocuit. !i inlocu;to,; - si se suprapund perfect. ( S 1946)
l{. clinbell uD to Ure top ol the irec nrt..zld"',5dc [Ic ]ake. co,l.l he sec ihe lakc slien ne.lntbid ul io the to! ol tlie lrec? Co,rl Jolm hrve a holidal on FridoX lasi.? Ile.ouldnl leel hrtty iD tt,e to{n b..ausc he {rs loo lonPly.
s 1r7r
p "i n ..pr oN: i! . r.!,l F g c o ' i ' e fro p o zi l i e ' a| n ." pi l ; d r' s nE rrti v d a ior it r Dr " z pnt p i ,rn c ; p h " l i d F \u tb i rp ' ru .bi ar un i al l F t' rol o !,r/,r' . rE 2 C 33' : ru . " n. n" q0; i , n d u L n i , T rri i w d ' ml l Y l o n g ' l i P d anr lhi * , I " 1 h " l o lloqll' - d , i I d i d n l l a F J l l ,i g l rl a n d o \t.tn-tA rt 'thc:i cautrt i'a i G-rjnesalie) sce throush the mist -I,,'r"."i YerbclorCoLJLD ii DE AtsLE sc supraptrnh acelaii contelt, ,.t"-it" . (e! ir tr rrt un { em t lu dr rrc s l .g rn ! d o "u . . , a I r t r t r , 7 l l : tn o f, r) n .rJ b :j , ' " frn r " . lb, r . . / l )u b ' r' i ,l i \ "1 l l Dt. "
{19
MonFot,oorA
- wRBUr.
l9i2
A nh .r $ oma r , aut . t s . 4apt u. . pm in. g" p) b p t a u n d . 1 \ato d,t p-o nu nr n. eat \ , ou) d r nda- t i. d hin. HF .o 'rd tle r 14. . r adr , , F1r iv , r ! t m p m , t r e f . 3, Prcferin li. - Ci, , l t im pul t r ir . " In , r , l i u n F " l D r h u t u i F s , i D r e c i F z-ll p rlnlr u'l o d\ r b dp t it , p t r . . . ut , x"0r : d. s t t r do l J . t a s r t , , k . t t o d a q , o e o , ",a., WAS ABt F.TO
pr.crs:
ru r. -\ u, i Llp/ at r r F d " ",. rbFI, Jp ,i ,rp ,rmur b :1 "." rn p te o ,...n . 1 ti ,r.ri ,to sdv"
"s
rorrnp: COULD.', rr". r rurpra.
-, i",r .; i;..;i-i";:;,_
Dl1 l rgs a bt 'a it is t . to.g ' nt J on o, h: s m i , . . " - i n r o t . p t t o t t i t o r r . r . lr.lur rr F dd ie iFp o nt , d t . r ' p opt i\ pr \ r.ja n du . ,rt"'^ | p, o\ p hi. D, ; . oC. "p' r e $ , . ! n h d . i . . r '. , l r s . t i i n s it on I.s.
.\istd tot,r<isl.Jtp'i. d..n,,tan . D. l. d,"isle prnterinld "ria vorbi orutui tr mar alF. ,lup; dil,rFr ta d. rntplp. r Inirp.-tp doud p-\prinjri. "ar.,rjs (Vezi si { 1963-196b1 l9?A. 4) ({rt LD in stilul indirp.t. Tnrrrn.pu,"1,,r..; de"tara.ii din sritrrt !lirp.,.in.et indirar si inrer.. drn sritutin,tir,.r i",;iat.";,,10.:.uii" ""),i mo,rrlFtor rplpasi mod;fi, ;ri inerFnrFr-g1ltitorcon spord.niFi tin purilor
( s 2834 2838). CAN din stilul directdevine COULDin srihi indirecr (;i invers):
c..".,. Shp s d. '..,' y ou , um F w: r h f t J r d , " I r n"n d 1 sh p,si"d n .. i1 | "aut t t8a $it r hp" o t " t ir m e n J i i u r
(Vezi ri g r95rs)
$ 1e74
0onjugflren modalului C,IN1
Inlinith
having bcen able to

Iniliefltil :
can {an/arelis able to) coDrd (was/$ere aue 1o) ha!/hlls iecn alle to had leer nble to
/o./ fall de prlzcnt
10, Iali de trcclr Conditiodl :
J p.s.nr t pe./c.r J ?rc.n, l p -1 ,.
can// shall/will be allc to shan/}ix lave been able to corld//should/would bo ablc i0 , o u l d c o ud$,r' Lh \ h. ndrr' p to
could:/iShouldhvould bii allc i.o coulds/,/should^voul,i hale bccn able !o cou]dl/r'wasi \yere able to
L i C q\ s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE ' P " , ' lr u r or m l" rp rb n l ^' a rF i r.." b - D o d a tu ABL E T O ur m it dr : s Inlinitivnl al verbuhi lcxical dependent. ? Inrinitivnl trezeni al verlul,i leical deiendnl. Frlect
4lE
IIIIPUL, \'II'I OR
s 1976
lntmtluo$e. - In rortrast eu limba romnnn. in structura limbii ensleze lale de nomenlul in care 6eafli existn dord alitudini temporale fr.rndanrcnl,ale vnrb:lurul: I' falt dr. I.rclpnt p 'l' o pr'l' l, l l{ de lrcrul pF de alla. .r'ud,r. cp r ,llF. , in br. n.a r,a.'i FIF.or.jugdrii .\,, ',ndn o-la 1or -. ' pe doun axc poralclc, pcrlact sinrcl,rice logioa. sinl constluite conlorm unor ti reguli reunite sub numele d| cor(slantlenla rinpurilor (Stqur:rtcci,/ Tens.sJ. S 1976 Pentru aprofurdarc, vezi Schemaconjugnrii g 1356. .q.cstealirmalii sini ralal,jle numai pentm gramaticr aFa-numitn tradilional:i, adi(; s.,cca a stifiiui formdl sau livrcsc rsi snrt modificate din te ln te nrai ull h granratica irrfornoli sau rolocvidi arluali.
'I'IIII'UL \TITOR .i CONDI I TONALT L

C\ N , C OU L D , E D AB L E T O
s 1977 s 1978
l) Faln dc momentul prezentin carc se alln vorbitorul, viitorul (: posi- $ 1979 bjlitate) este exprimat prin: al CAN (indicativ prczcnt) D, COULD (conditic,nal ppzent independent) c,) SHALL/WILL BE ABLE TO .{ar come to l,lnch lilh us. 3ay tomonoF?" "Canlcould "So ionxl I'crn'l.." "Iiow atrouith day alier?" 'Ii;hl, Ti,ar'll $ lrr In','lrsnlr }o.. "co lons.'
_ \\. R L. . ' r ' or l h f\ l .s l x e l ,a rr,Ia u i d $r sp' rh" r,p" Jr. pl e0sF?" -d - r o u .d, . f f ; dr J r ' o _ -rr,,.l tttl rt; n i -\" s ,e J ou,hFr l yFb)e ' rlnaliza gxomplelor preoedelte.
C d modaielc CAN ;i COI-LD rprimn tosiz,iltlal ti se refern la tiiat, S 1980 deosebireadinLre acestedoui formc verbale este accasica si ln traducerea respectivn in linba romeni: pot, puteli ctc.) exprim; o acliune sau S 1981 a) ind.i.catiNul Ir.:,r?t (C.!N: o stare de lucruri sub forma unei inl,rebdri sau a unei declaralii precisc,ferme, pt z,ht inJ ! rJFnt tcol LD b) ,ond;liaratut a: tL 'a. a1i purea el..) S 1982 inrrodu.Fdo,ri n.,nn:pJ;l-'ilar irr',r.iturlir'p.ezir.rc' .JUisi o formula mal politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru aflarea pdrerii intrlooutorului. (Vezi exemph S 1953)
AITCfa nn" d r ; t t ot , ; rl .o n ,!i ' i o n a ] (' ,ti i to r in,rt1 CAN - The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF
s 1983
COUI,D
r.s.$rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an'r you do it saoner? (lo! catgoric, precis) Tl.. Jon , s s , o, r d , o_m !. ' nJ olher ^ddy ( , o , d i . i o n a l ) . - I \ l , e n o u l d rox b rrru y o! r pr oor s r Dr r r \ r s r oD. ro "ld ,, , \ t u da il s ooo: llon r ai Dol l i c o ) i i ' r p r i l - d : n p . l - C o u l d Jo u l"l m ; J v n i t i\ ' t . 2- I aul, J l ' dlr p H I n o u l l o m o r i o s a {s o l i . .i ar' m . no i' , ud: ii. s onddr p) - 1- 1" I 1 n , ', / . o I s . p \ l u t r o w (ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime sou
r: l OK. -{l l t ghl. ! 5 (live pounds) (slanc)
414
S 1934
., SHALL/WILL ]lli ABLE TO cr.primnun viitor nrai precis.adsea mai dcpnrtat de prezent,sugerlnd intcrr.cntiaunui lapt internttdisr de care Ya dcpindrealizarea indicatc dc verb: acliunii
$o.k d,n, h1 r 1ri r " . I . t r lr : lt U b " rtl . ta ." d u I T h \ ' / 1, ' r / 1 b I sn; /i,tlll'll be able to se; yon oi Tlcsdux. (snln,lel.si sint .cnpatl tini at!n0i)
Atcnli(! viiLoaft pstein tunrlia ,1. ut)a.;lolt :t n'l l,! tm' $ r93.i fdJ Ci d posibititateR prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un (drerD d timp aiitor, S1T,\I-L/NILL BE .\BLE TO estrisinguralorml po$ib n: Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her shehis ieln ln Englardlor someLnrc:,shc'll &e olle to lass tI! qualiling c\a all righl.. $ 1936 lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna permisiLtr"'. ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL cste in g.ncm singuraformi preferatd. liilorul fali nt ftorrl (l u,,tt tn th Pa\t). A '.sr'' fnr: : p\p'in" S l9c7 r!l. t t.ttrL'tt:ni, /.,,/. CFIF do.r; n' i rurbi rrrl s arlnl lr.I Inornpr 'liI prin auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral fald d. Fezent Esre lormr de viilor se deosebesc S 1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul f.4A dc trectacu auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{rcutul auxijiarelor respecLive), in toate cazurile.auriliarele fiind urmate de rtfinitilul lerbul.ri principal:
I ln o,r I |lt r i I $ill
I Ir,
/ , o/ / .
o nr ppr r ||d r . d " d i n .
I Lnc N I
tslould I $ o trl d l, d .
,. d /& l o m p F
Lpr s' Ji -.
Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.
5 1989
COUI,D, TRBCUT SINIPLU.CONDIJIONAI,

(PREZE\TARECONTNASTIV,i PITACTICi)
Scopul acestui capitol ste sprofu daroa unor date cu caracl,ergeneral, rpuse in capitolul precedent,pcntru limurirca dificulti,tilor Ia prima vedere ireductibile. Cititorui est sfiituit, si nu trcacd la citiraa acestui capitol l6rn a-gi fi insutii incn, tn delali , materialul cuprins ln capitolele S 1940 1988. Cea nai dificild problemi p care o lnttmpinn studentul striin este legaii $ 1990 de funclionnlitata plurivalenG a rnodalului COULD, sursa complexitdlii ambiguitdl,ilor suNenite atlt de frecvenl ctnd strdinii folosesclimba engleza.
rCAN sc relere ii h viii.or. (S 1949) I aa ptFp ..llr alim p. lim f . r les r . . , ne"pq' i, . 1' . . d , l r i I s p a m r J 3 l/: . d sld/l s.ru pl, l ( r br - v . ) snlxld sau porid I,rb.Fv.J i.d -luldp n 'r l l .
COULD e:1,c tlr prillripal uu trccut ingridit tu anunile lilnit'e, nu nu rai 8 1991 ' .1. ilt, ul , \l,rin ei ,iitorul 1.,:da t. t,t. "an.J t;.-tat.,t. po"lr ar,..,;, .t "" pr:rnt;)t't ,du "\1.i"t,.1,.1,1 ,r" ," "lti,r t.t - rt" ,i',,1 r",. , ' "prrri respondcnla l.impurilor dar pontru cI ti in sfereleaceslor scrsuri este su pu8 un,Jr mmeroase tabuuri Di l.er|felnri conplical,c, care ii dau subtilitnti numite in limba englezi!or.r"1on.r, iar in linba romend cu aprorimalir subin-telesuri.sugesl;i. ;nsinuiri. inlllicaiii. P'î.-orii pn:].?i n pl.,.r ir 't ^,i. 1 InrrFbr:in.,r,i rrpcit. r r^||,,i q $!r2 COI'T.D , , a, u, .tot tt r4ut;r I t'".- t.nt)!. .\nry,ir t "| .,t , r,\; rp . I |''|naU-rA,|,'|;'|,u|'|''\|un'rp1ir',;,''t,tlr,''r bazd a trecutrrlui simplu. W. Stannati Allen. arLtorLrl uncia diltre cele m:,i aprecirte lucrnri rrrc tice pcntru uzul studcnlilor striinir, meriione:tznnedumerired sl,xdeitilor care,cilind in rnarualr: ciLlonna COULD estctr.cut.ulsau condil.ionrtul inodalului CAN, lntrcbuinleazd COTJLD firi discrnnrdnt i tropo'iitii ca: "1 h,.,.unrr! r' .l "aLtlJpa.'ny "rrnrin"'ior. r'r v^'rrd-,o. l.o\,tj ;tt^ 1.,t,,,t ,i.ir m\ r,,.rt, i,,,, It."r ,d,,!.',: t,"u '1.'v ird lld,l r;u,,1 r . Iormelor corecte: .,1 t\\ts (Lh 1.o pass r11rexanindtion Lenreir|s aso.'.._.1rr.rs t o!,o.ro lr^..,,r..tr\ . -t v^ oht. to r:i.r, n,\. n,u r, ,,., "i1.,\... '.. H.V. r-,,nrr, .,1.,'rgr':-Br I a.,tJ l"r7 ; : /4 /,,, r.,r'iir, . ..Jrrr. u. 'lFr. drJ -l furni,lrpd,1" hû"a. Tir n,,ir"-p..,rsu.ld..,\./.,,."'p (or irdrag.l) tc lrrnirh LI e horrse.''I couldattcndtlLLk:ctu"e'r. f, r.r Lo n lecturc iI tholuturo' .J:,,r,-1.. li.o,r r"l.r .sl",rrpi0 1b.tx.t ^$.r.h\^l ,., $,.".b|"1o!.4 r;.,i... .t r,on,t...tt,.ota tt, t..tt t. ti.",r".-.Lt gub,ll di'1'.| :^t .,\'l .u.1 Lor;vh lotrl l.,ur. . N. trf..,rr ,1.., r Il , pr.J,p t'jvcqt c',nditi0alrl, IL\'. (ieorqa, "l co ld;Jon,,t: rs \ "ccrier " 1993 ..,tdn t tn; . ,r plrl."r i. r mu,1".r!it.r' sti\- ur -l . I "-r", rri "1n.t.,1 thc tututs (: nu a_s puletr). Unlikc "i .ruld do il", ho\Iever. iL mal. rFler to thil past aod ean "I triai ta da it buLI failrd." (: Am trceri-at, drr n a'n rcusit . Pcntru a rezuma ti cor,r{llcta conslaii Le celor doi autori menlionali S l1)1){ (a) | coukl dn it (condiiional alirmati\') este o ..nodrsld. atirna_ti(.= al , putca s-o lad, nuan!a de zitarc. nesiguraDld sau _,modesl,ie,,fiind introdusri de nad l. candil,i1nal !.i rcfcrindu-se asadarla yiitor, nu l.r l,"r.ai. (L) "I $nli dd il'nu poal,e cr.pim0 /r,.r/r/ sinplu afinnartvJ,.it in S lrr; \ilt,':' p\on01.. i .|pu.r r' lr,isl ,l'f ^,r"sr"n.l"n a timDu lnr {\r/i ..Sr;lu indir;; : tzCui. -/ ;outd do, - tnt..:ui-qta p/,.. C\N) /.. .'1 nas $lil6 io rlo',; cutnl simtln.din alinnolia "r,d. ;t" ( g 200:) qi "1 can lo it" cs1,0 tu "I coul.ddo i.t." (c) Neg \i^"1 conkln'r d, i," somenline, l:irn rnodificarea formoi.t,) am- $ 1098 bele cazuri urmhtoarc - pe care si le numnn I si 2 , modul si timpul vel bul.ri In.a s"hi l'r1lu unlurrn.arinlrl^r lu',, li-i p. , vr' n ri' I' n'in-starr - ' t "auldn't j" , pn"r- t'l .llublld,ep,,li\d. \;|pl lt -"',a,t,",1,i',ii' , \u c; put".' s u tr"J r"hrindLr-.^lr riitoi .a'r \2t;nd;rc1;,,tt,.ut c:;,t.t,, n Lot;r\ \m lnrer"a +n,J.. lrr n."m rF,r)il). rpiprin.l,r..e lx trir.ur. L;n ,F\rul. ir d,'i '.rr"rli" !ofuilorului. irJi," ,u1 :io il.dF' t',r.tru rorn., COULD lrr cazulin spetn.
1W. Stanna.d \1ten. t,ieins Enplish Sttuctur.. ol Lnslish Teach1b'an.lAtj'cn..".] ' H. \'. Cco.ge,707 Jers,ttuiian iablesl,r Sr.rtcLts
416
MORFOI,OGIA
_ VERBUL
199?
lNLoculroRll
crx/coulD $r
RESPDCTI\iI
q lUodululC\\, avlnd. dups 'um a !;zut mulripl".ei'ubtiJ" utilizari 1i In pfln'rp cor' numardoud lormappnlru a Ie nxprimn'au sugerdF''a lolosrr Fxpuse pini arct form coosiderallilor l''orili 'imilirridinii Penrru a.l inla ur. i .i ,mbigui lrl",J rF,-r\in l0'nuLi I poa''" rpcurs' ld "inft ;";; ird eo, torr'rl f""-i;;'';";.t;,';, 'iua r- odllrl'lr Jcpmd4aLoJrp la LD s"u C.\\/COl nimp aln moJ"lFLor "ror ' de mai jos:
r A \ B E A B LE T O { : a l i rrr s ta t, ' r' u i L l
pa'r"", i3 )'.')i" '3;l :,i ,:'i i #* l ";:;'l ui p " ' u r! ' - . . r LIi' id J r d .',1,n., r,'r ,'r I n 'i t a 'lF'luru r'|n' p l nA ib9'" Bl I't.,c.E'rzl "1,'
iFj zERo cAN/couLD TO iGJ DE SUPPOSED
iH) Imleratiwl lolitciii
i "lFs AL.6lF iironin'4. prir lo.rgar.u srrr ub iluir-s prolrit rui.lor pnqlD're a"plHfijrn'n rJu" o mar" hog'liF J; 'ubtilit"ti l 'murind in '^nru/rrrn
s 1998 s 1999
({l gn \BLD
TO
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A se observa la traduccrea exomplelor precedenle: a) lipsa intelesului propriu modaluliri IIAY (acesLaneavind aiei dectt rolul unui sirzplu auriliar); lrJJu'eb) nar o sr.lti"net;,t,1'l; ,' onjrrn'rir . :- Irrr lirrLa Ionrin ) ld din ierbului den'ndent rea 'nsl'rzi ' "Cr""'i"."i""li',",.:i.,".i't'i"""" 'lir 'le auxi' Ljon'rr\ul aprr' rrrs ppnr'u nFir{ n aqlizr' rlirr liarrrlIrl \Y adrr' u nnt', d" t^r'n 'lisplJ'" '3re s:n 1n opr,.rFe\ildlp in .nglazaa luJlJ U ' \'"plrd sttlLlu' lurrnar'
s 2034 s ,035
rrp''rl'ul dl Inrrra Jp rrF"url\llGlll I l'D'ibili lArc' n'p'rl;nJ cxPrima I' sc. 0up3 In'ro'lu'ir,drr r" irrl, sc o.rqla dp.1t ln anumil- lin 'lrzeazi ^r'\ dependnt: verbului pete.t al nfinilirut ,ro
3) Treout. -
-"a ,{ se obserl'a cA inletcsul asl,tcloblinut este de ir'rdl al verbutui regent ti nu de perfc(t, adici nu de anterioritatec
, Vezi \ ! 010.-:lrl,3. s ntult ;lL, bar de noa]rl.e
,r*",,r ,,,r'i,"Hl,i.*' ;i"*;:: ;;,lsjj":iri,,:,:11;l Ii",-?Jij';;91r,1,: r'-. g""" io zirii"i: s"' \J r'l|.n!"icoilg .
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p. _l rr- r " da I'n t "r.
-l.i.ill
ai .rn\ : nLm r. un',' an,on.
42A
ii 'r,;ur ;\- ;u nFs"ri\c'nu r;;;,ji,;i.i,". " "rir-r; ::r",l,ln".i:il"":,l,

I na J Iai n i "/ . r . ' . oa, , "t , 1. t ho"t r d oy R . , t ! t , . !p I,o .'tn .1 n. ii . uit , t r m uFZ: nt d t . t d . , { , l ! . . . "r u. , e, ,
D/ M.,\Y + infinitieutpetut erprimr posrbilitare, probabilirato sau pre_ \g0t6
;*t ix"i,,""Jf"",i,:,;x H#3,',fl 5i Jly"1",i,1i:"^,iir"

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s ,01t
;i:ii;";lil,:.il,l';lilr,:"1j",,r,';'jt; :"i, "1;,;"a :ili i'J,i l;;;]i.;,,i", rnodalsau ra si.,plu a'xiliar a poa$ ",11:i-"I;l'it"i,--riiGut. S no,,",,,i,I,'.ttt"" ca atar('' i).i]J,i,,;::,:::1i,^',t:iiill;;il':\,tti'f')""6flini*i i ilil \o one no! smolc $nite Grannic is l,ot
i'".',iT;:'.1;i"I1:it;:.ll,,,i,,r ..,,"Xi,';i,;;;i;:'*;lii':'i,riii,""ti'l'1,'ifili.t'itl;,r" i l : r ::1 i ' ; ', #. , 1: :i, ',i. lll;, ", , r, . l,:;:, i, ",,1 ', ,i J ' ,l i ii ". . , "Xi rd l n l e l rs D .Lr \r.r
1,")11,"))',,:::;,'."':i;,;l;:iilE'liil:lr,l ,,".1i1,'. l,;l:.ij,'," i mrt l " /r," a /. s'n" ($;-,.)"it';'l:l;,Ti:,lj,,"Ji;#:;j#:'jl*;;*:T;';',i:,"

l r a r p c || td e. . . Ll ir t ^t e c r1 ' r.\f
,,!',p' rin,h .""Jn:1:Ii;";ll ."i,!';,,i1,1 l,"j,i,J,-,i";.,;i,fi,;'.,., p

l', ;,,,.i;r sr, , ,o,erpo, J.,,r i , m' ,,,o. cazurilor erpuse ]a purrLrro /d/ \ " 201 ,' p?rl"o"!,',"?,-Jl1fff ;fJ':i:,"Jll' tl ( p.rm,.iu'r F,,. n,, da ob,,, i \r(;r,t i,';,i:1'":if#':."; i;:li:.""i n'r po'lJ'' e\,'im4 n a''n'a .i'u":in ljlli'",),"1;,;,;:"';J'', ;i:i;,ll;l:' you
5 Zoti , i rric i i r ," n ,-z, . .; v.\\., oo,,t,,,i,u,, n r .\p ri n ,a .b ,n ' , ; ii " l :,,. d a r .i n ,o n rrd ,i ,ricu ir ptu) nuor l,t r. ! !1" 1i, , . . : , j . !d.t, . trlpro , , "i ba br llt at , LhlAr l F \rA \. a d u "ind " rn tefn t udLn,
Il, ot n , . "{ n; 8/ . / ! . r b" rt " \ r . "t \ t . "r E or I , t "a d\ "r : I ti' 8. r Dt bt ir { n. 1! r nt Bht not . on . . --t r J,l
iil
1 , " 1 . ,,,,t," l d ,,,_ t p q n L : , , ,ip i , ;l :;i :i ,i 1 ,i,.,,,:;., .t,,i) ;1,::,,:, :,jti,, :il,l,";i'j1, ':,i:l',iil,,; :
at a toosc ord. rou ,n.nr,"1,,r." ""n 3) MlrlflT : cundrtiorral.
..Cozld ,risL play my TV to. I cr,ansr.. r? Oh,
m isP "r r ' 5 r i;.tiJ:l';,il,"''orD i o ' r ' l" ' 0 ,, , ,"'1",'i11'll ' " 'l; : , T li" .Etelt
stat -.asl)et{, dc ononrc ilnr,,,r tjt , spe0tacol cic.).
,")1"T",:.fti1',i:;i;1,.,i:,;,'; *l*r.t *j;!.tll,ti.",l,;"' i"'
D) I'entm exprimareacorditionalului perfect' IllGllT, esicu'rmaide i.nfi;itunt peie(t aI.terb\\Ii depcndent:

up ro b') l.on ndu ha* atked her rvhat sle 's//ds fiur.ot s-o ilrhel,i cc r../deca dc gind si raon.i b"l \o\ mieht r4r. dxlftd \cr ithat she qas/ts ul 1t f,,it ti rlrzis-o inirlbi ce dddla. de gind si lllci i
ca 9i X{AY,
fraze pot exprima simple alirmalii cu plirire Ia acJiuni trcuie ,A.ceste sau pol conline ln plus.un rldn adrcsai int'erloculorului, mai puternic accenintenliei iuiin fr'.)'dectt t; (b'), unde aparc numai ca o sugcstie, conform vorbiLorului. 4) Propozilia ipot{:tioi, (the if-clat'*' l. o \'rridrt'i ' srF tontnrr in limba 2016 a carr UIGHT sau COUI D' csiP o lroplrzrlrt s'currrlrr3 enElozisaAlon.li{,ele reeentir are verbul Ia modrrJcondilionaL. Pniterrul acsli conltruclii este deci urnlnturul: , I In pr'1'uritir prin"iprl" 'F:'n"1r: ' ondiL:onalul I b, Fn l-'i I tr piopb,itia ". ur,drr. r il;/a"*r: "ubjonc'ivul ambele propozilii sr corstruiesc ct\ condilional\L linba romenl AtcnILr: cind subjoncli{ul englez 20{7 $i iu afin situaliei expusemai srts,adici at'tnci eirndilio alul in linba rcmenn el se lraduce in gcnere cu cste inrlcpenderrr,, diseiockcll ior onr show he in lh. Chdr. \T'd gel thc riSh'" It Jrtt! tuishtlcould " -"ioii ror oncecomeearlv tomo..ow lt's DnkIs Lnthdrv (snbjon'li! inde' -isl,r 2018 5) IGHT : \'iitor la,ti d0 trecut flcrr, r. i'r In' Poslr' - lIIGllT poate err;rima li viitorul fale de trecut atunci cind acestaesle cerut de un irecul plecedent ir cadrul corespondenlcitimpurilor: Shcftn'o shenianr returnt'henacfsheltlFl
( Stkt tl sc ad P;tca tntoat9 orialnd @ dati ) lle rdid lie nisl, st lor thc State E$ninratior nr lhc Autrnni:= st i'r putc'aprezenta){peurisiuc i Posibilitalei inturllc)
s 9019
S 2050
UUST IN CO\TRASTCt] NIAI

1) Imble modaiepol exprima ,presuprinerc'r'drr eie diferil p rin nu anlele opuse pe care le aduc acestui conceptl in lrente ce yUST N{,\Y exprnnn,,presupunere"i sugerirrd 'rrigtranld' I flgercaze prahabili tate certd i\cettd) Slrensralll' Iecpslate hotr|s:shendv still be at ier work (?rcsuPnner (: sr,ch{s a lut oI $orr to set trrrorsh' bccause belore nliilnishr. '"si''" ii"li)"""" t" t,"ilil . lF\ " ( r * ! t nu"
: l,e ,r,.r sl rr b ..r ' - u$, oc unl{ '.
S 90il
atit I1A\'it qiUUSl'Pot"\primainttrzicore' negative, 2) lft propoziliile IIAY aste in.!i foarLe rsr folosit dstari rn atest scni Ll'cul lui a lost I'rai
,lllft jo.ftey : ucnrntator de trorran. ile dGcnri li r{dio sin t.leliziune
426 de modalclo C^\r si IIUST, care si tj aDroaptntotdeaunr tntrobuintate tn mod cureni, in rdspunsurile la lntrebdrili und; apare MAY:
.. i.ll-4r/ I r '1..J".|i ,,.1 r, . F\ + . , n: . \ . . ) o, , , , / . s au D r 's l 4 r J . S h r s s J o t a b a d ' Uc.. i,t"i.": \rvl.g "a D;, r , d nu s n t ). tLs r n.n ro o rrrrr J . r hp. lpJ . . l/ , r t . . oi^, ng/ . . '\ o . ) o u . r 'n . r . s d u
(r\')rusr
$ 2062
Anpstr erL ln"p tar t".lrrr, r ir rre modrle.( q I940j ";or aI \rliJr"lor JpfF.t 1) l'olm[. .\urilian] I,IUSI a'c o siniutu ftrrru. \IUST (: si"ebuj, $ 205e trbui), iolosiG la prezent, unrori i ln lrerut sau ltr viitor: Sheis siudJing hrrd b.eiLus. siren!.n. iPr.z.nt) (Siudiazn scdosp.nr.ruc,i,..aete.l
You nesl be hrrc Niiliin thc $eeli. (\ iitof) ITtebrie (- Na tcbui) sil lii ai{.i i.anrk de sli.'situtslptnmhii.l I{e did n ot troublc io studv hardpr thaD l,c n,6,. ITrccuu (Nu iti di(da/nu!i,a dal_osl.ereala sn strdieze inai mtlr deail b.I&iaid trcbltit.) H' l i r . ll, al d lhr pp ,L J " l h ,1 p ,./..,r, to .tl ' 4 .p 1si dr,r\i :to" i a' ,t" trecur,
< li, ci p, '. r; zi . ,, tr ' t ,t,h L u t.
I gu.sscd Le ntrr hrre sc.n Ion. (Tr.cul perlccl)s l{ li rnznt.l tAd lennil ci1{ell ,.rai. s,-r
.a l,t, d lr m a r .
AtenlLc ! Modahrl lIlrST. n0putird e\pinla (l.cit preznlul, nu poatefi tntrcbuin 9at 1atrecuL sau1a viiioi decit nurirai aLuncici4d din contexi(verb sau adverb) rciese clar ci este rorba de aceste ljmpun:
. Hc (nr i.o llc 1'all \rhoe he Dus, tut up i.rr 4cd,t!s \ral1-gaze e. lviiio! lil,.t,re /(a r' r" n ld ll,l" 1". ad; r s ; at i. ! / . î. a dr or t p t a 3 s o t u h , , t a . , t n a n n r e , ,.' b-o. t a t t. t l. " pr ' "r lJ lk io n, boLt l r . ic n o v a ': u r ' d srn.,t sl-mi rorbcas.i despre inovalia lui.J fIdli, la pftrccir,
Ln linryti t.cat. rnodahltr{USl esrejr,trpluinrat il s|F(j iD !t 1ul rn- I Z0;l dir., l.1',s r.ullHr dld, jlui lFrmcn., r . l - , u\ ir rr. j I j r ilul /IF r.nr^,lu,F ceea ce rostcffo! ori.l si lunai find.ttt. r'orbitorul " Fau scriitorul. 2) l'ormc'c roulpusc.{ 20ib a, Fornla (le l.eculifi lormclo r.arhalccornpuse sint,imprumutatede Ia { 9056 ,rr t.. HLORT tCLD) linunim"l" 1,, ll.\\t. unintiniri\ c^mr.t*t: I ld./ to go u'o. rT(.iut)
(A nrbuit si dnN rcoio.) \ shaLl\.ft b 'n.-L !ta ! h or r e. lViit or l L s n. ) ,,ca / f a r.ra, iir r,inln^ li I had 1r.cn in. I shallt haee ba L ollirrl lo see hin. {CoDdilbnall (DacaL at li losl acasai.d /t tehn si I i)rimesc.)
'lO BE OIJL|GED 70 i'r1.!.uieste verbul I{UST numai tunci cind acestaexpdIni orllg.,li., ll,\vE TO atunci cinrl lr{US f erprimd nccesttare sau obligalie.
a' l : . ha d
{sulijo i.i!ul) trprirDal lr.irtdrn inririti! lrecut.
5 Tjnp i.edri
2037
,/ Condi_tionalDl modahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele OI'L;H I TO b",. SIIOULD (ls ros,r t,F'suanalFj (S zo8,) . i;finrrirut r,re,-nl. p^', s - -\prima pr.zpn,ul \'-rb,,l',rl, riral..ou plus intini irul per'u Iect a1 noesiuia, pentru c-rprimareatrecutului:
\ , r a' 4r t a\ hoLld !o , J \ ,o h -r ,c o n l i .:" n d tr,r" z" nl \ r t , , iiul \ . 1i \.o rb , tri .) st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencdto Jo . {(tondilionutpe.tect) (-\. ti ltunnit sn ic isculie.)
205E
3) Jnterosrlia fi n{:Batia.
Foftn.lo de inlerogarie Si de neqarie sint uF
t t , t - / Y oul, r s l L c ,i l /trc r\o u /th? er / r ' , . h. . r $ , J o u /tt;I n .,; n tn + ;,/. I mr,sr4'rmiss dy triin, m4r /t 20;',9 4) Pro u .larc. \'UST se pronuDln: accentuat sau inaintoa unei vooals L ,r st l: r s ac . ier t ua t l l n a s t, n rs . rD .t. n s l . 2 060 5 ) F undii. , - U U S' I' e n p ri n d : u ) net.sitate, datorie, obligayi.cabsolut{i (: a trebui, rrbnia. a fi neoesar): ln lj n c i n d l ri fti c u , , 1 .,,p ,, ttr t' tt. Ln{sr lieep my word. Tod ,,rrr seu [er bccansc shc is il]. \\i ,rarr'r lcare bel.ii srJint gooC.Iltc l,o e!ffIbodl. lr | ,1 . t.,- ,r II..r Cu aleasiri r.,.p!i(i. fi,rm.L n.! i *rt i.|krolatiri a ULlS.l este ',.rl,fllui u L ro r il \ UE D nat s a rr d a n ' ti d o c s nt N Itl l l ). c de,rsebi rea ci i . i l l accst caz, rd e e a df nf r os ilale s a u o h l i s a l n ' n u e s te n ]l s ol utn:
'| r / l\ r lh r . e 1. I 1 . 7t , . r , J t l\ . ' f o' r , , r r , / . ^ , , k . " a t , , r ! ' ) tr,,, tI,,.' t,rmJ..lj l
i/ lIt'Sf
mnj poale cxprinr \a1robal)ilitate.lrc:tlt)un.rc to .luzie
Shc rsd I ir slf ,,?s, l)c at school. Th cI l.lt it o no e t h. y z 16, ljiv c ! . t , n in I h u r r l . . tl,,Ls/ l,a \c be er lr idax night w|c n I t ls t s r w t i i n .
Forna negativn in acast caz esLecdn'tl.unnot. l1 shcisnrt.r. sohooli sh. ,,arr ire .1.honr..Slit.anl bc anywlrcf.clr_ L&st harc seen l,im on I'ridarr'. It.on, hnre been aD). othfr duy. .) ULrSf este rerbul cel mai uzitat, pntru n a\yitr\^ a i c. i er.iceri, intcrdicli.i si prahibilii ati.ialc.
You lflul lhe doctor ai onae.sli. s l,Ncntakcn ill. Yo! 'nG, /,rrt nere. oomehcre again. Hc sidlrlr mrst nol, ser. lhat shabl)r-seni.el cort ol liis. {rhej lialiis rr4, Ir. on berored[k.r' t la r i, , s , ius , n .r D a rk n c re . d/ I lllS T c B L oi l rL re b u i n ,ta t i n p ro tro z i l i i l e afi rmal i ve sau D egati ve qi p e n tru o s c c r pr ina s o l i c i tu d ;rc (i i l d s e d a u s faturi sau se fnc i nvi tal i i pe un to n siir uilor : T" . 1, . \ ' r , , D q l o ., _ fd tp ' b I \o , , / t ao. tor !,mD Iv nu-l \ n. l , \ ' . r , , . 1 p .. r1 ," :1 ." k ... a ' .-t,' rr t| .,t .," n.t thj i ,.,y4r l Lmtr.n. I-i re fpool$l, f n J on a ,c l h c re .
r Yori -\uEI), s !145. z,{ i.ohtl l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc !.rl,a nomaidc luniirile uni
z"TlL t:7tu e":":th e' I at . G dt lq! - . c c l. t r l s ale r i c d e a r t , , -D . oderii dr lr Londra, fondai.i (te Sjr Ild rI Tat c ( 181! - 1894J . li1{ nlf opingl e z , a l c f t r u i n r m e l l ! o n , l i L .
127
6) Must zoro(nhroriilie). -{cfrsth latl..'| athaicdlco',sti in clipsa,,nui S 20(;1 yerb ea go. gfl sau alre verbe silnil| care sf inlelcg usor din coDientj (ja: ae ntbst atruy: \r. ulust go u,\'tltJ. 7) lIllS'I Nnl]OS : ttebur. tapbat. rrfresie h raro IILST este vcrbut g 206: modal deiectiv (: trebunr. i{ ,.rdr (:..neapnrat ) c un adverb.
trIIsT lt( co\Tllisl
cti rr,tlB To
s 9061
a, Si }Ilimia aceslor doui verbc cxplice intrebuinlarea auriliarrrlui .s 200.t IIAVE TO ca inloc itor al verbului \llrSf itr ca^l rrlturorf.)met.)rrobatc mre i,i tipsesc a(cstuia'l
T o f o lo lir.jlcn .l .l, \n J L - o. ll. ,rl,-. -r,.1 ' : t , . nn' l. n \ , r \ r o . g l , \ \,' r' ,J rd !"".,., i; air . r ' , lt !\r'J r . '. lr,,rt n,L t;\ ' t, t{-L ,, tn, . t a"ir i. , , t , r , ; Di. ] .t,"h.. . Fc r r . d r r n : t - r T r , , , , r , t " r o : , \ , T . l xt t tha ,pt,h .',".rF,,r b, , . , . , l, v , , inom os . \ , i L , p a . \ i\^ r.,. I' lnnr J, , "4, . . , n / " / , ",Id d Doa, . J i. Lno 'b t,arr,iL inl lofl " n . r L I n. r ' 1 . Lo r i, r . ' taha\ , 4o pa loL f ol.r l nr,:r,. '
D) \{l-tSl rl SH.\LL/\\ILL IT\Vll'lO. - lnLre acestedouir au\iliare S 2005 qi inlocuitorii ior s-au rrc:,t fu Linpul runr era 1i t1orrllat deosebiri se, maniice cu nuante toar|e sublile. sH \LL Hq\ E tn,tit-r" *nsibit .t I {I prin nu"nL. l_ n_ptd..,r_ pp carc.o suE'n dzd obligari!ilrrc" on occ.Filsl"J n"liunrr sru ir"rii t- , dr. o .
-
to ra"k.'lr n ril ro s' l mJ pap"rd, n . ltul.!l,g .Lha\ horp go r o r r r d r nstc a o lI
dt _bu'o' l'-s
I muslqatk all nisht Logei mt worL donc. (O sinrpti de(laralnincc0lor rl.I. cu reterire TIcy sill/shali nar. r, ,rg me , new drcssfor N.w Ycar's Eve lwtreitre.Ujcy likc ir They {sinllJ) hu-v aze Ine ns sl,o.s . . . (o d.clariiie intoaiile)
.) Fnfind U \\'E (COT) 'lO "ste in gcnere obligarorie cind se relern la ost n;u u , o: ; , \ ii' obi tr" i ,d: - . i n .o l r., I u ,, r,{ i ' rn . t,rm0.-n.. H :r.t-L A ot | y d s i n ,.' | ,.i rn ' o n { :rh n ' p o' ,i gh., ' pl *Hr' lo " 5 t' a .1 ..,1 t /u -,,r. \' . r' ,'. ItooLust ' !o t . t - ur ) , f
g 2066
d) EAt'E (COT) TO ti tt(ts't'. Forrnele construite cu IIA\D 10 g 2062 6ugreazd erielnn. in 1'rcmece MUST exprimd obligcit adcscori -oHisalie hrtLlor !rrt.: dLn
l&fleu IA.\, \,' r' o r,t.r' "\l -.'l h. ' nnr r , loll . " r1 " .. rLh. rtrrdrv. '' \o u l d . ; , ou. . . - Lrr .! ,r.. I .r, /, t / ,,, A o" honr.,t t." r" J.. ' ..,;,,' " $ n t cnd I . an t pr t i t d l t. a p P oin tm,
ltt.rsT IN coN tAS'l cu NDnD

Un alt auxiliar foarte util ra tnloru;Loral modaluluiMUS't estc NEnD. Acest !'erb, avind doud conjrgnri paralele (g 2146), are ;i doud sensuri care diJrn. deci si ron,torteri diferite.
. lnr J I /.nat. nx in*. mn,-L tnrechitd,rot\ri ,df;u or in granati.a engte,i. ei aulnai o lartui1 . h u ,r' la' A . r ' hl . , r ' r rj a ' , ri .l , ," l . ' I Vezt ii S 1056, '1 'la be th. linLit : a Intrccc rrils!.a. a Ii irsupofiabi].
5 20ti8
428 d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita si, posedlndtoaie modurile 9i timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
\ . . ./ r .r. L a I i J n k .o r a "d 1 Y. . . h, , r / H, r / i - " / o 1 , . , \ , , r " r \ l i l ' . 'r , r ' \ d r . r . ' ^ ' ,. pd( ,1: , |i . n] o" ' ld' J o, , , o. , . r " . , '. . i . , , .L r, -. -1 . In tlu. ". ' ", "" g or nu s ro t . ' br iFl lblisat) si l: .ta,r .ln t.t.l\pso \ ". , . ' l: 1 1'sg.liii6 rarF. I ndr , L- ul ", d F o . .. l. lr ir ". . ng t " r \ " ,i . . 'J " | ,.1 .)u, mJ Ldrb -f nr j lpJ r I . a 't.rdsnd rlr -
1,.7 u . ..rilior motlal.\EED ir.. r,rrr'ru l' olt:.ot.,: - ' lii.i . ., ^ri.e ' ,.. r'^.1 dFtF. d" unalpl^,n,p il",,al,,lulLi t,1,,1,r ro \r'llD \"?i $ 2153r. Trcbuie tusn insistat fi aici:r-supra unei lnfticulnrit:i.ti c.ne nu aparl,ine deciLnodalului NIIUD si nici unui rllt vrb: xfirmatik, .\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al.nu poate fi intrebuhlat in fop.iliil. Jegi"p"rc rn 1r"1nzi1iil.ir,roraqs'ir,-i r."\dri\e. I"rrrLr'p. " 1r". In pro poriLiainlcroqdli!".unJjrm1rns,ir. r'" rrurr.ul s u|" Jlirn, 'lir. .o:; ir t'rcn^'/iliil Flia"sllv.. .qrp lnlo.uil , \ll {i. ,ri"ri' "". .i.': ll \\ E u 'r'r "u nlo 'I'O, SHOLJI,D. OUGIIT:
",\'dcd you go?" "Ycs. L,usl " (dd Lad7 Shc needz't conic, bnl 'h! n{sr.
Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e in cafc se alli senlireSRlii car no ant', scarccL!.lntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.: I nevcrnedl.ll lLcrwhrt to (1.. shcis ro cllnrn',t.
( \ : c z i ii $ ! t dj j
g 2068n
(t') OU0Ilr
,{.est rerb laoe parle drn catfgoria auriliarelor detoti\-c modale. 1) trormn. - OUGUT are o silrgurii lormd. ought (: ar ttcbui), folositd la prezent. Pentru a exprina ideea de hecrL. orgrl este lie lrecedat de ul1 r.erb l{ treculi. fie urmat dc ur infiritil perfect: oacrt to kno$'net[e.. ,qe.rnr Sle eas l.old shedryntb sing. gotuhomcb)' non. Hc o&sn, ,, /'acd 2) Intcrognlir lii nega,tin,-- Formcle de inbcrogalih ;i de negatie sint urrniioarele:
a ,ar l lAol nF s he , L s "/ "r l I r". /r.e/she/il/$ P.I lfI ouLltt ,"' toutltt'. ' )
3) In,telcs. - {rugfttexlrimei a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcre lsinonin cn shoald'\:

Yo\ auehl ta do this qtriclrly. \ou rn dd do lhis quicLll. 1t oasnrrci to be alioned. Il r/Du]d not he allowed. Hc oustuto halc iotd nie lclo.e. HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior.. A ue h tL " " ! n l t Ou s h t' i t h .t L o h ' \Fgon" ' rl l o.ol l eJeS n u l d l l p J I' o ' /(h o .l l n l O' d v l ,,! gon u,' o ' ol l ' s '
ar trebui)l:
j. dn. n. pro !r;u n J -.u t:n i ri .f..? ,J ru n Il l ar f.,n I renn J.rr,.b.i .i ti .mai ' Drcv ez nt or / s . -x Libd mri m u l l i mi rl e .l 'gO,Sriror, siRerlnd!n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l;!la {orbifr cu siionimul
499 ObseraalLc o actiunc sau o staro Urnat de un iniiiitiv perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci TlIc proofsodsl'/to harc lfen co'r'cleil long r8oh) vobahilitdtc:
hirer-v o1v T'il'l J.i',i'i,i, 1""'"* leen

t ' ""; 1 , 1 ; , , m^ rdl i ' l" r" r' n in f i d " s i-rlu ' ,. .r r r r "l 'uirp\p'i,n, o ohl,clri". ilor r n l 0 a " , lr 'n' i "i n ri d.
" or s r iin! 5. " d J ' ^ r" l ' rz r' ' ' rrr1:
onecositare,ogicn sau t^ltI'i"JIHb;iJi,TTflil:dii,LH:llivn

u, t I l#J ; ; : . : : . , 1 ; : : l ' i : , ' i , i i " i ; , ,n ' ,," r in " ,yr u n id r ,.
o ;t,, { l,i:,'1;J"0,','.3i' I l:"0'l ,"";;,ll:i":,:i.'l'i: "' r''' r" ""

I Bege-ti adj) : Fifi atenli iibnlv,tnf tr'" + ".r1' : prucleni 't""tL"?Jiill, debuzunarer) dehotii r- pizili-re n,"oo""o"rsr
persoana a 2-r' \rerbul este intrubuinlat numai la imperativ,
$ DXTIICIIYI' IIlrBX '!],TIJ menitc si atragi atenlia: Tol deleciive sini ,siurmitoarele-forme verhale deseamil
20{i9
s 20?0
r,"." '. ; ; ,J r
; -,; rlr:;i".,liil.*ivl'.'""ir ;;r* Iiil$iFiir:,",,1

$ 2072
r s 20?
- r l ' i " r ul : q u o 'hl
l u o rh rr" P' timar '
s 2073
$ 2074
(VD SHAI,I,
r$l9 i0 )' s 90?6 suxilisrrl o r' l' h ' t it ' m' d a le r er b i dfp parledin-calFgoria .\,asL s 20?6 - r;.but 'rol orc dounrfonno: .i. io"ti. ij."ioi*oq"ti^ ri ncgalic mdtoarele:
pprsoan're (tonrp ii:lir;'l::;li.(::"i';'LiJIii-Ji"ii,io;.""'n stnrur' si dF nceaLin de inrcrossli; - iocrn'l"o
s 2077
Prcnuttlidt lezi q 186C. -1R68 - . li vprb au\iliar 3au C. f*"1t. - S,d/, (l inf;niLivul;n omll'lr PndtF '"'"rIlu,"l '*u i,iirrri "', suxiliar fnrn''"/a Yiirnrulnur rt"'ulnt"r moJslr: ,)it!(rutL.[,i rp.rqodnr'l sg. ,i pr'r rS I496 ll'01\: "i
t'i;,',, r,*,,', t ;ffiiiill$llii*i,ri1iltfii:
$ 2078 s 20?9
;;'""": r';fii-;;:lT'l'' ;;;"' li:11" i' i-l';,1;^l'i;l';IJ pcrrec'r (Yiitor L",,l"l"ii19ii*.rlil"lri,ili,["'Ts fiiiL"lxl'ffigr
**ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'il
430 L) (,iitoru\ t)olitit' (toate persoanete)($ 1507) (colorat modai):

I tell yon I siall ,.eai tlie s1ledrccord. (lloiirlrc) 11i' spirn cI sint liotilrit s;l bal. rccordul de rjlczir'i { . s/.1 1 /o, ( 0r l' r I o at.) srun lTrebuie s o laoi droi' . i. g \ r n . i '( d r l' . J o lJ a, 8, , ^ll | ilJo . 're,,',- J n"r ' l- . r . p rorrrP r ' r ' r ir s ' l- ' r 1i/ - J lD".'n . ")li l' ' o m i1. - $^r k \u...ltl(a ro,d ,"""Ls " iF 'r P I l r lu r J l i s _ i: l I ' ir ' u r ' "r \1 lAg 'lirF.; .' . ' p' l lcgalaL) Jure in 1or&'till loDli8rlie Tlese Nl.s r/n,l ir, (Acest ngulunent rilrnE lL rjSoarc pjlll in itrDi. ) 1r ruu look ihrudsl, r\ar boor. aau shalLfnLd Ll)edatr vou wart. (Previziure cerid) 1 r p J ; n 'r o i p l1r ' J . \ ' iJ 5, L; _1"' ,Di J\,_:.i'i ""
c) subj\ndirul (\ 21)')). 2) Ca verD modal tste inLrehuirlai in limba englezdconlenporane in spe! 2080 cial sub forrna s/rr"kl (S 21J81)
$ 2081
(vn) sH{JULn
s2082
! 9083
l'un(,tii. -.5'ro ld poate li auxiliar sau Yerb modal 1) Cd verb auxiiiar forneazii: a) ditorul f.1ld.]e lrccut li ditarut P.rletl i4.i {i fec,l (persoana1 sg fi pl.) ($ 1502) {necoloraL rnodal): I kncivI r/@zllsa.him. (Vjitomilaln de irt.rt) (itiam cn ll roi vcder.) note.drL.n.d bx lilc o'cl.ck (\iitorul le'fect laln de trecut) We saiil wc r/@uld pind la ora oinci.) (-\m spuscil ne r. nrtoarue b) ri,itor l ealitir fald dc fc,tlrl (toate persoaneleS 1514) {modal):
b. ne s ' l H o t l r i r '1 I lo ld 1'u ,,'r.1" 1/ , , . . i, ' io- jo' r |J r . .. (1 I n r ' il ' d r " r r J ; r ' r ; l' n l 'r l e n t r u n p g r 'J P n \ r I ll.Jn .tu:. An n:nlJre) h, r l, ad m ) "* r l i l l h d ) t r d r P l a . g h v Heth n..n eu n.,r ' r . r ' \ . ') 1 . \ o t r i 'u r n l J (ti d lma,r:'l Ld: i . i' u \ ur ' , p, r ' d' "' r , 'r 5 h " J i ' r l d , L \ 'f r o m i i d n ' \trn \i- to , .1 - . / . . , / ot r . f o- ^ . . \ i , , . l r ' d r 'm a r ) l r r r 'r - r '1 ,J 11' l d"i15 I l" lsafJg '' P E n o l ' t u n 'n O r J 'n l Fui"pa"l' . r t i"" / r ' 1. ir"* .',"-o ' do i qJd d 6!0 /,1,i ' \ l'J i e 7 " r l J r I ' t m d r u r ' \ u' ir ' r ' "' ' i' i - ' lp ']'r,-"v read the siholastic 1.or sroeid /d lictddd into lbrcc ternrs (Obligaiio iega]li jr t.ci trimeslle ) (Au'citit o[ anul tc.la. vli ii imll4it
1 ss. Ei pl.) ($ 1618-1619): c) condiltonatut {persodna

I s ho, / / eo \ iil.t.p L , o n l l ' ' l s i re j ^ i r' LC ol n pr' /" n J ' i J , :,, l o, .l l Ju I \ ' rrz D ' r. L ' L n 1 ,,i ( \ l- d. du; ' ' \\,it:shauldh*e sp.ken t\adn't $. leen so s}y {Cond lerrct) irlm li rortit daan u drn ri lost alil.lc timide-)
(S 1583'1593): rt) un echiaatcpenta snbian(:tia

Ii is good ihat iheJ rlio,l.l ft.op it- (ComlleliliL directi) (n stcbin esoftic. ) f:rdli ls "ll_r o r '. '! - s ll d ;.Jn loo L 1r L r , l. l bl' p. l, LI r ' l r r ' { 5d ) inr ld : n in dall .\u s. ui J l ' Pd . tt i" rte rld t'ub |: J , r ' is r , r , d, nC6 l $r . lo |pl J o. L n o w C o n J i l i o n l : l l tDd .a""l'1 ii puLLi r "|. "lilil. \ ' iildJ ' \ t r P. l t. j sh" ,h o1 ld t , ar 1: . "an r bouL . i- lr or or : Ln e n I n n l c d i d J w o r d l {C \ ! l d m d i r \ ) l u pbpt n a\ 3ns ' lr ps lur r i b1 - \ ul l p o t o r L l ) lrJ,li i.i ' wh r/ r,l,rll lo u J t t d I - un \ i' h h; n r r Fr or ii ' (Dc ,. sl ni re ! ' u] 1, , , , ' it t lec l?)
431 "l l o s s ro u l d I kno$?' , i E \.tamati v) " ls 1l{ nic l s onc to C l u j -N a p o .e ?" (A plecrl I)rniel h Cl',j-Napoca? - D u^de sr"r Fiir eu?) (\' e ,i i i S 1 5 9 r. l 5 r9 l 2) Cr auxilixr modirl are toate persoanele .si ufmdtoarele intrebuinlnri: , x , (: tr eblt ie, ar t r ob ri ), s i n o n i m c u l ]l ' g tri ,d a rc u l ni tl es mni sl ab. este f, l os i rd c."o r i r r . j. l q. , lJ r ..,u s p re r .l .l pqr.b; ! re.o. r-i . ,i " n n s ti ui p ' ' .r,i i,randare deett o obligatie. Shonkl (.: at tfebui) este n1ai ptrlin categoric ca s r all (: i re b uie) : You s/'dli d, von. dniy. (Obligaiieibsolutl) tA1 sl l.i 1l.oi i- lrrniic s{ l.i-ldci) {litorinll \o\ shauldd. Iou. dutr-. (Obligltie niorald) (,\r trclui siLli laci datoria.l 'l liey s/@Lld Dot lazgn s. l,)ud. l\ u a . l re b u i s n .l d e a i j t.l c ttc .) ,\ll is as it snorld Dc. LI ot ,,l e s n ri i n r (: c u n i t..b u i c l .l 51o " 1 d s - rt 1 .1 ,! u ,' \F ,., \ n \, r.r .' .a m ..-ut \..ro-.,, "J n i \ s . - t6 ,." n .." , 1 ., ^ j r ,, | Shat d+ infinit;rul !ft.l erpd,nd o obligafie sar o recornandare carc n u a fo st i ndeplinit n: Sh. ."n,zld narc ralld to hio,. (r\r li trebuit/rrebuia s[,i yortcasci!.) S 9084 { ' 2085
g 2086
fale de o ac- S 208? i a nelLlic+ infinitituL p.rfcct arate dezaprobarea . Shonln sd\irsiti in trlrcuti ,truno
'll|e\ shouldn'thaeec.tue so taL. (\u a. ti l,reluil sI vini aia de tbznl.l D, exprinn o pte:iupunere sau o prababilitate: TheJ snouid,c in by noF. ct siirt) acaseaoun.] [-{r trebui si iie (ptobabil, A r e J o u l ^ o k i -g l o r y o u r " o d l .1II i /D ,l / rp i n thp h1l l . llli i d u l i h d i n a rrm i ,a D ,lr1 F l n /nl r' u.)
(YXr) WILL
s 2088
Acst vcrb fAceparle din categoriaauxiliarelor deiective modale ( g 1940). A. forml. Verbul pill are dou[l forrnc: S 2089 0,ill - prezent (toate persoaDele) oonld - trecut (toate persoanele) B. Intoroge.tiafi ogo,tia. - Formele de interoga.iieti de negalie slnt ur- S 2090
''1 1l T' t o! hF s h"' it lL\ " Yo / t t r Pv : I jo u/ . - 1e ir / $e r n, h"! r ' t t l o t t r a ; t ) .
Pronrnlare.- Yczi $ 1866-1E68. C. Functii. Itil, porte fi rerb principal,verb auxiliar sauverb modal. g 2091
l) Cr rerb priroipol, tt;ll prate fi defectiv sau rcgulat: a) retb defectit)(: a voi, a dori, a-i plncaa): It shnllbe as you 0tl1. (Va li a,iaouni yei !oi.)
21 s ._) I t f h. r) ! : , t l r , r d l n t pr r o .,,,r 1 2 .\.t s lnl io l n n r h a r p d l alr a r ' r .' n ".L " .,t t' h ,t) ) xm .i J.r u oul d{./,, trd..r teri o.r1l tn sd'r n -l ;l rl pr"i d. a
s 2092 s 20e3
132
Conc when you eilll Sav drat he ptll, I can't ieliere l,e djd riglii. (SrnniL el ce-o vrea, nu lot medc cI a procsdat just )
209|.
) .,r, refllldl. coni Llqatca orice verb regulat Ia toate modurile rimpurile .i pcrso"nnl".-qi ,rnn"r i Inlir;li\ul on'oi.l .ioJ ""ta cuzul:
D'J: a
It;liins and Nisl,itis afe not urc s.ne. (A dori Du e acelrri hcru cu a roi.) You mnst rill to gct bcttcr. {Trcluic si rrci peni ou sit le taoi binf.J is hru wrr lo it. {Pro!db) lle Nbo succcss ''tlls (CeIcarc u ti izluiit pe jumiii0te ) ro'rtie c,, rdevnf.[ sir izblndcason 0, , ) : a lns a l ri n te s l a m e n t: He (illedr his cbildrcn cr.rJthit'g he losscsscd. (-{ lisai lrir tcsLdintDtcopiilor sai tot ce avea.)
"' "a '
2095
2) Ca verb auxili:rx: a 2 a ;i a 3-a sg. ti p1.) a/ Iorme^zi vijtorul fi viilo t pertcct(persoana ($ 1496,1501):
You pill se, ),ir! tomorrolt. (Viil,o.) (ll lci vrdca miire.l ile eitt hae. teaht ihe ness by then (viiior lerlect) (Probalil cI ra li aflat gtirer lini atuci ) ,J formeazn yjitortrl votitiv (toate persoanele) (S 1507): Lui , s , ro l | l ,' .d L re l o n ' g r.r.(I ntrnl i ' I ( A m i n l u n l :us ; mi J d c l a l ." a l rr eLi .esrr' l . Il ihal's whatyou aazr.I'11be therc tononoN (Pernisiune) (Dacn {st{ vrei, an sll liu rnlile acolo.) I Mn'I ga Lo bcd, I am not sleepy. (Hottuhe) (Nu vreau st mn duc la culcart, nu e sonltrl don't (you)worryl (l)romisiun) lYe otll s?eto the luggage, l\ , n ' ' r' i q ' i \ d p b a c d r' . n u l i I " I' ami , :' ri l e , o -' . s r.a l " v ;r.)o .J I P .rrsl enl l \ , E d o l \' ;rs i d i n ,1 s t. o _ i r" i -di .! rr" .l
d.,)ajuti la construi{ea prezentului lormei lrec.reniaLivc (toate pe}soanale) (S 182?): concertsOtr Sundav Dornires.he aill olten so to the rhil.rD,oDic lilannonicii lr concricle l lDuninio.t"dimi.e.ii (ei)s ducca.leseori
3) Ca a,uxilillr modih S 2091i idcea de ,,perseverenld" ohiar in cazurilc in care noliunra r1e 2097 S .. a/ pe,stre,azir vnior a oNparul:
{ I ','r4 /.o p lhi n p. opl' s l pp ' 4. . n, : n 1 l r ' ' L , . d i n n . . , i ' i n d l J m u l o i r m p i: ra ,. ir lolo h uri" ' Yot ail haee (l'ersiFti sl faci"cc rr.i. / lnt;rdealn.t 1,-ci ce \'rci.) Tl,erc arc nroDle dro :till canc tatc io the llieatrelsint oamprd aare nu lor sa sc lasc de obiceiul de a \'oii ihziu ]a lcat.u ) $ hr /rll vou r . "\ "f r s / ?a lo $hdl I lLYl tDp '"e n r;'il, s , i n I J " ull: n: "odd, ' ". . t ! . 1 )
I a ,tl
: un l.eJanent.
4Ad
cu verbul pill au devenit adere.aft zice- $ 2098 . D) Unele propozi{,;;consLruiLe

l ro vq .uill b^ bor s . , C" s i : t , i ' \!1 \i n r b l ,p l i i ) rl i d "r uill out \ 1" \ t ru l .ri rn a s i rr--1 " p ri n a l i ,]F.op.ri rr,. lru th r, 1/ o, r ' ( A dpr ru . s l h s .i l " p ri n .' i l 9 i l a l u m ' o i . .\'i i J4 n lr r r ll happ. n. (S " 1 ,,' n ,p l i : \J i c i h .r) Qtrolily !'ili tctl in the er!j. (Silmitrfabund incollerie pinl l. !rmi.) Dlood etll tell. (Itudenia Du se dzrrinte. Sulcica nu sa.. dcpaiic dc loin cte.J (V z i ti S 1 5 1 1 ) r, este intrebuinlet si la formularea unei invitdl,ii sau a unei cereri poli ijooase (persoana a 2'aJ, would acconiulnd si rnai rnult nuanla de politcle: l |i /l yo x c om et his $r J ? tt:U, you passthe sdgar. llolse? (Vd roe, arii sijni dati zal!i{ul?) r\r1 i s! r " nit i I ) e r ic i? ) ,t/on', Jou sit down? {Nu vreli sI luali loc?) $ 209$
sau ;i rnai politicos: r or ld y ou li n d l J p d s s th " s u e " r? ( A li v r . a b. : iIi i , s l rL o " i ma b i l s .i -m iJ ,' ;, Trhl rurl l ,./ jn propoziliile conditionele Iiitoare, itir, ste lntrebuinlAt, cu in!,elesul $ 2l0O rn i -, ppnlr u a it r t ' o d u .a n .e rp rp (S 2 1 1 6 . 2 7 61): , 'lp s lr vo u l i ll l ld m p v our D rn .I s i L l " " ru rn i l i n I' n m ;n ul s. n ;' r \rp: - r ' r . . : im ! r umL l i to " .l . l i .l v o i re s ' i l .l p s { e l o oi nuF ) lr rh e ,,ll r , , o/all r r m v s o ^ . T s h a l lb " a b l " to d o m v shoD ri os. n a ' d \J \ oi 6i . ' , \ 1 gii J 4d ; i i u l m" u . l o i !u L " a .4 -;i laJ;umi l l l uri l ..)
.,/ erprimn probabjlitatea(vezi gi $ 2117):
l ,o l l por r r Ln o tr\h PrA l h a l d r" p t i s . / /d. , u i p c d )ti n rp fo b a h ic " v .,"u r . o, r t , r t"'J lt d ;u " t u n d. . .tr stfadl J.(eu.l .r -l Ih i . , /l lr r ' . \ or r l, i r.' ri o n , T s u p p o s p , iPr)rabil c{ acrastaesie Gara de Nord.) lltil lhal bc tl,c [ons.] Sh(llty liyed in? (Islc oa.c acfastr os{ i,, !rrt a ldit ShelleX?l Yon (/l/ brre met l,irn. (Prolribil ci l-ali crnoscnt.) pierzlnd cu totul nuanla dc viiior, are r.a
S 210r
, i unele caz[ri. rr:rhu] flii. lo:.rc ,le pr...tt:
$ 2102
i Aj [n g c l ] t d. ajDS ) 'fh rL rri / , bc enongh. 1 D d c a juns . ) Icc,''ll llort. belanse il is ligl,lo tl,an Nlter. (Gheatr lldieilc ]r.ntn oste rnri uto,t&i d.cit apa.) 'ii!
ox) w{}ur,D
:2103
verb arixiliar sau verb modal. )s 2104 I\rn{!ii. - lli,uld loaie f; 'e.b fri.cipal. i) Cn rerb 0rin{ip$l d{rterlti\ {toare pusoanolo) ar ln-telesul de ,,a Yoi". $ 9105 ,,a dori',,.a-i pla.e (tuivd)' (tfttut. ri i tar fala! dt' trccu!, subjonctic sar condiI r,,U a /. (l } to uti Hr {skc d Dr et u lend l, i a n o \,l , L ' u 1 (vj a cer ul s n- ilop nn rt r' , fo n rrn .d a r r rrr rN l . s ' t i-l dai .) Hc sa i d it s houldbe as N c (o ,l d . L T i i l o .l a l d d f trr.u tl spuseci ra ii aia nm roii r.i l 1!11 'i'his is tlie tl.rce diere I ooeu spnd a l,oliday. (Sul,j. cond.) ilccsir esie loo,l rnllc at !r.a sa pctrcc o lacanie.l
{
l ou af3 niseralki. I aoLlda , be you. (Eiii rcfcriciii. \ nr,'d sd liu ni locul tl|u ) It',rlli ii were l.rtret,iSubi. oond.) iDe r r r i adev tra i :t lrbz&, thai l.hefewere cv$lasting p.acc!1 (Eubj. oond.) ( ! e r t li lac e r e tri c ) Itr,zl.l: now lhe trlt $viIL misis .rzld tdl. lheif wc t gf as t o n n y h a i r 3 (S u b j .c o i d .l j' . , n- l . ' ' " nd p ro o ,r.y W i -. r..tootyo!n;. r bj ..onJ \ . t o' -L r' oL . n r., rnr.r. L J t e l l :.u rn l r b u'it" -,,tJ C p r-"
S 210E ,5 2107
2) Ca vorb ruxilior (f infinii,ivu ;n ^,mplet) formazi: a) e;itarul cl! qi ditotut petcct (persoana a 2,a 9i [t!4 lald de rrda, . -rlecut a J-a ss. si pl.) (g 1502):
Hc pronised he dol,t harder this year. (Viiiorul tatA dc irccut) ''o&rd ci v.r lucra mai'mult anul acesra:) ($ia luat arsajancntul Ik \ . ^h *out t h a .rg .tt' o mA b J r.p ri ^ .J n .w d n!thr.. l vi i r.pdrt. trl ti dd l r.f.J
tu, m v d r r i Ju n n JU r cr fd d Jd .g . p iDt q ,l r.i . a.ol o.)
s 9103
b) aiitorul tulitie fd,tii.Jetrecat ( toate p ersoanelc) ( g 1514)( colorat no dal) :
'
I promisedI roltd ra him. ipromisiunc) {Viir.orultall.rc trco.) (AIn lrgiduit on voi trimi.) \ye said wo ooltd l@re the letter |y the iide ho came.(Inrdtie) {Viit. !ert. ''fn,,4 fallt de trec.) (/\rr stus crl vo,n ri scris sc.isoa.eapt'!1 ia vcnirea rui.t Ile aovldl'! siag it spiLeot our insisronce.{Ilouriret {riu a vrtrt si oinle, ou toai.I si,.lruintanoasht.) S lt o x r . t d p' dd t " h . \.,1 n w h p n L w i rrp 4 ro .t" rn. tpprn-tl i i .l rP r f " i a s i s t u l i e e l d v :u[.r ,1 1 d v o i d r.1 s 1 d orm:) 2 t 01, T or t p g im plic r t i i l e l a 6 a r;rta i e 2 0 ? i r-2 1 0 2 penrru verbul .' i si nt val a. Ii l c s i t pnt r u lor m,r w o a l l , trn n s p u s e i n s d l a t rei ut, i ar pcnrru i tustrarea tor pof servi acoleasi exemple, cu verbul la trcclt (eould \nioc ale sitl), Astfetl
I r.u lltrl,to to ! od, I \ r s n' L 5t eeDv ,( t lot Ar t r c , {\r d n vflr' '1T 1d r . l' . . lc , r : : u m i+ r , s om n . ) rY" nkud ,.r n or r o \ v r , . / d s, r i o L h p l u o o d o . . , t 'f o m i " i u n " , be, r E"or f y . p"nr ! rr-1 n 5| .s 5 l n I , t ib1 | ' , 1 n^ f o ) r . u t 1 n o i d e b j j 1 j . . ) 5f J e ' Wtr"n Jou wFrd r ll y uu, ud. idgo or t wh. t r ev ar I s . i d . , t p r r e v o r p . l J ) (Cln d.ra iioh lv s LdJ iai idii din c d"a o. iue d t , r s p u s , r . l "J
.t 2110
{. s l1 r
Y ou, o, r d l4p u s w i ' n L h ew o fk i l y o u c o d td .(C ont. prrz.) {Ne- aiajut a in m u n c r d a c a a i p u i e i .) IL. ?ouLr h4p l bp e n b ^ \tp | | y o r n d d c o n e h p rp .tcond.perl , ( A r ii ( os t m aili d e d rc ,l rr l i v c n i t a i c i .J d,) v\ cond,ilion.tl cu inplicaliiLe ,iitoruld[ aolitia (ioate
c) condiltonalal (persoana a 2-a.sie 3-a sg. 9i pl.) (S 1618-1619):
persosnele):
J_ po zld sdy rh is : y o r 1dv " iTt r uv d d gf r dr . dp J t r l r e l y . l trpburo si mtturispsc (: rr vrea sI spun acearta) cI ai prog.esat toarie mult in ulti, ra y.emo .l | I hDp a j , d r ' o t i k , r in dny . r q". , t n r " n l i " ) 'o at n l" Bir"s {.\yed JInd l. lid I I r 1 or , e c dz bit , r t ! . ,
i 2ll2
ce .omp1ra In .onrrlqL in,r.Ldin:dral verbulni a,dnt n?au . ",, a rndtcatrv prezenL) ou aceeaa moCaluluireor&l (:a+ vrca- corldiJ.ional) "You don'i q4urto." "I @atdit I coutil,buN I can,t.,,
I Proloziliile el ice conplciate: ,,I q.uld lhaL iL ee.c rfte." r L t h"' nt l , . Sana. "I polid that thf.. iProp orilio l @rl now "lipl i. J : 3 L nsup rlps Ab elu r or nLiu. M at ! M . L,
43i
A se compara:
I /.rU l' 1\ " I , . ' Lrr or I n d d g . 2 l ' .rp l p sr ' .i L tu " un' j i r:or'I. . r' b .:r ... p . \.l :o l l: r d. ' n' l. i, u \r 'L ,i rr,," .ul r / " r r' . , d tl n , r. I iro&U hae taid ior l.hc daniage.(Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv) ( : a rc a d l n l ;i ri a s -ol i c )l [ -\i j i p l l lil daunc ] e. I Ir.i o rl , l' \ r bdp I ' drF o u g ," . \' . rt, mo J .l l\Il l ) .'r n t r L! ir s 1 li! J i i I H! s.orll hato been hcr!. lsimph conililrior{l) [ (t]]) a r ii nJ s t . ic i. l i V e z i s i g !0 8 6 ) la oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat persoa,,ele) S Pl13 /,/ ajut.i
lhel' !,,zld olto go hikinq. i!ilccau adesforj e-\cusii pe ios.) f o " n, dn, J ,\" h".l , ' o, r . / , nor . op1l o us l /, F I n.,id i ri. \d r.J (.a . , . . v oiJ r v o, l, . d$J / . "
( .a1827):
roi.l
II/r"ld poate ti siorplu auxiliar sau auxiliar modal (: voia). 3) Ca auxiliar modal (+ infinitivul incomplet): iq 2114 nl JlcaiuietiFrnnsrnr.lii cu ilorl,7. forma de oferti sau (erere poliri, .\ 9u6 coJsJ pnn e\rlarrr rd:
I l' or , l \ oJ , a. p lu- i . . D or I , a : . \ , J or i o . "i) . d ' l". Pd: l.l'.uld you nrind postins Lhis tor me? , Fr i t e r oA Lun > i D , n" ; , . as t a t d o o \ t J I f ". , r d r dnja s a. . . ,
(Vezi qi g 20ee) ,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilo condilionale cu sensul d ,,a voi,, intro- S 2116 duce o cerere(S 2100, 2761): I-ru- "autJ aeh
. D a' l \rp.rsim.m di . z , p"n r u pr J m pn, s . a- puL; r s . i I i d u J d r 'd J " " . . r , .
._.,(toate pcrsoancle) e\pri|me prababilitated: l\Iotlie. w.nt lo workwhenI $'asa babv-I po.&,bc tlirccat the iime. illama a ln.etut snluc.cz.cnd er{m mic.Si tot ii avtrteu |Ici ani pe rtrrot.l
I don'l kD0w who it lozu bclN u tl i u cilc ar puiea li.l I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten. [Am crenlt cit iprobabi]) soisesc.l I r"\,rsr' dd I n o. \ or h ro .. _ \,. \,i r u ,//d " r" |. i . . ! 1 | . tj | , , n . , d. d " , . . t l\ i,:,.J,,., 1. . . h. r ' r , , " r,r,i r.. l la tot ce esle c!lru.[].1
S 2lI?
,,, j no.-
SHALL (-<rlOlrLD), WILJ, (\\:OLrLDl ,lltc irtxebuir{iri
\ 2118
1) ln propozi-tiileeonditionalol, slro"ld {h roate Dc$oancle). trddus i,u { 2lIfi ..'l ! a ir li .6... . /,/r,pozttrn. h;utpn! al I ubr'or iii, sucerindirnprubcni ' 't,,, lil,atea in mai na.e misuri dectt subjonctivul verbului reipecri\. (.\ 27?1): postman Ii ile p.rccl s/DLld,rtzs I fie orde.cd posi, by ny sister worlil let meha!. .t ar
_ r D / -lfr,' ofulr';icad 'r,p,rm\J ' o. . t n". J r pt - dm Lor nandr r pr inp o r t a a, r a . e sa-mr !rr!rna rmed rar.t "nrJme,
lfroloziiia
condilionald.stc o slbordonat! care exprimn o eondilie (S 2?i2).
4.lG j n .,aso h. sl ol rl r, tn l o s l ,o N i t to tl c c di i .or Y ou l, ad l! t io l a k i th . t)o p m (Mai |iDc ri hr loezia si i-o areli rfdaeton,lui da.ii s.ar lntimlrla si iic acasiL ) r' rc . \ laulJ ' ^r t , ot p 1 i l ro r,l ,o u l ' l ,n p p , ) o n rrr' .Fi \.n i. - '. .m i a n " ro r In ,,n :.r' l il, a' ' ; . " r " . i; i I shall tcll l,in mr nlans lor tlie ho[]a1s si,,/d Llie oc.asiondf,:5? s.af ivi , umva p.ilcjul.) mele I)entru ircanliL dac:L 1ii voi nnleriiLli r"roiectele ,q. se compara: She \ronld let rno kDorvil Ann ddlled.isubi,nx Litul rerldhti .4lll LlDal mi-rr de dc ltirc dacn ,\na ar rdii.l . L n l fobabi l i l rt. acol nl rrrri i l S ul )j or.ti v S hcwolld l{ , 1m D k n o { i l An n s /@ z l d .a 4 { s .. n rl h p l a .a .\ ri 3i rhi .l l ( lia) r iar da d c i l i re d mo a
2120 2l9l
2) ln DroDozitiile(onditionile, ron(esivc' relatirc F temporlrlc, sldll, irrtrnbui .ai la oet" pcr.o.n"1". rl" id"rr .1" \iilnt PUr rS 236n'. 3) I Nould like. In gramrtica lradilion e. vcrbele Ia lik?.. to ctir':, to ia persoann eLc ailatc adeseori ptfcr, to bcelud. to ln incliietl, to find it h.1rd. n, pu . u du jilirr rl ,,r,/d ri shoulJ J r^rH l ln pl"p"/iiiil- ' " . liLio "1., Iikc,'Linutrt otr . I would rt[pt, I \rauld br:glat], I lo d find it hard to saa etc. sinl pleonasmc.Se wa spune deci gramatical cor0ct: 1 siould lthc' I shauld .or. | .houtJ pr.f,r. I .1r''u1,1 b. 2t4d. I l, utlhpd i! hr|t lono'J t ,i'u"'i.t t'." l nh:;tdt;t' ,1 r"1td y l t er. .i, r in'n bLir: 'ln..i rl oti.rialn ln mo.l turent, con"qirucria aceastapitrunzinrl chiar in corosponden!a a unoi edituri ca 'O\ford University Prers'. \'r'lF pIt'ririi 4/ fomlletirplo rlir0rlo inlroilrr.c pr;n lh t". "er ,rr'l inln dl .:;//. r'.p' . uLjor. :'ui rli.'.hott ,,tshuutd l,'l;a"t" ti\ 'ro, d Jut,. {p L,r, , ,re.uqp--0/- . ir'11,r" ." . ,rt ra rF/ull ,r'rr'rr ",1rLr,r' verbului. de ixemnlu dupn cu;iniele io be anions (- a dori foarlo tnoli') io (+ thst) tlcmand, to d':site,'Io expect,ro intend (intcntion), to oftler e\c
I an anti.us rhal Lhe ti1hi Inan s/i4ll b. selecl.dior lhe iolj li|e d.emanndt that av cilldrcn sftr&rl be \tell looked altc.. \\'6 . D "' !h a, , o . 4 | o\ r l' r lr l r r r f pl 4I I n, ^, - / u/ / b, . t ' r r ,, r , ^ . l l ' i l F . tt t..,a-d ".ltt',,,t , "r lt \- i)p a , t ' , n . ' , n^ o . J . , - . 1 , ] n l- i. '. 1 " , r . / b"t d' it r , \ r l' . 1\ . ll,n ! " o r ' l .r l"Fo rl1n i/ero ./.- / , na . lJ r t uom ". hLlda t o, a, r "r d, ndl TnP drin L {1 ,. 't - '
2122
l-
\ ', 5 "
Obserealte 1n lropoziliilc urrdror.. v"rbFlp to hof' to I o!. /o /f inllu.ntarei rczul'arului.se ,oq.lruipc. . I auxiliJrul ,r//.' I n r (that) Jou,''ir rone. I /ed. {inrt) iL 0'lr rain. lcr cxam. $'e .'!e, (thal)shc.,tI gel through /,}. se compara:
'.
rPsu-''rinI
I e ..,.r L 1l v r ' r - t r n, ' ov i r f ulf il r o' r r n- . J e' . lp la lin 5i li Jdpi \ 'r 'l ' rP'di i i . l. r . ' , r , l, t : _ : ull, l l i tTa "trr! {ngrjamenl.ul.l Wc dr?c, (thatl slic ( ill sei llfouqh hcr e\am. _' Proba}jl cl ra rc!!' la fAo ,;p..r'ntr arc airi nioi o llu-qiln asulr{ rerullaLului.
2123
5) Propozitiilcfirnle oonlin uneori fornel r'ubale s/rcaltlsau porld:

Wc dn'i.lcd the cete eqnally,!o rlar no one rturtldconllain {riohilaleni subj.. len' tru ca nidcni sd nu se plingi.) Slit nui somellow;rs oir iour t ble so Ddr vou dorld lccl rr.lrome$'hcn xot canc cind oa s., h' snnli o{ l. lire acasir lE,rhiralent subj.- Viil;ul lali dc tr.ctrl) i
4Zi
(\) T0 DrriD
\ . f h u l ro d a rc a ' " ,| u .;, .,j u sdri n1r ,t" t. drtd t,L. . f ofi Io . I uDr lii. 1 ; ilp p e cd re lc ir df t , lin" s i ,. l -l e s t, : 1 ) rcrL Lar . idil f t gr lal, tra n z i t;v s a u i rtl a n z i l i v : sau: 'rto u i 't4r . 1 t . t , r ' , ,, l 4 l ,i t !" rp , \' rl " l o r I tnonatL,, t. " n | al " l) (:j , !F r b lc \ i' . r l r , q rl rt a .e rrr' o i ' . m ,,i .r.,, tu dt dpr I fnr.,a.3 Fara- s 2126 r, . ,d i ," i ' , . pr r . ul: . . r rn o r ,z ' i -. .." l /-. .." tn h u nri .. , i .ri Ji -. . a,tp. ' ,. li'l . b 'i \r ,o n p o n ..r to o t" I tb.l ttl rl at : . . . . , T r u\ o o i i , . r/,rp i' lt r ni r ' . 1 pr ^c l r' !,d a t., t^ to,. rJ " .J. ,1 " p .ri i , rl i to s ,/ :,re sufi\nl -s la persoana a 3-a singLrlar indicativ pr.zent da's: \ 2 t 9 8 Shc d,,/cs lo ryalli in tlrc woods bI troseu. c/ arc lrecutul reguldt terminat cu sulirul -ed - dared: s 2129 \ olol\ / d" t ( ro )s 1 r' a n r' 1 n _ h . n r' " rJ mr ' x , _ x :n,-f.,zr,l T h! \ . o. / n o ri " r .h t." i d . ro." ri t" ,dr..uro.. -n .,r J l .f. par r i, jpiul .' ,' ri n rr .u .uri \ul -ed ,/ar" d - si $ 9130 I u r r, F l ! .o mpu. . , . ons t r ui r . ,ru r," n d te rn u l u ri r,,.u i rerL r" l -l " r: He hasihad/won'i h{\'e/&,cd i,o alprole ot such lal niociless resolurion. eJ formele compuse alc v.rbului lo dal, pot ti urmate atit de intinitivul s ttr3l complet. cit Si (mai rar) de infinitivul iuconplet: Noo^plddpr erJ d -./ tta ) to l t.to ' i , L c u r rttson t,c Jl n.l . t k ot l I dt r c ( b ) r1 1 | r ' . a rth . qoukln't She ddrenot ta k e,lft \\.r\. Hc , os da, . d r , L trd n r th a s i o rr. / , sl e c onjugat c u au r;l i R ru l D O ]a fo u n l e rl e i nterogal i e qi dc ncga!i e: Hoi! do Iou ddl. rioi con,. heN? ,r ' h!mL. ,l r , 1 .,.,u n T l" \ dd do \ 'I,r' /t,r q ' .. \ \ h . \ d j J I ' " td ," .. l' i,,-
s2124 s2125
gl..pdme.sie aun;li:rrul dc lntdr;re D0 li cii tnl.rcuitor penrru evitarea unei $ 2133

You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $'ritc l.liai lertef. lidr't He zra..s to swim lo i.he isl.nd. and so d, I_ I drD'r ztdle to swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e. l,c?
d f t ir Jo rma qd pr s l4d. s i rn rrrr' , : .I ,,l r!rn i -. ,.a a \" " .uraj ul . ,,a sp i n" u .i t,r, ? :n rn .a d .,!ri .ti .i l F A U \i j i drpl ^r J-l e, ri ve /n Fg d lir ; ) ',, p1d ".
2) Ca verb alefeetir model,tranzitir sauintranziriv,areinlelesut mai stab s 91e
{r_./ are o singnlii lorDi - darc. urrcori ;i dared la trecut, dar atunci se $ onlport{ ca un delectil.; ,, nu are iilinitiv. participii. nici inperativ; i c,/ nu are su{ixul -s la persoanaa i] a singular indicativ prezenr, indiearirul prezcnt liind asadar:tft. she. it .|arc. ddred
2135
s2137
slB6
, 1te L l i c ! For fart ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru S 2138 'Ld ) !a con. lzra ci .,i n r r opor r ( r p rn t.ra :0 t1 ,.. n Sd l tto s 6 u i fi ri rp& rrrl r" rfl . si adaHo{' dd.a }-ou cont.adict him? FIe l@e not/ddl,1r rnsw."r he.
438 frr) Dsrn't este lorma abreviaH a ngativului darc nr, qi poaie fi lntrbuin,tatn pentru a exp ]nfl orice timp: ?r:cnt, trccal san viitorc, l orllla yiustn durst - t.eLutul Fi subionciivul prezent la toate pe}S 21,10 soaneie este vitat{ in limba engl"zamonerna.c,r rr.iepgiastrlului liriesc lirsrnice.unde esteintrebuin!aii tn specidl in propo9i ln vorbir"a pcrsoenelor ziliile nasaln F bsu cnrdilionale: IIe d&rrtnot conc, bul I did. (Tfccut) It sheduru, wriic, shc$ould do it. (Subjoncli!) In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau dar.d la indicativut trcut gi la subjonctivul prczenr: S 2139
llorv ddl, )ou com. in $hcn I was out? {Treout) llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui) Tht:\, d ate (d) no i s per k lo him . l' f r ec ui) 11 h c.ld .rl rn sw er . he s ot r ld do ii. { s ubjonc t iv )
S 2111
d, rUodilul l.1l?E nu csle conjugat rrr auriliarul DO la lornLclc intragativi 1i regative, ci prin inlersiune in Irn)f.zi!ia intcrogatiyi, sau fu adlugaroa unci negatii in propozilja negitiyar:
,d.d she say so? Hos daro yoo write sulih rrash'1 lle .tar.: nati.ta n t oI)eD yotr. lcito.
$ 2142
.J cste urmat de infinitivul
inco11rplet,:
He dd.. noi so home now. \ot! darc sar\ lou rre risht? (lDdrdztrettii,r'spDi.i aidrcpiate?)
| 21.13 S 2111
f, este repetat in interogaliile confirmalive si ln rlspunsurile scurte:

"ltc du.nl scnd tliat $irc, da.e l,c?" "Oh lcs. he ldf..;
e./ este umrat imediat de adverbelcde timp neprecisdlttay.s,nero) somertrres (S 2299) si de adverbele asimilaLe cu a&sLe'. (almast, hatdly' scarcely etc.), ru precedAt de le, cutlr esle cazul celorlalie verbe:
ch d . - , P/ r , J ll. ' g, ir ' . \\'e date.l not afL.n.ross th-" sl..eel nJ oursi]res. 'lhe! ddr. ha t! bteerne r{' lcar ol Nrking hnn.
O hs c r e& 1ie ndf J t , " ir n :r.;r" p L U i n l . I r, .p e .i i l i 1 prnpozi ri i l ' i nr,r" :a i r,. r.e .' rbj " n ;i u r,r.. rr, t,rri ." . " oldi; ior sr. .a u .l u u i , ,ri r' ,d :, ri i pr-/' ' rL.i .l u sl \ in. pl- , i" e, n r,ri n rI g " i i .,: t..u .] t. t. : r. nob.l t. t.. no on. t,. 1 Ir" 1, , ' pu/ ili' . I ir 1 1 r:\, r, o i .r" r' , I,..r' ' . ri -p n. l - ^ r' ,rrFbl r- .r,
\,t.," . i r , ' t', " r - f" '' 1! 214"'. Ncitfur cun. ert:. laft A se compnro:
-- ii l" ^ i' i
t . r' , r, u l: . (.
"a,,,/
She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii! tnod.l) i\u h,dlhaFil.e ( - sc tcd) se scoali lnfra !e plo.ia aceasta.l Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain. (T.an7. reguirl) ('d are .u.aj!1) si s..ai. r{rca le tlo.ria ac.asta l lNu hdrlzreite Shc dd.cs me to take o!1. the bo.t. (lr,rnz. rcgulat) iMe deslide s''r scol barca.) ( lr n ? i {, 'j 1,1 -'r dd '.r (ru rd li oul m y lour in l , : " ( Ind rl/n"r. 5. o1lt b. , r . J t " plo. , ix d. p a . l d . ) '- ni (\iczi ti $ ,165) 'A,pilp ld a,n .t d.,u ) v . "b . . "ir , im ! - . un, I'r'l a .il ' "' i; h. i do- "r r ' .- ptalabil. t,o,l" (ddr.rb\ . r e4t l l i . )
439
(xr) To NnDD
$ 2145
p dûd l r Forme. Fuu.!ii. (.' ro lurr, tu n\d "oniurtrj o,ralelc: I 2l18 lo naddcctp !Frb lp,i.dl rrd,,/i,i. r-'lrl r' sru aurili.r dFf".i,v mojat ti ." alarP ar.ln'r^buirlJr s.' rn lrul o,i1Il" pozilira., r bi lr ."1" n"va.ire Fau 2) (la vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul: ,,a avea nyoie S 2147 de". ,,a-i trcbui cui!.a ccrt', j,a necesil,d',,,ali necosar'( si prezinti toate oaraceerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
a , a re s uf ix ul - s la pe rs o a n a a 3 a s i n g u l a r a i n d i cati vul ui prczent: She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students. They med ur jnc,nli{o to study. Tle cas. ndcdsljrm handling. 6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil ia Ioate persoanele:
'l'he lvofk zrd.d qreat care. Wc zc.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clseshc nc dedt o ir c r . lr inded t o d. i t . .
s 2148
$ 2149
., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening.iar partici piul perlect haring needed:
H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded. Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor. I'd li,g a do ct. . , r v e s r nL l. r J ohn. Harils nided a'\ npcnLior, l,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.
g 2150
dJ esle conjugat cu DO ia formele interogatird, negatiyi qi S 2151 -auxiliarul eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
,, you zedd nc now? llc doesn't neal anv ai.mril fnvelopes. l hp r d ,J"r 2 ",1 Lo J llo$ m { , : r , . dr d l ^\ . H"ialrjl dp . "d , , , , , nr 1' , . . J o; s , Hc does ncd a good Lalking to, docsn', he?
?J esteurmat,d un substaotiv.de "ehir-alenLuL (pronu'np.se g 2169 ,rccstLria aun'lii..ub.lenlrv rFrbalr aud. Intini ,rul ,o.tl-.dpci ..rtorriple,ompi.. alc a.p.lui vFrb cin' ur,nnl^ d, i,hni rul .âtl-':
I ncc!, rcsl. Don'i. vou need l,cr? The pocrn ncdddrewriting. IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r. She heeds ta stutlu. WilI hc ndd td so baok?
3) Ca auxili$ defectiv motlal, NEFjD estc intrebuintat tn spccjal in pro q 216t pot!liLI" intarydtir" i n,sat;r'. st- jnrpl"sul r.,a/ inp,rsonoti,;o fi nAdi.-, ...1trntr"sar.obtigsrori,r -..J,r.bur-irprF/inru,ara,iari.ti,itav"rb"lofdFtFc_ al nu dre sul;,rul-s la"pcrsornaa 3'a singulara indicativuluiprezent, ! 216{ fonl ugar.a 6.esrcr iofrne rlrntrl
I n-"ed we reed you treed you need hc, shc, il neud thcy nccd He neednof troublc hi seu to come. b) tecntal aft iorma neeil la toate persoanele: Lold hid he z,ed nol telll a rcbufl. r\ll ih{t we n?edsay was "yes" or "no . ; nf ; n; t ir p a rl ;.;p i t. n i t tn p " rc ti ,'
$ 2166 $ 2166
, ) xt! d r
440
s 2157
d, nu este conjugat cu auxiliarul ,O 1a fornele de interogatie qi negalie:

Yotr ntud4', go Xet. d..i Jou? r1.cd 10! speak xorv? Why ncd slic stay iiomc fo. the holidays? He need naLlneeln't siot ton1. $'e n...1 norln..dz1 lry lor ii no$.
s 9168
Forl]]a negativ[ coDiraseestc needn't. l este urmai de infinitituI Lncampletl

'l'..d Jou leare Io. lhe counlry l,odaX?" "No. I nedDl." ("Yes. I nust"f | \"e dn t t-tt \o t ' o$ hr r , pr $F I . j' o\ pr r hp r p s L l o t o r r . \ p p r i n . n l . i P n .,t h ord ld b. hplpdJ in hpr s ud' dr nus . \on needt't hdre Lutied so.
$ 2159 2160
f, esie repetat l^ intercCaliil. canfirnntire: Shen..d?1giye an imn.lialans\vef, sne? "cd rdr ll'e n.rdn'l tra$late thc whole artiolc. ned
Cind insn verbul NEED estesinonimcu IIUST qi H,\VE TO' aeesra (must)il inlocuiette in propozitia inlerogadve confirmaLivl:
"I.u nccdn't go to the linrary to rcad thri book, nrc, you?" "Oh Jes. I mlsr."
s 2161
g, esLe repetat ln rdspunsurilc ncgatiee scnrlcl ",\'.e.iJou work ionighi?" "We rcdd,'1." ln rispunsurile afirmotit'e sc\\r|e se intrebuinleazi insn trIUSTr "-l'ed shelecturetomo(ow?""Yes,shemr6r." {Nr se slure "S}rentrd", tvezi ri 5 :068 a)l h, este urmat imediat de advrrbele de timp nprecjsdl|ays, otlen, neeer $ 2162 (5 2299) ti de adverbele asimilate cu scFstca falirosl. hardltJ, scorrcltJFrc.):
I n.Pd ha l! Lll lou io$ llc k \ ' I $ds . sh , run ) n ,.. I n, 4\ "\ ! lnir elr or . ' ; r in. \ v r i' lr n. ( - \ ' p, ir pv oi 'lo t vp d ha l!\ d\ " si s.rii.'
S 9163
iJ NEED are ca sinonime verbele to tean, (: to be in na(d,of,

It,\Rll 9i Nltljlr .rerbe Douil car se comportn identic
a at'ca nevoie), to.gttr.-
s 21{;l
Nesalie
| | I I
I \ J \ J I I \ | 1 I I
He ddteslne.Is b ca11., Shc aaNd,lncated to Eo. Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t? Did she dte lnead to tlo l He doesn't darclreed rn .x\t. He darcn'tlrcedn\ s\e didn'l datelneed to so. Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,. S\e did ddrelneed. to so. Hc ldns n- ds lo c all- doAa r h e ? s he did^' t . t * elt ueJ t o s , ' . d, d s l r ? Hedures/ndstocall and so do., slre. Shc do.sn', dufei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.
cau.
r Nu se poate spune: "Yes, i n..d." , to ca,l nre ii n,lclesll de ..a rizita", .,a [.ccc pe h" e1c.
Concluzio
f , , ' 1 ' r' " ' ]i n D | R F s i \ f Ll, . .",i , .- r'"." i ,'u"rr" Iiln de -l.init6J1. - ,", ru p r) rft1 rn q n| t
5 21ti5 ro r' ? ' ' rr' ' J ml l n' L' 1ta' '
"" ^Y*^Ti,ill;" J',i!l"xlli:Tt^1"il {.r11:1.Td.1ri"!::i:11?.(.?J,!,li

rm' i rL r o r , una r. r, e" u- . inelLr Lr pP z frrt e
jr c o l o a n a t' a l , a cesl e doLri modal e si ni to toaLc sitrafiilc indical'' ru r:arucli:risiicile acesiofa lsroonJuqarc '!.ffbt, t.rical.c rrr /dt. lcoloana ('r.]'
:i:, I'rl ifj;1' l, " l.;r:i[fiil: Jiill i,ii*+1 iil**,,lii $'r"

'"-t";tiou i tlrizneala, curajul; a rlesfide) (: a a'-.ea
r1!"-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l ain *"i,"t""r" '-*'o' i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt' ";u"'t" o,#,",!::,:;; o,'u,,:,:: ti"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o" Jte' ;:,1f ;i"$ffi
ITt",i;;/ffi
d\ DE D ) : D\RE 1 (uen i:
a in Jr a rnira s'ir''u''Ftil trebuie) ti nevoie,necesar; ^
impersonal mai sau X"Jl"i)i"pr". o"r (DARE), -*i
T0 (xID USnD
s 21S6
l;' :i';i''ff;'ii :rlii'lt l r;,'" i:;i:',:,.' ::*:'#:l'. u* ru;'j;;

I u*d to s" them very olrcn' (li ledeao toartc dcs) trtenlLc r
2167 ?O est'ecel mai neregulat dintre S 1) l'ormi,. - Auxiliarul modal LJ-6D
t'
:i::'rl' illlijii lJ;iiHi :l " lJf;l;,' Ifl :i;r:i i"l I ;;'x" ".",,:i jt'"*"' i:","ii e"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.: """rir""i".';."
';i";#:l li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J; ;:;i;iu; *trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'
o'""'"'' lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'u rJTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r. b"t
$2r6 l;iJe-indica'tiv
in :',' i?!iir'? ;i,.,.a, "''|' ;;#;;;1.]i i[;l$r*;;"-lii:!i

--ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li prezclt al acestui verb \^ use(lta leo'n estcto lea'n' in'Iicatimr
! 2169
3) Intelcs. Traduct.re, - Ilodalul U,!,411?O se lraduce. in limba romiai, ou imperfecl.ul,uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus: lle rs.d 10ship lunch lo go boal.ing. rx nimd la lrlnz ca sii se dtrcn la ean.taj.)ilmlcd.ctl l-\d.scori
A:. , r rrl l ' r !j ,//o ' ' . " , ldr , . , . i, n, J ,,u l i rc lul , ' . s r r . t a ' o .r' :r-i " p " L t " . ,' .d ; I n .i , l o ,o ) tnt tt .t. They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e. (Aa luctar aici.) {l'jdlc.t codtns) FaUrerzsdalways ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins js worll doing. it is sorlh doing \fel!m{eu ca!, da&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)' lTaLat,t slzna@ 1I'edeol.comrus sad inpe.lect)
In genere nodalul USED TO arc rrci semniticalii de crre trcbuic se so .tinir seana tn traduced: : r.,u r 2170 a. \ lr r ii' , r i 5 \. i r ' r' / rn f p r " .,, robi roi ttri ar' r" ,," ri " " l i u e ,,tu l r^ ' h ;ri i I., a ," e .r,.i ua i p. IS I:D l O p-t1.l Ln,n ,i n ti "t . t u1. i1 r ^ ou trFcutul lormei l.eovenlative'. t)e care il jnlocuicDtc in Limba rarbitd (ri. chiar in scris d.rcn scriiLorul considern cn foftna frecr'enlativi arc o sonoritate prea livrcscn) | .\s r cltld. I .s.l ro ./..a,r ol irr all lands. r.- I !!dl d..a', .1 la.oll lands l .l 1In,I,.rIc.l) ih coriliiri-" risan la 1n,,, ,(i Jndeu-Lrtat \thcr n, the eolnirT. Jou e.r.dro go to le,l re'y eatry. \- obicei) I1.l.Ierur.l ro tell nie slod.s l.o Irrt rLc to sl..f. (: aabisnui) /' . / . \ t r i, iA i l i u i i (s ri ri c t,.) .o n ti n u e . al enti a fj i D d j rdrcl ,tati i asupra S 217r trp , u l ului, , u s : u f.,ra u rr i rrd i , .i to r rl c ti u p tl rrrrt. deoarecefS l ?/ TO sugF reaz; el insugi liusa de aotxali|al.e a acliunii infi,rili\.ului tlependent: \ Lsedu knaa hct. (Ne cunoilcam te r/rn'l l At Oxlord lic zs.d ro lne in diss 3 {La Otlord, lccuia cu cliirie 1n orai.) Ara i o:!cl !s6d /. Dc a swc.t rihild. l^v.r er{ ur .o!il Ilojrttnior ln ,i;L , nrri e .ot,il, lau nx tiai c Iicintrilo.rr. ori ltu !i rl r. q, nu m . , i t r im i mi , ,l .s trp ' 0 . -\l i i n !l i i s e rfi cri r,zd, l a un momenl l sru o ' ,) p e ri .d' jJ i, t u' ul. l ' lil lve?i si in coDrlarll.ie !u lr{utul siDr u ii I)r.4',1tr1pc.i..l 5 lqot) $ 21?2 ?) alnrlia osic indrcptati asupra lreze lului in .onir.ast cu tetuttll. l a prezon!a unui adverb de f.inrjr trecut nr lrxLul tnglez, dar necesar in cel ronre' l lc r ee\ b. lG r lh a n } e z s d dro . (Sc sintc aj linc dcslt inatnrc., 1 , , ' 9. ar " , ' s . d l l ." y ,d ,o / (Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa !e 'rdne.,./ 'T r . pv r . " , , u br s " rl " r" n l .(,i " r.,d l ' .. 1 ,,,4' t' :) r E r dt i t oJ r " b' r n , Irrt r' rp rt F -t
I Sfai adrfsat liuhli silu d. c.ilcirul diplordai ti cni d. stat l)Iilip ilomer Stanhr!e, Conte d. Clr$tcrlidd. 169, li,-, lL.1t.'s. Dnblioanr in 1ir.', si 18901 n/i/,,rir tn toatc p$soancle, ' ['o.na l.( lverlaiiv]1 ar. h hr u,1 io,\ili{.!l 11Otrl,l) 1, . Ii, :l-o.1 ,t..1.. r 'r t i n l f sg.:it : t! r 5r - . 1. " t-,r . Lr . i\ ' r .' b- ' \ r . l l J , n a, r r , ,r l . , ' r , , r - d ^ . / . r n , o i i . " . '. -l/a /r'c dpnt lr r 1,",r.,s, ,r, Aa r . oni. r ' lr r ' , r nl o, ; i' r ur . r , 'i a p , r r '1 L , r / , r d / A . , 'r \ I 'l n o r , ' ln colliasl .u ll.db r.siej Onn),.iti.s, nnmc dai. rnivcrsitltilor k 1 dc oeranitli - "r \ , t r , . I al . i\ n. : ' . 1 1 t , r \ , mo, l"rn , .t ,.,"o r pro lt J it fu ljr,tit .1, ' t-ih sriellu l l rs d.L tr.. u r ic nt J r ii luf t ni, !
ln scrir, claLoriti c\cesivei sinpliiicnri gramaticale !i abundc loi c.rn rtit dc binc jocrdlor de cul inhe nLrlt, <rrucliil,rr idiomaticel - carc se rrreteazir gx5r.'. il" Lrali" l'o"p.'!drF.' idp..^ ia,nhiru . t,arte pn.;u,l' "r*1"ri i,rrrl :"- rnsa.'\iild u', lr'r"eju" 6i .lri ,r,or,ti'rd i r.nr;F: -riil'r'rl'rr aubtil a\nt D inplic!1ii. intoralie. n,nrici{. gesticn,priwiri, umor. earr suge!. ce dau limbii englezecaraclerul tasci' eeaziLsensui a;a iutriLelolle/lonf puzzl. !. nant al unui "'oss,"a Spre eremplu, in teitul de niai sus. inlonalia e](damairi.i " L:sd.r"poale Fr' fi: -i'. i.' i.urpriz,'. pr"t'. -'u n//'d.' \.J,'".,,': '-'i'il lip .i c .. ,.n-i n"durn"r r lir.uril rr"'trJr. lnrmire r 'l i"l. ,'" ) 'rd '
t rl ra d d , d l uJri l bl , drrl rul ui ' oE l Fd "oh. . ' r ! . l. lr lr . n ru n q ' n a r .1 trccul eJle nrantional ill cx(ilanlalie, de timp ,n.c lllenial. nu adverbul f iild p l e o n a s t ic s i dec i s u p e rl l u u , i n i re b .ti n l ri n u m a i penl rr acrmtul re s,l rL e c hiii 6 r'a re ar r opoz iliei - c i a u ri l i a ru l t-S/j , c a re tre bui e tradus i n ronri nette c u ad ve rb u l de 1in! t r ec u l . ,i h i .rr d i .i a re s i a l j p s e s t c di II proP ozi l i a l nql czn
/1)Interogaliali ncga.tia. S 2f?3 ,\rnbelefornrr:.cu sr fdrii auxiliarul DO, sinl irr .ircu- $ 2l?4 a) Intorogati.r. cit qi 1oneg{!if: lali, &tit la interogali.,
['-,
nt,):.
dr
I irLSt ] ir l ] r , ll t l{ r . '
. '". / ,'l 5 \l { 1, . I ' a, ; t \ ' , lo; I r lh . \ h. T- . J , J D oL, , ,,a tr'r.,. tisetl thn. Lo lrc t titr |oll,ise h-rl tttl!t^ ..rb."i : r ' , r p . i. , r ' . , - . 1, " 'lll / , d- ': r ' , , , "; , r t ' r ' l. t Io sr
ir'r"l
'
Dlr-:'
l,/ Ncgatie.
I f u rscd Iru:u dl no t k ' nll t hlr q. ro. r, -,,,:r"t,;..pL .L,l, pii, / . ' iut . ' C, l o r . , r Fr i, u dr 'r 'r ', t . : i 1 - '. ? l 'l \ou L jtr:sn il t o , , ill lr , . r ' 's./d/Dr Y on d tdrl ,r. lju:? l I o c r ll iher . hoe T h.fc u s.fllr'r i ju :s nil ir ) r c a t ily ' lllr l. gt T her! b ed tiu:,d l ,o ' lo r ' c a dot LJ gelr {a l o t r' l-l\ eft d idr't u sc Lo I) c a c ot t . g. lr er c njoj 1. t ". L. p( t / t \ - ? sau \ri. . l ,"t rrpd rotjJs.u r nu" r in' ' r h' .t.'" d td li-Jrd-. L, r J
$ 2175
ndi
tre,\e1r
Ou i rk (3. 21) s em nale a z i , l e rn c o tn n i a ri u , s i p rezenl a l ornei .l t,n l scd in /i d , In r ' r^ A -ri ' 1 o . ' i nri l nF ,. . L,,rp , QJ r r , , a' nir r ' r " r ii ' i " ul ' ' p r F' . . ri ' t,:r: r l x r i l / | b r n i . i i n | l u e j'r z;b ri i rn i ' rs ' 'i ^ ' n5. " : J , / i'
Co cluzic. DO. foiosil r.r aLrriliaral aurilian:lui modal t-SliD to. a lofi cr).damnai ca o rlovdrli do inculturl. Ulterjor.a apnrut Din:l la al doilearlzboi nroDdial t,"",,,.,,.ir,:..Ln.rlior"..tonr'1f...iubi",-: ti,!i,...,..,u.,: in:r"n,, .l sul . .,. J',r'rr'. - si ' f Ip prin "unrrn,i "r' in "n -r ".d,r.r "r'J 'rJ-a. precniere llsupra tut,iror celorlalte forme, datoriti actuali. steza (colocvia]n)s aliei sale de ri"lpitdir foarl,c c\tinsai.
1Un srrxiarirjian cnst(, nlnrnr.r-r 90i; din lcri.nl liDbii -qrglez. cnf idiomilit. :: dvin te nrcdr.tirtc. llo.o s. ' 5lalar I l. \ r. ; ; . r r r , ll' Ita l .\t .! o' b- l " " . ri;ii aniori ru md m4lion.azA cii tu.mi llsDD TO, ooijlrgari .u nxrilir.ul esic.rl. r ,ia li. "i,ri
S 2176
!O.
444 ln numeroasecazuri se eviti acest punct nevralgic tnlocuindu-senegalia cu adverbul neuer: You,, r, ,r.atto 5p'ak Sood t:ngti,h. ora,Jr o
t o b- a r abin o1 t hdt r o, L, o r -d. thprFl
LiSED'TO (tn lnterogdliaconfirnd.tied qi cu DO auriliar de acccntuare .ti,,p/rd_ tic DO)

\r"d ;d lat.Lota,t.\d.,t;t r.t: rriere4efdrDl ro be a ca! e on rop or Ihar hirj,is,!'ii;; iL."r"i. jiiiJ1r,,.." u i. I . h \ our pJ t \ . J , , n- . . . , ") n I
(in fra.a dubld)

1' , ' r uf r o $r i ' . s n n i E n u l ." .r,.I .o .,J t i ^,.!. 50 di i r I ) , u , , + dJ nI In .IrF 1 k 5 ' ,ri t,) F . c t' s h ,n o , s p Ltl ,ota.r. aoro:oA t_J.dt." \. "oh, usd thercl/ (coloij\-.)did rhrit,,
! 217 7
Ate n lie ! A nu se confunda modalulUSED 1O I ju:sru]cu: , t.:,,'!"1 .:,, narricipirrlrrecui,,ised ro lts. fir iu:zl ijl rzrtlale1_erbt,lui , rnrreDurrlaj: l: a I
,_ .,." Ha\ r of z s edl j u :z d l n y b i ro ? :H o w .l o L o trti Lci t.?,,..Ir.sl j l ri sl ,r.Ikdi tJ,Jt.r (-\i nnosit pirut mcu? Cum tli ptacu?_ E trnn. Lanr jntrebuinlar ied ) r ' 1. *. liv ul E " .t t.o l i rt u tn :1 ,. tj ,, ..d to. a fi obisnuit .u: /o g.1 .D ) u sPt l r o: d \ p o b l i ' ru r c | :
,a i6d r',.do m J .\.,,r a", m m "r . . t , . r . . , l . . . i h . . \ r , f . " r n [ n r t ; h . . ."I mlnd o1t ' e At "r : , . . I l|, gti s t , r , , . r " , , I L . ,.r ou rl su on 8 fl , r / , t . : 1. io\ dr , 1r , t I . ou , 1. . , i"r . . . \L . ,,, obi.n.i[ ! .'\u D. pn i acom o, ll r u " . r . / . , _-, i am"r.an A.\ici osr jj"r Ai s i. , r . . r . i. , . i, , , , . . , j. \o,.r";r.,;i:;;.;,t,..
s 2178
5) llronur.tare. - Used(au\itiar rllodal)se pronunln i u . a lc ,.,,J i ju:stul,rndqra:in:,,r...u in a in ' " a , , , , , \ ^ " '" I t ju:stalinainr"sun;: ..'r.o a n e
She used to go llru..
asefiJJr't I ju:snt] negativ. lrFrul. $i pJrri!itiu lrn,ur al v"rbutui tpricd, r-gutrr /a rju:i dl . -- ,u.:r4 " xs Ltr tu:zl: d jntrebuinl.Jl I havc &se., your llionc i.o iall to Clivc. rrscd fju:stl, rux lj:tr:z.l) d.dj.: accusromed3 (: obj;nuir): He is not &s.dto the noisc a l thm-r ot cties. {: obiqnujt cn)
$ 2l7o s 2180 .
TII. VDN,BELE NEFLNXIYE (Rrr.[n]qvn rljRDSJ I) Dofitri!ie. Vp,bJp r.flaj{i!e :in, !irbp rran/irivp sau in,r"n/itire rb . .ir.r {or-i.d.1iv; s d sddugdtpronLrm-tc .,ftprit A..rda, in ,,u r,.r -i pFrsosnacu subr..lul.
r bine triDin. : -I ' c nr , u / , t ; , v e z i n a c . i a 5 . r.rr 4 , o tri ,n " i ' " ; : ir ; : " , ; 1ll " i n ,F b u i n t.,' n " i ni .s rn' ,,,bJ \o.1,,r.,..,!,o,-r
r.r"d
r,
liERBEl,l'RElLExlv'
acestera: si {{ecLere r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)
srbr|trul rell(]Ii\. |rfali |it Prolrulr1i
c'ire indel tinelte
acliunca' sufern
;:l"l,il 1""i""1:i'f li : ^\':l l,l:lij: ":l "j l""' 1j""':.:''.Tl l"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll ".,,' I :illl,.i"i:'i"'i ."" :'l"l:'l't' i ""1;I ;1j:';;'",jll ;:::ii,;i, l',,1r,,: :;:,1,'illl:tl '' 'n''''.",'n! ':li i:":'il':; -"nt""'i''in' Llli',.iil;i*l:::j
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:,; iill,ill:1,::iii*i," lfjrTiitl",'h"ffli; eriamrl (so
l' "4tr" jii;, ir?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r "rir': I *if irr ;';I;'.f,H*i i ;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:irill

":rx :ri''r ii *ft tqi#, : ;llil i! i*ft ;,+ll;"'" . ;::.;^;
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erbu\-r "{" unr'li' .' r-,,.,"nps,rr). s 2183 i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli ""ns
j i*"';; ;"'""i;i:;"d4i; ;;:l x'fi;1;4;[IiL iiil,,,,* "''n au',.: .*, l-;, j1jiil; ,-iil'i:i,h .:lt.,iil' ;:," l';: ; :i,, :' ;;r:''
Ed' ri'rrrii'onrne' G*nati'|ii
& d&da cu sucoesnl ci. {: she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.) Jd stntrd inDiit_ ( : ue l. lr us e te s s .) l] u r " , \ . " f b, s rn u t..i o .h i . ,o p i tu u ,s
\'
.4 rl.. 4e r1,1,i r1 .
( 2185
"p
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lt e, i, . 1; , 7, ,p
p i n d in \ ,1 .
L n rh e to p .)
.1.,/yerbcle refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd adice acelca care arata , i j n s t A r . d s uLiec t u l u i q e p ,o d u c c o s c h i m b a re !o rraduc i n qenerei n l i D ba \ F r bn rn ' ri ,n , r\p s a u 'rrFz1 f r ln tri n rr -.1 . ta:to.v. ta b" tun, ,_v to L. &d j e c t iv ul r es pec L i v : a \ F , t r r gt et ) : h /,' u l i n l r ) i \ c jr ' gill' eni: h ,d t L rn l r.l a sc ,^nrcsi io btush,to ;edde; (itr \ ,' ol tr af u d " ,
a o i. b /'I"L,r rl8lr ' d ..r - . L n r o .. \:n i p t. t" 2 .t e "a .. b p t, ^ "o n p 1 . b "a - . itle - ^ .1 b" al .. g'_I\o 4r r p o d q . b p ,.t,- " " tu .r n d .
J..!
n",;'
t.,,, b".aF? {..t,t,.
L,,r.J,,t"i -.!4.
218ri
r/ r.erb,Ipreflc\r\" tu fmnumetetn dalir in limba ronlanii siuL foart(] ":r1l'j'' in limbJ "nEl,/a iiird in J","r in'rH,riri\p. rrd,.ziri\_.pr.f^_ l,ii zrrrunalP \ru rn\ol'rc de rn Jdtiv:
. fr lao rlu
r, na.ft o,csc/f (reflexiv) tD ( o.r/ {i!l.rrnzitivl . t tenenbu \trarzitill b ! . t o nnoeit , t r t h h k t t a n z . \ - t o lin. : n\ a k or elp. nnii: oa ttan^tir) : t o t ouah ot , t o j. . t ot t \ "r L p h n o T L t i o n d l t o . o' r t n o1\ . t t r r ""L od,i l,i to?,lior ,l : :
Pronurnolerefleaiv neaccenLuar in cazd d.atir posesie din limba romAni s. lraduce iD limba eDgtezn printr-un adjeciiv posesiv: a-si puDcnrrnuite: ,o put.an .ne" stor.s
,' i . r j, r it a'!t ,rl $,]!r'.' t" onr \ h; bJ "a! il1t . , pr r m bdr s o 'ip 'op . 1, " o lrr b , 4r " one, s . t ilt \ . \ scoalc piliLria ,o take aff oae's hat t,iia dcgotul: - ,D cu o e's fiaEu tot t nlt:
S187
l) r.erbelarellexive pasi,c din lirnba romArn se rradue in senereilr linbs englezdcu pasiyul sau cd vcrbe inrranritivo ru inlcles pasiv iS ljia, 1792):
,\? .o"stria o casl : PrllvAlia re d"i.,\tde la ora 4. . Iai,i o stori c.r.e se ..o/r/. ase rai.) Caladtl nz s. tn.nide. : The book hG beet tound. A house n?s ,.ir* azir. lhc sho') ornr aL fotrr o'clock. ll,rc is a rloth lhal cr./r .asily. Th. lnl ( , t r l snzr.
2 laa
. :l v ar l- ala F t l" y i \. n ,p fs ,rd l . J r. ti mb d r" r,;' l i s^ trd,t r, i n cFnFrp i n l r,,h" pnr l, / ; pr i n r u n p a " i . s ..,r p r;.,rr,,. \ " rl . rri nJ ,. ,l i o " ubr." t ,r;t tr^ n u m pln r , ' , , ' . r ar . ' - i ,. J t..t. o n " .,/,., p ' ..,S o-.,. I' o; Ld,.t. I;87J:
, \ ! <1r,. i.i .stF n , jr , s II".. u o r h, , t or n _ t D. , ) i\ ',a .1. rdr. .rn c rir.i. l: It uppeare ihrl. he js here.) (pron. nftroi,ifji)
417
\u i3.: ( . se r',1. niciodallL?. nclcr .d4 rell ./ .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia'l'he!t thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd )
jntranzitive singure sau S 2189 ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr.se traduc cu vcfbe (S 931 932): rnsoliie de prorrumereciproie
\l. mor' im r"rl'| \or'l t ir ll " I Llhu ' g' r ' ' ' _ r , t t ' " \Io r,r.' I ' r L ' / w , 8/ . / I Li I ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua (- They qzd'./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l r ldn-. le si n ;iL.i m'. 'e i, . dr i nr Lr ir r I at i G t 't : P t :1 u
uy ilo;.nJ In lrmiliano.shi ,d iarim.n tolii

i:
I n on.lrn il"f \rt rll l, r e ot t o@ t t Er ' )
e ilin limba romnnncirora. in limba englez!,le cores S 211)0 ,{lle lerbe r0flejril sau tlanzil,i\'o: iniranzitive pund verbe
. sc ulrnd. a sr rrrolia a se aieza :10 tdlBltatch fie =' /o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta
a
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i sc desrirli a sc dd rc a sc ioi.si du a sc sirdi ir se srribi a ic jiorrri a s! irlornra bilia a se i { se lndepilrt. r sc triol. i sc n rtilni r s. rriil r a se oPd ! se Dlimtu a sc ilinqe a s i,"egati r s,, ieifaga r s-" scnlda . se si.Iili a s. fenc
. .rJ . . . t.
Eta
tl
r .Jatr .
: '
to Port, to s.Ptat t a 8. Lsc of to "nka to think : ta hot)! uP, ta nake haste .. ta rcs,t;e, i' detemtiê, to .te.idc' 1otu1he uP are's mnl't : l. tnqztrd bbal ta rnorl: as\t!. to learc ta L. mt:laken to stoP to tah' a Qalk to .onptain 10 etlnak. rcad!, to ln Pare t. rctie. to 6 nhdras la ball@ to dPologi.e ta rettle to feu, to tie aflin, e&
' . : : -
j :l9r ir limbe onglern. Allo atemp)oJc rerb" r'lle\i* rellexiYe 3) Alte Yerbc P lF uptr-dp rudle.l 0l'lrnl" /,/ /" or"s'f sr 1r, hrnba fi.a "';l,zi tl s.ll'Irllr: /" I rst p t,n s 'l) ( a Jurni prpr n ull): ]a o{r'tott' tvttts l /' loiJ id\: Jr' ! pt la'c d o\ wn's"11 t |r. rr'i lt,n, mulr : ' '1'rr'r ' r1r'I1": to t,1 h on':Ptl( a r.1rLi' ' rd!'u-.p.lr): un s'l t,",,,si 1 "rF '.p " gurJ e'c.:
t '1 1 L n '1 1 t lp 1 . " "lal li'rr.ll .'l\ ', . l' "' r , r ' ' lJ\ ' rA r in I ' dr LFn l! r r r ' - ' r 'r '' u n'Da rrt ' l' ! i/ o' I I F ItL f' lile 11i.1 Shc ,rod. nfls'lf tll ovolt{lnrF i-cirgxril "*a imlohdaii. nin|nrd atit de tiult J soLrl lle klt l,inntl q doim , 1 L s r . "b dF I ' lt , n' ' 'a she tol/p d h"a4 t 1a /. ", b r ' nur in r lp' r ulllJ _ ir Llir ' o, r r "r ' r r J r e?u- l. l' s d b l J e l o a r ' .A r, ' L:l l:n r '" :rtr\ 1,. ,at t .'nrlPn : . 1r ' . lo dei l o\ ' r r hPr r lall " i 'l n r . J I ol i " I il": lu lo r -,,i, r' 'i il l; . ;J, Jor ' , li J in
1+8
s r1r2
S 2193
IY. \'DHBNLII OO]IPI,'TI1 (collPolrtiD l'nRxs)
1) Ierbcle complcxe cu taitiouli adrcrbial,i,-ln linba englezi e.i.ita ., lgrilure strinsi intre unole verbe 9i adverbele' care le llrmazi. asemenea ycrbe fiind consideraic. pentru acest moliv, ,c/rc conpLen (5 2208 2210): Ue was tircd and sar. zI climbils atrJ tLrl.li...
\ ! " r c / o. . l ' l o : -ti a n d 6 , o // rt f1 ,J ,. , \ P c dl 11, I . . rn I n rr !o r. 'the curtain per, r! and the lislils rrcn, door. IIdr., o,r1 Ii's sti!!e.y.
S : 1191
Unc lo v er be c o n s tru i tc c u p a rl i l u l [ a d v erbi n]i pot fi urmate l ,ri od,i ti i , sr oc prepozrlu: S I p . , t " d, r t rd d v ) ,' t4 p r,,t t,; t \." . \ \ p / oo^. J/ , a d r. ro rrre rl : l i i m .,, | .,1 h.! T h ! t ao J r a,:' r ' l r.r . i p ; r, L . l F .. .e k. Ji ..,.| di -. t r s o rd . H r . t ' . o /, I rrn " r ' " t , p I nt d, aat..;" L e r,,ro r 1 ,r m a ,"k . ' r,-i ls " | - , l' i r' i ., tri n r,,/o r ' ,J J \. .- rr,.n . , ro p " j " i. uJ , F - t" r ,r .' n d d ,r : ' ,1 . to p u ' u p .r., - h t.-r, llr \ . nJ o$l" ' D d o ..r-n ..r, t.,J,3.j ;" \l'e ,/.r,.1, {adv.l 04 ,o (rioul prirl ) ilic \ioanda. 2) Tcrb0lo prpozitio alc (prcposi.tional t'erbs). O categorie Epnfte {rsle formati din unole rerbe atit de strtns unitc (\t prcpozilia co ditio|atii3 care le urmeaz;i tneil. in anunite situalii (Ia conjugarea lrasivn. spre e\enplu)a. prepozi,tia tsi pirde funclia ca etare si face parle integranti din yerb. Chiar tr ca pronuniie. prepozi,lia apare ca ur sulir dl verbului: !y luggrge had bccn atlcad.A,o Fhco you ardred. Tl,e .oom had ben iired tD. SIc was ni. 10 l,o,t ar. lI likes to bc /trlP@d ro. Acesi lcrbc
S 2f9;
(vezi si g 227E)
sint nunite
tcrbt TrcpozilionaLe.
s 2196
$ 2197
T. TERUE LEluP DRS 0\A LE S tU UrlP E RS 0 Nt L E

(ITTI?ERS ONAL OR UNIPNRSON,TL YERBS)
t) \'erbtlle impersonale sau unipersonale au pronumele it ca subioct. ( $ 855): i, drizzies n lglitcDs t sleets r, Ircczs i, rains i, snoss tl ltails t dews n thundcN 2) Lnele verbe unipersonalesint, urmate dc un substantiv sau dr: un pro" nume personalilr cazulicuzativ sau datil'r care cstc subieciul (in cazul nomrnaiiv dcci) r'erbului personai co.espunzlitor I
It t lL t: ., , ) lo ha\ F hpr l\ al . , , b. i. f \ . r b r r 'n F r 5 o ' r r r sh an s n l'10 rn., pr d. . r m dd t o Ld\ ^1, u"\ , d", l, a;J t J . l L \ ', r i i , p r " u r J t ) bchues tut klal..) to crptain herseu. (\:erb uiipersonrll s/.e (nom.) ousht to e\plain herseu.i {\'c.b pi.sonal) 1 32 5. 12t 8. : i3! 1. j_: - - : : - . . :r:"ii p ar : . 1" 1t r r biah ' S. ' :,:p rrpnz il: , i. ". ondit io; r \ . , , . : . {. : 1; qr . L t9r ::crj
'S 2f98
rVezi S rN.ai ; 3r''For' .\'z $
3) ,Ueseerzs, in.rrirAt. desrieLc.]it. (: illli Iare): ,nt:trrt.tl, |t.,thoulht | zttg : irni pnrca) trecut sinlplu, sint 1.erbeunitrersonale. pronutnelenre aflindu-se cazul dativ. iar rubiectrllit neliind erprirnai. (\'ezi si i 20t1 2072) .ln$ele exe'npleInentionateh (2) ;i {:l) sirt desL,ete.
rL liDnBD ('1. lt sll {]orFI'\Dii.

0 alerrlie steciali trebuie dati nrrn:ilo{rclor verbr. care se confundri
s 2200
. lr lJ r (i n l r'. nplec , , lal) ( : . r s . i y i . a rf;s ,a ): flitr:ui6iances a?,r' $hilh rctrderid r,) pns.n.c itidispcnsiblc. I r r?r. (i n 1 r. nor ogr lal) ( : a s c S l x rl i , a :n i i rl i tu ; a fi rs iJl ): S l c r.re s lo$ly lr od t ) i j c h a i f. i o t xis t t.It:. t it / .iegr lnt ) ( : d ri d i .a ) . tle rui*d l\ts hand to l,is tsyes. /d r/ r. rn f. (: a as igir a p. r n re v a p ,' i n c ri ,,l i ): I d..rl.e you lhat clc.Jl|ing is all riglL. 1. ' 7 u. ic ur a l ' ri n ' l In n .,,t.l : To rBz.e " success ol llrf curf I'ox mxst so to Jlrlh. t . t e .rc \: a ar igur ' a la o s o ri i D i a terl e i s i $ ri i ri ): l\a tFu/.d .rI lin, {g{irst {ll risks. 1 , borN* (: a lua f r j im p ru mu l ): I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinrti t ul da (,rl imprumul): -. la I l(r l,nt hirn a ro{cl. io /?o i a faco (scrs g,,neric, concfcl)ll HoN do you do1- To do nothing 'lo l o .nc ' s l. s k . T o d o d n e ' sh .i .. " l ,e n (l m e 50t r l" " \ otn i n g d o ti g l " t. t u 1 ,. l : r r a{ ' . a f onl e i ,l .i o n a (s o n s ( o rc rft)l : 'li ,,a r. . r ik la h! 1, /a dkss. .ttare ho! \'ttita Ll,e snn s!)iDcsl(Prove,D) l i 's g o i ns t o r ani $' f ' d b .tt0 r,,d l ., /o r h o m e p s e at iept a l a ) fa n d rri l ,d e o f th t: n i n d l : to . t : t)t't ( (.: t r nai t fa t a af t c pt a) [ t d u i tu d ( o f th t' h o d a l : I sl rrl l /r t ed loo lom or ro { , b trl I $ o r' 1 ,i i ri l l )r,ro tr i l rol { r! l rto. / ir / 7/ , (.=. a hr s i. ilr s ener e d e o p i i m c j tti rT . '|lie.r /Ll belorc the .o iry stofd. t( Ilu a zbura (.lcstre pasnle. avior etf.: (lig.) a zl'ura. .r tugr repede, a sc rcpez i) : Tl,. t'ird /er aNay when I went ne{r. H,, /&q to LordondeN.: It's q e l i i. s da. k : I m u s i /l " . lrr //.r' , r I ' r in a r dg .
l lirlord?trt!. oomir{f ti reiedirla restie(,l.i!;1 nt ldmdn d. \oal.
460 t o f k)a : a c ur t s r ( d, s p re u a p i ): Th e Dan' , bef l. dr inlo th e ts l a c k Se a 10 ea '" t -"i a ir |: ' aI a llP lA ,rn P\a ):l lt . l t ; al- h b ' c d u " " I ).a tp /!a ' .rr' h p l a n tu J/' orr' I rl ' -" ' monrl rs F \a ). a l ' e d a ru mJ rrti P \l : to t e a ch t ! in\ ! ia lpp ' rrv l " i s u " L r,g l ' s l (l o r d J ' J t nd\' Ou r te ar L r I ' r s l, ' o re l: i ;"" ,rl a . a .' a i n rrr' s ' : a :p to li" ti t,tr.t t ut . lnin I l {e a l r aY s iier do\ x s i l | r ru D L l \\e \rtr t " r o I r $ner . !\F /" 9 o n l )' .o . i ' , i! , it l, laid (: a p u n e l a a l s o z a e tr' ): to la A (.Ja' 17. . ) The ]rrn r,rs cgg!. \vh o t oid ihF t abt F : lo lrse n u :z l ( : li. r r l" ): I i a n r iin, l m r wa1l" l : I r' " s l rd !' l o .' i l < uruL p' e" ' l trn' g)' l ' l : r, luu se ,l d: ' 1t ' a, lF 7l*s a , o ,l a d ru n ,u l : a ' l rb r l l n l i s l ' l : ro o ki "c r 6ir r b. t a lir l d : ,i i s m u ,h /l. aoo;dn L'lu:snl sle Preferal.) ta rcmember (: a-!i aminti): t o rtt i n d \ : a am inr i c rL i r' ): . u $ fi ro , p l , !s " rn .;4 1 In .: u I d o n t f . t r / , 6" r lo re q ts:ul ( : a c ur s c)l I i a s;, - i, " ' t r s r u, ol d s n i ,t. t o s rl l fsrul ( = , a s am E n a ): Thi soiver was [email protected] seed io ri r'r Is]:l ( ' = a t ai. r t r tPfn n rn l rl ): Th e y s l" . d l. : d1t r ' rF ' s rl h l ' g ra r' ' , o si l (: a s t a ios ) : Sh e,,s . , t t , , ; a. n a i l i J i t tl n rtn n z i ti \' )
. h. 'd l,im b:lsrcn In p 1 { b u \' o n
d i fl i ' rl J
lh i n /lld '
lr ' Jr'z
) {L-.t atezatinlre cei doi bilie1ipe crtrapca ta slon.l(- a sl,ain P;doar):

He \;s too $'cak ,o shnd atlo lLis ilhess.
to stda l-= r sla. a remirl): lhe Lido lloitl lie is "/orn';'u1 $itn us ]|le Thev sra?rd
I drin t i\d n. '^ .r'4 . b I
Lp! : n. leJ .
l, seal (tranziljv) (a aqza)

! Pleaic. bescated Our libnrry sears i.wo hundr.d teaders. to speak : E vorbi (in sens l&rg) aJ a l_orbi (persoana sau persoane'le cetelalte ascuhind)i l],a tcllon) JonessPddntnc(: Aici ' Jolr's)r j p d & t o him , he $i l l i e l p l o ! H o s / ole bt lenglh o n I o o l F ra tro r'
$1
,) a vorbi (: a articula cuvinte): He could not sFdl ior laughing.

She oos spcd/itns hcaihl.ssly. They sprai English well.
lo tdlA (: a vorbi) dJ a {orbi cu eineva, a conversa: We Fer-"diî,s ol this and that. I couldn'tlird lnJone l.o ,arl to. DJ a vorbi despre u subiect unui auditoriu: He r4l,tdd to us o lhe subje.i of the collectiriationoI agricdtrre. (- to speak) c) a bt.fi: She\rill dllr. whalerer)ou do, lo lellL (: a spune)
a) lntatJ auna urm"t dp un "on,pl'm,ntindirat! e\prirnal :du sublnleles: HF ald h".l'ildr'n he $as liking lFoo for d \rdlk. He,,ld (us,them etc.)the newsol Toly's.lrrival. ,, introduce foarte rar un citat. lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice) a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbira indirectn:
He satl le wrs . worker.
D.,lesle verbul cel mai des lntrebuinlat, cu sau lird complementindirecta, pentru a introduce cuvintele rostite de crneya: H sdid: "I am Nick's brother". He sai.l to met"I am Nick's}Iother". A se compafa cu: He said he was Nick's brother.(Slil indifect) He tald m he $as Nick's bro!le.- (Stil indirc,t) to srri (: a-i sta cuiva bine): Sho.tsszi, yort. a-i veni cuiva bine):
lled br.onds hr. You. Itat is YcrJ D.ontns{to fil : a. se potrivi, a-i veni cuiva bine (ca mnstrn): The coat doesn't /n, it is too tigl!|. T hs l " or t i6 r p e rl p fl /t i s rJ ts l rn ri t) \ o / t r ir s is n 4 " ..a r.,. ( - Prb r) a 1T a) : I pdz, to taik to you. caft nu inire hsd In cad.ul problemei sinonimiei ti alte tntrelesnri,
to becone (:
r o t rd rl (:
r-{nDete verbe au
indi.ccL reslurde la intrebarea ..cni?', 'ComDlenrcDtul sC o mDlr m . nr Ll indiF ( 1 l tPb u l u i b .a a p 5 ' p o r;c p d r !d" D r.oozi ti nro.,D rad" osa. l indir - 1 1 \" rb u ru i ro p t.c a rd n u rmpepuzi i i .;l n,l \.,;i n" d' J! lr ra o- /o o p l4m pnr _ a Pa rti c ipid p. c z r r t d .re n i t rd j e c { .i v .
4i2
to
(ragulai) (: a voi, a-9i errcita voinla): 'rill (Proverb) As wc /tll the lnd wc mustL'iI1he means. t'ill (principaldefectiv)(: a voj) (S 2093):
Ile |nal rill noi lrhcD he na), Fhen he etll he shall liale It.J tl'rovcrbl
to rvis,t (: a dori)r
Ltrl I kn$ who shewasl
i, gon.lcr [ \'^ndr*] a) + (tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de): cliDbDg I doadd.at vou. courage - this is dangcrous .it. Tnaf isn't lo be eondered. b) (rranz. fdtd prePoilic) (:
ior nin8. | ,o,d P. \hJ l hP\ d. . n She @nded.i Nl'at his nnme was.
a se intreba):
t, odndff [ Ntrnda*] (:
a rntnci); (f.,'lt)
a se indepnrta:
The! eandqed abont aiml$slt. Hc eaatlerc,t /rcn rhc subjecl.
VERBELOR }.ORNIAREA
2201 (foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS) obi5nuite erpuse ln lirnba enelczi. verbele s-au lormat dupb prncedeeJe 6" 'orr'ral6 (Flo'ldlre \.nrbirc ln dc rdl. In caDitolele,on;J ni4i 'ons'inr; existenla urmdtoarelor catogorii de vorb: 1) rerbele primare sint, chiar rdddcinile verbelor pro'renite din limbile 2202 caro au stat la-baza lericului limbii engleze: to PaY'el.c to look to givc to come S 2203 $ 2204 2) rcrbele tlerivate, formate: d) ou ajutorul prIixelor sau sufixekr (alixalie: care principalele sini urmitonrele: Prelixe: sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu-! eru-, i r-! for, er-l, rs:
1 " . 'l r L 'l ' / 'a r l l L 'f r l n l lu,DJu.l. lo o l, s lAr n,lo/ Lr ' t l. og, lo, / r udgP l ! P / r " r '1 r ''4 n l o r r . lo/ a"b. ' r . , / ". q' l. l, , , n a \ J to" pl,irt r. lo,4 r!arl , lo, a! up. l0 rcnew, rc.;
'4ffi:ration), di'\re
ouhl, ove.l,
undor.l, up-r, NithJ:
l " ' rd?-l ' J' ro,rP .l ' anf t oo! ldo. lo, / , la s l ,l o 0 4 ,ru n h .r,l o ,ta ..rn ' oo' rsl FP l rn r " , ,d ,fl P p d , i o ,rh o l n ro r' l ro o r . r.,r' d to ,,a . " i. i- ai; , " i //dr' ' $ " " r' l orJ to .vn ns t and, elc . ;
* : r lntal {lin c!\lni rocalc li r lnai ea lrti este !,on!!1at nnei oonsoane. ! \.eb 'ed stll do t , , t , t iJ \ . r b, . . , , , t r ''i \ , r r por ilii ln l r L u ; n 1 , " " , r ,r.srnl !r,l'\" lr L nr Ln lalr nd r J . "_ ir . lir "br anc l n / i \ 1 h 6 mili inailrlea d.-,
,l-. rd
anlonimiee: dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:

10 deoode. i.o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dtsoNn, to drpci. lo u,Lrulror, lo znco!e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni!lNSt. etc.
sufirc:
lo heigll.cn.to lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \ridn, ei. : -en: 1o blackc,, lo gtadden, ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o lrcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo lcri/y. ctc.; -ize: to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:, to gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.; -ntr, -esc0r -er, -te, 4e, +b: lo ex..o bate.io a.qui.5.e,10 glntdc. to sl)arhl, to cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc. 6l prin modiricarea sing- sorg vocalei rndncinii sirikc (rpoiorie: stroke llowel Grad&tion): S z)nil
(v e z i s i 5 i s r) formhrdu se lerbe cJ prin de'ivarc regresivd (BarA-Forndtlon), privita parte ca un sufix: eronat din curjnte cirora li s'a suprimal, o 10 bany-sit 1.oburgle to diagnose l.o cdil to grovel bdby sittr burglar di.ignosis edinr grovtllirg to to to to to housete.Ir hze pcddle renniis.e !am! ltousckeePe. )^7Y t,eddlal renilis{iencc \ampi.c scris $ ?9o7 noi S 2206
3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite tmpreund sau unite prin cratime: 10 backli.c io iaolspr.e 10 broadcast 10 buttonhole to .rossexamine lo dcadlock to gan,s.)' 1o rosedilc lo scesatr 10 sategdard 1 o s l r.a mn n c to to io lo to stosawry str.ll'ang tiploc NaJrrY whilcwash
4) re,Ilele comple\e, iorlnat dintr un verb u.lrat de o particul{, advrb la origi e, sau de o prepoziJ.ie.scrise sparaL, dar atciiiuind n tot indisotubil ca inleles /a lcricaL ito ): a) ftrb + a|t)ctb (particuli to }ring rloll to call up . to draw h to lade oul to gct on adverbialii) ($2193): to staxd l)J 10 lake oil lo take aNaJ 1o lune in io ltun out to kcet otl 1.olisl.enin lo rjng olf lo scl, otrl, l,o size uP
S 22{}8
S 2201)
b) vt:rb ! prcpoziliecandilionatd(".rb prcpo:ilio al) (S 2193)t

lo lo to lo charge $ith come bJ depend on laugh at io to to lo lislcD io liYe il look allr objcct ro 10 rcly oi to remind oI to tdk about 10 {l,ink ol
S 22to
I dr esld de l.pt pL"pozilielttrcbuinlaffi ca prelir. (Vezi l]i8.453, nola 1).
454 2gl t 5) locu-tiuuilo yerbalo, adicd echivalntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata de alte pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtuiscun tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu: to catch hold oI : to seiz. to come to naught : io lail to get the betier oI : to deieni, lo oulwii l.o hare a joke '= to joke to tako a dislikc io : to dislihe t o t uk e i o i rs k : to re b u k e .e tc . 2:ll Un fenoDren carac6) Sohimb en categoriei gramotioele (Coneosion). 'p "j . i. . f oar r F |a' p ;l l d i i l r l i ' rb d e n g l " z i . F .l " trp,pri a unei pi rl i dp vorbi ro l rn rr o dl' s or iF g r,' n s .i " " l d o i " . C .a mdi tr- rpnl a e:l e i ntrpbui o"' aceleiali forme atlt ca subslanLi\i. clt ti ca verb: larea
S Listantirc
( lo {tol }adse. {to (to
iiol ioi
(l o ) h o s {to) hound
PdtF ale tfnpuLuL (to) back (to ) e y! (to) iinscr i to l l ,e i d ho) strin (to) stomacl!
ALte pdrli de vofDLre (to) dry {to) i tl l e {tol lcllo$ l rol aoubl e (tol dowr 1to) furiher ool near {to) out i toi sh,nshri (to) sltush
{to) st'oe (to) sisht
rto l L o vcoti r i to i t' e i toc ito) lxnch"
2213
I in pnd 6ldr i l o mv l l d l . ( l o q o b v l d x i ) ii hotds \Yc dccided,o no,.l tr,'and in; ,, and pu, whcn it \\rs wetr. {: to sLPcp 'r rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.) (: to say all dghi,.) I askedLer io ma.ry me. Shc .f8n,-no"d. "m.y $:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1jdeapf.llo*s me paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg d .r. f dlow" . ) It orr na,odsHe.od.' He out-.olue.lZota. "Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection!."3 "Hcre you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, \tho $as ralher lleased rvith lhis
Tendinla acastaeste atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat a,l'hoc Yerbe noi: Shep6 los,e$tzs on a llane boundfo. SouthAld.a. (- to act as a hostcss)
up ald ilent awav) atvay. (:8ot The doclor wunled to help her, but shc up Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then. ^ntl {: I'lt co away) Don't Jou lt.:ie ne.e
I r,lr i .ta u.a Lr\ id I dda dli: at Car , : r a . l Bo( . o' . t r : m l p '_ u d n o . . b o i 'r o 'd l l nr'lL l t- p_ r inl. ! d, nl a) uDr i or J l m o, i"i un u r , n s l " z Hp; lor , l; ' , 1 l, r P- iar n >i s o 'L l . \ n 'l r o m a r d i . "to hp "to r. a lim niz J . .b tJr.h a lin. J J Ld, f it o|. 1 LJ n. h. ir , i t r - i d " n t i t i . a r . d l , . l r u i b F r l ! . 1 . f f ' i prr\iznt p ed PJp bJc n lln! r r c i. 'J.K. Jcromc, Thr , e J I h ; n o Boal 5W. ShakesDea..Hanlet. !.ince af Denmark. a M. T\!a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut's Cou :Tr,. Dreisfr. Ar Ank t iun Tt oa. du . R. L j"w"llJn . . \ one Bt t t h I ' n; ly Hea' , . \ ' r b , , r t d d , n E m - . , u l I 'g l n a t 'u g e r 'i / 1 e Seriai TY ,,Iamilia l'aUiser" - ,,Nu-ti dau roie st mi spui pe numel"
q 92t4 Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier tnlre substantiv {ureo sdjer l i v) si r" r b, I n( c r . ar p. . m a rAAi i p l r o s .b i m b s re d p c..pnr Fau o D ronunti a ' d ihrild . d ,q i or t ogr alid r " m tn c ;," p r-c i , p l n a l a mo d i l i cari dp to.md di n.a In ce mai accentuate.
Schimbare d.c ac.ant (Substantivele _siadjeclivele : accent pe pdma silabd) (Verbele: accent pe a doua silabn)
Subsrdntie 'ac.ent 'condDct contrast d igP s t 'dislUlnt rc.ord 'il|rnsport I erb to ac.ent io con'duci l,o con'trast t o d i te s r 1o distouni l.o re liord to trans'lort
S 2215
Adjecxi,
rabs.nt abstract .ompound 'ffcquent Fsenr 'subject 'suspect -
V erb
io ab'sent to .b'stmct to comrpound 10 tue guent. to pre'senl to sub'jecr to sus'pect
Maitficdre de pronunlie- Orlogtafianeschimbatd S 2216 (Consoana linale estesurdala substaniivsau adjectiv si sonore la verb)
Subttdntip close ll'lausl (adj.) Erease Isri:81 lerus-" t rerF:31 u$ tju:sl lnt$ [tru:o]
-
Verb
1 o a b u s etr' b i r:zt r.o excuseFks kju:zl
- to nousc'tmauzl - lo mouth lnaudl - to rtuse lirfju:zl - to u s e tj D :4 - to betrour lbr'troudl
M odificar@ ortografiei rcd.d nud.iticarea prondnliei (Sonorizarea consoanei find)

advic?isl dc1i.P isi choi" e [\] [o advire lzl to dfris. izi - to choo{ izl
cau nal/ Ielie/ grief reljet shelt tliie/ rroo/ to lo lo to 10 1o to to cal.? lial', !lier. Erieoe rlljere sheb? thietz lfor
s 2s1?
b c lhlbo: alr'-r / r / br , 0/ ,Inll k l, . 0/
t , b .' ttL j ra /n Ii :0 l b p tn t I n b ,p a /n ? /b i .b / r. p ,,l ti :0 t o, l o r/,p ,,J u u d $ -d rtri :0 slass/glo:s/ ro sh,./slerz/ 3 rd .. tro :6 / l o Sra res re ' // r o ../r^ / - In l o .P /l u //
to.h.,' ,,! i i o/ ro l .p/t r' i d . F$rdl r.ri ,r/
7) Ye ele imi itire. l opc c - On o m ot app; u/ ( s l " to babl,le 10 bans to click to chailr to croak
Nunarul vorbelor care ilnita surlcLeL {onon,a- q ZgtB nrrcl tua: l o a rl F ' n a rp i n l i m b a to ounch to s.u!r ro souetch \o tiz. to iic.u! ro tfiklc to giggle to shjsh_ to ritter to gotrI'le ro sizzle ro whack to gurgl 10 sllDtter io yap
466
sau, p!ilr
relluplictrred sunetuiui:
i o l rg j r8 to Poon_Poon l o F u l l ru l i
t o , ilip- c lof 10 llaw hrlv r o t L. chiN
to tnr(k)'to.{k)
t!t'r aceaa verbelor care sugereaze
O altd (,ategorie de verbc itnihliLe a n u mit e ' ni! c it i:
sau. Prin reduPlicare: 10 lrnrrJ s( tr(l'. ro sllillX shalll eir' Cr ealea r le c uvi n | e n o i i n i ta ti fe d i r s ti l u l u i urt pi l oresc de o m c enpre-
.\ horsctluf//Pl doNr ils nos. r I . \ t is v ; r r i$ t i " " h irh o n ,h d rt " l -l r1 A .h ," ,d D L ' ,r ' r' ," r' ' - t . ij, , ' r r "",
2::19
i)'n;lc|r" ur'ii prrli dinrr'un 3J Hedrrrerc.l lrt,it n;n! 'i ! 1;pl'In;) /rlrlp nodclrF: (.n15 i'r in li,,ba -rr:l.z; cu\irrl r.lp loFrre lrp' "pp,ril i1
Lo lcnd 1,, r',.n q l.' sp rrl ' n l"l, n' t r o 1t , ' nl p^4 to ' 1t 10 tYPc ': lo I iL 1. , l' r nr l" lhnln 'Yl'\Lnler L i t r 't l a '4 'n i n r $ J v r lu P/v/o;"rlrr'
( p.)rtttutnteau lltordJ ar Blends ) (S aol) - Ca 9) Yerbelo telsooDa.te ,f20 verbe, a,,estecu1'lnto stnt mai rare jn limba cnglezn:
to lo lo lu 1o .hor1l {snori r chncklei ll t r r ' ( lhllF' : ' r r r i' PIP ' r . o ur o ( im ir J r nuPr . J ' "' + , ld rr lis e I ' i r i\ r ' lF t d k k v : lion) gahmt)i (gallop 'j irilnplil
2221
10) Yc$cle noi intral,erelatiY rFent in lin'bi "nclPza sint /rjxjdre; itr 'd tr qulr\'rl r la.pats'ana lr.ulul sin'r,lu$i parli.ipiLrllrp,ur rrrn,i"alts qe ,' ,- ".sx.,i,;i"""1;t; a. i"'r.r"ra1i" 'i nPs"lic 'an'.rui"'' ' rr.autiliarul Do' F.l. si;l r rnr,.Pngulilnr '{lograti," 'arc prrtps' v'rhpr^ reeurdrPl
to to 1! t't 10 r.,,1 ,,,,ra dio ( els . r J di"ing. r ddioF. l. n ' tb .. mot"r s . nr ol"r r ne m or or ' al $ oo tPr l\. t o m olu. ) , l' l, \ise, l.l c \ ls es . if lt s v is lng t "l' \ is . d, \rro\, \cro{es. \crox'ngi \cfoxeo:
i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-',otrvs. okiling, okaved' lvcziti l 181't )
t.,r,,.1,a -; pr'.
:iiii"*,,il jii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,". i..;srr',;. iilrr,. .:Jj"il

n "ro ; , . ' ; r i iady , adj. t ' l\ ' LP r b '. _ d 1 ' i \ . s r r b s r a n r r v
I Curjttele soise.nsiv,
din aetst..s.rtple.
m exisid in vo'abdi'ul
englez consa'far'
ADI]iNBUL
I. II. DD|I-\ITIIJ CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR ........ C l a si fi cs f A dJ pr \ lonlt ........... L ra s'rr' ir F0upa .. . _. . . . -......... ,rr4 :.:2"
,159 4i9 159 460
4ri4 a6i
46! 468 469
trt3 2,283 22aL 2185 lL LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR Adrerlote mliliotiie Ai l vEDe c s r . ilet em id rc rD c ..... .......... Ad re tb ele d. t in?. . . . . . . ' 2288 rr89 4291
4i (, {r-lr 1l 4i 1 4il 471 4r2
1, m l' P r n .. ........ A.l e e tb e le de nor l. . . - . - . Pl a sa rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,l d vml dp m od i s r c p r. rd tr rp rb rl ..... .. A,rv'.h . , ar p c J r af r F r i z ,a rd x I ta rti .:p i u tf,i u t ., ... h l l n e n l a dplas lr iiadri !]m l u i a s rp ratn te l e s n tn ai .e s tui a. ... ... .. . ...... ,7 .l e .rb ek . le |ac , . , . , . . . . & o p o zi fi o c u ||lei nult 6 e d re .)e ..-. -.... -... Io cu l o l tor c degor lide s d !e r} e ........ .......
A d\ prbF h n rgiti\p .. .. . . \ d\prbrt. rn rn ,tur,tr\p . . . . Adlobcle in.'d-qir
.lq'.,!"1.q" rimpnPpr-, i"
t!95 4i ) !301 423 1303 4i .j lil l0 2Jt/. !318 2321 2323 2329 t330 ,331 i l 3l 2 4,"'1 4i i 4ti 4itt 4i6 j 4,. i) i )4ts
t58 Adverbeld lntlrire . -
MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.
Partinia adrerbiah. - -.. inlinilive e a ""i l O. , " * dP ie. m i n a ln l i n i trlul . u aJ eP r b In l ' _ ' n rrr"
' '
sd Yorb 6 3pt i* lo. . .
....
EIse ..
lll ,L 2333 2334 418 2342 479 4t9 2348 419 2344 480 2350 481 2351 4A7 2352 481 ,353 481 2354 481 2355 482 2151 483 2358 483 2359 483 2360 2361 1?62 2363 2?64 2365 2366 2361 2468 2369 2370 251L 2314 : 2371 483 483
VI I . \I I I .
VOR B IR E .." .....,.. ADVERB E CU V A LO-{ R EA AL T OR P' { R T I D E C ITEV. \ A DV I RDE SP EC IAL E'
P;1"*. I" t,.,t.f
485 485 484 485 485 486 447
T he . . ?oo.....
-...
. . ....... . ...
"
V? rv M ut h .
..'.
'
.{IIY X R B l IL
iTIIE,\D\''ERB)
r. DoFI]{TTTE
Adverbul este partei de vorlire carc dtermini sau taracterizeazi un ozrb, rn adjectie sau un alt ddlrerD: (Verb) lve'll idea somctnnjsrhis 3ltemoon. js hishlJ sa,ls/d.rors. (-\di.) Her school-repo.t He sFaks Englishretl 4?r. (Adv.l
yaloare de adjctiv sau de adl.erb pot, li de asemenea deL.rrtrinaic sir! caracterizate de un adverb: She was llteralJ ottt al brcath. (] o{r,iiune tdieoriril;'L) e saw me slmost to rn, dool. (Locll.iune adtrbialil) 0nll ond boy in our clusshad to bc hclpcd or with his wort. (Nunleral (u lrloare de ad j .l He went stmkht hoae. (Strlst. cu valoarc dt ad\'.) Adverbul mai poate deiermina: a) n\ substdntie sau un ?ronar?d: OIrlY dzz wns abseni. (Subst.) "xyen drL, Ijr"tusl" (Pron. posonrl) The initiative \ras mGtlX /kb. {l'.on. pcscsirl Plietiea.llX er,ryrnd had come. iPror. neholi.itl b) nn participi.u sau rn gclrndit: She add.cscd them in a lerv rell-crostrwods. lPa . lfeidi.) I hare ahvars knowl him ro. a slotr-slealin!. )outh. (Pi . lrezent) ,.teir8 dstrgc.ousltis his lavourite lasinlle. (Ge.ntrditl
$ 2222
ptac;un fi altc p:i4i de lorbire cu Loculinnile adjectinle sau adoerbial,:,
c) m inf.nttie:
Shc w.rnted ro srd., $'ork imDiti8telI. 'lh 'v t o f : n. l r ' t t er ". '{p 'rlPd I n irer.o uld / 4, . c gr s c Pnr llY
d,) o Iropo.ilie sau o ldrt de prapazilia. Prb!5 sn? aill be herc. t,Prcl]oz\\ieJ It rolled slmcstun'1d nu faot.{Prrte de fro!ozi1i.- comll dN )
N otd.
Adverbole care nu caraot zeazi lerbc, ci altc pnrli de rorbire (adjeclive. adverle, participii sau substantire S2222, 25E'i i) stnt. numjte ddtcrre calificatire. II. CL,t SIFICARDA AD\DRBDL0Ii
s 22:3
Advrbele pot fi ctasificatedupd /drr?d sau dulri inlrl.s. ir ?r:l in: ad- ! 222;j 1) Clasilictrrc iluoi torme. - Dula formi, adlerhrte ne inpafi, lu'r,rt'rni d rita'F primorn cd\prl,a,u verbe (snu "l-,p1,). bJ\p'1,. n ": adverbiale.
460 222 G a) ldt obelc lat F f i n a r' l rs t h l rd $ Pl l
sint lormo simPle:

ir ^ r'u !t I rl so
222i
( 2249-2254)' h ) Atlwrb.ledetit'at' provin rlin diieih pnlli de vorbire .\ c;rrorri li s-a adlLrgrt un prefix sau nn sult!:
li.stlV ,' { o n n ,L,i,rn*r"ds s n ri l i rL8/, P..ttscu/
2928
mai multe pl$i d" Lor {') Adverbel cornpusesirt formate ilin doui sdu birc iontopite (S 2255):
i1{'.r1's nendlorth heroby howclcr lndoors no\there
2229
r'":i rr li,'t *:*l;; l:,i;l;;ii il"i i ii I';{* i,;i:rl iiii i:l;, i ii };.:g:li iil, i{ l:.i,l';,;r,r,'ii;li
,;r:,i";i ;.': then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc "l,f,l'"'
At secingthc notice. I she srote to ds/r lo. 11. .^n\e b .ut al tnc come flnd sil .lov r,
sint grupc de clrvillte clr valori de adverb: d) I'oculianitc(1ttt'arbial'
"" :::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$1
$ 9231 i zz::, " --" impad in: sedull inleles'- Dupd inleles' adverbelc 2) Clasifioarc de tinp ('tdetrhs of I;ine 1, carc'rat{ tirnpul :i'ld .::,!-"Jl:"* a) adretb(. ln'usir" r" s r ' a rP ris p u n dre rn lrc DJ rP o i"a " "1ii";;"'i "'i''0 " "''r' " Pl .r 2 ( : ti nd r)
A 2233
'" " " 'i,,,"" axtr arars moJ']l ln 'afp ' Itt anvrbeJ ntorl(Ad"-b.o[ tl'|nn+) 'o la o'' li 'cr" [t;slunLl Derr.." o .cLiun" "d,r ,n ."." 't'"i; o iLare in"r;irc iotrebarealor 2 (: cuml): so' somehorv'isurel badlv.cerloinh.dflberaiclv,cnsilt' Iast, kindlv' preltilv' slowu' r" $il'glv' ll $ u u ','tt. 't*i ptt-rcce o rala lo.ul un J F' se^ tle lac (Ad'ol)s of PIa(), carc c) adecrbe $ 22e.1 ptc la inirenarea jnsugjre '-"rtspund care si exisil o stare' o " *ri#" ""deunde?l: -"" (de) rvherc2l==
' i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil: i"$3sll.'i,it i *'itrr "o in a vFar or r$o r" ; v. *a,j r"."'io" 'r''
i,, idy.hrr. a,d'|rv,lll.-ii:.,;1."i:"'":l,ll,jl'il.,illiil ., r. 1,,,$,rdrdso f:, soun sin"P ;i'i;';;' "omAim4 sLrr l""ll";,,il.il'"'l'li;":"'pll-'i':,1:;'\'".-':
l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li 'l'lln':Ji':] ;':1 ll'';':':;llll;,ll'""li ;il; ",I .t, "';.;.:';l'lill-': ': " ',i
' ' ' ;,.';' r i\ hp r o \ n 'r F r ': ' s o n r $ r 'p r r ' '
46t d) adterbe de & ra|.sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs ol C.tê, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,, \ 2985 . l ri ." u l ' ,.u.;ri ' 'F , ' rd l ; .d! 2, ls u s . op u l u n F i d , !i u ri . rci.,j " . r.stund ta i n t r eba re a 0 ly ? ( : de c e l ): Lonscquetrlty. heroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc. on prrpos., sdi so Ur{r, rhat. r s dry, l h e .e lor e. et o. :
?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe. a!].!etbe (Canc,:ssirc d,ccanrc-ric Adaerl)s )1 ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l, Iet, et..j adrcrb. dc ft.ct'enld sau repelilie (Adtetbs of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l oncc, t\!ice,_ tnree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}. Uiirdly,lasrly; qain,
al o n e { onlx). ci( -
s 2236
ad\rbc i/ieragatire (Intetrolutirc Adufis).

now? Nhen? s']rencc? whde? whelcfttr!? \thitheri, shJ?, .rc.
AdrerDelc de mod s subtmpartin: a) adrethc de nlitate (Arlaerbs af Quali.t! ):

b{dll bcautitully. elrelleiUy, lairly, thenl.lr, kirdlJ, ntul.y. tprtec X, wcll, etc.;
s 2917
s g:te
b) ad|erbede cantilcle sat gtdd (Adeetbs of Ahrount ar Dc7r.j:) |

r og' t F", ds , ' , . r r | - ont v , . o . . o l e i , r . e n o r q . . . , n r j \ . .. ' a1"1.\'. l.amo 6 .'.drI. .... d \ rpn atr. 1. , r , . . . r m , r lr , , h, |l, h, r dt v . ; r g p t ; . i . t . t p . s . I ^ a " ] c'b v /o .. no ..h. np d"' y . unlI . ! d' lr . t - pt r J di. r l d . , 'q l r " . r.rther,s,ar. -y . i o ..oo"\l' dl pr ed. v rJ. v lt. \rhotty.,j".: -u "ii.i" ly , oo ' r t t - r li. 'nultnn. PfababllLttt of .\ c[nlton .l I y " s . , i nl" at. do utj . $flI'. u odDub. pdh. . "r r , r nr y . r "ut y . v pr i l J p t . . : m a y b p , p 4 r r d \ " n . p .r'up s. pos . r br j. oF' b' br y . r , . : r , dlr . t u , n o . n r r . p l , . : h a d l J ,
S 2239
d. prcblhitilatc san de nesdl;e ( Adrerbsaf Affir- S 2240 .,) ,Q*.1".4:. nfitmo_tie,
d) ddeerbe de precizaxe sau tntdxire (Intensire Adrcrbs)1

J l s o . n" oqialb. p\,n , , v id. 1r ly . p\ a, lv . jai r - r o c m a i , . o r t y . p u - r i " L I d r t y . "hi1 r l. rdJIy. s mtrJ . lur t J . r o^ { io) , dt t paJ, a t n o s t , " t , . i
$ 291r
S 9942
e) ad,rerbc fc.tftctiae ( Restrictbe Adfttbs): only, b'rt (: onlyl, jusr {: onlx), eic.; f) adterbe erplicatiae (Er.pl.anatorltAdrerbs ): as,namely, $ch as,that is (to say),etc.; g) adl erbeexclamatire(nxchmatorll Adcefis):
horvl ivhail, etc. So !'hat:' lvhat does il malter? D'na, .en, shrms and sickness his rtu.n was d.layed.a h ) ad.verbeinlrodactire ( I nxroductar, Adeefis ) 1 . con6"qu J .. o-J:a g 'y. . oDc ^quenr ' yin n " .. j ro \p v r" . ' h " rpfof. ,t dD J r r4. .n i ny
s 2243
s 224.
$ 2246
n y,1 r,a" : : Fr u. i, ) . , nLrn ui da, "hi. r r . - " / 8 ? " - " d . D r l - / , 's '. " t r "lr ' . P ' s t t t ft, Lh. t sh ? ru s c^ n e ' p. i ' s. / 4. .1 , u , , . t ol, r i )i ,, "au , $r , ' HJ ] Jn. tr..J lo! Ji, l\ or ' d Di. r ion/ - r _r / 4r r ' '
t62
s 2246 g 294?
5 2248
a)
III. FORM,IREAADYERBELOB A. AD\'ERBELE DERIV,\TE 1) Origine. Adverbeiederivate provin din difcdte pturi de vorbire:
dit\ subslantit,el atra! b) dlr. pnnutu: lere
thiihef
besid.r be,itui
badi)y ddtly
dicre () dn\ atljectit'cI betaa behind d) di]J n meruIe: iwice e) din pfftiipi.it I
61"' 4 l'' t t ulAP\ t l i t1! "Pr"o.i / " 5 1. 'o r /b.4rard ' 'Jnt't.d1! ' dPpo' . ll!
cleaAy nosrly d,tLl! s,z3ty
/t"tr)'. secantlty
f ) dn). .he adrtbe .

belare lieloLA ldtely ne6tl!
,{"dverbclc deri{ate se formeazi prin addugarea utnri 2) llotnaxe. ". sau a unur |r./tr. sa/rr C.lp,nbi mull" cdrprb".lp rrnd )i .ir' vs Je ti-r|p (duil!. 2260 Sr ilul -ly . S ' lp.Atr,nuntl" l.,t flir.7rs n,l1"" )s. tormaa/ lri ed; rg r-" 'ufiruh,i-/y $ 2249 AtenlLe ! urrcle fiind 9i ad225f Cuvtrtele terminrte ir -14 ru stit intotdeauna ad1'erbe. S jecl,lri. irL ste,ial atucj cin,l sufi:iul cst adiugai unui substantiv($ ?92):
a dniLu pllt t monthl! a rrenly ^ccarnts nrgazi.-" led.ly !rXm{,ls a ftiet'Jly gest e a Lcnel! tor\r a lituL\t t\int a s'tly old nan
S 2259
ortografie rrrnjorit; SufixulJ9 cstc Adnugat I ii' n' i.irlor iJrd rLi i I nrndifi,dre 3 nndP , urrnle arenriaJiuPd c duu; (dtcsurrL mci }or inilialc. Se eiragc1o "qpecial greqii: ortogralieie de obicci a) adjn,:rir.teter;,inot" ,'r -, (r,uenfeplia leulnraliej l. trccetlrte dc o
..n. u..1,1 d n. r " iin"l td .'red li l]nnillei.e complctel/ ljn.lird?y lL, n, ir dt c !u..sii.cf. lur.ly - sincfLjr au consoaDa I dLrllrl
flcinrl irr' cel de al .loilea la fornraadverbjaliun I lilrrrlliraiul adject.ivului. p r r te dir su fi \u l'lt/:

fq!rleqdalft/ '1. iiliturs Itiiihn,I gfDr,rrl- gendallg lpgall! Igrl-
,)
dilie ttilcle
1o ' l pr ec e{ 141,d r o l . o c r l i
I llajorilnLea a..stor !artic't)ii ar d.\'.ni! adjc.tile
{ia
Nodilicxri de ortogralio sulerd urm{toarcle cuvinte: S S963 a) adjectiveletcrminate ln Je precedat de o consoandpierd nceasti terminatie lnaintca sufixului Jy: simllc-simlly lrobable-probab?3, CiDd inse terminatia -le ste precedati de o vocaii, -c mut final se menline:
Ex c c plie : r vh o le - drolly. terminate in -ae pierd !'ocala linald -e lnaintea DJ adjectivelc suiirului -ly:
c) adjectivele te.minate ln 'll pierd un I lnaintca suiixului J3r:
dull duity tull lullgr
d,) cuvintele terminate ln -r, oficare ar fi sunetul prccedent, schimbd pe tn i inaintea sulixului J3t: -g
day gay dailv gail!'
Er c e pl ;i: Au ambeleforme:
dry - drtly shy- shily si drsly 9i shrly
?,1Adjeciivele terminate in -ly, ca frien"dly, Io elg, timely, eily eLe.,nn pot lorma adverbe p n adXugareasulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tinlily, sa.uIaneIiIEfiind excluse.Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin adiugarea unui cuvini, aBtrfel: iD a friendly way at a timely momcnt Adjectivele terminate ln 'ly, care formeazd adverbe de timp, pdstreazd aceeati forme:
.. Mrerq I a dail" DaDer p:ap"1 1a -"eit1j @r4F r He rame doilr. 1 S,.e lvrcrc r$ico dail!.
Alto sulixe. Prulixo,- Adverbelemai pot li formate si prin adeugareag 2264 altor sufixe sau a unor prefixe:
sdtrolo : helitolo: .lona l\eatllahs sidelous o" dgain alooi dflame .$rdG) out@a s sestoar.t(s) beD,fore 6?neaih Dcyond -wyG) strajghiaoy sideaags totaday ,omofow ,ogeher -ri!o lenglholse iikeaisd {, etc. needs novadays
r s" ,rrd p fa..r,ln nn ri hi"4dlit ! . x ilit ! . t of a I C ombin alia su nchlo lrt d: liind dFz as r pabili.
pr r h " d b i t r f i 'b r
"
464
s 2265
COMPUSE B. ADVDRBELE
di{rite p{rt'i de vorbie: Adverbele pot li formate ti prin compunetedin
A.1). + Ade.
lorUrrlshl.
Ad.o.+PEP.+Adt.
IY. CI.'IEGOnII SPf,CIALEDE ADVFR'BD $ 2266 ADVEIIBUI, $I ADJDCTIVELE PREDIC{TI\.E nu de un adverb Uneleverbeintranzilive slnt'urmale de uD adiectiv !i (5 76?-?68, 2517):
lo lo ro l' to / , e/ ' uld |ar d painiul r ou g h s u r r ' 'l '' iooi awt ul/ t inP/ ! r ellJ " r " s nPll s { Ppir / nas lr / s our / s l r o n g e ( r ' prc c ood/ bFadI if ul/ pp t t ' / b r r a pn r 'g p ' "od' d b: lt "r / deli"ious / 8oo d 'i /souf / dq.
$ 225?
AD\iIIRBD CU,\CEEASI ^"' "'*"siiisriNrliiin
FORMA CA $I
conlsputlzAro'rno
DJECTI\.ELD S,A.U
sau substantivelecoresUnele adverbe au aceeali formi ca !i adiectivele Iunz;toare:
Don't {alk 60 ttut. lr wiil go tlt Nith him l .a n l sta] l onC ._
She NFnt ead'Bh, natK llis s u r l i 3 l P r Y , e r l d o t r ''
th; ;dst ol EqlaDd
Wc weni, not. Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY Jour Parenrs' Tliey t.areUed e@s,
4i6
ADJECTITECU DOTI,4 FOruIE ADVERBIAL]I

tlnclc djective au doui forme adrerbiale, una identire cu aceeaa adjcctirului, cealaltii forrnain din adjciiv prir adiugarea sufixului -ly:
}ard. hardly lasi, Iastly
! 2258
La unele ad\.erbedin aceast; categorie,lntre cele doui fornll] nu existi deosebir" J" inl'hs. .i n,,,nsid. lnLr"buinlar.. f^rmd qimpla fiinJ adnreori I r.lp'dli.ind inlFl"sLl"sle con r-'. propriu .au ligur.rl.lagr;dul .omparalir ciu .upprla'iv,il .r,tinlp)p.ompu\cfi in FxprFs;ilp.unsd, rslp sdu i,liom0li.-. iar l, r'm r ln -/y lnlorind,,-s. N u',.i eind lnl;lequlcsrpabs'rr, l:
To..:r //o ,p lo rrrp d oo r { lo' r l. dpr oipe' . ( Con. r "l) , / o.! Iny rr.irt bu r ./4!.r r t r p. ' . lP. ov er l, J "k into in. , Con; 'l'o war.ch crosci!. To go .los'ly thc maller. (Abstractl jt To be ctaseu .oD.erned {: indcaproape). llbstrrcl.)
Slill wntem run dp?. (con.ret) {Prctrh) To $'ork de-",D into tle nishli. (!'i8lf,:ll To drink d..e!. {Irigural) U.? tl ! ' on" ^n. l. r . pp l / i rl p r.s l l . I\L s l r" ,. T^ g o d eer l! int o t hp n ' J l l e r. (Ab s rra L l ) .6asi4 said l.han done. {Comrraralir) Dasl! .oê. eas! go. (Idiom{tic) {Provcrll Take il cassI lldiomal'c) As a a i .& as Dos ible.(Id i o m a ti c ) i v. sun" rl ^ri \) F.n q k; , 1. . 1 lls r hp q d ,c l ,s r | ,d n g o . (C o mp d ra Ilonon.s qui.ftlyefollo*ed. qut.fr-gro$ing qlt.L-selting .tuick-acltng Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl!; newi nealy; pldin, plainhl; thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong, slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly; s'rongllt eft.
Ob s e rea lie nu eristi deosebire de tnleles,adClnd tntre celedoui lonne adverbialc forma ierminate ln Jy: verbelecalilicative3 au in generc
deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t, aeatlJ nanied, d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ! ctad. eLc.
La alte advelbe din aceastd categorie,deosebireade tnleles dintre cel S 22;! doui forme adverbiala este tnsd atit de mare, tncit unele dinhe ele ajung s[ erprirna chiar sensuri contra.ii (hald, hardl! ). Formele terminaie ln J3' sint
rC d c\L c Dliar a, t r " ilori r.i l :rr" . .d ru :r' l rp l ru i n l d r .i d dvrrh d1. tn l i mba .ncl .rJ Fsl prdr;l y. .". . . mn o rd n b.o nor r d" ' ini 1 ,l p .u ' i rh : \d \." 1 .l Io l o s i rInrol dpJxn:r , ln atarnde ca^file aretaic. adlcrbnl qzt.fr/v estelormr eeamai Irecventlnirebnin1aili. 3 Vczi S ! 289.
406
tn gnoralt trebuinlata cu sensligurat sau mai abstract, Si sint mai d{rpnftate, ca lnteles, de adjeotitul corespunzitor: the TV set dt.d io th," sorke.s'club ( direct). 'lhey dispached
'fhc si,hoolis dtfrdlg oplrosite (: eracij.l t'n conirs ditull, ( im.djat).r ,t Nlytsiie snid it, shc knew she h{il been risht. (- IDdai{ cc) l I e 3l$aJ s ! lr - vs /u t (: ' ,,r.1 ). H nar ' dm /o fl y ( " l ,i d l l ._ u " l Your work is /otly sood (: d.stnl dc). H, ould $or k I ' -d { " o b " r n ,l . d E" . H" , o, ld / , " 1, / ro r\ ( b l i . { - o ,). The Dlm e $as l l v n ' c n i l l l : s x s l . ( I s . ls , { r B / . / ,n ;c " . 'nd " ,. " ,. Jus, here, ih, br Ure door (: chi{r, imediai). It is j,sr ihe book I edt (: to.mai). Jrsr once, iusl a little {- nuorai). To d.aljasls wiih somcbody(: just, drpt). He $us jzsdy punished(: pe tuept). Ite came,ast {- la u.mal. Ind [: . . , t I \ , hc v nio \ d o a !.$ l r-]ru i l t l l a t. s (ro ndl vLhevbnrj hl npw l utn;r' ,14. ,i ti n.,: ttnm" i drl . l d "//j / h" v i, , . h" as J, a -tfl s ,1 1 ro " i n e J s y rp rm( Il Nas ldrein the altemoon {: thztuJ. I have lot se."nher iar'1, (: ln ulrima em). Ho \rs irayeuing llslrr (: Ierii lttgaje). He has {]waYs treLrtediliings l.snd! {: uior). I n s a ).{ A d v Jpl o4l s he. ' ood , . . d" r )e ri .p r-- a D ro d 0 r. nh. r d. iy br ok ,.d o s i rh .n s h " a $ u ; { rp rod!" ,. tl dv. dr mod) Hp ir ?r , y s . lpv ." ( . o ," ,r. s .tu i n i .. g ro z b vdp...) She sinss so rr,ril.v i: drJtsat). I s " i' . ig& , lo I n p b o ,ro m ( , U rp p l ,d i ra t). You .Judgid.islrlJ (: lideJ. He iumed sloll (: brusc). They will ne here slDr E (: loarte curi'rd).
Alte adverbe din aceastd categorie: clean, alaai\ly (to trash clean: a clea.rt' Iu "lressed ch;ld.): shtrp. lharply (2o lo"k sharp: tatutnsharp: ta sprdk sharp' /d /, t r ue. t r uly (ta s i n g ttu p : tru t! ;to tc [u l ) : w i de, w i dol y (to op.n " uJP : to traQl *,Atl!; NidLl! kna|n ) eLc.
! Atenlie 2260 Se atragp irr spe.ial arenlia Jqutra urmcloarloradverbe.din|"Iecare unclc m"nliondr. l; $ 2258 ad"s"i "ronat Int.l.sc dp in.epatori- dFoa rece urele forne ln -1, diferi cu totul ca sensde cele simplei
./i"e , /o ;i4" hd "d l! hishti r-:m",l;at , :J rt ut o"J \- ab ia. d' lar ) i: toaie) I at PI u lil"n , . ps ant lv prette I r"c!nt) , -pc^bdbil, :,nddld. numridF.ltl (:datul dp; .oloc,. sirasnic, gro?av d)
sno.,rv(- cu.lnd,ln scu.t tiDP)
N o td Dircctl! es\epronunlat [& rcktll, de r, da|r-, drekl4, formr I drkh] nefiind utilizatl cu sensul de tlirect, sraight (: ro4. direci, drept), ci in Jnodfeovent cu sensul de at once (-rom. nncdial,)li tncn ti mai
r"".s Lr.r 1l\p"u F nLr u dos bir r r d" r ' ' o r ll' pd| ' '\'z:!2 :6 It pr pr nt . t r . n r dFi. , a d id. n j , J r u 1 '4 i a " l F " r i q r 'r i . 5 '. m i i ,.'c",.rp;srFl" derilrtal,'r 0a tilel.s.
46?
frecLentcu sensul de dr soozas (.: rcn.1^dati. ce).lAstjel, in limba englezd \orbiti. semantjca acestui adverbesteindical.i si deciinlelegera ci usuratn, qi de pronuntarca lui. Ob s e r t'a lii aJ ln culintele compuse se iiirabuinteaze de celemai multe ori forna S 2261 sjnpla a adverbului:
a qrick gro\ring ll.tri a quick-lo.gol,ten renrark a lotrd tickinq clork a .leaFringilg voice a llat-looted loson
nc$.dis.orerd tenitory
./a.: ledl
eleoted.membe.s colpte
a rewly{cdded
DJ Pentru o mai mar flunln ill stil. tot forma simpll estc lntrcbuinlaln adeseori ti pntru gradele de comparalie ale acstor ad!'crbe, chiar atunci cind forma gradului pozitiv este terminau in l,: i?zsi, snid th.r, done. I c.tr't sncak .rv Dralna. Th dos barked ioid,r. I'c wtnt sl'(d.Yotr r aut.ft-"/lhan Ffcd. Couldn't l-ou put rou oase.led.c.r lle slotrted ,o&da,. \1'c walhed (zi.irs, {or rlr'r.rrl belFern hcre and t},e park. flis motor iike came rlo0dsrol all. Prin xtcnsiu a, sa tnlrcbuinteazi in lirnba engiezi vorbitd formele dc conrparaliv .si superlaliv ale adjectivu)ui rcspectiv cliar gi tn cazul adverbelor decit lorrrla in lr: Hc *.ites .lrel"r thdn he talls.'
S 2269
ADVDRBELE PRONOMINALE
(PRONOITIfiAL ADVERBS)
i !lri3
ii6re i
rtlr.xre 'li"s!rc
lnLe4gaLit.
who?
1) llefinilie. - ,ldforbele din aceast.igrLrpnsixL numiie ,,pronominale,', S gguj ' deoalece pdr originea. functia qi tnlclesul toi se aseamdndcu pronumele: al provin din rdddcinile pronominale h, tlLci wha; ,, lin locul unui cuvint (adverb), al unui compiement c cumstanlial sau at unei propozilii. ti leagi propozilia subordonate de regentx:
ile weni abroad (adv.l, iin,r, he Fas scnl. at !n \change stndent. Lct's nccl. at 12 r'.lr.l {.onrrl. ciro.). rLhtn ure marn;qdin D.ride is ove.. IIe ?Lt up kb hand t,prcpozilic). &rs stolping th irallic.
lvpzi. pentN ilustrarc. .\emrl+le de la S 22tJ. : Ir.$'. t o$1!r, .1 l]idrior{tt! af adon EntisL rlsos,-er arz -cst,3
1108 cl ara$ nodul. locul ti limpul in mod rolativ: t,1ruindici:nodul in functic de situalia rezLtitatd dir conte\L elc. here i ther(ca qi pronumele dmonstrativ thir si lhat) aratn locul in radur:o IorL cr persoanacare vorb;te; aceeatilnt.cbuillare o au si adr.erbeJe strative ,iitr./, hcnu. this Ei thdt; thither, thence, tthitlEr. trlgttce arati locul in raport cu un ali loc ntcrlir" tl,en aratn timpll t {unclie de un rnonent tre(rlt sau \.iitor. 2) Clnsilie.rxe. - ,{FemeneaproDunlelor, adrerbele pronominale se irl part in ur ril"oaftle cateeorii: a) adt'trbcdemanstrutu,e : irerc. Lhcrc. Llrn. i.his.that. thus. $ 2266 ii 2265 N atd In stilul colocvial, this !i thrt sint adrobo denonstralive atunci cird sint urmale de un adjecliv sarrde un adverb care enprini cnntitater: rnis {sa u dd,l hish ,lts {s au ddr) l... er..
I know 1,r,; nu,l,. thit he Noa't le tlic.c. The Ftrtcr $.as do, higl.
b) adretbe reLdtiw: horv. Nhcn, drere c) adrerbe inxxogatit.: honl rvhen! whenccl Nhcrcl \\hither? Nhvl Asomelleaatllerbalor, iD lunclie de raportul pe cere jl e\prime, adlerb;le pronominale 6e impart in Drmdtoarelo calegorii: u) odr'rb. d j,r,i,: noN. rLc,.. shcr S 22;0 2271 b) ddftrbp ttp ln!: llclf, ll,ere, 1lhere, bither, thither, \vhiiher, hnce, S ihence, whence c) ad.rcrbcd.c rrcd: horv, thus S 2272 d..) adrtbe de grad sau cdntitute. rhis, rbat. $ 22711 3) Adverbe compusc.- Unele adverbe pronorninale, combinate cu prS 2274 pozilii sau cu alte adverbe, formazd adl'erbe con)puse: hcnalto, hcrcI}, herein,he.eto,he.etolore, hererpon, here.. t4: he.e.tlrout(s), r/d.e: ihcfeal,oul(B), therenfter. therely, thoclorc, i.hoclrom, l.hucin, lhcrcol, thereon. thereio.ihcrcriion.indwillr //,"r: *'hereaboutisl, whercLX, $he.efore, whrejq whereof, whereon, wbereto ,,rd: hercetorth. IenceloMard
r.iez.e: lhcncelorih, thel]celoN.ard ,nn r: h ith"rtn
S 2267 S 2268 i! 2269
5 2275
$ 2276
PARl'ICULA ADVERBIAL,{
(TIIE -{DVERBIAL I'r\RTlCLn)
1) Dcfinitie. - Particulele care lnsotesc ycrrelc crrtrlc.re ( g l?81) srnr. de fapt, adverlle.deoarece ele detefinjna. instrumenrc grnmaticale "Ibp. Aceste sint numite mai orecis parLiculeadeerbiqle. ,{dvcrbclc cari servrisccel mai lrecvert, drept Darticule adwrbiulesint: I22?7 obaut.axo!. b.t"A.d.rr,'n. ;n. all. o". o.,t. ,,r t. ,tlt ,tr. 2278 2r Partirula 4drorbisli io ro0lr.r.rrI p.rrlirul; prcpozi!i0rrrld. I - \."leaii S partjcule pot, avea uncori ti funclie de prepozifiel (S 2195), legind werbul de complemcnteloiui;i stabilinrl asl,iel arutrjte relalii, intrc verb gi comple Dentele acesLuia.Ele sint iD acest,caz numltc particul prcpozi.tionalc.
t Aeav.bu.k out slit nruai adrerbe. z V ez i S t 38ril .
PANTICULA
ADVIRBIAIA
,169
A se co npar a: PteNxilii He came inro lne rooni. Put You. hat oz the tLrbll Ptr[ o n v our ] r al! She iookcd l? the slreei. I l o o krn r p r . f J ndr c s s . Thet $'cnt dotrtrlhc hill. Tl i -v $ e t r l / r , , lLr' lLn n r. Slie put o// Irr tril'his is o// lhe toitrt. Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn "qint lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu ldrl;.tr/? 1o.uadrcbiale; rerheb din dreapta sint urn.Lte dt trepo.ilii cc iitrodu. Adt ' t r b.
liuni rrtua:.t1ianal.. ' l n'""to,'i" -,in-a. .,,!;nr' I in. "t'. 't7 Jo,r' v// dPrF'mi1dt rb'tr Lt-mind .'- l.,l , r1:-to"a\". ir'. to I",t on. t^ to t t/t. t' .4 ,lo't'. '" ""' "lT Dol li lllo uil- u dlrF \prl,a :inonirnef/, 'nt r' to ar'r "n 5 t 4d 1' s t" iod.st,nd. t" ria natt.). EtF nu l-.1.r v"rbul l' ,u!inr4p urn'J idr. p'rlrr H torn.r a,"1 . ^ ^r.lru.lip I'r't'^/irinnalir on tur'r hdl ttp 1 t n4t. ! "u d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle sint. ( onsideral,eodtr"rel n .o1".r., di' d'Fafrr ln..d. pr"poliriila i"," u' tp. '1."n. dl 1^.c" \rLul ,lc c^mDl.'n" l.lr l,ri l^r,,'ir,d "r P.-il. ' 'on5lru' lrr frFpu/rlr0rdl^ inl"ll:ibil":;at,l'tt'.roon.r'o,1'"toll.xpth.tr'1.d0$0r'"/r;//.lolttl"po:,'t. Prin ,rrrrrrF r.,. F lu'm, ,t^t pr'to)tt'. lor. ,\cesiea sint S 2279 3l 0rdinoa (nrirrtelor in prnlozitic si acceDtfl:rrea alte Joud crrlFrii ,,rp ' onrrit,ui"l. 'aLrlir"1 Jil'1"nr"lo' 'lirrt" p . i ur'1" adr erbialesi ccle Dr"p^zilionale. dinri' I'arliculsadLerhiali ii t.'bJ -i 'p 'on lilS in L"riru;a "l.in.' ,pr.ial In \ orbirr. und. prrti ul" ad\"rhiala. pu'" dr'td \"'b F" p'onunli, fie a silabrltinal, r Jrcstri,, tia un,ald d o s.rr'lol.//rd l'riir'l"r,ufinlulur propo.iriei, cu accert urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc clecista i la sfiryi.tul 1r1I final pc rerb: oll 'at ht The rln takcs on rthe light. SrYii..h
I np lir . ' : s ou. A.c you going l.o rdng uP? Urhen rvill hc 'be in?
ealFit -a dirinsl1g')'d dr \uLstanti lsau p.or"- S 2280 Parfi.ulaDrcoozitionali p" c0rpll r4r",dd,si ! ai'epsla a,.P,,udl 'Lia" .lnd m,1" o. u"re 1l d"l.rn'iIr. prapo?iiiaM arls ll slirsirul prol"iiliei contorm rzrnlpi ' ilrrlui roloctial: \\'r Jre roins l,one ru 'L,us. sl,eLo.-shL thut fot /o/rl0 pound"
't p o ui. \nu ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J . Lpi; n \\'o nd rr.ul ti l' r r . l W o \ a' il "lDv " lJ li; ng l il \ \ ' dl 060, l i"n dn Th mJL r'ou ( Vez i t i 5 , { ! 5. ) lo Jnu $dnl him /o"
lorme ca Fi prepoziliile llaioritatea Darticulolor adverbiale au aceeaEi cu exceplia urmitoaretor adverbe care nu au ti lorme pre'corespunznioarc, pozilionale:
'e \. !d 'q. ,,..,n\,r.{q) . ha"t s . r d o' , . "$4dL- l ) 'rt ..Jr .
Llna'ri L,ariiculrl lrlverbiilF S 2981 4) Alto tategorii ilc parlieulo adrcrbirlc repc , idee" \arL..l,ri .ur.it"r' z,'rur ir ""inl fii " -'r f'o pJ'u Il''rrHs '" inadsul verbului r0spctiv:
to l urn rol rd, cl .
4?0
MORFOIOCIA
- AD!'EBBI'L
Alteori insi, particula adverbiald adaugi verbului o notrune noua, c e dilerd adesa de sensul verbului de bazd:
to come to sivo back 'n 10 qo away ro hnock iul advrbiale schimbd cu totul in!,elesul verbului:
Numeroase particule
to pui.up
(a intela) lo give out
$ 2282
Foade intersarte combinalii se ob,tin cind unele particule rdverbiale slnt urmate si de una (chiar qi dc doud) prepozil,ii: to lut zp d, a hotel, to giv /o.lost, lo get o// u/ a stop. lo qet rfl iktrP(.ts) "1wny ! lilp 1\c.1,- ddlFrb + lr.loziln l. to .lrrtrb {2 rdrer}e), to ,Ime rcun.l.to on. rp on to l\e roor {vr! + adrerb + t prcpozilii)
$ 22EE
T. COIIPARATIA ADYERREI,OR 1) Formi. une)e adverbe, in special ad{erbele calitative. au gride cle comparalic ca qi adjcctivete. Comiraralia aalverbelor se face tn irodul ulmeior: aJ adverbele monosilabice, precum Ei advelbul ed,'ly, pdmesc terminaliile 'er la comparatir ;i .sl la superlativ:
earlylate- lat.r earlic.- carhes, lates,
1 , 7 adv , r b, l l .rm i n a L . l n -/r. p rF c u m g i rr/dorr. tormFezd comparal i tul , u a j, or ul adv er b u l ri z o r,. i s r s u p rd a l i !L l .u ,,ost: clverly- more cle_rrly- Inost cl""lerly n ,.Pry - mo r' n r. rt - :r.osr rr pr) s .Id o n - m o re s e l d o m - most " " l ]ori
Adverbul olrrn are ambeleforme de comparalie:

-., '" -" J ottcncr, olicDPst I m or p ot pn, s oqr ot t Pn
adverle lormeazi comparati\.ul qi superlatirul neregulrl. (,a (S 666): adjectivele corespunzntuare fi Supcrlatio Pa.iti" Compd.raliv ill ' I
riti.!e
nxpticaliile formetol de corritraralir fi superlaiiv stnt acelea;jca h adjcctive (S 672 ?20).
COMPARATTA
4?1
LrcmPtc:
'lh ,,i'is rJlu"d his poqr v . t u' P l'ou |:I \] mc onp I ' enod( ar i' J r ' Sh e $ as L i'r i r a\ - \ hen ar o' lou r (l.d \va s nos l 5alis la' lonf
r hdD hpv d i 'l J o F
pentru adjec- $ 9284 ca 2) Ortogratic. Regllile de ortosrafie slnt acelea,oi ;i tive (S 661). uneori o propnzilie $ 2935 3' Uoun romparitilo. Ca'i l1 '"7u1 'djAcri""lor' icomDarsri\ rrparnl 'pl"'1orr"fotnFfiindunil'Dlrr'orrJ'rnclrJ * 'rrJu'" nrin din '" ;n "e n ri ': "onfi".' "-i. ,"" i-".i, "r a. -"lip I fcl the cold mort a\'l mote
(Sint ldgtl din ce ln ce mai muli ) \\'e iikc lis atlilLldefussand less' (Atitudinea lui nc !1"' din ce ln ce m pulm
,,, r,,,* Jid.''Fa\':' i,:,,1tl;r):;"D;;i:i.ll:..,
' se gdsesc S 2286 precedate de adverbul Alteori, doua comparative diferite. propommprrdri r.l n l i F' ' r' ''e' t\ u n p ' :n !;rc u l o ' tn diu ,., n ro po: it ' i A pi' iit a'i' mr" :
;it;:"i"';;"[;;",1*;1ie
rirzir nai ) ft';lii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia n'" rbour rhidL"

I F r" r," mdibi..., ,, psrp .3i.oi"iri'_,*, "'";:;;,jt|PU,1"ii'; ,,,""s'nd,,r" rcu
s" ira.ruc'prin. "u 'it m"i
'u
prtr"Jdtde aJv"rcoorparativ in grddul advFrb ln un"lo.0zuriun sinqur r: min Lt a moi iJiomari' 1:ii fr"r tij,"".r" i^t.l';"1"r 'u d'r- ro,enjoi"l'i"li'li"L:l'Tlr, Hr hddrh"rubvro InP.rivhLrri' .u admirabrrd.i In drcptul rumrnrr cr
[(Xl) ridit r rLl]inul-
ib:;l;; ;;;.i ti AtenlLe! nearer)' greieah frecvntd S 2287 A se eviia drbia, comporatiu(more nicer, Iess la lncptutul studiului limbii engLez \1. LOCUL N)VEIIBEI,OR CALIFICATIVE
h"t t "' t o t i t li he N Js no d "L ,ld sh J r npv lik pd him "l' ' h' i rbir'l rrmtoFriru drir mar
s 2288
A"A'DVERBELE
s 228e
par(i dp !orbire da'll vcrbele. Adrprbelo nalilica'ive doprmind allr q...,'.-"a".rt" p.'..dn in gencreadjcctiv"t" sdverb'lc p"rri'ipiile sau substantivele pe care le oaracierueaza:
:h e is , + / P r ll
1 , " i s o .J,
' ; di"! 1"?ous I "r Y {Jt t i rrro " 'ir t' i, 'r' lr ' r rl lJr t o1 ' , ' v { r " r ,' / !? ' A? a -'r
o ,o u . <ub-.
ro
\ dj '
pc care tl ii 9990 adverbul anagn, care se pune d'!d cuvtniul llrceplie: determinH iS 2353, 2683)
r $'ali. \ltirdan, D"n-?ur^.
472
s !2$1 S 221)2
B. .\DYEUBDLD CARE DETERI'T\,\\'DRBD nDyrRBxtxDx TDrp
Penllu slabilirea loclllui pe oare il oeupe adverblede timp in propozilie cste necesar sii le impnrlirD in: 1) adverbe care dau o idcc ncpri:rrri desple tn:lp (ndyerbe de tnnp S il2t3 ncprecis):
ihr.ys, ever. n!!o. .. udes' so o'. elc': l.cqncnl.lJ, oilen, si,ldom, r ell, g.nfrrllL n$ral\, on.e, ome-
S 2291
lI
2) adlelbe care arati lr.ir timpul (adr-erbede timp precis):

Jesterd ay, lod aJ , lom or f ow. t onigl' t . dt t r igl't , l a 5 1 n i g h r / $ e p l r 'r i r , n t h / y e r r . c t c . ; r., \r Jij .r^ .Irs s r ' ^. "t , . : , n t t r m , , . r r : r ' g/ ij, I n o o . , - \ , n i r , L . , , t , ,
S 2995 S 229{i
1) ,\dyerbcle dc timp nepre(is sint pucf: a) tnuin.a verbului. cind aces[aaro o /rrnd.\i,ntlri. cu excepjia verbuJui lo r,e. pe rare il urmeazi: \1'?./!n go skrtins ir tl,c winr(,r. ThJ',",,n lerrlt the tuy.
s i' n"" i1 Hu' s.as s,on tircd.
Er .cep lie : Cind verb l /o 6, esLe accentuatr adr.crbulde timp neprecis il precede:
"Sheis ni. "'She anrags is iri in ll,e elenhgs." S 22$7 b-) dupd prnml. aar;llar (inclusiv sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o rorna compusa: un uuxillar: Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
'l huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il'e erening rlisses. I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night. \\'e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-
doltd sdu tet duxtliarc I

They shall sooa have head aboul lhe neN salellile. He has seldon been seeil in our club. NJ son {ill,/,.a hrve becn goilg l.o university (lor) a yea..
S 299 8
Er t.?lte Cind auxiliarul trehnieaccentuot, adverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:

.lou say I haven.rc. gilen her a ihonglit,but I ol'rdys lrarelookedafte. her. c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL: He can 'n...r go io sleeD riil,out lirsi readirgId haii an ho!r. Y.u m.)- rraa meethc on Xou.\ay to s.hool. OLsetadtii \erbul C,\N poate li li precedat de ndverbeledin aceaslacategorierceea ce atlage dupn sine acccntuarea idei;:
I nerer 'coulll reciie aDJthing \or1 alqay! 'can r.ell rvhen h is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico. Yon ,ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.
S 2299
4t3 soon nu rrrneazd intoldcauna regulile S 2400 ldverbele noe. Ih.tt. sotnctimes.' precednte.ci pot fi puse ii la sft$itul propoziliei {acceni "(]ab).sau. fclltru o accntuare nai putrnicn, la inceputul ei: l shai1ro,' crtlain thelcsson. {^!earcPl_ {Neacccntuatl I Ie i,ncd',s . ones on TL'esdnI.
I shall e\llain the lesson,or- (Slab acccn' tu'rl) tre comes on Tuesday roae,iner. (Slrb tuil,l th lesson.{Accenluat acccniuut) n'o,!. I sl,aUc-rrrluin
,tonc,tnes h. |r(ttes 0n I /kz kn.w lhc tNth. (Nla..eniuall Thi,y Ffre tndn liljng in the .o,trttrI. (N{! $'c slall r,'z s@ yor asain. i\eaccfnl,ull $'eshallsec lou aga 5,,z. (-clabaccu,turl i J'oon w sl,all see rod aganr. lr.cN,tu.i !!|.ni.)
iHlilliil
? lEn I knc{ the l.rtrll,. {\ccsttuat
'-,'
d'. rshba.oenil,ar)
putelni.)
2) Advcrbcle do timp precis, precum qi lalr !i tdrly. sint plasale dc obicei :( 2301 la s|n',situl propozilriei:
q . s l . . " . i, l1lp. l t,f-r 4 ^ -.J,u . \ ou , / ir "' ta "xht . l' , lldr ' l /.. d' r ' 1im / / " j , 1 '. t, l s r' oitrt.. p. r ''. l . " '" |, l, Th"! J r , l. | , l .ll r, t h r't.\to t-o r. I ie is ler r ing. a; ly I o s . hoo l t o d a ) . 'L
Cind shi a.centuale. aoeslt ttd\'rbe sc pun la incclutul propozilieir $ 2302

'Ioddl thc NhcaNal Rnt olf .emarkrblJ $,.11. hP will be h!re, I an slf.. 'I.rth.( Idk rt li8hr ne N.s slill ha.d at his bools.
ADTHRBIT-T DII 1),\dvcrbele de mod sirt I'use: d) durti ,crb: lle drank si."v.
OII
S 2:loB
$ 2304
s 2:t05
scurb ir
I had walked /aJr. I kroN slie crn sin9 b.autirnl!. b) dupir cotnpknent. cild verlut ar un comthDent
cazul :c2306
I uscd that wo .lerirlut ,y. fdilcr h,td litkcd Io het kin ttiJ. Cind insl dcrsl tbnplemnt $tc plt.a lu g. ppnLtn evitaren e\-entualclor contnzii adverbul este pus inainle satr dupd wrb: He.!il4,rly ryal, hed the gamc lrcak corer. 'l heX hrd t!.irten dd../"dy. rYo l r;
S 2t07
vix dird ( )sb9-"'): \erbul nu trebuiedcspdrlit de conplcnu:ntul

Dnglisl' Ile speaks /l&cnly. Hc straks /l?.,/V Eoglisl. DespnrLileavelbului de eonplementul direct csie justifitatn atunci ri d d.it.d toarte lung;r line prca depflrte dc verb un adlerb care "",nn'pi""i"t nu il poate precdar($ 2601): Thelictionot gltoilla tighleNnad.ap.s.d ro.e./atrd.s..u.,l,zureNizi lnnksp.ssing
s 9t08
I i-iil.l ol.lXi, atA.1,,, t,s. .",' u.u' . tso\|,:,, ot cit.. r osit,.n
474
AtenILe! 2309Ad!erbelcaiitative-(bddlv,bnulifutl!"r'ellLntl'a'flunnl!t''l',intl.!' t:ru n'a t' "arp 'lo @l' nr,ar T']i:-orr n;. t4. \v lt, pt' / lr r|F''br trY t'11 si tonp'' dirrc; rl limba romSnd 'r pun dupn 'i^"L,r t""r','r de Lo;olP.n'nrul ! i Fpun'de i
[.]i,",i al.:;-i ii,
i sat ba' l l ul ' p P ' r L Pduttl uttl l r" n d P r" d l u J ' n p llp Tliel sDeakEnglbh flz'n'Y i kiow English re'! tul' nrc,' I like Youi hous 'e'Y curntd la studenfii ronAni' S. l]a e?r.ldurmiLtoarefl vrsone incorct['
fi.r,. '"gt-s -c i n F i l o " " h p r $ o rL J " ' s ' ' " l l
locul acestoradverbeln limba maier$e:
""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae
I lnow t'g Qdll Dnglish I lilr F + , Pr ' / r I our no u r . ' ' f lr Eng l i s h ) "P' ik l/ P' l/ Y
q 2310 i ;;i;
2) Advexbele de t\od precaddecrbul: dilrtf o oazul obiectiv estoltng stru ciod consta ,j'"ti propoz{,re: "*'pr"-**iin
S ,ttt
un in{initiv direct esLe cind complementul ,rr",OU?
ll;'i31'"11,'''". ifti:%:.1",".",,"1",'l:,liiff#i,lj';",ili sau o construclie i

lo 5l-udJ InP hn'l stokfdllv pro ';"J ro bn lrerir' I Dottidlo;ta ask"d ltin ' Tine\ ce ai;11) kner wiat to do You rtnPlY nust 80 nos
ijni-
t nplorJvPrb.,l" mod al cerorlu' '"ro in senorJ dlp: l":l "':Y-9:uu '"'" ' t ,;li;,:;,^,";:"1i,";!,:;";,,:i:"':'" 'i i,*t*tUttt ,) r, i* " ; ; t ', i "iis z z 6 :z zns'zfvj r'ii J ii' .,,"' ' "' "r' r n " ar ' r r e ' b c r. E 2313
N oI d
'lti'i"r,""" iiiii"-"i p;,,,t .tin inp*tnnh frindlnrrebuinlale ' drn "'rr-I'irp' -;i i-: F lc s ' n ;;i1 ; ; ' h ia r' lir" i ' rrt d l s i n r ,- i,! Ib r .' 'pmn,rr.drro "r'-;i;;
modul in cut c\;Lcit si coteaoiic
a cc s t c az P e adve rD '
h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir6
A" .r-.' r u rr o n i' :' r " i" i ,; 'j r i; " i; ; ; i; ; ; . ; i , i , - i ' ' " " - i * r ' i . 1 , .i r ' 1 .r - sr
A se compara:
tt t' n'|dtl'1 pr^boLt ! 'r\:' .\drprl"ln d" n'oJ a/i'a"t trltt l'ordlu E 23f.1 2Jl6J: -" \erL'rl {\"zi i p'l'""i ri " , o'i,t.s ot-tJ. sttur;t!.,'rr, ' l[e lorgot loem . He dlrDs,
ll::fif;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl# l:l ::l ",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;' i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il: lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'i
*u*. " ,'."*'' iii8lliil"*:" ii,l ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li I oLir. asree with Yon'
r inlst .;drlv go no$ . . . I lrzlSrbPliete lou are g[r'
4i;
Ob s a r en !i i 7r^.r" "i,u""",
profouiliei: S 2315 acestc aclvere sini puse la inceputut
i;l$:;'il,i;":,''""' i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:
i]i.;i:''i;; i,li,i;,,'i:;': lruii: :' Jt,f'' :r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll' d't'"tn"l 'n r o d e le dupo i i i ' r ,i,.,1i." t.r " 'r
fr a., 'Lr' sugereaza ciniul:
' .\..,,,.
mod crr" precnd; \*rbul -\d"rbrlp dF
n '"ilill':lt''."""'li'; llL';';l"li: '" '' "'"" rS 2 u7 2Jl1'
'e"-ur
ionr''r,r5 i" 2;llti
'' ";, ",';,; ; nr" " *li i " "" n,yt"i,Tli"Tji o;:li i "'' i,od,,iz"4 li,.;1";"tf l.;i: un subqtrntrvdFterl
d ',u:"rr''t\ l" au sttt hotnl !t"utllJ i ttu l1 'f,ittl carJatLllolPtl.Potn ',;^""t r-s;t"rJ sr"n'J i'd'J re;J h.op. s"t'I ;nttu'n; 'p , ,, -;;":;",,i,:
l,l'i'.""'^"':'"" Jl,ll'Jii i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii: n
Lp n4 ;lr, o ^ .!tJt . t J , ' i or . r "b' . us ( . c hoir " $ilt . n o r , , o n r i 1 , o 1 , . , . r , _ .
i'd ri do timP). de r 2:|19 " '"it-;"* in!'lesul dupd pozit'iap cam o ocupi: S J-*Jl" i;i schirnbn
t'a", (rd{erherc s 2318 arcstoi,' intelesului *0""t d'supra " iliif",it rii''ilr'.pi][*
:i: #ij{ li-fi;:r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d: lI:ff,ffil:'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r l::"" I ril;;l l;-ll **: :l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il 1i''l'11;** r"r' fli ili,'ifl "L"'.jff5l,'i"l (;,,i,L$;li5li!lii; f *""r,i s",";,;p .,", li_i"Tlh"
iTiilill.\xiilltr l: $f i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;
F ' l F to 1 ' l - i ' l ' orl ' nl ' tu1!" rbul t,"','r, . . " et ir J e\.n ru ,' l p l " ' o n fu " i i i n rrd rd c! eJr' ' i ' n4r nrrr" ' u\rr' rp Irrd nrH i d L p s a ru .rc i' . . , L 'J"".i L ,r lui l" ir p u l F a d p rF rm rn r: ..ri ' "'l" t bul ', . (adv de i'i !) crme up t'o ioiln rlY aunt wlo had boer ill /"cnl19 relerl rc'n|ly Trebuie spus sau: Nu este clar la care curht se up to to\Ln' becn ili X aunt' \tno nad 'd'?nds 'ame to 1o\rnf'c'n'iv irl'l'out' wrrorraa reen iu' cametrP s tr" t4 l u' t 1' n' 1 h a ttJ t' t' n b r 1r ' lir " La f or Li h d i ' to s l ' )rt' t El' r'ebui"s' Pr'' rn ti " r" 7 | 2320 Al .n l Le!
old tt is ro n {: Pr ' ) ll. ri co ld ro ' { ' lot o' DI I
,,'Lii...l.
'
",i;;^
0u! '|nur"t
1'roi'o'i'h
'rdn
\''nt
O*aii, *ri
4 l'""rr, op ciL, Positionof Ad@bs'
4?6 r)p u t it . l t r niu' i (r2 l 1 l i ). ,l a r t- a u .l h d c s Pofi l n eni l pzr col o' vi al J ' on qe shot'cd me 1l,c iinesi s.lool I drrosr ev. saw linesl school I erd srN'l tlenrn: tle stro.rcame aimor, the.tF j ,rc I r , a1r . l, _ \ tc " ,\h o t. s J t" f i . h' j rg ( p,n. r i lll ' r tr,r/l y ' r' " (h o rs a .ri n ' \r) \ \ ' r . t u t l! \a t tn n l l J ) I' a \' J n J l h ' n E o s ry i r' l ' " m ' l pr' p /y ro to r h a rd t!] .rt hrnS sJy l , F l" r u: \ !. I' b \ F ,, d / it ro. a I ir,-",did io\e. lpcniru: I did jr ius, lo. a iohe ) \ \ e n. . . 1/ h o !" ,1 ro rr' 1 ,s L ' ' o l l ' /r r . n r | it ,. ti ,t" o " ,r' i a l o .d ' h s ,c h l .i I r' I o'7,r Nant to bxv somemilli (renliu: I \Yant td luY o,l? sone milk.) O ull ! u, I a*t p o l .a i i ,rrme z ' ' u !i n l F l r p.. drP l - ' l ' rerl i ' r; cd inlel" s ul v l i c c l s f: 1ia onc Nord o,1", and I .n oil Iintrllce Io. seasonli(tcls o Y. T " n t! u n d - .r /a d .t F l r| P ri P ' u ' ^r' di -
! 2321
rrDlEftBDr,n Dr Loc Adverbele de loc sint pu'\e tlupiL ucrbul intanziti" \i^ forma lui sinpln ori co$pusi) sat d.upd utr'mnpleite t dirctt t)ri indirct:l st:utt: He {enl lulor'l he! can't have Sone /or': Ne uscd io meet llcm /,e/. I was ia]]ling io mol}cr l"4mrairc'
Cind in,qe l"rrrlrrentul l1rteprPo /ang. in lipsa n ei snlulii nrsi burre' ste inlr" \'rb.sicornplornenl: eslje's.u|t, mai alesatunci cina adverb{rl ^.FSta
5h! t,ad sent n,D. lhe lJooks gilen her by her motho. \\c nsed to meel i./c aU ihe girls ii du. class
S 2422
No tZr Pcntru accettu.arr.,rilvrbelede toc se pun ta incepu'r prcPozilici:

-ddr,,Ne used to meet dailY. -1, l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.
s 2323
2824
TTLE CU I{Al \IULTII AD\'IIIIRL PROPOZTI
a) lntr-o p|opozi!;e cu doui adverbe,unul de 1oc,si allul dc lirr! /r'cir, adverbul de lot {ecedd pe cel do timp: I rm sonlsra.l (loc),ono./or'(Linilr' (l i d D l.
$ e N n [ L o D el l o c l i a s l t? c ft shc $'nt lier soi ,,'tu. n,rne.! (loi, scs,rl'y (1inr!). b./ Cirrd ir$ir adverbul exprinrd nr2recis tinpul. r'1esl. rrr,rdl de ndlorbul d e l or : Yotr Nill na'er {tjm!) come /Er, (locl r8.ir' N e rn e n{ ti tu p )w e n i ,n h t { l 0 c). Tlrcy are d/-ass (liml) a,ray lloc).
I Ve zi q :ila i-93 t 6. he !'o; far r.k : {c! or,linei .Drintillr ' in!.F.rlli bcat norr. ra4 !e ntoari..
2325
PnoPozr!!LE
c,) Adverbele le timp precissint puse intotdeauna Ia sfirtitul prcpoziliei, S 2ZZA chiar atunci .ilnd sint, iDsoliLedo un alt Adverb de tinp, care jn aeesl caz le preced!:
t n, t " F ,n E,,,,o tu 1-- i\ . . on- t ; t p \ t inp n, pt . , is t ta d o o t r l i , r l i ! " , i ) . n t r , } ud- ' ; s ( . :m ! ! r 'i ! ) . I s ish o ', h- l ' .,,, rn"/ y { linpr ' pr ' -\ - hF .llsn1 - rs ',t $ orl,ind h1 \ t t ny n I ' ' ", is l r "' o r r p , , r " / 'r ( l i m ! p r P f . " )
r1J Ctnd propozi(ia col\\i\a daud. adverbe de timp precis, cel cu slera S 2327 noliunii nai mstdnsn il precede pe celelalt: Lr|sn"Fr ,'r , ou /o,I lsf'rir':ran.Jl nn.u { (J rdnailHq1l.
\l p b h l r l , " nr du\ r ' l" o m u n i \' b i ' l ,, J !,, l s l F ri rs l rl nbi l r ,Jt !,,. Gf" ri n,, ai large)? Didn'i you scehiD oDrn. :l,n (slc.:lr.sl,insnJrdstzodl (sfd
el Cind tropozilia oorljile lr"ri adyerbe (de loc, de mod ti de tilnp precis). S 9328 acesta sint pusc in ulnritoarea ordire: 1 ) a d ver bul d loc ; 2 ) d c m o d ; 3 ) d e ti mp . - p $ .r I ' ap { lo s l, , . rtq l n a .l t1 .! L ' s h t ,t\n t). \\. ! hp, F a :I;r,tq \ t at l mv ,t)ta -a i l a " l ti n r). "l ,"l l - , . 1 ordinea advcrbelor csic: Cind adverbul de timp esj,o n?ra;s, 1) a d l e rb de t i, , r f : 2) d a 1 o c :3 ) d e m o d . \\n , /ru c r i, npJ. lu_n -dl o a i l o ,) s rd tT J n ,o d. Tl , sl u d n. - olr , ( inpt " o ,U .' ' tp t, tu ) rtl t:n !]s l ^ .a' J)
LOCI]L -{LTOII CAfEGOIIII DE ,\DVERBE

a.) Adverbele negalive se supun regulilor adverbelc,rdo rinlp neprcis, arlici,precetllr/r6al in forma )ui simpld, dar r.in d.npdto BE, drJpi duxiliare modale: 6au dP./ctilelf
sle ,,4. Niled so that ne .ould neei her l..ili. I t , pJ s ' a rP r./ u 1 i l ,. s ra g .. I J , , " r k n ,' u ro m ,d n L ) rh .s " \ord.. " r' " sren 'me yet. ThtJ have ,zrdly l he childret (ould .(.o/rr,s be at sclroolrow. Sh,"may ,e,c. reconsiderhe. decision. participiile qi imperativul: peredd infinitivul, l./ .\drerbul âgativ \l f u d -n s b. l: d ro e o i r' o r,!1 i n q . l n ti x i l r\ mp r., .\;.;. b " , , , g, b|" r o, l, . l ,' . j ,6 p ," tF rl J . h p $ rs " i g .rl r pn-urpd P a,r. prp/^n., llis lroposal $as unnel a.ccpicd, tu. dc.liDcd, bul, ls xndlr coDs'deration. {l'art. J.rer lrit the .hild otrt or Iour sight! (Iml)eralit) Lo0ul acestor adverbc este la tn.e?dlal 2) ldrerhelc irhodur{ire. sar ioarl,e aproape de tnceputul Fopozi,tiei. Cind nu se gdsesc aici, ele sini puse Ije dnp.i sabiccl, Iie dupe vtbul ltical, d.uailiar s^n dtfrdie:
| oL. p, j t . , . 4 u t s d o t r , o r ! r "p ,, ? ) , I,ir ,"u r ' } l" r'p! . . , I r t o o k u p a l r ln ica l r a r ..r . \,,r \ h ,r t fof d ,l "gr e".
s 2329
1) -{dvcrbclo ncgstive. -
$ 2330
S 2331
Af .avse, fat knorv she I{s nckr rfp.ated hcr mistaLes. 'rlie bov. l,-c,.,.. ioryot lo lock the door. \otr crrre{I me, tlEt.fo.c I t:anP. Tl'&e is. tn d,y casd, no news yet. ThcX worlil, rl#c/ore, c.iticize the negative asplcis ol Ure crse. 1 , . r. ot .' ! "fk..tay l l"r a , r t l . r ir h ,
4?E
S 233S
3) Adycrbclo inoiderto se despart de restul propoziliei prin virgule qi sint puse fie rlapd subiect, tie dupd. rer.b(cind acesta are o lormi sinpli). .ldp., auxilite sa.r defecliae: \ie, thercforc, rccepted their te.m. TlrcFrench railvaymcn's strike,noferer, caused a grentstir. Shwas,ar uDy.dra,a hardworkcr. Theyhad, aay,as!, collributeda gratdealto th *cces ol the periormance. \\ie may, Nnsetten!J, discuss thc coniroversy now. 4) Adyerbolo aleirtdriro se pun ltrgd cuvintele pe care le determiDel childrenknoNthis. -Orez H never spoke io me. "0a Shesuspcis ,edzme ol havinsmisundersl.ood he!. Ii's eQn wo.seto lie anoutit.
tJ"n h ptr Jo. s ou d, ' l b o^' im p. ,1Lo lrcd saw il, s au: frcd salv it, alro. Th .J .d mr 4/o 4 in t h" m of lr in{ . ! a . . Tt r y , a m . i n t h " m o r n i n C o l . o . Sh p a /so , umt'o - n lhp m r s i. lo l} F s one, lL Jru uld ,1,; bp lnu\ n Ll, at np s ouL ot t own. It is eca.tl,u tite. He rle'ays aauies out his dutles er@l|y.
S 23:|3
Obsersdlie Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un \.erb se conformeazi tn eenere regulii adverbelor de mod. 5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint $ 2334 exemple de verbe cu particul{ advarbiald: to go by, io kno.k out, to pul on, to rlog ut, to send away,lo iakeolf, to workoui, $ 2335 d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id complementul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal: H, "" ii JoJrh.,t:pur ir ,,.l L I I i'l rr ,vh.tr n..on,, Shedrovethen our. ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o altd I'art. d, ,r/Dr. decit pronumele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLcp/r,da 3au !r,ra. larn niri o schimbare de inleles: Let tz tho clrildrcn! LcL lhc childrentDl I'll ptrt an my hai. I'll pui my hat oz. Take o// yoursl Taltc yor.s o/fl Clearra,ay tliosetnngsl Clear iho6eihntgs 4ragl Natd $ 233? "Let th children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere,ch1{i particula adverbiali poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tiiprepozirionaleurmatoare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle un vrb complxr particulaj care ost in acest caz un adverb, se pune la stirtitul propozi.tiei: I brought the child i i=- ito ih rooml. I askedthe visitorser. un !e!b conplei ii deci nu se poate spune:"I asked,r tho t"To askup" nu cste
$ 2336
4?9 c) Cind, complemenlul die.t $tc lrca lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit $ 2338 de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr lve looked ap l,isnameard addrcs. \\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs, {ril1.n i}rai morDing. i,n.ds Shcsenlo// thc greeting dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte.ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea: S 2339 prepozilia vorbul de to. despnrl,e d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri particr;la advrbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest iaz dupl paflidir.). He'll $rile you (conpl.i,dif.l ozr a pres.rirrtio (compl. d"J sau conlplementul direct. pus dup[ particula adverbia]d, preced{ complenentul indirect. car are forma prepozilionali (S 2618): dt.) lor yox (comtl.indir.). Hc'll write,at a p.esoiltion (cornpt. excla- S 2840 stilului printr-o construclie , Pntru a se da mai mnltri vioitirrDe n,alifi.a,r Flum-,1d.i far,lilidri.parli.ula ad\"rbrar6".r"!rjd l- in'"lulul
e') a/p Jou gol ,o"n hc went on all foursl o// jt camel c".) atp climbed ihe cat.! ,oan sent babJ on all lou.sl o// can. ihc buttonl
proPozitiei:
Obseraali.e Cind subiectul esie un pronume persoDal,el yecedd \erbi, vezi exem- S 2341 I,l'le d. la pun ul r' ./i isr,lnd subi..lul .cla o alld parlp dc \nrbire.lo.ul lui sp bfla ./rr.t ,qb [\-zi a\e" p]aleda ld pu',' rul / ")., Uneori virbul poate chiar ti$si:
, opz Rith ihe ta iiorsl Oer lrith il l
o// rvith rour booisl
6) Adye*ele c e al0tormid infinitire. -,\dverbnl inlilitivutui:
std i]l genereinaintt:a E 2312
I uscd dhays to go and seehef. S h e .te c i d e dn .r.r to s n o ke asal r. r-.on ought r.arv ti) speak Xnglish in .lass. Regula trebuie insi aplicatl cu attnlier deoarce adverbul detemine un.ori un alt, cuvint, dcil infinitivul qi lrebuie pur alunci lnaintea cufintului deter inai,. r\.resta este tn special cazul Terbului l{, B-g + url farticipiu trec ui sl l u u n adj it iv : 111 t t t i E n r o ' h o ttq trn " n ' tl o j !J $ n " I' ' n d -\' I ro l , /,/1,,mpl oJ d. \ \ ( n" s I n In l . u r.o i l " a l .o fb rd j n L r $ orL. lle did not erlcct yor lo bc so ddllrl n(erested nr lris loerrI.
7) J lirnfirul co edrcrbintcrcallt (Spl'r Infiniti*). - (Vezi $ 1666). R n ca P rT U r,,\R n

\,lr"l ul tr'"da rn spnpr" .,rrirr'rl n- "r'" ,1 !l" Frmind {u'ljp'riv ..1rLrb. pirti"itriu, \"b.!u \ubidntj\ ). Lrce!!ii: o) tn^4L c{" fus dupi n,li.' tir. rdt-rb rau r, rb: L) 1u Bl:. oLJttiaFl" :i d l "tir 1, tnodol .inl urma'p d" rnrjorit ' "u adYerlrelor;
$ 931t
480 c) adverbcle de lrr: si de Dr.J stau dupe \'erb sau dup:i cornplemintLtL direct sau i direot ssrrl ipreeertl sau utmeazninln vcrbui cind cornplenrtnt,ul cste \ing; tl'. dJ adrerlele i? timp ?r..is (tod.r4, tamorros. qest.irdalt. I1,\t ni:ht, (]afla. sint Pu3r nelxterenine, in the mami !. at ntgl, tc.). precunr ;i ldlr ti propozitioi: l{ slirDitul poale preced;t einarticula atlverbialn a wrbelor rcmplNxe rdn:tl;" diI' iL rrrmrizi srbst'arti\" lte un acesta direct clnd rau uim'a co'nplementul pron me este lnlotl0auna cind lersonal'
s 2341
jARE,\ ArlvERtlEl-oll ,\c(loNTt
(iafc rfePli:1I'rl caliiicarir-e1 Fn.indu-s. abslriclie de ad\-erbele 'iu a(]\ crbel'tr ,ndagL,precednintol(teauna cu1.inlul calificat. in!(teiul rrajoiitilji o,, a'"u:"';nl verbe este iniluen,tai ile lo'iul ocupat ir lropozilie de udvrrl) brrrr l,ûlrri p" .are il "'ut10 I'r rrr'"1oL'isni rrr rJ'"rb ' ' Srtrirr oir.r .-r',,"'"fo'."'u'"rlel-srir'i'ul lrnp'vitr'i'r'rn'cprrrrrl 'i.r'rr di lnrr" |ezlltat 4"'nlrrarrrt idrrc\pt!r'iie i,'sL|erbrlr in pozipeprrverlala, aie ca de adverb'!. Astlel, Penlru artcnturrc: r) atlrrb t" J" t;np n pr"'s -'i d a'od. lu'" 'l'i'ruil l ndi nl t]| t Y erbcl of. 2:|45 rr". frF l0 ln'FpurrrlproltnrrLr' r' I'c innr'r'Pr!uDr"'rurt'r _si si nl .rfcenl u.tte n' propozrlre:
r' ^ r m h I' i ' $ ' rL n r' ' rrl urnn \d' l el i - \ ' , . r I ' aJ 1, " r ' r rp.,iliz' mp \' l \' J r' rr" ,t J n i n i n l ' " J r' r,r ' un r r " i" " i: " i, , . , " " rlirr" di,i stret row wlrt slie sas in for' {Ad' de n'od) 2346 lr
lo -Bl'' b) (uloefietc .1. timp n?pft.is' carc in mod ob-i|lluit stau dupr-r (i ' f' I l l r D ' r' i ' nr-J f' " ' ' " ,l "n r , r n aur iliar s n u d rF i ' l p fa ' L i !l ' C \\' ir' r' '
l ;i,,r "' t'r'r.h'tiu'srd" p" a lt'rb t ' ' \ ' rh ' ' rr r' . rrt \ ili' r' r i r r r r '" ': 'nrt " Jii *.""' idFFi i - l F n 'r r r r r " i ..lceili ,' lin bii enubz e. l' r r ' r
' ar Thoe is ,t.r anY stlt on ihe lallf Ther. ,?t r is arl salL on tbe tabl' Il $'ds donc as il shonld a?rdqs h' Il ltrs donc rs it alrrass 'should !i ,.!e. \arilc loet tle ..uld He ier?r I orld Nd[. ]roetr] 'lr \ ' ' - un ir g is l\ ouc r ' s l' " $o 'l I ' - ' 'l l ' 5h " r d. f lr r ' 1ing is lh"' r er ' 5l! P" " $ i r r l l 'r 'i p 'l htJ r.c dllrdgs rn
'r' "' c) ult'd)tIP dc kr' de tinp !r"1r ctr ' 'F l'uir l' L'r"putrrl lrrul'/itic" 9:t4? primind h felul aoesta nccentrrli r\r. lorc (loc).I ahra)sicll litrlier th.'l in rtv olher pLai''
v l' r nsr'"rh'r p;" i'"p ''ii.,,,iiii, , "\"r tp f. rlo c'. is ill r igl' r ' Z/Pr (limP) l r ' ! n F' o h"r nc ll' a' P../di"ll,ob ,bi; r al
Tr "r ,a'' /
ro'dm' | lF ' \" or I urrJrria;"

ll Fioo' r
) A , l{ o} ele . {re .a l i l i rI a i tj c c ti v u ,a d v c ' tt', prdi ' i l i i c x dpt ie u n c l c rd v ..b c d e tto d (S1 :1131'
ti sl tJanti vc
i $ :::s'
4El
tott;,ul,tod,, ial :r funa ld irc-l'urul prop"rili"i a'r-rr'ul cizinJ : pe T"rli' ula. .ePa,p da u m"re \rLoBr' lr \r0r'ru " srrlultrr' pLr "rni rD,'"z t'enl the llrC and o/l $. all slarlcdoz, Yougei nowl dt
'a'l, {id do'lt he went.
s 2348
adeseori $ 2149 adverbul lrece la inccputul propoziJ,ici, Ciod. Dentru accenLuare. are loc qi in{rsiura rerbului cru subiectrl:
.\!r.. Il,..e t,'t .t '//,. . do hF s P'n r ' J r ning l: 1" r r ' :t oud ll r bor br dv F ant l dp ' I nr n . d , th" hoi! N"hFd a lttttq gid m u- , \ o lp' ar p J nd nor olhet w r s '
LOC[IL CITOR\iA ADIDIIRE

1) ,A.lso. -,4lso
He iB ;-e"l"i'ri*it"
SPECII\LE
s 23;0
$ 23nl
se pune inaintea cuvtitului pc care tl del'ermi a:
oI desffiptior'"{o Goldsmilh) an e\celence a- to include ",iir't Eri\le Insd loarl" n,ulrd libprlelP la inlrcbuinlutcns'rslui adterb nu numai rn lorbirpd obisnuire,.; 9i lb mArii s.riilori libPrtslt*arc ' rpeazg .i"i"-i'"-lig.ltlti. 1\iezi qi alte idrerbe similare $ 2355.). Se spune in mod
pr a' r ia' P r l '" r i F n ' t l sholld n/"o b" a dd ",l r ha h b' m dnolg_' dl ... Fl ps r ' on' ' u m ulr i "r p 'r r p n l a l l r u c ' ' d r 'l l A r lrpbuis{ nra i d dlu gr n, i 'rn T hev als o en ioved it $h o r am e I at er ' ( Le; placnt"ii ate lora , at e uu int ir z iai)
also a teacher.
A mb i guitdtt:
I u l s d is . ov p. pd har hPw a s u n o l d h i -n d o i In i n ^ p " o n u m c pI | 6 i !u a rnd P s ' o p ' nr'sru l a vFrbuldi ' ovd" d ra r., ri p" , r ii. t ' iil" (= am descopritde asernenea).]
d'Pli subsl'antiYul'5 2352 2) Elso.- the, adverbsauadjectiv,esiepusln genere pronumele sau adverbul determinat:
I could seemanI lhings els'' When the iloor opened, There {as nothilig ers, w could do wlo eir, nas there? Whcre .Ise may I go?
3) Dnough, - tro gt se pune dapd adiect'iv,adverbsau verb:

Tli5 Ln l 3 Eood aous i r aon You lr a nol nF, ' r , r , ugn lo hFa' $' li. f,uriotr'l\ "nouAh, It is haidlr bs k ed et uz 8n
-\
2353
(Vezi ii $ !683) 4) Genorslly. - Gnerall, poate fi:.r.,/ adrefb caliticativr 6,/ adlerb de S 2364 timp nppre(isl../ Fdv"rb de mod. Dupa lunrlia pe rarc o indpnlrreslFsP coniormiaza r.gr'lii advcrbclorre!pc.tivp: d) .ind cslp ad{rth .0ti[;"oti' ln'Fmna ..in gnncrJ" l= c!rodpc de .atre loli ct..) $i pre"e,la(,rtintul pF .rr' ll .crr' l^rrzFaza: a writer gc,r.d/rgesleemcd
48!
tl.etimp nepr"ecit,irscann[ ,,h general" (: de cc]e ,) clnd esie ad.ecrb mai multe ori. de obicei, lnd;obrG) !i este pus jnaintea verbului daci acesta are lorme simpld, dupi to B, oii dipl auiiliare sar dfectite: Tlr"ys n.mlls,all h re on c,r riJ \ \. a t P a L t ? 4 U u tn [ncl'. I ,an r";prrltu lndFrsr'nd .Do(.D (A ."n u ino" mr | .son. 'G.*,;uu,I rc,efd[i slcJking. I h. np$ do xmcntarl'l li]nrs a,e try (nnt!h) appreciatcd. (-{cccnde nod. lnsanne.,in general" (: din punct de 1'cdere c) cind,eslead.aerb general, ln mod general, ln total, 1n ansambir: opusul expresiei.,in special") ii este pus dup.li.rb. dupa cnrnplementuldirecticurt, sau la sflrliiul- propozi!,iei:
qn. *. ps tm .) c a -..a l t! ' ^ | | l nuf,. 'lh" t,,i rl s In " fo th p t -.o n 8 4p' Ll l l J. A se compara: She helpsgc,.a/ly in lhe housc. (Adv. dr mod) (Ajul6 .am 1a toate in ca6e.) i h 4 s p u l d /tsL p tl s i n rt . r o u 5 . {\d\. d- m!) { D P o L i ' i d j u l d l D .d ' J .)
$ 2355
Conform regnlilo. gramaticale, in stilul formal, adrerbul 5) Only, only l.febnj,esd preceadd cuvinl,ul pe care 1l determinn sau sd stea cii naI aproape de el. Propozilia ili va schimba deci inllesul dupi pozi-tia ocupatx de adjectivul sau adverbul only:
o nly we lool" d ,l y o u r p d :n .i o g(.- tru m a in o r .ni m" ni Jl ri nP !dl . \ e anl" look eda Lv o u . D a i n ti n c I n u rm b ' a t;" s l abl oul l . We loo"kcd o,/y at -rour r,rintin? (: ne-amiritat mmai la labloul teu, nt fi la alt. ti x tai l o!). \\ c look edit y o n r,rl g r l a i n l .j n gl - l a s i n g u rul In stilul lormal sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn rspectatd aciual-
Engleza antebelici nu cerea insi ca onlg se preceadd neapdrat cuvirltul la care se referca. Aceastd libedate persistd 9i astlzi tn limba vorbitd, rttlde
only este pus 1n genercinainrea verbului principal sau dup.i un subrtantrv sau pronume, tn!,elesulpropoziliei fiind aratat prin accentuaracuvintului la care se refcrd ,nly: $re ozl, lookedrl. rour lainting {: numainoi, nimed altcinela).
llp ah ly ar I ' u' ldinl. ng ( - nd^ f i al i n s l a b l o u l ) . "o lpd wp o ,ly lo olp d a ' J our ! uinling ( n . la lab l o r l l l . u i ! J ) $ n o als loo lrrd bl y our pa: . r ' ng ( nu ; i L gr J \ u r i nu r i r adl i 'e \ d ) . Wplo ot,d u l )o, "' pJ n' . ngo, l, (
Conshuctia din limba .rorbiin esie adoptat[ adeseoriqi tn limba scrisd. Gramaticianul englez H.W. Fowler considera cd propozilia constNiti cu only conform regulilor gramaticale moderne este de cele mai multe ori nnaiurali gi pedanfi, qi recomanda rcspectarea ordinii prescrise de gramatica modemd numai atunci cind construc,tiadin limba vorbili nu esl,eclari ln scds. Se va spune deci. "He anu came a 1{eck ago.)'t "I anLUasked the question from habit."; "The addrcss to bc Ndtten on this side orly." ei,c.
I Cuvintul oxrg esie aici adjecl.iv.
LOCU! C1TORVA OVERBE
SPOCIAL!
,\lle exe]rpie:
p u n " l " , u mri J -:m,ntd d ' rpn di n \nsti a) f ^r , d. l a t q ,l n d , . T Li. r o i .l l rp " - o tr ' l n l i .d ,i " fe .l rl i e toi t.rl " ) " il Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1el.'rtb, Il onl, be would comcl Il he would onr, comel You only sa$' him on.e. He a, / r . ailed I' rc t\' i .c . I o, l, hr le J l i v c p c n c r (v e z i s i S : r1 0 ) Only poarr fi si adjectiv. cu lnlelesul de ,,singuc, sinqular sau plural. { 2356 . 1n, j l , l a rmi r , " un s ul^, , n ,i \ ., rr' . p 1 4 n u r.. q i .i atur,,i i n* i rreu eces ui a ' '. (" a
1 0 7 0 - 10 7 1 ,23 ;5) :
rny onl3rchil{l her onl,/ hope He s'as Lhe .nly one missingOnr, she can do tlis. The onls l.icnds I had livd in the country.
: ..d p a .F ' n .r,o r- i n-J. nJ ti substantiY sau pronune: H| is r oo v on n ( l : !re .r). T her s ook t r o r-ti s t ' t- rre r t le ] s y ouag r o o { : d c a ;e m e n e !) T ' J . pol" l s l ro o { d F a 5 e " n " 1 _ l i n d r ro r.' - .1 4ro d m ..Fd " S r . i" y our s i s ,a .." . : (coloov.) "l like jazz nusic." "Ue r,o. (de ascme,ea)
Pcntru only, conjuncli,vezi $ 2431,243;, 2448,2L61. 6) 'Ioo.- Taoarc nrleles pe carco o(upain DroDo-g 2'67 diferit, dupi pozjLia ' zi' i ": d a n a p n r "Jo u n s ljm iv .a'r rn i,.erm a , , p c " : " ;! la . n lF u r",tr"rb, heur . i n .a a m na . . d" as m .n !d lot ,l up;
rn
7) Ivoll. - Well precedd adeseaun participiu:

well,known well eamed well-done \re1l-meaning well-pteasing !.eltNishing
$ 2358
VII. ADYEBBNI,D CU V-{I,OAR,EA ALTORPtrR,TI DE VONBIRE

Multe adverbe au aceeati formi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire: &) d:ide, beck, beyond, inside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S 390); b) "noupl'.Iist. ;ns;d".titt'p. ],,u h. ont!. outs;d, r..lJ Ft..stnt si sdjp.tive (S 761 762, 2b83); .) olon9.ba. do.w. up at-. s,nr pr"apozilii {S 238J,2405,2425 2i2bt., "i d) b{aF. o['"t. sl,]^ ar,. qinr ;i conjunnlii(S2383.242q,2411.24,81; e_,) lhe cste si articol hotnrit (S 529).
$ 2359
VNI. CiTNY{ ]IDVENBE SPDCIALE

COI{PIRATE CONTRAS'I'I\T
s 2360
1) ,\go. Si cc. -,49o. adverb sau adjectiv, .stp iniotdedunapus ddpd fi 2361 cuvillJl pe carF il delcr mioa.El 6e rclcrr la un nampnt.rcrut, ip eare il consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind dinspre prezent Bpre iecut,: \ . mprlo's o!o. tAdv.r He cam" r/r;a,;"pls dco.{\dj j
481 Sin., adverb, prcpozitie sau conjunclier, se referi la o perio&ddde rin],p socotiid pornind din trcout spr prezent: We mct her lasl.vear. but havenot seenher sr,.e (idr')
I l,a\'n r rp ^ n l. ; , iD" \ on' , it . { Pqp. ] r r lbd {o r l i lt rs ll-rF" \L ks s inr lhF nd$ llanl Lunl L
.SiDc,ost loarta adesealnsotit, de adverbul "tr! de durati:

,eel st{z wc lirst met wc hire bect ih .loscst lriends
care dccenl'u'szi ideea
se refereatlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iu ;i 2) Before'In tront of. - Befor"e { ' 2362 I n s ca m n.,nln s dr turr.i . ..inair're
I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc {Tin'P) (Nu I mai v[zusm Pinn alntrci l out n" r' r' bodl ' i pdl i ' r) $ Pr" b " a i . b o l hl ' l o P anrlbphi nd l l ' p rP A t t hr J lr n' ling rl a e r. . _" r' ' u I' a n i ri l n ' d l d rr ' i ' rrl d I;r' :i n' i i l F c r mol o" . Ld dF bJ r ad;
Thcre $as { lree ttr trnr o/ th lrouse' (Era un Pom in lat{ ) ':aset pP l i npa 3) B c s idoq.B c b i d o .- Br.' d s (s ' l v ' rb 6 236 3 0rFpuzi l i e) l nsJnrn' -' i trebure nu plus". e\ceptia" .'x (aceasta)'. (aceasia)", ,,tn afard de !r ,ln co n fLr ndat . u 6F si d " (p rc p o /i l i r. c a rp l n ' p a m ni .l l ns6 ..fl l l ]rurr" l In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desids(Adv) (ln clmarA cra oa.ne ii brinze, nimio altceaa) 'si elsP B es id" : lt p1 d n d J ,fk . n o b o d v ' d ,n " . \P " " pl lln at ar i o" f r .d ti d p J i ' k . r" r ' ' n rd i \' n I ni rn' n;I Come and sit lcst& mel (P.Pl (Vino de stai llngl rninel) B d t. p ro n u m n re l a ri t. ' o n j r,n ' l i " ;i pr" pozi l i e' ?arp S i run" " i c 4) B ui. 6 236 4 " p s tp ..i n o n i m rt o n t4 . ,Itp t abi e. nunrsi dF' i l ): . inJ ( d p aLlv " r h r is Dzt heshcrIle (Este studenl Jn lrinul an alia.) Had Lr, seen herl (Numai dc-ai li 'nzut-ol) a sillY girl. Sle js nothitlg 62, (Nu'i declt o latl Prostula)
se rfern la spaliu ;i inseanni ln ftont of (loculiuneprcpozilionalii) ,,in Iati":
$ 2365
6 Ilireetly.- DirecthJeste adverb de mod sau de tinp. Mod: dJ : djrect, drept:

H-" $enl dtlatl! td, .ckttrl to ihc loiDt
,l:
e xa ct:
Thc housesas dt.eddl tdr\'ektlrl oplrosit.
Timp:
Leave thc larcel thue: I Nitl olcn it dn,c,?v I drekll] coloclial I will ring hin ]rp dt.a,l/ [ drekll] l've linished mv lessons.
(: de indath ce): In limba vorbit6,directl? l'drekhl poatefi 9i conjunelie
'
1J;n.. nai areti ln!lesul else mattrs" : "Jtn.evouarelroe, nolhiDg de.,ileoarece" _ 2404. 2428-r4:1,2lr6 { 1097. 'vlzi sl 3V"zi dp p.onunlidinlrp,l r) ii , / S t2:l- 2160 dpo.abina
CITEVA SVIRBE
SPECIALD
construclie: s 2366 6) Ha lly... whe ..' - A se obsetva urmitoara iarlrs had he linished,oncz his f'lher oane nu'lp 'ons'ru Lia ll'dl cau //'dn' Hardl,t...cstcunnat dF ad\erLul -'"r' .e con.tnripste uncoriln moJ prunar in frazd eum "-"ii;;;;;*jS 2367 (S l46q): rlisr no{' are doud interesuri .. . ..-cu lo'l"ar {'on'lrurr a ) = R.luilmcnlr, in "'eFl mom"nl 'his' r' ucl pi.,ntul ti .u Pt =ntut PPrPtt):
F.ri'orme? i";if'::*""?iii $.::lli ;"""1'*"1q1'"

\ve noeciurr 6J: arlineauri(construit ou trccntul simpl&)l I saw rrer ids' hoeste ulmai in S 2368 8) No sooner... tha . -.\o. soon'r. fiiril un comparativ' onjun'1ia ii"': iru nI9i Jp lraza,le,nniun, 1ia 'ndl {'su 'l' 'dt"rbul 'ri l '1r 'l p P udi an'r { '' ' 1 tt a h ' a t l r ' d | |/!'l lllIin hrJ | 'ldrl"J ' h ir - \ o " oo, . p f .p"" a"n':'n tr rh si'n i" ,"y rl"r"ni"g 'io" " l]lt sr y' slnt adverbe de Linp care se traduo S 2369 .\tit rltll 9) Still. Ytt. prin Lincn". Deosebireadintre ele este nrmatoara: Siill erprimn dlrtatd, conlnnlare: \o ,, .r,/l o se rn- 1i \c Ir I im srrll hn8rY. jncd L T .i m d i l mj datorezi, tnl ' l ' en' c ) loam.) lui-e yl:t (: inee, pini acum sau pine atunci) se rfri la un momenl:
li:'Jl ,1";: {' ii1'; lri""

+r By rr. im- )-a'r
A se cotttpafa:
gr a' or n lFina cF \' i ilir nq4alur
r\}11],-fi' {iil' " " .' 1,""; " rrrrrli,, rhern$on 'hFr'
l,li',t;i,::.""'
onlr r r r d r I I D ni :n Pre/ n l
Hd i' , / l lr t P ( lla h, , . 1 1 q, n" , 4
in'oLF-'re i S 237o Jr' o"r" 'rn"ori inrreb'rirrLa ' d.aLl(ctb^"rrin' 'ind l0r Tbe. rl /J/r: in sra'lIl un adip,li\ sau un arl\"r'b ^mpar8'rr ?'ne sooner.rnd belto'
i"-,i':!i'#i"'i:ffi""d
it' e\rected is I h0iI

ei slabn | 2372
1t) l'here. - Thcre tsrel p ro n u r rLcr; I.n l ormd, t) n a r t i. uln inir du i to ' l n e i ' \' -' l u s l 6 p t^ p 0 7 ' 1r' ttnd sttutPtut u n p i l e i n rc p u l u l l d J . o ;l 'si il, r nbuinl16 ' p rer l i ci u l ' nu s p lr aduc F l n l i m b ro ' rd n i : ' Tnd'a3is an enard bov ai l}e door' lliste nn (omisionar la u;'i) ' n Jnur ' o3l l " ,F r" 1 _ " l $ o b u l " n s mrbsi ng 1 1 ; 1 :,-. u ,i n a b r,' i l ' r" 1rl
s 937r
: ",;',1';ir. . r'.. A,, 1,:l ):';. ii ;- "l;li ;i;;;l,,li'J:lil.1i,,'| ",'n., *, jj: ll' s,11r i' i ;";,:ilJJ, ^.',' ""j 1:,i',""'i";,
onll remuins tor me to hx again. (Nu-mi "re^. rhmine declt s,'!incerc din nou.) I! l.helittle lLonse drrr lilcd an old lvoman. (In olsr1i,"loouia o bttrntil.) Tliroush ihe doo.. ,ft,rc ente.ed a litllc bor. (Pc usd intre un neiclct ) 7r... shall come an eto.h e'hen man shall conqu{ inlerplanetarv s]race' lva reni o poce in aare oBul va ouoeri spaiiile interyianetare:) ?lele happens to le docior in thc audience hall 'r trn dodor i" s'rlll.) (Din intimplrre, exisl{ (\:e z i i i $ 2 5 0 2 . r5 0 r -1 i 0 i .2 618.) 2:t73 b) (r.betb de lac. accentuatr proDunlat ln lorma tare Di tradus tn limba ro m' ini pr in, r ec ol o ' !r $e lound il rtul,. '?zae s sraiiiudc lor youl { r , in gis ii . ( o l o .) l,\str i r..unoitinli ) 7 l c r. s h c ro m e s l l l a ro c e l i re l l A nu s e c onfu n d a i :e l e d o u d l o rrn c : 'Thre's Lnizl xour liag: (-{dr. de ldi) { lat i- li s eania a .o l o l i 't het.'s ln.zl t rLrigon the tanle. (Irarti!rilarn'irodu(tir,',1 lE s f e o s eanli p c n a s l ) ?/ k r e [ ' de. ] c o m c s a l i ttl c s i ri i l Ad ' .d . l o c ) ( lut ii r c olo v en i n d o l e ti tn l ) tdcl .orcs a lilflc 'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',.inl.tudd.!.ivil (vinc "/'c.d o lcl.ita.) Thcro poate li intrebuinlrt cu ,unlele sensuri in accea-sipropozilie:
?,{c.. t deal (adv. de loo), dr.e are I diral nrrticuli inlroduclival woods. (-\,iolo siil, r,-tduri.) af.l,lc.ol ilaLU.uD iDt.ocn.Liri) Lro dolas ,r.e I d:Jl (ad!. d. loc) "7.c doi oiini acolo) {Snrt
s23?4 s231i'
$ 2371i
12) T oo. A d re rb u l l o o rre tfe i i n l e l eruri : :,,de aJ asenenea' si sinonin cu alrr. /oo fi;id lle r , o hld join e .l tl e l o o l b i l l l e u .
lnsn nd
faniiiar:
(s 2377):
,' )
pdr3l ,./ :,.prea", in cire cnz este supus aceloratireguli ca;i adr-erbul
es l, ct nt r ob u i n l n t o u u r a d j e c L i r s a u un adrerb:
St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.) t t is ba f b r o s o . (.u n r a d !.)
D",/ inaintea unui participiu trebuie sd fie insoliL de arrci sau de ua adverb sirnilar. cn $eatlu, highlu eLc.,
He $'as ,ro g.edily ailmired not to iake noLice. They were ,o t uch atpacialed. ( Vez i f i S t ao - t 1r l. 13a7 )
c, : lnce, pe deasupra: He was ve.-racli{e io. an old man, and a sick one,o,.
ehEvA -{D!xRBx sPrcr^r,D
48?
13) Very. lluc.h. fn, I'rso!e!l,e singur nrmai aLLie(ti\rLe in cradul q 2377 p^zirit si .ll pcrlhriv. p""r i, ipiil" rr-.urF in ;, bI:, r"r, ,ril"uti! ;i edv;bFl": L c iq , . . r j/ , i ,,. { A d .. g rd ,t ro ,i :, T . r ar " ir p ,.r\ ,L o :-i t^ i .ts . A4 r.a J.Joertdr,vl H. gr \ " m e a .,1 1 t-l ,f r-,' rl r' r' bu;\"a ,p n ttl \.)to o \. (\' Y ou . j - " k l Pd .rr. '/, \o )
Cu comparativul ;i cu participiilo trectte intrebuinlaic predicativJ very este lnsoiit, sau inlocuit de rrdcl sau de un alt rdvcrb care exprimi gradul, ca highl!, ttuitc eIc.l far, geath, She lert frerv, ,.uch betld. t.Camp{I4tir) q - .h -n \,' ,,. { CorD ardri vr L" a i, n L. h F o r. Hi. j i ot I ir / , r ,,o r. " -q top dti ;j, . rC ,..p a r-ti .r ljlo' r ld bF , r , " r/ n .' .r;d .i t.." i i i L r a ,." .,P ,r' rr" ,u, p,.d,a:\l ll' s , , s ! P d' l, / : ;to h d . Pd r, . p rd :,a ti \, T h" v s pf " i. : / " 1 / ,1 " .,r. P a rr. rr" ri r o i o icdL;!, H. i' a" 1" ; , - , ,:-." ,.,,. Id rr. rF ,J ti ,u " o ri r.' A se com par a: HP js r , , ! t , l, t' a tP,l \,\d i .l H" r b aur \ ! J. t\,.\t rL ,L ,.1 .ttu 1 d L ) r" r. re. l P rrt,
rr" , ut . rr.ra Ci n d .u b . t ar r i. ul . " u t," rn u m' l " l . " a ' . " " F n r" pdr i .i pi Ll a . t iunFa vFrbdla , 1, I nil" .l c n , F . /. p d rti , i p i .l -rp i n-orri J" ,,r., .au Jp ' ', T h" J \
HF b' nhd ll,4 lrol)!j
D" n .i r
p r.o ' l j ).rp ,

b!
tr,,.ndkj ol .orm.ni og.

,.i's.
/ , P' il,/ 4 t r h o t t.a t,l. $ r ri. t,p tyt F .4 . .",a !.t
ln caz contrar, o.rg insotrF.ste singur parti(,ipiu] l,recut,:

Ilis erpressio, \\as aer! strptise.l. Iln lone Fus reru dnnaled1.
De fapr. mrtrc fdrij,il,jj Intrcb,,inlatoatribuLivau dyerit adjectivesi S g3?8 slnt .on.id.ral' ,d .,rJr-. \-ripl .,n .i dljF":\d" ,r'rnlod|r:
.'n . d Jt 5' i' \ 4, ",o.d. , ". b' . , r , f l rp n s r o, Drpd ! rtrsp l. $ o r d. . Lc . : . anilsi.g, oJing, dazzting. irritallng, , . J r l. ' r ", L i.r d r d . t p l . t l d 1 5 . d . r . r 1 5 p d . li.irg,rryirg. $'oF limiting, loitug, .Ili8ing.
Se va spunedeci:
, \,tj atttg ;." p :.n . _ it r b . to u \0 I p o tl d \l r o \o u ' lPd ,' .,..., tta^'".,.', o it.;.,j I i t , o , t d L , g , p,,.t! a b t;A d | ) o u $ o .td r, ttd .a,t i- . \,
lle {rs rely l/.drd l.o scc me. (rdj.l I an, pdl9 rt.l. {-\dj.)
"r r .
tr,.
. l
In rezumat, cind paiii|ipiul trecut ar fun.,tie dc adjectiv, este insolit de adverbul rhd are f;nclie d verb, l]si'irsoiil de aarerbul na'cfr 3a1t gfealll!. 'ery: I Vezi lLW. ForYler,,1. .n.. TcrI.
488
; !'OTFOLOqA
_ ADVEEEI'I,
9N79 Afrain, abne, alaof, preoum9i alte adjectivo Pur predioativerslnt lnsolite $ otg murh: de adi'erbele
I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru' She wss'eag na;l alou
rVzi t 763-t64.
PREPOZITIA
I 2382 2383 23a4 2386 23At 2390 2393 2395 2396 2397 p:q 49t 491 492 492 492 493 494 494 494 495
O AT OF
24t9 2420 7421 2422 242b il4t6 2421
507 507 504 5to 5t0
PnDPOZtTT-r
tl lI0 P RIiP [)sIftoN)
care stabi- 2382 c.-teparlpr nelleribili de l) Drtinitic. PreDL,rilrn 'orbjre pnii un-i $ leBteanLmir. r"lalir 1d" pur: ir. | 'f;'". .i". ,t" ; p ' r'.l lnrrF r"r1 1' .i-i np"!r"l nr"l .i l'"r' rr'lpp.ndpn. P"el^zrrr',' in r" nrooozi!ri. ', i'rii'l"ur" nu..' " pl-m.,, dF "-er"r :i u a 'irrri" u p rr'' J'lrnl^ziriF d..ll in,f'".nd ' J ,llF !rLi d. 'u.l iI l'o/ li o r" . ' .\' lh" l .'L
' | \ " lL / m\ ' ," i r h n ," . ' ,' l Di ' ' 1 i s tn l i a e d a )s . (T i m p) T l, c ex am i n a l .j c n ) C,r\i n r!1 , o/ ?, / o : i / r .i n r p & j , /i ri i : F IF H r. l rJp^rul 1i ," ,. /" 1 Fi ttr ,i s t uda. , \ . i I ' r, ,/a r' c . .i u i ' .1 t' ,' rl i J " D r" po?:ri -. i l s' | " " d es k. on mV desk. to th. stud1l. itt fiet d&As. care sint complelnenie. sintagniele: din C u ri n ttle pe c er e le l e a g i l r.p o z i l i a s i n l ,: d) cuvirtul de care depinde ti care o praccdi; ,) cuvjntul care dcpincle de ea (.untit i g|o],at'\ta englezi,Ihe Conple n?nl\'af the pr?p.)silion) li cafe este prer+r,lat de prcpozilie: I I e s lok e /o tl i e rtr. Verbul slonc esLc cuvintul de care depinde prepozilia lo, iaurn cuvin' t ul c a re d e piDde d" " 0. Cu rl n l l , d, - r r p, ! J r p r" t /i ri J Ir" ' " i i J I -,,b.ran,i r. un ad;c r:\' un verb sau un advirb. iar cuYintul preredat de prepozi,tie st un sublrtantiv sau echivalentul afcstuia-
2l Preoozitic.(,riunctic sarr adTerb. Eristi adcseaconluzie intre $ 238 p : r' li , r ar,' m$i In,,ll.u ,i L n " le d in d . F ' rF D r p D o ; i t i;ion , j;nc{ii,.i'.,1'"rt,'. 'i 'nslizAmrolul ile vorbir. au "."FA-ifur".". f"n ru s l^ dFni bi rrFbuip lor ln propozitie:
,t b. I a4 ' h" doo- . r Pr po/ i. i) I md !lp n ,l/"/ t e ls ' nl on m y l, o. iLldJ . C o n J U n " l i r l wc have mt Delo/d. (.rtdrerr,)
Prppoziliaar^ti rrporrul dinlre d"i I' tmc'i ei lrn"i propo/itii .drr nu du ae.casiiunc(i. sinra.ri;d (u'r subsr"ntir ii "tribu'ul l'ri. un.JdjFai\' "Ju un adverb qi complementul respeciii', un rerb gi complemeniul snu eft ). Conjunclia lea-rn doun pnrli de pfoporilie de ac14!ifel, sau doud propozi-tii. ,4dperlul determini un singur termen ;i anume: un verb, un adjecliv sau un alt adverb': \:\:emci her otr,. tutrclr.(l'ri!.) ].tt ns. (Conj.) \\:e \rent lo tlic lheatredi"nr.1ou \1:eleii a short line ai.t. (Ad\'.) I aniled eelo.dhcr. (Pre! ) I-sdida$ord {Cot:i.) at mDlo;. She lauehed (Adv.l \1:had ncler seennnn Del..e.
r t anplpn? \ttn !i|an t.li t r nq^/ a tC piA i,tvp rbp d ptFrm i ". ' r n5 ti c s au o r, r' h d . lro lozilie li: ! l' ll. . om t l! lr "o. ' . n' ! lin r" . \ al,n t '. l b: r . \ : iu, , \ 'e l ' : i S 2 5 3 2 - 2 5 9 3 asl-ra.ur.opropozL
409
MORr.OLOCIA
PREPOZITIA
'l'her-"rvrs no one thcre bu, nre. lPfer.) The erginc was old D!, s'orking benutiiullJ. (Conj ) SlrB ivas Dzr an amateur. (.\dv.) I had not necn the.c siz.e the sp.ing. (P.ct.r I m i s t s o s r,/p J o u rrr s l c e tX .i C i Lj .) T h .r h .' v p rp \p r h p ,rd ,,r 1 ,4 stl e. (\d\ )
2381
3) l'ormi. - Prepozifiile pot fi simple. derivate. compuse. complexe sau loculiuni prepoziliona)e:
a) prepozilii simple:
iy
ulong
lro,n
bclote dside
I b) prcpa.ilii d.eri"o.te c) pr.pozilii conpuse.

trton (l.oughout
d) ptepozilii conplexc. according to as to alongwith beca$eol

at the la.k oi by means oi by the side of lor the sake ot in front ol 2385 in in in iD in
iNtead oi out ol
licu ol optosition to spite ol Ure Ycnt ol the middie ol
round about up to
c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
f) Fepozilii pres(urtatel ashoreIe (- on)l o'clock ta' 1: ol)l aioot t. { on)l dkin t. {: of)l four shillinss d ta : onl day 4 ) DouA pr elo z i l i i .i n r i n l re b u i n rs ro u rp o f l i ryd d" da$i cul i nt atD nri 2 38 0 , i n 'l una s ingur d rs rp i n c u l i .i c r l ; p " n i ru d rcdd i dF" r: T l, " bus D6s F da n rl I j u m D F t o " /o | ' ,p p l d l orm They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr' lton undP; th, Nin". She shouted /elz dnoug lhe trees. ThPcp wPrp hedgpsrouad dbout him. ttr 6e,aeen them. The tablcs on tha terrace were close[o each oi.herbut I squeezed The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei + 2 p.ep.) (Vezi ti 5 1618)
238i
de prepozilio. - Cuvintul precedet 5) Cazulfi lormr euvintuluiprocedat de prepoziliestd ln cazul acuzativdaodestesubstantil'sau pronume,sau ra forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
L c t u s trl k r, l o u . ' ' i l ,I She was looking dl ,'. You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.
231J3
geniti'ut prepozilional of lormeazn i5 281).iar prpozifiile,r, for' of, fton (S 307.308, pag. 76, nota 2): formeazi cazuldativ prepozilional
Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon.{Gcniiir lrepozitional) G\ft it to hitu! (Drtiv prcpozilional) ni n llmc c{cltio prcpozitiaro. ciDdcste pariicula inlinitivuhi, c.rreesle u.mati dc un
Unle prepozitii
contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri
Astlei, prcpozilia
LOCUL PR'POZITIEI Ho broucht L[. L lo$ r . / , ' , r Ut ", / . r Dr lir r { pn. z , li, ' na } He t ooklhc ru,1 6a .kr t om nar inJ put il' on hi5 bd. k . L D a l i v p r . p o z j l i o n l l Stop that row, I bes of wb! {Dati! p.epozilionai)
403
Ciod are a.eastainLrcbuin!arc. Ireporilis !i a IicrduL conliDutulnaliondl $i d davFnir o.imfld psrii ulo.utu[i inlrFbuinlals in loeul te"hilor terminatii dispirutc cu Tremea. Obserea!ie
$i in aceaEii situalie, crviniele preccdate de prepozllii - 9i anume $ 2389 boak, him, Marg, !au, ho - Elr,\ tn cazul acuzativ. 6) Locul propozitioi.- ln lirnba scrisn, in siitul olicial sau lornal 9i $ 2390 lr"buil-.d nf...ddA im.diat parl"d in Lorbirpdgrdmali.rl "orp.td. pcapazilra pe carp o inlrodu.ea.In rngl.zs dntual:iinsd. , u de rorbire sau lon'rliunea roa,a opozitis purigLilor, tn propoziliilainrerogaliv"sau alributiv. in ' are pronu''r. inr"rosdrivsau rdali' ($ ll0q). ori ;ntroau.a un tpporiiic ^d\prb irpiimau sau nu, pr.po,ilia asta puRd ln muLl,urpnt lu stirtirul propozi!i"i r .ip..tivo. n'r nu;ai in srilul intormsl. "i .i in s'ilul lormal vorbil. uneori chiar !i sois: The child l,nd,, I lookcd dlr'r w{s i l.iend's. 'l'henan fdid, I s'ast.llitrs you drolt (: alout whon) has come. w; ot't do siihiut (: that without which) sart is on;, }ook Dr ( by $homr_,/lo is _his
Iwlol is t hi3 / o. (: fo r F h rt)? ,rne"e is she /rom (: fron $here,. Looul prepoziliei nu poate li dectt la slirlitul dupd vrbul acesieia in urmltoarele oazurr: propozi{,iei relative sau
( s r 0e4) :
a,J cird insolette pronumelerelativ r,ldl ($ {064, 1078 1079) sau as

The houso,,lar Ne lookeda, This is the samevillagds we rod ,s in JulJ'.
,, in propoziiiile ln care protrumele rlativ este subinl,les: That is the iactorv sectiontlhrtl you were seni.toThe womatr twhol I was lookinsfoiis lhe wo.ks manas... Uneleprepoziiii condiiionate Etnt attt de strins legate de verbul precedent, $ 2391 rS 2lq5'. In.lr nu msi nor li .onsidcrslc.a elpmFnlc n,\mit rprb prppoi;liunal dF lesdluracare pr*edu ,urintul inrrodus.Jn s'pastdsitudlip,unii gramaticien-i consider{ Cl ele primesc de fapt un caracter adverbial qi sint privite ,a parli.ulp rerbule tuqc drpd tetbul nr rare lar .orp o'nun. in .Azul d" p^,,ilids...lnr pritr.Tilii. unii aulori au propuq. Tinlnd spdma , u u"ola dp ..pnstpozilic.. ,1" tala, rntoorir"r nurn"tui,tp ,.nrelnzilip.. Strtnsa legdturn dintre verbul precedent Si prepozilie apare ln speciat la diateza pasivn, prepozilia tiind aqezatdin acest caz la sfirgitul propozitiei sau inediat dupn verbul respeciiv(S 1782 1?83):
llis pfonise is not to bc depenrled o\. Thc notior aas aANcd rr]iot. Take {wrv the tclcvision seij ann hdE it seen tnl He was bcins ndde tnn ol. she ({s /dlt.7 sDout .t lol. BaI'I larcs r,tag /dad lo. t-tnaputt..r. ppr r . rq,r r i ol' , ' , 1", r . sd./. f _!rÎsek l liind Dpn tfu p\ r ur s ii) . C olocvirl, tel;rto nll c s le num ii. ' lir ' r o: ' . . . r l r . r , , . , n 5 p '1 ' .., 1.
49{
MOFOLOCU
_ PREPOZITIA
23gZ
ma l I n lim ba pnole ? d I.o ' l ,a d . p e n l ru a s F c\i l J rapal i ri a: Tl'is is a hou6ecomlortableto liae t4 litl. lvoe the histodc docurn.nls worrh \tasting time otel liheml? She is good to look rr lherl. \r!'ereih cllildrcn dillicult to take care,/tiheml? I necd somoihjng to look lorward to litl. \l a j o ri ' " tn a \erb" l or d;n l i nba pngl FzS 7 ) P r c poz ilir .o n d i l i o n a L i . 2 393 ca.to puL. t; si;g eLc.. poi fi Lrrnate de orice prppozi-tie ccruia de complemeotul To lut on th tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard,otal the ned, tc. to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the public. /o. somebody,tc. 2A94 Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective li unele Bubstantive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite prepozitii care nu poi li lnlocuite cu altele. Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt: gnalitied./o.
In unele cazuri, prepozilia care apare la sftrtitul propoziliei a rdmas ,3lF Fxpri' p.rsonal faplului.ir pron0m"l" a.ll"l dal,oritd "rp urrra nu mai
slnpii}J
,l itn
t\ z i fi S tto )
2395
8) Propoziliilouzuele:
abofd aboul abovc altel agarnst alons{side) amidist) . . m " nE r s lJ lelor-" ihind below beneath lreside(s) bet''een beyond lul (- crc.pr.) lry conc-Armns despite q-1r d n n n g .. .i .c rrL rn g ) l.om in, into inside minus till on (- Irom) until
via tlarol sinc (- de la. din)
2396
9) Introbuinlareo prepoziliilor. - lntrebuinlarea prepoziliilor in limba englzdeste o chestiune foade dilicile ti subtild. Se zice: "to abound in refined expressions",dar "to abound pil, fishes"; "arnoyd aDoat a mattr", "dar at intrusion, n il,t applications, by complaints"; "to arrive iz Pali6" (un oraq mare), da. "d, Dover" (o localitat mic{), "dl Richmond (o suburbie a Londrei), "astonished at his daring", dar "rg his ded"; "to belong tnlter i, a buok . d0r'ro .oncboJ)': lhe hesdi{.g. o burrl i^rlh ia,o sons . da "to burst ,r1, laughing. inlo tears, ,rill, raqe'; "t^ .omplain irDozls thing", dar "o/" sau "agains, a parson, /rr an act"; "to die /,'or, (sau o/J a \vound", dar "o/ grief", "Ihrough \eglecl" t "displeased dt a thing", dar "ti,ill, a person", dar 'gled dl the ridings',dar"ofthe lact"; "object afdinstthe appointment". '1o llis $-^rJs ; 't^ talk oboui sau d/ a per.on . !l"r -on s bubj,.l . ar"f d matter"; "il, Lhe tircumstances" (reierindu-se numai la situatie) ;i trndcr th circunstflnces" (referimlu-se la un lufiu lndeplinit); "to compare one thing or person lo anothr" (pentru o simple afirmRre a asemdnerii), ,,(';lh another" (pertru a face o comparatie mai ample, stabilind asemeneri li, ln mecirl. deosebiri).
INTREBCINTARE^
PREPOZTTIILOE
496
De cele mai rmrltc od. tntrebuintarea prepozitiilor in linrba englezn nu corespundeintrebuinldrii pe care o au in limba ronarrE. 40) Excmplificare, - Existi verire, ca ta get Io :o, La looh etc., al .6tot inleles este complei schimbal de prepoziliile snu nari,iouleleadverbiale care le unneaz[. (Peotru o trattlre contrastivi. ln acelasitimp mai cornplete;i mai metodici a chestiunii, ln paginile ufndtoare se va arita atlt tnlelesul adverbialj cit fi cel prepozilional al cuyintelor citate. Ercrrplclo fnrn menliune speciall conl,in prepozilii.)1 To get:
to g4r into tlie l,.ain {.. a sc ur.a in iren) to a., in a word {adv.) (: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt) 1o set orl the grass (- a ple.a de te iirbii) 10 s,, olI a traitrla bns (: a colori din tren/ruiobuz) to se, or a hoNc t: a desciileca) ro ?e, oll easily (adr.) t: a sdpa uqor ttirtr o litualic oiiici)l l o B"/ on r r " lldr lor - ( J , o b o ri p p . I, n ) to !./ oD $" ' l u: pt h " r (J J \.1 ( . ,e l n trl e c l r: nf t nD ,cutrdl ro ;a ot r r dJ \ . ) indn .i ,' .r; " -i m' tg " b i ,rF -d u rb .,, d !!Jtud nl Fo5l uj taerc.l How are lon g.uiiLg ott l:ce mri faci? cum ili llergc?) l o rp oul ol ll' r ou " . .a i j d i n .d .1 Ll Jl ..,u ri ol ,nl ' I ,,IJ i o i d our ol il, " r ' in I d d i n r" ' o b ode n necaz,din incurceluri) to gc, out ol trouble {: a scilpa tro sdi orcr a diilicttlty {.- a invinge o dificultate) 1 ,,r", o, c r a r a5k ( a d " .) ( a s l .r-i o p m a J . ' l Frl i ni o sl r,rnl l ro sa or { ! . r r pr . " " L .i ri r" v e l i d n r' o ru " p _ i /A , ' ro se r ot . r r n : ll, ' " . s { J In .In l l o ri l " p !l u d d l o sp r r ound J pr ohi b i l ro aI l n ro i l i .l " n \i n g d o i n.,n e \; p nn abi l d.l to i 'd r oud a p" r *o t i .o rd (o s.r ll, r ouc h ls u- t . " J ,e rD ,n J { l u i ru l i i )j ' l a r" u l j rd D c n , ro ;"r t br out b i, n i s t' ' rb , r, 1 o s.r t hr ouE h oi a i l l l G J !.) L a .re " e l ri r td r l ampnr,a ti \otdr (dFspre uo '
$ 23e?
s 2398
to ge,into the house I: a intra ir crsn lcu dili.nllal..)l
l o g .r lbr dugl r im e I a -? i rre .p l ,mp u , 10 set to bnsiness{- a se apuca de t.eab{l to set tosether (persons, thinssl (ad!.) l: a lse) aduna, a (se) sl.ringe {persoane, lucNri)l to sp r up ( a. 1r " " . " ) I a i r u r d d s e :tl ;r, (lnl r.un .opac d..)l to Rlnp ( adv . l l: d s P v rra ) to s, uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun) to ger up a plal (ady.l {= a pune ln scenl o p'es[)
To go:
r.d p d . d . l o A, ahoul oa" no rk ( i " ( 1 3 F r" ra - l, ' rp d h i ) ro 8 o r r u f dr s o, ' ' u ru r.F ra to so ItI (adv. ti p.p.) t: a l.ece {pe llngl)l ' rn i r c) to Eo down {of a ship) {adv.) (- a sc scullnda) io so dom soneiliing (: r coborl) to so in ( ) d\ . ) , iDt o (: a i n t.a l l o so it r 1, , .s o, n" r \ ; n c(a d v . r a i d ru .a ,1 " u n l u r,fFti , to g o or l ( dds ) { : a Pl c L a ,a s . l i n d e l 1 p i rd i (s ,.n d p L )l l o so olt r r - . s r J | F..)_
I l l! "rbp le )i nrp no Tiliip dF p i^ . onlinL1r " o' nt n' r m " i " { m D i f r r J r i , E 'e n u " o u i . z e a zl , nestiu ne i. ceia .e ar I i : m . os r l, : l lr . . r lf ul x . : e. r e i l x r r t r i
$ 2399
496
MORIOLOCIA-FFEFOZTTIA c oniinua) 10 so otr lad v.) { : 3 i; i; ;; l;i".i i; r ninPr eFn( - a s ' s pt opir d" I r a n i . J m '" s F p e I t a n i ) lo so o ut {'J\.' ( 0. iFFi: 3 5a s lr ngp) to eo oui oI l: a reSr) ro Ao ou i o l rJ'h, on I a 3" d"m odd) a ! , z ir J . 0 "r dr inJ {o c d 5 J '" ) l ro Eo o r0r (a h ods Fer . ) t ro to orcr a s!" ah ( d r pf d"a. i r PpFr r n 'u v r n r 4 p l ,o so ore r {d d\ ) 10 |P Fr Pm y ( a r r P' a a I n a m l r o eo ltro trlb d Dr r ' i ' a- ) i I naPr , l, ni / dd i r Jl t o l u l l d r,. t r " r a , a 's u r o . d ( o *t e m o n i e i; ?; ih;;;-"r iu' c ; ; nonv ' . er " ) r \ "; ula o bD' dlir to ;o lh.o ulh d pi ' " ( lo g! urd er rJd ' I d r s ' uluadd u. dP' 5dP d l , . ! i\ \ 6 t a s " ! o t \ r i u v r d / t t s 'u r v a l r o s, $ilt,1 e-. to in ritb ou t {: , ' ! e lils i dF)
otc l
S 2400
To look:
lo looft ot {: a prili) (: i s uita lm jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai sindi lnajnt' io i"'r, dc a d ecide ) 'lo'ut -i lo rooi slter somcnody {: a ]rrivi tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns'iji de, a avea (rii.L dr finerJ) _ to /,oA lor (: r c iulal to rooi h (;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a) a , r y m r i) a . \ i- r nt . lo /oo i in ld I a. : i r : di I o, h: i ( d " p e o ' a " l ' F l ' ) ro /,o l o tl (2 look Fl' . i to loo L o ! ( a . on\ r ' 1er a) to ?ool on iadv.) (: a asista la) to aoot out (adv.l I: ! ti atcnt. a nrga de saml) F pr iv i lpF l d r e d s r r n p l ' l ro lo ,{ o ul o t ,J s , ndo$ "1. . I
0 rizira (o casr'tc ): a exon'ina; pe irievacu prilirea, i; ;;;i ;;;" a: a nesura
to /,,ft llrou sh . J lr ir i 0. , Pf lnl a gt iJ a d; 3 n8! ii dP. 3 s u l t a r 'g }p 8 : 3 s ' b : 2 1 'rp P . I.o /,Dl to {. a u\ Pa 'r n e \ a : I rne va l aD eta rr -"'--l,ir,il .ri (adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a'ti ridica ochii de ]re o carlc etc i a ceula' io'tool up (a $'ord, an address) ('rdv') t: in cartea de lelelon eic.)l lo loon trlon (: i considera) a crura (un cnrint ln diclionar' o ad}.sa
s 24.01
PREPOZITII $I AD\ERBE OTIONI\{E UZUAT,E
,{l arate stareape loc (S 2403,2424). Io arata direclia(\ 2423). . 4 ll' 2 4 1 2 t intr-uolo. r$ 2 4 0 9 2 sru mis.drer /, a r sla slsfFa - 0 -2 -. 4 1 1 ) a S 241 inaunlru sdu lra n ' t n rm" re{ /r ,. a r - li Ji'p.!id dinalsrd $ 2402
Ile lalsh.d rt'ort il. She ](rkcd ltout ler. (Sa uit ar hj' r r . ) Ilob has snoken: Nc1l. e,la, ilort /o!? {tsob a vorlit. Xi }ine, tu ce laci?) Come tomorrow rlrout this lincl (Vino niine can pe lr ora asta.) They rowcd rl,out ttu loê. ABOLTT He ilts .bont ro sp.dft. lEra pc luncrul da a vo.bj.) Hare you any moDct slout You? He had about 2,000 books. (Adv.l {nvea v.eo 2 000 de ce4i.) It .aDe sDort in rhis waY... (Adv l {S-a lDilnllal. astlel...) 'l hev took Lltrta dou slout. (Ad' l (F e i " !u de sedni [ i ]retnal i l ., Ltennnl
PREPozltrr 5r svEREE
497
At' urmatede prepoziliotl: Vcfte si adicctite rorrdr'ro rnoira rosrurcbr' ro sdze d"rislrr"d .urpri"'d. tol' . ^ ",-', :".:. rLlartr. $onoPr -io o t hro$' at'o " it'""t'o s' l: i;T;r: il'i;i11"1;i;i;i cu prepozilia at: Localinni &tuerbiale st a timc not 't all' rl lrascni'ri arr time'one st the same st once, "r,"Ji, "ri"",,
et puy a loss' si l'he iop nt the centrc' sl night, rt sea, st war, rt
s 2'1oB
E x e m Ple :
\r'. do,,Pd st Y..1" la fnrt l lN; ;ni;!Ijt 3 ' l. . -, : : " ,::-:" in a s na' k s r a s na"h b ' t -p
l snstaietmpreunA
ljJlilLSii;";';r"'t'
u" b "1 rubso
I rln st 4 losr whai to do (Nu ilin .e sa lac.) She is good !l .h'r booLs Therc is a house3t ,ti" Dd'A lXsle o casein slate l
I leei m F 3t rh e s'dlro nr (la. ma dc la ga reil
BtrT \ : B conj ) erceqlia ipre! ' o"' but ros' sas He ) lEro nennltim!l
s 2{04
d,",","it';""."" u.t r"' t ''"rt'ri r." )''rl{^1"":, Io s i a l u ro ru rtr'

LI r r u/ dr ' : n _ a r I . anr or b u t s rn g l o r j o ] { u o n r' r ( l\ u lot s ;i n u t l n i d e n u ' u rrEl ( adv ):
2) :
unai
r s{wbutotu {l""iT,: lfJ"Jii''";"rwo,

3l : rdre sn nrt (pron relati{ negativ) rl'er ;l n" .n' rur kno$: o l'" dihnrprnpn''
4) : ddr (conj). You askcdrne io comc'but I conldn'1" BI agent) complemenlul.de (precedn nv It sas $ritten W '{rrt'' instrutnertal): (comptcmcnf prczent) 2) (cu un partioipiu I I'r'r 5nr won g^'d m:'rlrs bt 'rcllirp I r" r"r i "i|i,,r nor" b InF I I' rrn 'rr' I t r s dat r E1) :.le
I e\trr\r'L m \ s Flf , , Sl' nnr n0 Lu i rrn ' .a r t i' r t ar P '
$ 2405
ilii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica! *,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iif
493
MORFOLOGIA
PRIPOZTTTA
3) : lirydl
l\e Eatbr tle fire. Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdughher mistodune. 4) : dnpd, \1trat time is iL hI 1/ob eatch? I couldlcll nho he is Dx r/d fti.'lls he hns. ir "r/ ( u ru.1 d. In '.L"il: I am lallcr i.hanhe br a /oort To buY llour h! thcpauu1.1 To die lrJ tEnlg| - a sc slinrtc(: a nuri) cu nrc-"t!ll. (compl. circ. de tinp): 6) :?e la (aproxi'nali) I shall bc ba.h bI nine,tl,a^. 7) : ca. pe. trtn (cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie Ia nediul prin care se c6litorette): ;i to travel {of go)ty trair, bI car,[r ]ard, bJ sea,ItI air, etc a) - pe linSd.l
She aent lty me $'ilhout a looL.
9) : pe acola (aiv.). Sle rr.n, hY liumnins {n air. \taJsor,w|erc [I i: prin ntropiere). Thencx'sriidium ',dr l0) idiotuatic. How did vou .oe iJ this money? (Cun ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
Or p Dt oa. I ney g o ' u p d D dl " ft l h e L a l l . (l nul . ll unul s .a u r.u l a t ri d L p d r;s .r .d l r I I lived by rylert (Triiam sinsur.) ol r ll lhp r . r r ' qsp s, a s rfo r l h " p a rr o t Op h F l ,r s h" $ 1sLr /,- rLp moJ tou.Ii ng. Dinlr a lodlp d { ri l F l e d i s ' ri d u i l " In i o l L l O hl i " i . Fa ! to5l cu mul r cea mD i T o! ioDs nt J . ' '
$ 910ri
roR for: Verbe urmate de prepazilia

1) : pentru, del
Write this lor turt ,truI I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.ad. It?tots that thitrs lor! The exhibils are lor rtld. Tortoise*hell is h.d for maki4g combs. Thc World Council tor Pddsc.
io e{chan8e.to leave, to lona, to to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate, look, io scnd, to set out, to siart, to ,ait.
2) : d,attuprepozitional:
Uary sent this book fo. nc. d r o d s u re d l ri rl l " rp ' loot . paund ii ' //L -u n i rrr, ze Dt lnd un inlpr F slivre s op e n i ru .rtri o rr. v" zi g I3!i ' , roruri pre-
PREPozqrI tr -{DvrEBx o
400
3) : ld (dstina!i):
He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins. {c lli.Jt lr raii a s t . lz , d, m iir ' pat a. ) Ate !o! llt Buchorcst! {Mergli la Bucrregti?)
refe tor la tinry i distanld(: de sau netradus):

He \sas iD lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs. Slte had becn lrcpadng Lo eran lor /er7rs. I }Jvpr'. .q n Jorr lor 4 /,,g ':trllor o1ps. Eo r pt le( ar uu d, s!.o ' l d r' l 5 r' r l r' .
-)) : in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):

She wrs a good childr, lor aU her lit e nichs. Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed }inscll io nc. ror a,l yor sdy, ve ieel snreth-Are $ill be an improvenent in llris conducl. de, din c(Mza (introduc un compl. circ. de cauzd): She sa5 repling ro. jog Thc Litlle g!l Louldn'l see Io. rEes, \Ve couldn'r go io slccp lor laqnizs. He cnn't sleeplor ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows. dr' pt. .o fiind I I look lim tor o drc,o.. He was conter tud tE a thief. {zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I Splendi.l lor yn! On, lo. a slass ol ilt1er! 9) cn Dn compaxatit,i "Do you fel anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?" "Oh no. I am tu ao.ra lor it." It was a.harye ror lftd &e|lo lsa|r ne ao*L
6) :
i I
8) dupe o tnterJ crlie:
(san prcnutne)+ infinitio (ac. cu inf. $ 1674).: l0l + substantie

Th P r p$as no t oj l o t An n to p l o u \.th fi is impossjble iot het r' so'rh.ie. It Fas quite plain IE eleryotu to see. js (not) lor hin ro de.ide. It Ior n?r Dot to aor.t hard now, beloreihe e{ams,s'outd be a mistake. r l) , t l o r ( : dac { n ar l i i a a n -a r fi Io s t): ]}ut tor n,. {saunereil lol lor her)Be shotrldhaye prelerred tle seasid12) : (cit) desprel tor ntn, h chos. to becomea stulrt man (: cascador). -4s ,.1 tor r / r dl, $" ll ' a l k a b o u l i l ,d r" ., You may see ior youroeil{: siDgrr). For mysetf,tor ms ptt (: lni.ucit m'-i]r.ivestcl.
13 i(l i o ma ti c I lor insianc lor ihis purpose e'ord tor ''ord

I : trn copil dlninla.
: cuvinl cu cuYint)
500
MONFOLOGIA
_ PREPOZTTh
s 2407
FRO}I
Vobe gi ad.jectitcurmatc de prepozilia fiom: to Inu, to guard' to dividc,to escape' to ileter:to ilie (lrom a wound),to diUe.r, to sulfer;freel'om' to.ecove., to part,.to pr;vent,t; proteci, Enemple. 1) (provnienle): de la: I soLa letler hom ntm. Tl; \'ind blcw hom rtu ,tcs,. : din: ilom I am talkins ".Feriezaa. the jug SherDr.sd-waterhon : d.apd.: lrom the natureol his occupahon Hc vas callcdJaok.olall-trades
s 2108
2) fron... to (: de 1a... la)'g: Ile walkedlrom the doorto the rindo\t. trom oneto lillY They counled 3) : inlpotrteai The veil ,rck.r.l I'er lrod ihe sun 4) timp I Enn that titue sh slolPed writitrg
ThpJ q"r; ra/" trem inqui5i':vF p,$"6_bJ
I'rom hod oD $'e will do oLlt besL to catch up with the othe|s.
s 2{}9
IN L) - in, I a; c u : Tho.e is sine ln my 8lass. She liYes h BrcharestTheY a.riYed in Bucharesl4ln a pai. ol t.ousemand a shirl lle ;as dressed 2) (cu obicte de studiu) : de: a lessonir Etrglish,ir malhemalics,etc. a lecturer h PhYsics 3) : J a ( o un i i ' e rs i b a te e tc .): ol Englishin the Uriversily oi Leeds: a professor
pdr)l (,n li: ,Ti:l-#r,:."1":iii^"1tf;lffl ocrrale race hai. ;"fi'"T:lts ra,ii

3 1F,i .i I ri:lJ . L ni!r;s;lrr: r oid. ' 1 ir ls ^: r J ia a' "gor " r p d D a 'A 'l r rcdb "; Aurt-\:! , , s o . . / / r "r , r r r - ir ' 4i d 'o l d g . o n r p J r d r r v r e 'b n l p . c u p r c ', rtr vpsqrero alrtxl i4 ri-L(r -r'ir.'1r idL dd "l : n. J f dm il) apdnnJ . dpun4r "dli <r r d n d ; L o n d r d'o r ln ,l rr a s L p c o n r u m a ' I ni\ "r",.1 ,d ir u \l, , t d. C- n, br idg . I ( inr \ l J l"; " 'u nisri. si aonst.riie din pintri. ' , re
Ansr,a I )#. u',,1i1'u;,",,' .n \\ pJ Ridins Lrd,d,rl, ."'i'd ur\ ori,hi r JJ kJ,4,
PRIPOZITII
9T ADVERBE O
60r
4l idionatic:
T ii"T:1""1 ) 1"" tf i;'.'!"lfe m e) , i tr r im er ( : r a"1't

(i-'i"L1llit"r liil'lii* ll tilli he ev ening(= ' s e a ra r' ,
ln l o t he s t r eei l: P e s tra o rr ln tle skv i: l'' +rl
il li,'l'"$llEl;,:'lffi;i x'i''
Sh e F itr. tE rr as r ) iAdv l
"' it l['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'
'
Illro
1i""'"' ; ":::"i1""i:: ll i*;'ll,'''::l*r r I \dL in srr'l l" l' rr'"-il,i^ rr'*"t

s 2{10
l'crbc urmarede Pr'lotilid inlol pour, io s!a!e. to translate. to tu'n 10 ililide to impo't' to make ro to change, conc'et)z: Fdril prepot;liet Lo e|\ter (sens
ijii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r" ii."l,lil,lf ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'* "*"'

tN. lNTo
s 2'll
i["**.'* 11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$ '",".*.

ifl:"9lil 1"";i;;il
T he h ou se qd s ln 5r g' I . . '
gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl i;:i:,'"iH!!",#:'a"^",,,.
rT;;*' ffll'],fi"*,:T
IN. OUT ra d v )' 0 u l {d dt . ) eql. c nnr r a rrrrl .l u i .i n l n ro ' l u r P s t e c ont r arru l o t t)u t
f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"
*' if:'fiii'."1il"%'rtr T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"

i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
s t11?
;ll)-'!J"illi'i'"'; ' -u ' 'o' :,i'J,"iili";",,l"i"Tii "'l'L' 'il,'"' ill;,; '""'""' .'""#' :flT'"i^'1,*il""
-
: '"t '1"1,:"$,*:niA ,u s:l;^d-b:,1.r:. i.;,:î,:;:;,:i.i:';:L:i.r ei e'r i*o ren4'n'
,;." ," A" ',r.. * "
o/ rln? - i sosi mrlt t'ne - li\ la ora hotirriinl ro Dai' I/?'tv d
inro6'!;r's iu'o
-*"yr22!;ili{',itii\
502 2,113
trronfoL{)ciA
!REPozrTI^
o!' lerbe, adjutitc .fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr

ro I iible.i d r 'oi'a .i . o co n. is lr , l, ' dip. oI lg, or ", nJ , r o - p " d l t . l o b u i p a . o l r r " u"- ir 'u . . , 'd p l 'p n d n l . n i l i r i o k. b r;"1 r, lo \ iar n' , apiL' : . , ir px l, 'u " 'p tossessed ol; in sFar.h ol, !tc.
l) geniti! prepa:iliona| (9 2E1): nod sas ajar. Tne door ol r.hc

She is llle $iic ol ( do.rol.
2) ld dale (precedn numele lunilor):

Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet. On the first ot ,ne non,ft. 3) - din par te a (d u p l a d j o c ti v e ): It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com. I lnw. f , , , ol h i m! 4r dp t dup a a d j , c .i v " r: to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto de elemente componnte, sau referi5) : de, m (cu nume de materii' 1a etc.): toare con-tinut, ' 0ihello had a .apc ol gold on. It sas a box ot car.lboord. It all came down like a house ol '4.dr. ! clve ne t rtp or @ffee I le, ey esu. i /,l l o I i c a B . His glasswas f"rl ol sheny.
6):tn
(dupnii uri acadmice):
Bachclor ol Aris.' Na6ie. ol Science.. Doctor ol i[edicitreI hJ d r n opt url u n ' rl o l k l l tg ' :m n y mi n d . He Ras a m an o l s ' rrz . (a i tu i i ) ot s upp fr, th p t h i d n ,g h l e a .7 - r , s / ?dd 8) : de la (provenientd): I }orowed a few shillings oI /,tn"Ol all chemisk." 1:,,La toale famaciil".1
9) - dintrc,
He }ocame one of l,? re6rul'f erening srLddnrs. l'he tallest of d ,o"s is mv son. the, nr atl qonen, io bchire ir such a rvryl
1/. .o,6,sr or a corsla dini ,o .onsis,in = a corsi,r b. 3 Vezi { 2a196. - c " t o. ' t r: o ra l a s g si nsl . r' o r l-ezi si q" p' ir(2! I t.,{- til'ru uriviNitar ccl,iralcnt c! Zi.czltd, tz /iLerc(: Racltetor of Atts) 6M . S c . ( l[ as t e t.fSc i e i c e )a l d o i ]e a q ra d trn i vcN i tarl duri l ?.s.,i nA ryl i a.este larn cohirtdeni in arte tliri. D. ii1t. llai. Daotor Littafim) : Dottot af Luctatute,(orcs' Dundr mai d-"$abn titlulrd de ,ocrz, din celelalh inri. ' t h' Lht ; dmi a,i . at /p r| n /m .s .i .o m p ' ro a d i n p ' )r;.u_n" .ra;. 1.r' 1r,.7i .dul ' ir' .,n dhm i id, I nlod" l d m d t' d ,: a d n l In j tru -n4 mA -' orrsr' r' ni n ' ahrp arI' ne ' d ti d e. iinA s i de c e a i .
PREPoZTT! Fr svERB!
50,
70) pcntrr accentnarel ?rd rnr.col &r went bJ bus.

tome aa, aU ot !/ou!
11) idionaticl
What lias bcconie ol l.rl Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli. S]rc is ol no a..olz', Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n. Il \'as oi nD t,?,r, \\'hat do you_do ol d.\u :tala 'li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.
OTF I) dcpdttart (ddr.): IL is a lang 0a! olI. The rilligc js tt\. rLiles .r\1. 2) despdtlirel He c/, olt d sample. (-{dY.i She to.e olt the rase. (-{dr.l. The leaves /dit olI the tfees ?'dfteolt your hatl {Adr.l She tool. oll her coat. {r.d! ) Here is rour orange - tahc on ihe peell (Adv.) 3) : olt his loots. {Idr.) lle putte'1. lou nustn't. Lo^ oll tour book. I sro,i the mrtr oll. (Adv.) I ftno./i.dhim oIl his chair. ,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.) ?'L.n oit tlie waaer. ttie radio, the T v l (Ad r.)
s 2{14
aic i ): a (Nl, y ( : de o l t tn c r .rn I (tda.) The lhief nadd otl. (-\dv.) lPlec.rrli In gorM tuaF.) o{otul a luslt.) T | o k n " " o i li " d ol l J " l ' i ' L" n (\df) Ap o tf: O t l $; lr lû { \ d r ) rl l :L l r.i ,' ,u n pui .) r Pl , "a Ll" di. i E di. I r l" ." r" lI! son .dptcd ot sere.al ldzes. {-\dv.) ([iul meu a luaL mai mu]te Pen'ii l
4) diecrsel Iz@e ofl talkitrgl (-q.dv. ) (Taci, nu mai aorbi l) Th p q u n $ould nol s o od d n d l h a h d ,e fa n a w a .r'(A { \' {Puic; nu s luat loa ei Lelurera fugit.l !!e play is oll. (Ad{.) n u 3e oat loac a .i It-re sa To be lAdv.) '.J]'orl. dare de nlnd.) {A fi cu
oN.uPoN
prin .arc pos'p fi lnlo.uil d utron' cu prppozili PreDoziti& on p"tc sinor'ima 6aip. Al.s.r"a uneia sau 6 cPlcil;llc esta diclate in anroine ioate acccDtiiie ,1. eirfoni""au de uzenia. upon tiindforma maj rara. lnrrPbuin!alamoi alps ln limba scrisd9i tn anunrit. .onsrru.Liiidiomati'p. In 'arP FstFlorma 'onsacratd qi de neinlocuit: uloo.mv word! dnce ur;or a tilne-.. (: a tost odati . ) Prpoziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe): out lor i.hvaseon the she[a stoolandraohed Shegot trPon
1 a am of agc : a deveni mnjo.(a). ,Ve zi p a g. 505, not a 1 .
5 241;
604 I'trfu
noR.olocrA nr ttttt: d. Pr(P,rrtlt1 ortl
PRtFozITr^
to q cr. oidl ,
t ol| \ p. ' o n " p \ a i | : . U ( i i ' : ' | ' , | | j } ' ' | ' i' | o n 5 o n "| ""l' ' '
'
n l rr' r' nutr' l
lo i_
ul ns,'
on his suocAtsilo oarN otr lrdv ) a h{dc H os 11 1o | 8q l i .. o n s l l o ' t e l ' ' h r I \d \ 1 \V l' al is A t inq on i n l rrP ? 1 \' 1 \ I
t ) : pe :
There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt. Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial
ro: 2) : (a se tmbrnca)
Shc !2, on her sto.kinss. sho.s. (gi-a lus ciorapij, prntolii, lil,'Lria rlc l She tled on hr dress.(^dr'l (Di a Incercat rocl'ia ) oL his bell.. (idv ) lte buckl.ed. i$i. a ln. heiat c o rd o n u l .)
The l.rce nds nd icaYes ( hm nl nn ale I Nnz . l .Pzll on ]'our soilts: (-\dv.i Shts iad a r.d l.och on. (-\dv ) f^vea (!e ei) o rochie roiie.l tlrc Fore flbber solcd sneakers on tur i(Itr) lurt.r lenisj ir !i.ioarP.l
3) Ld d.ale. l r nll! t nir d' lav ll F r" i i u rn d l n l o \.. , \ lr ' iJ / i " iu' rn ^ i . l d o r1 : r' i was lolr on t l i e tl l h o l S e p l .e ml s " p te -l " i 6 t i lr - " i, - *s iJ t ilt o n : r \ av m or n i n s ' I nl_. c i. in, in " ' i . l e n d ,
. I a 'r o f r zi
l | Ir" r' a horrdrJ on l r' 5ddl r\l J r l i n | 5" ' " ' /;r ' i rri {a' ' I l c l t tl re tow rr oD mv farl P r' s{ \m r l rasi i orri dl l asosi P at' ttl di nr!) o o i ' rorm\ n' erI i i nl " u odrrp L ' rLnoasrl 0 n nr\ bi rl h l dJ
l a /"r'' In'i ' P na' prol
on Uut daY (: In z i u a { c e e a )
0 hs er adlie S lr F d" ^. pbif " ' 1 " l i " ' rb o ro m;n d u n d F srrb' rJrrri !pl - ' ' * i " " " ' " ' :' rn Dl rl i ilp z il. i nu s i n l i n q F n F r" p r^ ' P4 J l e ' l F pr-| ozr(' r ' i nd 6rau stnLrur' a a z d i rr no' l rl urmi l orr: pr F fn T ;l i i l a ' . i n rr;b rri n .i 'n b " " ngl. z r 3t. ' -: l d ,P n a ' a trE i n ila Prrl / o xi a
' l, lt J-a miJ/ ' la cr'ma iul zile i ln amurs in ' t P olLt t aoa ! nuheoe ne :n t day br ah : nAhtatl Î r t ar rrr "r a u l ro!!ii \ {t r = in riP r '1 r r s n r ' r lL n r r r n g " trq
.\ 94tB
on: subsLantiYe de un atribut, aceleagi Preodate frimesc insi prcpoztlta

on o /t8 mordng on a s,a?'v nj.sLt on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ on o sLnnr-cYoun8
I vlzi $ :q ilt. a r, rre,ail asatnst oror : a jlling.i " to preiuil on - a corviige; /o //.'dll f.zista . d ,; "PlJ lot t) t,a :t soa t Pbat t nIro l n l " o l n 'r n '; l r _ .L orrl rnh nt n, , / i r o1r lpdr i lir nodr oa"na: jlr '1 1 '/ r i no, pt, o" riru. " 1 "; llaou" l' J ln , r n' bn Fnll 7 r i l r , p \ P o t t r : o '" d n ! o r " n a r n t n E '
l,lminiror) """ "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';"" r'!crc$rde..cnr',s duri aprin.rerca ts"am.
PREPOZITII
9I ADVEREE
;05
(nu se iraduce': 4) + un Cerunziu sau a/r sxDstanlit rlr' no is P I jum pPd oul ol b' d on t'o rrr I;' 's ' 1m" lis\" n,oie i;";,1-''i"h";it,rn 'o 5) : asupra' despre: tle sroke oo rl' sL'J'roI \ork'ng somen
{'o utrt lr"ol L,.r on i{ oo! Xftl on! (Adv ). ( \ d\ l
6) .a tinnare:
\rv ) il,,i, .i!ii""a on rhrr Pds:age: '

\u lr $or l:
7) erprimn o at:lianetn cursr "
T h e Dlir rs 6till oo' ( Ad\ _ ) oo' ( AdL) 11 ,. L is}ls In r h" ilinit r g t oom { Ad! i,. i,." i- "r r\d\') i'"'i,,i, i," - t" tit' In d] bPJroom . s ,r/.1{ o D t}c lig l' t l ( AdL ) lo wall
8\ idiamatic:
nn h,o t , d m" r g", pi' ior l I
'u t';,i.;.'1il'+;. arLh l l';"1'"",lT,l i*'' c6a li ir:ll
$ ; i "l ^ ' i l . [ . h
i l T i r,
d o rrd ,'p d 'par dr r addr um uLui'
ili'lXllj':'"'"' i" d"bambru 31 on t h. ' , ' nr r ar J (: d rm p o rr' v rl ":'li:"' il"inl,",1u, :iltl:,;il.. ;l l;:llil,
ah "rr'i.jhr \\4t ' \ ' t) Mother('as out'' ". dr'!r indn'Pr' OUI {lrDvERF)
'"",,,
s 241?
l]!am3 n r tra a rrsN l r nlpr ' lf I u, rl otr( sh pn | .d $ I ' inr
In oddiP ) ie-"i'i"ii-, i";i r',. tlzur irrrnnd yest'r'l out II\ buok is out: it 'd'4 'v (L a rl c a nF a d r pr r ut re Di
r oom '
s .. 2) L a n e s6" d, . t ud out in a l r d i fc .ti r,n ro " " ' ri rF ri i r" l Ju s e , l; ldr r i i ;;i ;': ; ; 'n ' 1 n ' i ri ilie oui 3) Blo, ' (Stingc lumlnareal) 'andle!" lishtrl Pr, out the (Slinge hrmjnal) _ " The lishts ,efe our'(L rm ir ' ile er au s t r G Fi ? ,rr odl t he lig} f s l . ? ,fn out t he S r s lt r cr t he I is h tl Th e liE l' 1s 'fl
-r.^",,,'"r...'',r,,'".,1ri':l'lt."tl,ll,,.i{ril:;,,J"i,f:'it,:'.."(:
" tt ) in"","'.r,'., . , " r ueis o{ t " { E i n o ' a 5 )c n :" s h e i s o ' n t' ' t"at )" t si g !1{1 $i { 2'116. ",i di n i E l l ccal e E pl ecaG
SOIi
MOBFOLOCIA _ PFNPOZITIA
nu, out this senien.ci (Sierse cu snma a.casiir irazill C.oss out thai linel (Taie rindd acel.l) llv coat is dor" out. { Hant anli- e u z a ti .) I am iol, otrt. ( S lnt epui z a i .) 4) fi'.i|e otr tlis dictaliorl {T.ansoie aceasie dictare!) I can't nale out 1l,is $'ord. (Nu pot deslufifn!01.'sca.rcsl cnvnt., .Spanout! t\iorbeFte {cu !oce) larell ( B agr ide se a ml l F i i r1 e trt])
S 9{18 1i - (afard) din.
our o}'
He rtlrl otrl ol tE loes.lletrls .te dug ott or the eatlh. IIis violin has got out ol lune
2) : de' dtn: She agrccdto it out ol ntad,dss 3) -' dintre: I .hosc i{o piolu.csont ot r'rdnrv. ol llli Verbs urnai de prepozi-tia!i particula ailverbiali ove|: bloNoter,gile orcr (- giv. upl. took orer,eic
T , r " . df f J g! s .,q 6 1 ..,r'o rp r n ! r' n ro " m . (. \dI I ( T r a' ur a .i s l u l r' ' l i l " i rrl u l l I ' "1 I hail Do more ritien.e: I s4t. orer waiting io. her. (-Adv) (Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-) /ro& orer your lesson againl ( Relc z i' t i lec l i a l ) l) . dP o' ' t pt t). o .u P t.r. P s t The ceilirg is orQr n! haul IIe jDmPed orcr ,nd ldln m at nn l t d e ' ? 6 r, (o c i fre ): Th old woDan lras ore. s'dnr? There were orer ,(, lizad.ddleople in the lall' ternti al: The ,lav tus oter. ('\dv.l lly prtiace wiiir her tr orer. (-q.dv.) 4) : inr:oact, incolo: Won't 10ll corrc orcr 10 sec ihe Bi.az dam? {Adv ) Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc (."idv)
S 2119
onlJ bX p!j: : Nas established tsecutoren's seF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcs 2) :
3) :
PREPozrTn onor Fr ADVERUE TEBOUGH Lhe look4d tltrorgh lsau oft ol) th. îular. (Prn,i !e iercasrrtl.) ,lljcy tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/!ine. (Cilelori.a la 1rr'!.) l,o trarel lhrougLtu air (- a cn]{lori IE o{l-aa {eruhi.) I eol ,..,i 1 ! l l ro u s h n ,1 \ , ^ ([1i rn terminat uqo. lucrul.) Hc . dd d l r,e b o o k tl tl o u s l r.(Ad v .r (Citi ca.t.a de la incetut llnir la sliriit. ) He carne,,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.) {A lenit ud dc llo.ie linil la piclc.) I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.) (-{m sri.iil 0u ace{sta.) I am throdgh with Xou. (-{dr.l (-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.) TIIROUCE, AUB,OSS qdD, Hc scros t|e ro,rd to th! housc oDpositc. ,, so ocros (adv.) {- a imveNr) ThcJ rowed s.ross /ll. la^? ald walkcd throush tl,e /,8s,. (adr.) {: r t.rvers,1 rlsliDdi
60i
s 2190
5 2{21
f I I t
{cro$ {: pestel throuql (- prin)
TO' s 9122 yerlre ti (djectiee urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcLto| to adupt, to agr!c'.to.ttach. to belond, l.olind. io c.irpare!. l.o.omert,to conto gd, to hrst{, to list,n. lo objcct.to pal alr.eDlion, trast. io orrespood,to fasl.etr.
pr . 1, , l n p ,, i . lu !, t.r. ro r,.,n il . l. r.l.r ' or . I $r' l n dd.qu' l .b \rr. i, all, . i"bl . i- l r,r.Jk, ro i,, o lurn, to .p,lro,.Drp ior
E z e m ple : 1) :la (direclie. cu verbede mi;eare):

\fe drove to 1oNn. Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he larn. 2) fn n ... to (: de la ... 1 a )3 : s h, r i d l , I I..tu r. tro tu ,, \p , to rrhl I Ii mD t l' , s ' ro h u l d r' i r' 5 l ro D In J - l ' ,.,.p l o \uure. (Dbtstllll Giv ii. to Ken.' A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, mmofyol the loel.
s 2423
3) daril prepozilional: 4) :c" (dupn un adjectiv):

Be ttnd to her! He ts o?e, to everybod]'. l ve 7 i si { : 101. " io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a person. 'tobetongro - aalarlinej to belong ttr: aface parte din ("th lile lh wire lel o D s 'd i - ). ($ 23lijl. r l czi 6 t 396 5 cu ... p . bld, o nlqLur . k a d i .F \e .,o l l ^ l L e a .o /' t" o o t.o/\al i ousi nt" rl retd i onr .\Fzi Fi q 2408 1 r.a lkenl didinutiv mascnlin de la ,tzn.,n t kenrol.
608
MoBlorocr^-
PRlPozlTD
-r) : sye. (lupij (precedn un substantrv):

Lil. ' r - s a' T o 4 s , . p/ r ' ' ShF lans lo , . r ' ' r ' lo' ! "
I nab l " l o
'n 'q e r
him
ins,r,' ',\. p. 'ur' iooL ii-i" i,,;i t.i- i. ,' i,ishry 6) : drrrit ( uzicn ft ):
TheY dan'l t r et ald to l/F nrst' 'i the or'hesl'a
?r ltrati ld:rli,r (jndiiind d;rectial:

ip: t o 8:) idioi atici Sne wis tuen.hcn to tn -sit' 1A Iost u dili Pin e lr Pr c lel l{e $as bn.nt to //Pnrn {A n ,urit d in P.i c ina u6ur r lor l It Nas to uo otd,,. (\ ascrail lu nitnnr') Bdb r crieJ itse lL lo . / c PP (Co p,ld t!l d t'lin s pin; r ador n' r t l
, t " , ' ^r ot Engl 'q d
to a n$ lil. She QoAd Sc dtiette lr o vial.i nour'J ^ S h J l l I tul ,r 1,,n to \ome sorrP l i i .a l c s rrvF6lc! P ul i ni sxpsrl I l.old i,er to ncr t{ai (i-an spus iD laie ) ?aa io one shc {ill come. (rle prind .i !. !qu.)
Fiird prP'pozLltel
,, kl, soneboilX a sio.Y,
Hrp.ri dltfod.li,q to bl
h io I pr" i^n' ar Iudt'rnd' li ii"i;,i,i,oi,::"11., r'rd" rpl
s 2421
Inaintea subsianiivului honre,prepozigiato

io P.,le
u cste c-tprrnaia:
lome
Lt se menline tnsi:
s 2426
l) : (in) susl
ul'
. sii,:.:L:li' #,ir ;:if i,'nu,,, l l e ro \c d u l ' ,n ? .n l

Iri .rPrn " h'| 0 ' P/" " ' ]_
i,lj,i#
s,"
l"a- ." In' ' rN d "iri"s (\'rL' ir,, i",i'a'lHilifi;"'"'"' "phls Fir s lAr lv I E. lilc d u!
t i4d dI lr r gld' s { \ ' l\ ' r
) .o/, upto o , ri,,!cs 1Ldv
2) erprimd aProPicrel
( A d \ '1 I * ollPd r t t lo lP boolir c of l' " n l r d l 'p l 1 'r ! Tl" ( "_J ' ; t " ut ' or h"m r in
3J :
ciilre oru." &pitald, ll LrersLtatcl

I I n' go ng nP o r c ' ' a ( \ ' l\ I r ^, o". \ ^". :*, " , , ! Shp s . nL r p "
"Jpl'r"l',,u""'',', :!'Jl.lr"""i'.i
s t oqe arl..) srdrs, u p lth e) hilt . t P ( t het
In s.!..mb,f..\J\,
up ,, *," p,'pozirip ; r',i':.,j;i:l"uiTilli:: 'Ji:;f":' :;,ii"",';!,);'':"li,i?1"'
PREPozrTrl ir 3\DvtRB!
toc
a) + s,dl) - (.tnosciitor, verya\ bin. prcrdtit, IIe is r'.ll up in English.(-\d! ) -r) : ter/ninat, canpleL totul, dc tatl is rP! (\dv I Timei5 up!EaerYlhing s ' rr'i Tulul a li dl: F: ora d ln , |id' Pl
lord ' ' 'l h e sanc , s w! {\ v ) e d dA' olFr i' lol . l r\u ;ai " nin:^ .le'a .ul. ' u p, I','u l up. ir ' r ool r l( \ ' l\ l o d r' r , hup. lo 'l i jFr lgp' lr 1 lJ ilr . ' r r l"lul L r bardlrrl
1 r r 'r r n 'l
6) ,erbe + up:
t o get n p , tu st andt r l' .t o jr m l r u p (\' 1 I! I ( : a sc s,u l a . i s ! ddr e I n l rl ro ' re . a ' ro ,e I till lule (-{dv ) (: a s1a lin'u roalte.r) to ?i.n rp som.thing (Ad\'.) (: a ridica ceva cil2ut) I ad'. u o n ! li, k c t . ( \ d! l l { ,^; d a t b i l it ul . und! , t or r rl rri t o et,. u I l o r los r ( \ dv . ) a s oa n s ' rr 1: r rcn xn t ' la n irn obi.ct. soroi.indul Pierdul )
Pa, t x D r ou r t l , i i g " l ( \ , 1 1 ) { lm pa' i, ' t , ii ! . 1 ) n e d r f i l e ! s a D I'aceli vli baaaielc.) io ro,r u! plidl.s (Adv.) l.. a dezridl.ina lrlanle) t u dig up. ut o l r n P e a r l h r \ d v ) { , , at t s d i r I 'i L 'r i n t s i n i r 'd l l: . io s,t up tbe iirc {-\d! ) lo r"dl uP lAdv.) 1: a vortri llai tari,
7) .4 sc compara. I .2, mv turser. (u'an 1"diatia descl ) He cl, ut the meai intu snall rieces. l.{.lv ) (A leiar loatd carEa in bucitele mn:i ) I /iaad thc jt's {An u'nPlut .aDa ) I /lt c d uD m v s t . , ss { . td !.) 1 \i i an, Li, ot li, Lpa h d fu ll ' ,n a s n s) Horses/.ed on g.ass. lcaii se nr{ncs.i ctr iarbil l I an ftl uD $ith so nuch light ntusic (\dv ) (Snrt situl de atita muzic{ uioa ) Wc use coal io heat lhe rooms(Intreluinlem oirbunj pentro a lncnlzi odeile.) the coat in the cellar will be soon 6d uP, {]\dv ) -{11 (To1icirirnnii din pivnill vor Ii ln cudnd lsminrl,i.) I ate nread and lntter lo. heaktast. (-{n mhoat tline cu uni de dimineala ) I ard uD the b.cad on the table {Adv ) {-\rn nincat ioatn piin.a dc pe DasA.) 8) Dircftel
J \ qr i/ rFsl"Fliv I not ning I d p r o p d ) / \ 'r v l . Js irl' ro n p. ' , ! l . a""d lL' ilule o r 4 n r m 'L l \ o Y i I "p. 8( u D u 'n m p n"a. | - Lx ' 'J d adr ' " H " b turp t,, ,t I'a sL r $hpr l|dn, dr i bi" , r '' r r l \ 'l \ ) I' p l'a"6.p 1 \.\'n "r , , . 18/ , / t r p, \ Jv . ) , m "F" ld ur m . i | r b rcu ch t n p r,r- Fai , ' I rook a Dieoe oI clialk and \t.otc (: . lua) 1 r ipu", lp r \ ' lr . ) . t r oo i uu rn cin { I a 'o l " 'r a i l \ 'l v ' lic ma n; d InlslJk. , . 1= h" , oo' l, in' up ir J ' lJ ( ' (: J relinel I shqnt li., her Llrnq ) d. u"r inF T hp ru ,,l is lFp, up L' J pillaE I ' Ad\ - . 5hp ,Ppr ur' ,'tpe i, dn os I a I ' ; r r . J bhp .,tr !h.,o a, Lhr,ra"
610
MORTOLOCIA
PRIPOZITIT
S 2426 Ilo$n este oontruriul llri [p: Go un! lAdYI Uuslai,sr.
rIP. D 0 w :l
Go dorn! (-\dv.) Do{n$tairs.r It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.: I g o dom to cl l Lal j . (A dr.) d d urn trJi ,r (: , arc IIcar; dj n c.pi i rl )) Sit dosn! (-{dv.l L . s . dom (hom rl ' e uni vf* t)1 (JLj \ : r par,l si , rermi ni uni v.| sj tated; ' rni wsitaiea; a lleca ln vacanli (in fun.9ic 1o &e rdn, ilorn (- a Ii ermatdculatl
Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l!.dv.) Tale up your pencilsl (A'rr.l 1i. / ' uD th. bo okl {Adr . l
He \.;n rp .l,e h i L UP' r llr . un ih' riIPr to go n ! l! L.n dn n ( Aih. J an xD triin (: care nielge stle c.tilali) (A dj.) Stand nD! (-\dr.) r. so u ! h P, u dis a lJ _ { ' nr I - " -lo so du. lJ !n .41 5i b . , r lF\ a. ' i . l' . lpn' ; ( lun. { ic dc cua n.il e a, ein(cpe
iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel.. (-{dY.) Take ilosn what I sayl (-\dL. l ? L r i t dosn on youf d.sl tLl \dt.l
$ 2197
wrrH
AdjecLiye. substAntiye !i 1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
lo. om ndr ' ' . lo. o o p F p , l u o n i " . to L. '. l L .'rrr ls il[ . - im ' , r . ; pu Lopy. .o\ ir, vJi d,o .: ou r o||ll. r ol, J r r . . ,, 1, up. r o " +o n i . " . r o L 5 to sun ou nd . to to tc : a gI J ' , . oic er npd, Lant Hi, id e n t i c a l , p l r J s F d , \ i r i i , i i r r l . 5 . \ n o n J _ nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood. pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:
(: Jealiln dc ffis) i: ralid d ;paini) 'lhe dog Da.ftd with jol. (Ciinclc ldirir de bu(lrie.l
(: roru de NsiniL) $ild {ith harpiness (: neltn dt ie.icitur
'lhe laie rvas s'.er with Ure sceni ot acacia. l'tsea cra iDmiresmntil de tarlu,nul sdl.inilor I The decision licr/.cs/s sitl him-
(u hoft4te.) It is tooi,.g nitl .ain. (Pioui .u gileata.) colin is sraving siih fatler. {Colh sti la tata.) Hc hrs ,.e' nlth us llor) ten rears. lEste la noi de zecea;i.) She is r seoreiarym r a firm ol lawXr!. (EBiesefreiara la o lim[ de ayoca-ti.) I lelt a message lttth ihc porter. (-{n lnsat rorbd/un lrilct la tortar.) Lt l s t r r t p, l o q p o ' d d r' & I' i . fri " r' n " a r' n $ pnl l om4 !l a.o" .I' uP :)' pl .:,' t L, , l" s ; euF . ra rrf l " p rr" n i Iu \ru n u l u o tlit]J all ht cherfulness. sI. is a child at times dillicrlt to lar '? sith. (Cn toatl reseliaii. .ste un copil rieori 8ru do snfotrt ) r lez i Das .50 o . n o tn L r l. ! , o; " f u" t . , . L n t.u s p d o s tr./,J " .. d u $ n r,.r.dosD ,1.. !r." rl du.,, i , !r.fozilie: dosn f,n?) .i,ats,-dorn /d?., hi , tro\^ (1h.) ttuse. : V ez i E t 1t 2 - ,3 9 6 . - dc l j .tl : rr,.l e r l : .rs n s i n a t. u l n ar ' ,ililler , , , , / .i. s ; ' , t : r se d e o s e b i d ;ra n u fi d c ;rc o rd o i i di l l etorni :nnul i deacordcu) 6 part a thilg, /ron a person. -tn s,n/, a pe.son,a/ a thrtrg. 'angr-r
tl1
CONJUNCTIA
!
.. .. .. ... . DPI |ni 1 i ..... " Folmd ...... . . . . . EuocliP )i .lasifi.are aoajunct iile @odondtoMc
Co^jurcliib 6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc A l L e p;rli de lorb ife iu va loar F d. . onjun4r ip
242A
2129 2433 2434 24tr0 2151 2451 2458 2459 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466
. .. Conjun cl i aa , dv F r lu)r i pr pp o /i l i d ........ .i n C ' Cuvintele Cuv jnte l e d e lpgdt lpsdturd ur d u.inalp u. inarpd p ..to de dp .tomr mJ i in n .ine
Locul conjunctriei
CON'ANCTII TiU. U\til T hdt . . , .. .
!q 513 5!3 5r3 514 514 515 516 516 516 516 516 517 517 517 511
SPECIALD
CONJUNCTIA
(THE CONJ UNCTION)
1) Dotitrifie,- Conjuoclialeagadoun cuvi4te sau sintagne, cu aceeali S 2428 Iunctipsinta"thd. saudoudpropozilii dinlr.ofrazd. Con;un.!iila sinl inr ar aFather a'd molher are at home. lDoud cuyinte) T o bp or nor ro b " , th a t i s rh e q u a s ri o ntD . o uai ,n dqm" r S hpc am p, al c o u l d n o l s p om e . { D o u I o r6 o o zi ti i . I s houldb" ha p p y i / I c o u l d o D i ys p p kE n g l i sl irv" l l . (D ou, propo/i l i i l C o n j u n n f ia nu poalc u n i d e .i t p ro p o z i L i i rs re a u o l cs6l ura dF i dei i ' ,' re , er e. L \u se poat e s punel Father b at home dad I learn Englisli-
2) Fo.m5.- Conjuncliile pot, fi: a) s;mple (Sinple)l

alter, ad, as, bui., lse,il, till, wlicn, while, why, etc_ I hearrnd,you arc well again. \ Y e c am Pear l r s i r" ro u rs L p d u s .o . T o k noq , lP ; ro k p + s i tp D ri s . g i r[.
S 2129
L) compwe(Compoann) din doua sau mai multe pIrli de Yorbirescrise S 2430

however,notwitbstanding,othNvise, unle$, Shecannot siag in the choi. re.a&se she hl]s no voice ro speakoi. He was there, ,na,/ofe h could rc.ount, Io! om benefia,thc procedings at ihe No one could stand he., dlrn &gli she vas quiie pretl.y. c.) corelative .(Correlatiw), IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini S 2431 . r n t rodu sa p ropolr r ir 3au p a rrr c l e p ro l o z l l tc : if .,.,. . . . , , . . . . . . . . . .tl i e n ei th e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...o r boI . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d d ne i th e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...n o r not only , . . . . . . . . .btrt also w h e th r - . . . . . . . . . . ....o r
His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird. fh e oper d ii nol . , inlpr F6' in" a5 i' i s $ . Vo so ; r . hd ne lr lL t ndn I r f l' . . j ruDc.
Pl,'dr.r./, formate dnr dife, g 2432 . d) l,oculiunircnjun4ional" (Conjunctional rit e p; r l L d F vor b ir e "o . mbina " c,r .onju'r.tiisau , u " 1 , " p a rir J F \ o rb irF . lnireaga expresie avind yaloare dc r-onjunclie:
rcr us say
on that accounL that is why I was i11,,nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r. She laugheddr rno4sl,she didn,r care. nat/lare sau subordonatoar.
3) Futrctieti clasilicare. - Dupa funclia lor, conjuncliilepot ti coordo- S 2433
514
MoRloroc
coNruNcTr^
2434
caotdano.toat( d.)Co j nncliile t ut'jun t ut t ra lû pt rli 'l' !rup"/ili' I ;r aatdipot:n. la"ot.lu'ot' '", r. .0u ,o r"t" ' ri r'iLrr J rd dn,r . u d"Fl".i r^l -i ''" ' n. pot li: Conjunctiilecoordonatoare ' , ,,"!i',,' tt vp ,].',tr ',t t t'n tta'ir 1. 24Xi o t iupuiot,t, ' "nJ se adaugi o alta:
oro . la . r... t ur lli. ", {' r 'l , . r 'o l - ' l '" n nLl o-, d v , { ,lr l hol' I but too . etc. I Eol, nD od Nrlked .I1 ll; did not tro$, nenld' riotrl{l l,e gn.ss the rels!tr ol orrf atLil.tdr'
2'136
b) .1dt.fta1in ('Tdteftutit!:). cind expdtnn un contrasl:

l)ui, b rrt ltien . $hdc as , \ L} ilc , c t c \trrv is intellisent ,el lazY. onc ol the strtli;s $is oI miirtle rlicre{r the orlj.r \trs i $'od iarjjng
2+37
..) di*j nclirt: (Disiuncti.v), .ind tsalrirtrn o dlernatiri:

o.. clsp, o. elsc, olhdrise, eitl)r'' or ct.i Itun home .t ortc. clse Jon Nill lre lale EinLi lr\.\et o/ mol,lio Nill b. lfrc iomo.rotr
2438
d) condusirc (1u.1tit't.), ti:ld e\prini
o coneluzte:
hence,sor. so lhen:j thcn!. ihe.elorc. Ior llal, rcaso! on ll|at .lcordinglr, .onsequentl-v, accoxrt, rhrl, is \rhr. etc. I lorsot to reiurn thc mrsrzinc nare hs displ.asure Yo! afe nol rcad]': rh?" t'otr a.en t coDnn8? rrn" ; ' l - l i r,rrl s p rt" - l a " xl l i ' " r' rp b n rm a )..rn .l 24Jg ' t , " r Dt i. , ' t ir p tf
. _. h"' a. r ' . n' " 1 \ ur t d ro.'rp i as |-.un . iJ "l' l' 1. iibid D'". IIu,sdr."d' , s , l' . ' I etc. arumcr .rdicl). ":.4, D". at p I r , ' r I l" 8pl a d- Fr p . I do rk n .'rr r'r" n" oi) or ' " I t ouuJ \o ll I'd\.lo gr \ , i5 l " 'L 'r ''\ 'm n l " roc1\ '' r
f o r r r 'i l l
o I 'L l 'L
g)t-.onjanctiiL ile I u I' n r d o tt u I o a r ' 1o(a!i sau "or r:onjunctiins Phr.Ees ar Subor&ndting ) lag'l propozilitl lSuii,l;,ot, subordonatl de rcgnta ei'. Conjunctjile si toculiunile subordonatoaresini I a) tlc tinp (of 'l itle), cir,A iniroduc propoziliilc tenporalc: S 2441 A 2440 '
al r. r1 r ' .rl'. d5, lPlo- d, J ; r . l\ " r "\ "r ' | 1' 'n |.|i|nl.:|''h "|'mp as lo. g' ' oi. "oo' ' 1. |L' {Penirtl exenllc, rczi S :r71i) 'r''" rll rlr' !llr' \lPn \ ' r ' \ r ''
S 2149
b) tte toc (af Pl.rce.).cind introduc propoziliilc circunrntanliale dc lLr':
rvhetrcc, {lierc, Nhe.erc., whiihe., as lar ds .[. {Pertru .acmple, lezi I 2t2:) t:\l,al iltroduc Uopoziliilo c) de nod (af Ma nt), S 2443 et.. as, as il, rs though, so lar as, (Pentr{ exemPle, rezi s 2tt4)
A.l\erb c cl lunr Li- l' :d 5, rF ao r riu l t . ; . !::, - rtd,L ' . , t ( , 1: nli[ l pr olo/ P.nrr . ,1 , Lr ' "r 1 li. i
modale;
" : . .
. n i" oo. J ' r ' .l o - a $ i r 1 n": lt , l , lr r : n1 ' 11 i Jrr!nr r lir ' . l r . 1. i .tnrsi" ||"ginr - , r b. , ' donJ
d) dc c.tuzd (ot Ca$c), clrcl introduc propozitiile cauzal: so. rccanse. f.r. norv(Lh.rl.seing (th.tl. since, ctc.
( Pf ni. u f ac dplc , r c z i S t t 30l
$ 21,14
e) de scap (af purpo$t.), cini introduc propozitiile finale: h order lhat.lor lca.,lest, so as.so tha[,.ic.
l Pent N e\ em ' nc . v c z i $ I t r ll)
S 2,145
(af Conpa.rrtun), ctnd ini,mducpropozi.tiile comparative: S 244G f) contparattuc

lhin . rs if. is .. .s not s o/ r s . r s , et c . (l'{tru e\ em ple, Yez i S : 7ll- 2t ! 9)
c) "Mi:;t't
(il)ll,outh.
(of Conu'ssi.on),cind introduc propoziliilc concesive:

mtrrh (s rx \dl), n' spile ol (l.lie ract Lhafl. trol.wiihstlllldnrs lPenf , e\ em ple, v ez i $ : 17J 5)
S 2.147
eler ir. ho{cler
h) condilionttc (Canditiondt), cind introdue prc,poziliile condilionale: g 2448 aslonEas.ii. ii on1J. on (o ir.ionil.hitl. p(r'nld ith{tt, ]]|oliding.sn!!oss.sulposing. (PenLn crclrple. veri S ztit
(so...) tha l. su lJ,... l. hal (P dI t r ! ex Dnr de, Yf z i $ lt : lt l
,:53) S 2{{9
i) ,:onrccutit'c(of ncsatt), cind introduo tfot,ozili;le coisecrtive:
j) retatiae (ReLatik). cird intmduo proroziliile relatirer

(p,o|u tu t.ld tie) r har . $hi. h. \ r ho, ls (ddjectie rctdtie ) w)ros. (ddeetbe ikun\: ) {s, when. whee, \ri,J (P ent i, . r enlle, r c z i S : lt lr a
S 2{50
2ttl)
k) subiedift (S&lie.t (:Lr.ns. Conj ndlu\). cin(l inl,roduc propoziliile S 24;1 subi.'rtivci ihrt (= , il vei t !til'ji lPcntrucr.rnplc. I) .ot .dir. (Obj(t oomtletive directe:
l h a l ( - c i) 1ltatrtr e\emple. rezi $ 'ri09l tiile tn) atibutirc (Affibutioc Claute Conjuntians). a tri b u t iv e: th al ( . i1) { P e n l e \e m p l e .re z i 5 rt0 8 ) cind iniloduc propozi$ 2463
Ctau:c Corjundion\).
cind idtroduc propoziliile ! 2152
4) Alte pi.fi de vorbire cu v:rloare de conjun(tie. - Printre conjuncliile $ 2454 subordonatoare se atli _siunele pnr!,i de vorbire (pronume, adjctive sau adverbe) cu valoare de conjunotie. Acesta sint: a, adjectivri ;i pronumele inl,erogativerelative: S 2456
thri, whifh. xho. \rliose. whom. {hat (P.nl.u c\cmple. rezi 5 !700, 2t(0)
616
MORiOLOCIA _ CONJUNCTIA
2456
,J toaie adverbele interogatiwerelative:

as. how, sleD, lhere, x'l'Y (Pentm exmlle, aezi S 2?4r)
dintre acest - Pentru deosebirea odeerbtrl 5) l-onirlnctia, |i prepozitia. p64i dP Yorbire.\'ezi $ 2383 pnrli de 6) Curintele il logi,tur[ rtmato ilo 'Iorma ln -i[g"l. - Acesk 2458 ca funclie, tntre conjunc-tii !i FePozilii: vorbiie se situeaze, 2461
ait.r, bto.c, (erer) since (- de cind, I till. unti1, s'hen, whilc' etc' si,?P;ng lod-ay, I $'ent lor a walk in the park '\iler Belorc soi,a or,, I rrng Jou !P I dpf id d r d. 3 d s l ti l c ,d n i ,s { o r } o u
s2459
7) Loc ooniuc,tiei. treluie puse lntre cuviniele $i'localiunile coninnclionale s ziCO pe i) C.onjuncgii care le unesc":
Go ozd talk to he.! (Du-lc ti_i lorleilcl) i sa$ F,cd as Pl/ ds AIc. r L' m \ az ur I i l p . l ' r" d ' l r )i p
\l q u
l. d r d.,/ ds { lel, 5J \ Fr c d ,t,rt u . "r, ; i \ 14, u I - J m \ ' z J r f " f f ' d1 l o 'n '' lP / , ldr I nps on. s J n' pd J r n p 'o _ o n r Tn.mo llhr.,, \ro: Ji a5; I l' dna oi v oi a r iul I in,ms r a \r "'. "r ' ilFsun .. Th d molh ef$ dn. r . l . ldn. lo nn' . hnn Fl"r t h o r , i,,t v , n\ lolnJ d' as . 'r l lin"d "a si \ rni r' rrur e' ) J r lr J m ulr ,ii""ii"';,"t "d
2401
b) Coniu ti.it. L.)relati'1.. ,\mbii t'rne i tr-ebuie atezali culinr.l"r lar" a,r ar.isi tLn.Lh sd', tun'li; simildre:
't a $p- inl"l r gPr r l. r dr gilr J ' d d 'a r s o ! P h t 'i '' '\'na ta ,t or lJ i1r , ll: - i. n bur s i r "^ s r u d e n '" o l I 'i I s i 's iri;i' ""," $-e hclpcd 0,ri 1o bring ihem u! ond advised then (I t'oIect
lnarntea
rhem (c o I e c t) ii; ;;d-l"ip;,i G t.i& then ip a,d adv'sed
t l ''o t " . 't ) r' /r "f( ' )
CONJUNCTII SP!]CI,\I,E 9462
1) Like. '{s - Acestedoue cuvinte nu Eepot lnlocui reciproo .. lnLrenol;unisau obiecLas araraasFmd,aica li*p. idia(li! qi prpporilie, li urmat dp un verD: poalc nu ifiire di[Pri'". exprim"r.prin ttdrud Si
She is ltke IPr noda {Adj.) I tFet like Yo , ( t ' r el, ) l]e Norked llk e ndd ( L' t c l)
i n rrp a' ti uni sau sl arj e\pri ml F T' nn - J s . . uniun. l i .. d ra l i s s c mrn 0 r' ' a !P rD : ..'1 r " , t 1 . . ' - . d" .r. rrro l d e a u n u u rms l S In u neap;rel rmpdral l dc un L. l r s I d, / \tl r^ d " l u d e n l (c o n -) s s :f n p rp F J r,.i l d . tc o n j .) ll. r ehor ' , d
2t i4. 2454 3 Sens qramal,jral (S 2l 6 . " l" " i. ii; - ii: i" t." " " .p a p ri .r c o n j u n " i i lor corei bti \P
ve7ipj,np,",.d.ra s2i28lF:l ; jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il']ax'"i'J;1";j'"'"Tl""ar.

os
CONJUNCTIr
SPECIAT,D
5I?
2463 2r ll. Whftb0r. ,/f cslp lnLrebuinlsLin1'-o nroporiliP 'ondilionsli' s cp o arrprnaprcsupunc uI''lP inlFrogali\a ind;rerlSt r lnlr-o propozilie ,vrpl,f, tivi: a Yor'ntPion"p"' murts \F shdllbp nradp -rl he obrrin'sooJ ts vh.thnhp wasan ai'p'lol {ot nor" V.ii aianL ',it conjunclici Adesori tnse conjurclia i/ este lnt'rbuintatd qi ln locul ' dF lnlF s 24M lnlrc e."dr' .i"",t J"ud conjunc{iirru exisr; ditcrFnL t) Till. fniil'
r".. iJr*il,i'iG'." ,""i" i"
ln limb" vorbil;: lDtplpa.a..u dposebirc
depufonia 5ideuzanla' "it' dicto'i "'l'itott' pxprimald psre 2465 rn nu gFnerF t/lo/ 'inrrrnsi 'ub- s 4l Thet.- ConiuncLic
\ ou old m P /i d r r,Pw e h p l P I r hinl l/ n ' l h rs a g rF a l s rn B e f
din dorrapropoziiiinegatire$ 2466 0or/or' lnlr'o trd/d "ompus6 :,r tro1... de ohi'pi n"golia ror' Uneorilrrs6rlnd p6{rrc .""",1;;i;.'', J;;, conr.ine ln
pti ma parl e per< i sl 6 si n pqa l i !c (i nl s . ur lP s r . d p .r. ro * a .o " rrg -a 1 i ed i n o r: c c o n l ,rn .l ra s i lolos F s l e cei d o -a doua, He dos no, speak. nor docshe read trjnglish t did r,, sce o. hear alYone-
as" m;n;l ocr' ' l n mo r l obir nuil ln s s - ' o r" l d l i a . d p fa L c l n l rF " orj un l i i p o z ri ra e l a nrb e l e n egr t iv s uu s m b c l e re iiher ( lat r noi ) n o r
rve zi $ 1026.
IN TE It J I.i 0l I _.1 fr Hc 1\TlltJECTto\)
l l l l 'l i 'r ir io. t . t ir . : ..ri .,4 ......\.t, ., i , : I rr\. .. ,, ri .rri l nr. , !i n ur r L, , r ; , . J , l- . ,1 - r i r r, . t . . , t . " i ' o J , -,,r ,r.r.rr.,t ,.,r ,,. t ul pro p o z jlir i. In l e rj cc lia ( jle lll' nl d 1 .r (l c ,) !i rs u l n s a u d r n ,nrnut !rrt.rl ri ri i . 2 ) Fo rlni. I ' lt er jc r ' 1 i n Io :rtt l i : a / u n s f uqi. t ( s u r n a i u l tl ' ) (i a l r e -\p fi rn l -rsfrri nr| | re. sel z!!i i el tr.. r d] ' es c az l uf e i a l tr l )r' rs o a n e( i u n i n d ctrj r. on ra]ur fr(j .: , \ hl O lr lO Lh l l \)trt tl rl l L i e | t l tfi g h l \ hs J I lt r llr ) : i l l s tL t tti t) l ri t. rd L rrI 1 ,, u ,,u1 s au nlai I nu l l i i fl 1 -i n tc l o l (,l n a ro | c e ) c a re j rni i .:rstneto s r zsl ) m ot e -!u nelele c ar c i, , s i ,l e s c u i rl t' a c re ti z l l )l o q i . ,c l rusea. ri i ut. ftui eri i ul et c. ), sl .ri g nlul anim alelo r s a rr z s (i n ro te d ;, n r.i i l ,t i ,l | ' ,,I]i uri to,I llc nl I h lLa l \\h e w l 1 ,[.{ ] I nnr { v o\ I ll,u l l l i a o N l rn rT z tC r.L o o l n& gl B ooml (l l i rl t ti J t' t d o rg t l h l i !t tr| \\' tri rl
s 2167
9{tis 2ltill
s 2170
c/ o a l ln t ar t e de lo rb i re c a | c . t,i c rz i n d u ,ti teri cr[i . a pasl rnl ' a l oafta num H i n \d l, ' J ' p alr , r i\ S ,I' .1 r,,l ' . rr^ n u m -t-. \, rl i t , rt., i r,r-rrri \ | si '. ' r, r d vp ,b ,l , l , r r eh' ||r ! : ' r ., i 1 r,rt,,ri i . .i ,1 , ,h i ,,r rr" r,i rp ra,...r,r.,r. rni nume e.k. .:r(l.a\uti.t'r (l::xt:l.rwtoru tunt/$. protlouns. art.jari.e.l,. rcrhi or , r _or s ens f l1\ h a l t G o o d t T .o b rd t f.n .1 ,l Ii .t !or sl rani cl ! ! t ll W f ll. \ . 1 1 . \re tl t \tf]] l n d g o o d t In i te cdt\\l rrl O o. d- br l l{ . r\rrl l l l,) o tr upoz ili f u ea ra c te r c x fl a m a ti r. j n g e n c re eti pri ci ,i Loof t het ul I s a r! \!:h rt { s h .rl e t' \ lhat a pilr ' 1 \1 i ,l r. I rP v e rl
,\ 2t7l
$ 2172
UDele intrrjuctii sint steriiicc nnui lio,ba.i ercld'rrl.iv. emol,r{ si on S 2173 atare sint. lolosiLe in sp0cialdc tirnri:
Oli, de rrl Oh dr ir l Dcar rFl lrfrr Nl Oh b ol,llcrl o h myl
'ltttnrn1 ,,:J., 1 11 ,1, hon. ' I ll f . l,,ln,. A trah .,.1
nt . t , u, \ . n, t : . , I nt . . , .r t i Ll{ l ' "l it o/ ' , n I : : 18t ,1' g i, : . . -t
,-t m,,r.\i,..n,.",.Jr,.
S INTAXA
(SYNTAX)
sr\T,rxa PIl0PozrTrDt
(oNsIDriRiTII QtaN]]li,ir,ri
Deln'ilia pmpo,ilnii P,,'r,.zi 1, r t r . , , n, , ' . ' l; . Clasiri,..realtupoziliito. dtri}i Pro p o z ilr r r [ unt i, nr \ r . Pro lrroz o z ili, iliJ ,ont oDtir dt i\i\ ,r , r. i 'fo p oT iil jit P r agat i r,l
P r' pu/ilid dn l'it.rrivd
l ro p o . iii, ' ir " p. r , , r r \| . Pro p oz ir i.P ' \ ll r nil \ . i
!41i 4418 2I).J ,1tS0 :1481 2482
3n i7) 3a' 7t ilt 3!)
PiriTILr,i PROP0ZTTIII
co NstD Dlt lT I I f il. jN ttItIL l t
rJrJ.
.',!8 :/tsa ,481i 5t8 i18

r_,!9 5it9 i29 530 5il0 530 iStl :r3l 531 531 533
r'foto ri!lll,,f LI ! J ( nr
II
P-IR TIL] ! t ' lt 1\ Clp\ r , l l Su l ri co lul . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ......... -\l ,rj t,i to p o z r T Il ..r. . .. . .. .. ................

...... .. , ... .. . ... .. .. .. . ..
P. ! . ! dec d e exp imjre . inD!,cr, ( !mpu s. S ulP . l d rbl! qrbh,rl! "ar. (' , 1:,.t .'t,ri, ... sri' ir| ll ]n fn,lo r v.rb l! L. n. lr r edjf { t ir . . . C azrl su bin trliri Predicsftrl ..... \1 , . , r i , \.rt. r r t r . . ' . , i"i. Jit r \ , . :, -u Jr"a pr'.rr'' Jtu P t edi.alu l fttb(l V olL' i t, -'Ji,ilr\, P t edicatu l na nin nl lerbcle 'ro!n hii!. l)red nrtir ûmclc Delitritic
,49rj i t497
2,r!ll ]]499 2i00 ,,rl rlJ0/, .ti0u : t : ) {r v
.. .. .. .... .. ..
:,rl -il: :lii3 :it{ jrt:] 25!0
533 i33 53J

J33 334 534 535 435 i31 :t37 737 538 i,38 538 539 539 ,39 539
.. .. ... .. .. ... . ... .. .. .. ........ ...
2521 :r5!3
Prulicate l' rued"r
i,..r, . ,,h , . . . , , . "' p Frrr? irL .r b r b. , i t ut . . . . . pf4 ,tr..rrrv --r ' , im p' i. n, ! nt r n in, n, , ior i, , t . . o[ R^rh dc p rF.iro dr,
,52{i ,524
252n '27X0 2531 1532 !l'33 253{ 2535
Ir.liniti,.
Di rl cza v er bulni det erD i n a l ... . .. ........... C,'Fsp o ndenliin r im b i ro rn j n ,l .
.. ....
624
S1NTAXA
PEOPOZITTEI
s
Aco.il'd predirstuldi cu subierlul Subiectecu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it i la piu.al Su b h 'l p . u v . r lul nr lm a il . l i trg u l d r Su b ,P.l " . r v " f bul ! um d i l d p )u ,d l Su l i Pcl " . om ! u, " . . . . I I L P A| .i TIL E S I I CU\ D\ r t n A tri i Ju l r l.. . . .. DFti n i l i " Pro ,e ,l P. d. \ pt m r . Dlinitic
Ac.rd . .. .. Condtruciii apozi!ionale CoDplcmrDlu i f o npl npntu l n ;".,t.. D l, n' li" r' d ra.lPrisli i . . P.ocF dpd d F\rriT.'rP.
25i'' t5t! 2554 2i b" 2i 66
540 540 543 5l i 54i ti48 548 5!8 5' r9 .']19 550 550 551 551 551 551 i sr 551 551 55ir 551 558 553 553 553 5i 5 556 i 56 556 556 551 551 558 558 558 559 559 559 559 561 561 562 562 562 562 563 563 563 564 566
lrs
r\L Ii T R O P O Z IT IE L ...
2582 2583 2584 ,586 ,1Bi
1588 2589 2590 t591 ti ;94 2595 ,)a91 2598 2599 260:l ,605 2618 1606 2601 ,60! 26t0 2618 2620 1611 2622 ,623 2626 2626 ,618 2629 2631 2632 ,63t 2634 2635 2636 26t t 2645 x646 2647 26{8 t650 2651 2652 2654 2656 2657 2658
L o . u t In nr u! , , / ili, . co 'n D-epnenr inlc r n . . . .. . Cotnpte Lornplpm b , n l ui Co mi h m " n ul dir a r " l i n u ' l'rp "b p, u ooLl or nplpm 4p .. .. .. .. n d i rr.l ' Yefbc cu doui'!complernenic:di.ect qi indireci... .
|o'4Pt?n, '.tut D" t inil: " . i .Jra. Fri.li.:. P. or.da J" P\p "i .ldfl . Forml | ,D Flu inld rF.. . V erb , d d nu , .o op lFn pnip. Con.plpm "tr u l rp linu ' pP po:; t;onal Conpl.wr,,l
.. ..
.. .
Definitie...... Intrelnintare
instrumentul. . . . . . . . .
5!6 _L 2665 26ri6 2667 2668 i l 6?0 2615 2616 ,680 2684 26A7 2688 2691 2594 2606 2692 2694 q.!: 568 568 568 568 569 5t0 570 511 5J1 572 512 512 572 572 572 572
lmur shllulului L L o .u l o t r t but ulutonj" .ttro t..... \d j ..ri ql ar r ibur al l ro n u m e l u :.... Ad i " ri ql dlr ' bur r l 6 u b q l rrl i ru l u i ... Pa i tu o r l . . . . . . . . SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv! Td b d .. . . Cduri sPP"ial" IL l ku l at . t bauluis ubs t a \ti ru t .. ..... pt ur o d i n o l . ..... .. I I L In -i a ot but ului I y . L o cu l d t . ibut uluie. pli m a tp ri n a l l e p d tl i .L e e a tb i rc .................... Lmd .omploDortului Co mDlpm F ntdir ul a t indir pd .. .. Co mi l em eor ul Verb cu doud complementer dir&i si n'di.eci... .. Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
srNT-{xA
Pri0 Pozr ?r Er
(SYN'I"{XOF THE SII{PI-E SENTENCE)
CONSIDERATIIGENERAI,E
propozitiei. Propozitiu 1) Detini[ia (Ttu Sentence, TheSimple Sentence) | 2174
o. o' nllni, arp in .ar . i\ Fl; un ' ins u. t , pt b la u n m o d p r a l i n o t i \ d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r'. /./ \\' /, o/ n"\ F- D l b; ' or ' . ..) I .annot go none no$. d) Da Eant Lo l.akc !a!t in the debric? ./,\ite r "!o\dn' ir s , iht s v , e"r l. { J bs d. rS2-,11r:
..1.
Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'rbele ,net (in ernplul lJr, go (in xemplul c). $ant i tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint, rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul eslieun participiu. urmdLoareletrei sint inlinitive. iar ultimul esl, rn gerundi.!-. Ca atarq afeste forme verbale, singure, nu pot lorma propozilii. 2) Propozitir noninali. In u elc l.opozilii. werbul poate lilsi: DarkncssQnict \o ,novnent, no soltnd. no light anywhere. llrlc.t bless.dsiillncss i\'zl i1 5 t8ta) '1, fla{ifi. rcd dupa inrclo., D'rp. Inrplpr.prupurili- podI'rot','riliil,'r lF li: .n'r,liari{i. in i\;. d,rhilali!d. i ,f-rolirn 1.iF\'larnb^t"ali\i. 'ro s 1i{e. a) Propozi.linenunli.lti('d (The Declurati()eSentence) conline enunlarea unui fapt, o declara,tieetc.: I dusr gel.np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll Dick did not comcycslc.dal. {\egutivit) (TheOptdtitc S.ntencJexprimi o urare sau o do. b) Propo.ilid optatird 1l{}' yon have ! lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii!n)
li onll lh-" In'e $?{ih.r didn'i l)reak j'6t rowl lNegal.ila)
S 2475
g 24?6 S 2477
S 2478
(The Interngatiee S.nrenre, conline o lntrebare: g 2479 c) prcpazili.aintarogatiad $'here did vou wo.k belore?il'ozilirll) Doestr'lshc trnderBtrrd whut I sall? lNesativd) d) Prapazi.l;a d.ubil.atiir (The Dnbitatirc Sentence)exprimd o indoiald: g 2480
I mny see ihem today. (Pozil,iv{) Prhapsthe t.ah is '[ in yet. {N;salirl) t) Prapozilia. inperatied ('l'he Imperuti'e o ru g l mrn t e! un s lat e tc .: Go home no\r ! lPozilivil) Don r b. . . : l i i ..1 l (\" g J ri \' . Afctivi: Sentcnce) exprim{ un ordin, g 2481
(The Ex.clamatoru SnrenceJ exprimd o stare S 2482 f) Pnpozilia ewlamatiod,

T h- n" wly b u i l t .rh o o l .h u u ." $ a s s u ,h a totrr bui .di nA : rP ourr\i r Nor . $ba n l rh a r k i n I o l h p r: \e g d ri vdl ' I Paritie: .a!e nu coniiDe o negaliei oonhl.iul negati lui. Vezi !ag. 20r, nota !.
628
SIIITAXA PROFOZIT1EI
q 2483
P.(RTTLE PIToPozITIEI
(P,{IITSOF THE SDNTENCE) I. CONSIDERATTI GDNRRNI,E
poate prou)zitiiloralupd Etxuotnli.- Ca sltucturi. propozi,tia Clasiticarca S 2,184 d..'altati1. ti si t?ld sd.|'
sinpli.) 'rdddr $as singirg. lPropozitrie It is , ol[- lPronoziLicsimD];!l Il ihr purk tnd;tr a smJll boi \vas lusl.ily singing a litllc songto his Inol.he. (I'.o' poziti. dezYolfatal ' lt is too cold lor a lons walL this morning {Propozitiedezroltau) d 2fEs
S 2186 at Subittul I fhp Subi'rt) pllp lu'lFa de prolozilip catP arata 'ino s5" verbal,su cui ori .. dtld'in;rarpi pxprimatl prin predicalul virseste "c'iunFa lnsu.irpd.'i cara.lerj.ti,-r crprinald prin numFlcprcd;.aliv isi rrrihui" Subiectul ooaic fi'af1ai Drin tntrcberile rrt2 (: cine?)sBU{t}a/ (: ce?) :nuodtse inirini"a predicaiului. ln .rernplele de Je S 2484, cuaintele "Tddy" Fi "It" sint subiectelepropoziliilor simple rcspclivc. carp t 2487 t)) Pt.di"otdl lThp Ptd;"ot,) pslc parlcr dp ptopoziLiP "lribure " poale fi afJaL prin lntului o acliunp,o st"r. sau o ln.usirn.Predi.aLul subio, trebirile re /ace2. ceeste?san curn rsre.l subicctul. ln exernplplede la $ 2484' cuvintele "rlas singing" qi "is cold' sjnt predj.atple propo;i,tiilor simplc resPectire. 2) troDozilia dezroltati /?,te Camplex Scntence i' 2188 ) conlinc, pe lingd supropozilici. Acesiea slnt dlriDrrul piirlil. s,. nddre pr;dic;t. ale biect si I conrpLemenluL. tL dezaaltate. principale ale prapoziliei a) Pd.rlile S 2489 propozitia dezqenere in ln acetali structurd Subieolut si Dredical,ulau voltatd ca si in iropozitia simpl,-(vezi S 2484). tn exernplele de propozilii dezvoltatc de mai sus (S 2484) 9r anume: ln rh^ park'odsJa smdllbor hJ. lDslit "ingnga liltl" sorgro l'is moth'r' ll is loo .old lor a lons q,rk lhis norning cuyintle "boJ" $i "It" slnt subiecte,iar "was singing" 9i "is cold" sini predi-
nunitc pniil, pin"ipdlt al propo;iliei.Accsteasint, subiectul 6i predicatul.
1, P r or oz iii a s i rrp l n ( l h ? S i n p l
S ,Pi Fr" " r.onsu
numai d;ndoudp6r!i .
{ 2490 Numerosi autori eneleziconsidcr';Insd drept subiect Ei predicot ni$te for" reipecriv predirat dPzualtat,Epre me nrai com'plexe,numite snbied de:t'olLut, propriu-zig expuse mai sus prop predical,ul u-zis !i deosebjrede-subiectul ' Struciura acestor [orme esle urmaioarea: a'r.ubicc tul delrolil /7rP ronpl 't Subjc't).onsld din subip'lul 8 24$l pripri;ziq lThe Subj-t l h' Sinpl. SibjP t. alltat mai sus t$ 2489) rm' Dreunl cu atrrbuiele 6ale. ' d.z!ollaH r;Lou1$ 2489),bubiF'rul J-zln nrimul exerolu do propoziLi. voltrt e;te formal din "uvirit"l. -a sm,ll bov,sprFdeosebirPdcsubipcLulpropriu'zis. care constedin sulstantjYul"bov". ln aI doilcr pxmplud' lropo;itie dczvoltaG citat ($ 2489), subicctul este simplu, "It"; J nt'ot Itt" t alfl i Pt di1t"J 'upir,dF rol ro:lul a i PPd; a11'1 {2492 " propo,iii"i. adi.6 lor .".d .n n,r F ltssrbic.rut insori' d" p\;n'uul'lc lui stri
;t0
buter. Pre(ljcatul de^'oliat esi,eformat din predicatui prctytitt-is llhe Pred:. rt . TJ,. .\;tup!. P" di o,t ) l\ 248r.1, rrIpr"r,nj..r i\pnru.,t"t" l.ri Lo,1 rte 1.r,'" r,li,^,t. lnJir,, L prppozilinndl. , ir.rLm.ranliotr. T rrimul pr-n,plrr d" prnp^/ilia dFz\,trHtd (\ zidlrr, r,:,,ti,, r,l rlez !^lr"l ,.1' i '"p k od"! sa. lusrilJ ringir..J ti,rtn.,r,: .ri..o,Lr'. r1.r tl,u.,li- d" pFdi,"rul I,rop'i'rzi' -si -in;inc . , S 21-Jr. 1,r^di,i,rl orT.nttst ,.t-.i. ro. , || rol ln r lorl., , ;' r.'pl.L 1lonc'$ k ll,;" mornirg . .prn d, osrhired. p|.di,arul pro,, iu.zi. . .otd' ' b) Pdrlilc secundare ale propoztliei de.rottate. S 21gJ li ) ltib|! $tp p.irte.r dc p'onozilie carc califica sau det.,njri n un sub- g 249.1 slarrrr sau un ecnrvalenial aatsslur.. ln lrima propozitic d"z\oltr'n l$ 2,1d0,.odjc.,i!,t, .r,r . trrr'" I'is airIctriouio. -snrall ralilirind ruh.r"ntirui -bn\". .ti||la rr.rfi,,nl :i subs anri\ul -song, icr -hL' d.l.rnrinind "ub"tentivul -muther. Chi"r .i .,rti,olFl..th. !i ..a- slnt.onsid"rs'e 0tributp,pFoLruca d" p,jm;l sub.rsnrivul prrk' iar a) doiloo- o dat{i subsianti'ul .bov"rînd .i 0rtJ d. t. sLtslanti!ul -.ong'. In a doua propozilic der\ollare .ita'd (g 2189), edicnlivul -tonq .i drti.olul nFlolajll -a sjnr alributplp substantivului \\alL . i"r ,_Jie,,Litr;l demonstrativ "this" este atributul substantivului,,morninE'.csre pdrtea dp propoziLip b') /-on.ptpn"ntul .rr" derpirninaurr \erb rla g 249i un moo preorcalrv sau n.prpdr.atrv). un ruJp.lr\ cau un dvFrb. ln prima prnpoTilia .itrra (g 248C1, dFzvolralo .L\intFl" -in tb. ps'k . "lod,y . lustily'. -a l illle song si -lo bis mothpr" sint complnmprrrp. ln r doua nroto?ili",lFz\dlr"r, ,d 2480, .roo ,.t, ,omp'F1,nr;t d,tja,ti\utui "cold',_ iar "for a long Nalk" si ,,this morning,' contlnrcnre.tepr;dicatului "is colrl".
[. P-LRTILE PlirN0rpAr,n ALE pn0pozrTrEr

PAnTS tPRr]atP{L oF TEI StYrt {t-E, SUBIECTUI,
{ T H ]' SU BJ EC T )
s 2{96 s 2497
. 1) Prorjeileedo oxprimare. - Subiectul este exprimat,pri tr-un subst,an { 2498 tiv Bau pdntr-un echiralent al acestuia: a) substantiv: That s;rt is very dilignt. toys gcn.ally shor great aptiirde lor rcchnics. D, un pronune:
&B came vcstddav. 8,, Iuho, l' t i\ r s qdr i' . in8, he, ol1. , 'i p s e . l{fto is t hr i n' ax 1 Th man,1. came skiing witl, us is a tellon Fortcr.
c.,,un adjectiv: The ,linl hale slarp enrs. dJ un numeral:

Ipo onh camc. The /tr, slopped lclore the doo..
1 P F DIrr d prd lii v-.i H. E. Palnr r , A Ct on. , nat r p' , . , E,;/,"/,. Carb,,d(p. r928. 4 \. s Yorl,, t"i6. $ 4t. i1--5b. 5 1 51. 456. 4 /ii -i0 4. ji C. f . ut . . r t di lt Cnnr r ".
5t0
sINrAs
PRoPozITM
e) un Semndiv (Gerurul,) sar, u substantiv vcrbal: ,Snoltnsis considred hardfnl. (Gerundiv)

The .cdlt1ss of ,nodcm toetry w e lrell alt.ndcd. (Slbsl
vcfbal)
/) un participiu trecut:
Thc /dlieD corcred the ball.tcticld.
g./ un infiniiii':
i o r r ', 1 , " . 'l 'h /o i1 . ot d $a. - 8, ,, . . 1 "d. / , t o r un at a! t ôt n r ' s P ' iL' l i l y ) ^ o s J r 'l i _
t)
orice alt cuvint, intrebuin,tai ra subsiantiv: "Ur" is lhe contrrrv ol "do02" "crccllcnl." "li"r n.ans "first ,t:tss".
l, o construclie cu un iDfiniliv sau un gerundiv:

Hotv bat to d.epit tli nN ttle is tho mNin obieci oI pri,srnl dry $'.ilr'$ In otrr 'irudLrJ ,tlbq ins buttts the sighrs af thc cit! \s nct job. IIis haoing .nol,iatcd nt aur iorh has mcurt much lo us.
:t99
,i ul'' Dnur -r,t ..:)subiorf romt,t|. taol'r"unJ ..',hj '). 'r''n,rll" ul tivF(qa,'prhr rlF r.'"r,-.r"ir1 uni'e 1.ln and..): t11 t..ot,t'.l.rmei/, subicct compus:
Johi atul Ired a.c nr.y lricnds Ihusics, chenitttJ, arit\netic' as s'.tl as ttu Yaclicat dPtliatians arc bcing taught at ihis institute. To be at not ro b. is llamlei's problem, afthe:e scEn.cs.
2500
3) Subieet dut,lu (Double Subject). - In stilul poetic. dome ul l,ututur licenlelor, se jntilneqte uneori o lormn de subicrii numite r,?]i..r dablx Aeosta consie in repetarei. sub lors,i pronominali, a unui subn,ci substantival Ind lnis adi.larstu li'ed sith no otherthought
Thrn io love and be loved bT me But ozr io'd i, was sLronger bi lar than the love Oi lhose wlio wcre older ihan t!. Se alrd !^ in qDF. ial alFnliJ r s t r r f d d. F : c i f o n ', c a t e F ' e '^ r 's i d 4 r ''r 1 s o e r c q F r l d l n 'r 'n r d in.o '".r,r in lro za s : r ' is : r s au v or or . o. s i. dr a, jp l 1 r i r n " . l ,
2501
la inceputul studiului limbii engleze. 4) Subiootgrem$tieal (sou tormdl) !i subieotlogic (Gtumnatical or !.orr ul .ruhjat and Loti"ot Subj";t t. . Un"l. propuriLii or!rn doa, FUbic'rP. i unq .ax fornot, .ar" cqtH ubr,.lul protr^zrlr.r ptumtti"ol subi..lul d,i d"rat din pun' lul d. vrdetF "l ron.'ru' li, i c'a fari, dlF Fr: D.) subiectui logic, adevdratul subieot al propoziliei: ,o di,r nerc' It b dangerous ["It" este subiectui gramatical sau forma], iar "to dive horo" este subictul logic.l (Vezi ti 5 86a)
25nZ
eliptic. Snre deosebirede limba ronand, unde subiectul este 5) Subieot nu I'nd,c lipsi din ntopo/i!iP. in limba cndlpzd6ubrF.r,rl adeseori sublnlelcs, Aoeaste kndinle estollL dp putprni.din.il. In un"lp ' onq"u.{ii in ' dte su
'/!lp r\rlLu d,.a lJ a. , "0li"! . lpinl". bLr Dlar u?a mdi in dlle 'alir 'd_"ar or dur . in{ i"lot ldlloy di. r pn '8.A. Poe, Annabel I2e. r,al,norir"cfJZi" Ld o"igin" 'o o m i l i s o ^ i . l r ( " l o r r d o n z " d ' J s i g 'l
PARTITE
PRINCIPALI
ALE
I'ROPOZITIII.
SDNECTIL
;IJI
biectul.ste.nut at de la locul lui, s a recurs la o particuln iniroductivi penrru , i.uplini lip"6 l1 in,"D,,rulproporrliei. ln a.cer.,,,.,t. d Jiuns td,,rr1,,,,,ra. rJ .orlqlru, li-i rh t, L' (th p dr. t t\ rxzrritp in ..r.. .ubi".r,rl s- .fr., ,lup,i lerbul predicat (ri 2505). E\isi.n insri unelesituatii xceplionJlc in ,raresLjbiertut irtsre subllrt{.les. \ 2i0lt ur" fl , hrer impr,rn;,u \Frbul '..lrcrir: .lJ i. propozitinrare fonline u imperativ (Irersoa,ra a Z-r) (N lti2;); Go homel spe.ktouderl ,/ in unele expres;iconcise din care lipsesre pronurnele rr (S it6.J):
I {lll w. it c 10 her dj ( ir ) / odr s . You x.e lanif ftaL lit is) rluat Shc stawd thfre ldrser ,ion tllt wa,t nera*atu H. nccdtr,r {orrv aa titl d\u.as his .:tufu " Srak io |iln rs soar os (ir is) /o.$rd..
...),ilrl ,luui pI, li,drn ,,,,i'o t,'in.onJun,.!iit" u d. bu!. t,,;th..... n,,r .ar 1th,r...arA,r d,plasrs,,bia, t. a."sta n.liin,l rFn.tar in a dnus prupo/ili_:
$e wrnl. in orl (wfl sai dowr. H" kr' o L d b r' F ,loo . l, "r hpr , t r j1 o1, r i, l \1, . \ i. .i" ,los n , . - , s r t t s h, l , at t r , , , d o , u r . . you rte .nher pra.risn,s Whencver ""itl,p I call, Jou. ridnr o/ {totr {re) going ro.
d/ in limba vorbirA (S 848. 2825):

llupe t', s'" vox \,,oI L: / l' npe t o I \"v r "\-. h- rd Jh ,' / n"L"r \ , n 1r , ) S eer 1- Io z se e? ) ] \ cf von sl Don l bro i! t hc \ or 1t . i: . 4 don t k now. . . l
fi) suj,iedDttormI,'rrorhale naFcili0atire.-. SubiecIpoi avcd nu nu \ 2i0l r,,r' \Frbpl. lJ ur ,,.J tr-,lirrri!.. i.i Lametr,-rt. te r,-pr4ica,ir"., urrr,.r,. infinitirul sau partiripiul: P', isubie.l- non I workcd hard r, ."r Itrt treztnL) .osts. /,.. .'lh i i t
l, sra,llll n, t /,,,.Ilr., , . I ' r , 1, \ 1. g, i/ , 9, 1, 't..ri.!,rl , , , , ,, . n,.,"t,0 "0 I sa$ ft.r s,bif.l-u ,.)1 a ho, " . . a; Lt ! / . _ ! l r o r L e t v r u, ", r , or "..t.:ntoSr. .r.t,r I Vr "r ,".1-r i dn,l \,p.. om
1par t . p. c z c nt ) .
7) Thcre3 is. - ln unele cazuri, jn carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb. Dro I o: / iti a rPspAli\ d " jlp intro ,l u .s d e " 1 p .' " ;u ;' n p i ^ ni l . th,r..i , U t,.r. i r" 1 p srp l q i rr ) . s F c i" et lF . .- J II;1 . i n , \" rb u l ,u D F nu a.LF rop,rtxri !. "r ?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o.. ?kfe oe ihre novelsthere, on thc shetf. f-\ $ o m an ! i - r hr pp n u v e l c -s i n l s u b i F (ta -i . ri-are stn' pr,,Ji " arc.i mpl. . -l h crc ( , . 1' , dpr p. ed6 ! p rb u l r p d rr i , u l ; i n tro , tui .ti !;, i ar:at l hp door. , " .tc 'lhpre (d dr pr b) _" i- o' , th n s h c l l .i ' )t c u m p tp m F rt" ci r" umstdnti dl p ,t" toc.l
I S i !.rL ul ,," po dr l,! s : . lin d, . ds lJ , on. t r u. lia: - . . / o , a p . . ' \ . F sl su lF.l Jl iorm" i r "r balp n"pr c di. dr if ", ir dr pline s L ; j n propozilielun0tia de .o rn p lmnL d ir..t 3 Pdfli,-ula in rodurliv.l r/.."" a iusl lu originp adrFrbut dp tor ,r!"F. , ar- Di.rardL-sl In r csurd4 dp mon .t.dt \ .a ." n"um par t , or gani ) din c or , s tr u . ti s / r p . p i r C a i l n r F , D o a o
S 250; "
I:1l.iljllll
impr"unl'uar\erb,rrd/munsrruriv,.ri?,p\i t@ft:-rharcisnonneltea
638
SINTA).A
PROPOZIIIEI
ps':, r:,'',:!.,lil,'; \.fa.,., 11,.'i;;::"; "on,!Lru.ri^ l: "l':: :""Ji"t"l ,;:,i,.,i;,:;i:::,:!t:i:t:,1,i,""!f"!'[i;îi]r"a",ri;',i. "n.dup'rorb: in ho

i'i'",: 't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm ''''n 're if;; ,2'"1"i; ' r : m P s h. l d' P
i;:.,;;' ; ' . ; " 'o
'" '""'"' #tilr;Tr"'", ff#f*4j{.ii *" Jli''i'?

ll*;'* :r'll;Tll"'lltll"
dl tEre ts $i ' -B b) thqe ue lr tteli arc'
il; " " "'-
Alenlie! construcliile: Se fflce adcseori confuzie i tre
$ 2506 { 2607
d"oarp'Frmr unpi pronoziliL l.i In"pp,rr'rl folrna verbali.,,sint":
j:i:j'{'r.ruriirii r,x"l"lii";e fil:rr,:i,jl:r 0"": ililii,:l;:'rl"i;"=

l1"}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili' ti;iit{{ii"Tff inJint' a \ " ' b u l" ir" ' in l-' " : ' : ! ' ll: : f " d^ ma'|
i r ' or ir n u l'xemplu 'us
rllr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iir :*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r :#;i:ili:l jltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:' li;;lii:.,iff' :lr*,:i*1.:j :'lt;" "i'i"",iiar:l iril;:,,: rlilrtiir ilii:,ffTil i;a;4; con' sa,, qs'g 7"sabir"'r'l x"'n ;;;i i!'h"K'il;;l '/ illi"T";ii'T"!Ti.f
"'i.'r;"r*
*""tr' ! lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{' .,";**n'ffii ffi ' " *lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l i";i 8, ,roa n:l *T|l'""jl:'": s ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l "'"1
3iix"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$i?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;;iv'
serunorv':
ri iJ:.il:i:iJil :i.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T ffi ffTl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:lil tfiiili unur subiciul este cind
n" '' g'Ai""f $ltf.i, fJik""dn#"" il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti txxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil g"ti"Jf" -' """.,
a;^ iiniba cngl"'; va fi thero aro:
ii.nr;i:r i" i*:SHii#r'l\"j1, "'"-"'-'' t":' e 1l61i 'r J;'" "'"""'" " "^''* ;':'1" "u';;lif
i ix,:',';"';;:,j;;
I V ez i li 5 1 i :ri
PARTILI
PFINCIPALE
AiE
PRODOZITIEI.
PMDIC^TUI]
PREDIC{fUL
{ T IIE PIIU D IC AT E )
25Og "n
l) Uoduri prodieative. l{od[ri deprealicative. - I]lodurile personale S !;10 ( S 133?-1338) shL predicatil'e, adicd pot,torna singurepredicarutunei propozi,tii. X{oduriie impcrsonale (g 1339) stnt ,repredicarivc, adice nu por forlja lredicatul unei propoziiiiSint predicatil'e urmitoarle nod[rl: indicaiivu], subjo]rctillut, condilionalul si imperativul; stnt nepredicaiive infinitii'ul Ei participiul. l) Ycrbc predicati{e. lrerbc nepredicatire, Ntl orice verb la un S 2bl1 ll}od pred;oati1' (adicd pcr.(orlal) poate forrna singur predicatul unei propozil.ii. Din acest puncL de r.edere.verbele se inpnlt 1 predicative si a/ sint, Iredicatirc (Vetbs of Conpl.ctePred,ication)verbele care, fiind la un mod p$sonal, poh lormar lmpreund cu subicctui lor (cind sint intranzi tive), sau tmpreuni ou subieiui Si complementul ior direct, (cind si 1, Lrarzitive), o propozilie cu tntels deplin: Tlie li.d st"ss. (\.erl nLtr{nziLiv) Shc tr r.adr,g { novcl. {\rerb trarzitivl /J) sinL neprodiftitire (l/erhs af Incanpht. prdicatian) vcrbcte care. dcsi la un mod persoral. nu pot form{ nnpreuni cu $ubicctul lor (sau imprcune cu subictul !i complomentul lof direot) o propozilie cr hrr,etes tleplin:
liis lello\L ]ro.kcrs l.,rcd very hclplul. TlLc a.t,icle.(,1ltlg[ among ltLe g.eat conposds. Unii autori consider; verbe nepredicative si verbele tranzitive, acesbea aviild nevoi de un complement pentru a forma predicatul cu inleles deplin. (\:ezi fi S 15t:])
3) Struotue proilicatului. - Dupi structure, predicatetese impart tn s 2512 donii clasemari: predicateverbale.sipredicatenonritale.
PREDICATUI, TIJRBAI
(lEE VERBAT TTREDiCATE)
$ 2513
Predicatul verbal consti dintr-un verb predicativ, care poate st,a singur sau poate Ii tnsotit de complementele sale (dirct, indirect, prepozilional, circumstanrial)i Lions .oa. (verb predicali! sinsur) Ebn't 6l\e .ome? (Verb predicativsingrr)
\on m@t not dft,ft @tnr. (Ve!b + .omlrl. dil.) I spoke to th, naaagef. werb + conll. indi.. prpozitional) I\e qB teddins ne @ ,c,rcl. (Veb + compl. indir. .1,compl. dir.J . .l,ena fo.watdal the parcct to hd r.r .r. {Verb + compl. dir. + compl. indir. p.eWe a,.ieed ysteddv. fidlr + com!1. circ. de l.inp) 'lhey sing bedutifutly- (Yerb,1- cornpl. cnc. de mod) Our team .re phlne in lyales. (Vr.b.t- comll. cit(j. d-a loc)
r'34 2614
SINTAXA
PROPOZITIEI
PRI]DI(I,ITUI. \O]IINAL
(I'HE NOITJNAT TNEDIf AI})
nominal consis dintr-u 1'erb rprdjcativ. l1 mii lerb copu' Predicalul un lativ sau copuln. ;i S 2;15 VerbolcrrPulrtirc U'ink(in!) l't:tbs. Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl
rr ru'"1 '"rr p0rLi"l "r'li ulrrl \-rnul'apul"ri\ p.l.,rn\-rh'drr prptrrrr'lrr ur'ul ,'., roI:rl. r'u i'.'' e l,'m'a p'Fdr.arul rrn"i lr"l"/i:ii J"ir 'u aJUlorrrl pr"'ti"'ii' na ",,' , 1,"!a r- ir,orar' iri 'rrnrarp rcrl ul 'opul"tir ",,n'" inlre subiFct nu rsliid sniEstotator'ci are lumai lurclia de verb de leg'i"urn numlc urecliratr\ ' "i ' sler'rnoliunii de rnljcat linrtl mai largd decil' tn in srarintjc" engLeza gramati;a romann. qi numirul verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare' \"tiel. Dol s'rrr dr"pl ',rbP upLldritF: , u ac"dstafun(lie 5i sinolirrele a ) to b6 - verbul cdl nai intre6rLin!aL llri: to'fa/l (flat. i1l, a prey. avictir, etc-).to hhld (rlonf, tasl. good guihless' Lrue.eif.r. /u r' rh"lnl-" ru$, Fr,., /" "rrl'' ti'i"nJj gou'J :ur' c" l /' valuable.etc.). /., fonA (high' hrt' fleht useless. ,/"u' r.,,rre.t.lalsc.D;ic"]"ts.. {al(mf b)it, .1,in r,"r (Nruh,l, .rr'1, /o s,/ (quict lisht. etc). 10rror. 10srond solneborl{.coueeted, last. f;n. etc.). elri.; cu .ilo|rr,'el" )rit to $m. (slLort irue etc ), lo gcl (angrv, bl h, tretome dr\' nral ' r' \' , ,4 ro ha'l r ,lark, huns . ru..\. rhirFl!. -' 'zr' ' . l l " \' t tn ,tr tn l r\. ri ' l ' hurl P l .' .) , l ' 1 . l h ra "Fd /,r ./ 4. , , dir l !.
'a i e r' ) tr h ttr nrl (i rnP \pl endr' r, d rrnF IP xo\' l a rn ( pale. r ed. s o !r, J e l"lo on \r, e rc. ) , er c . u i : !r l o on tL' h' )l ' 1 tu k' ep (an) l l i ne ti l ' . / r u c unt llr u c ru s rrL o n rrrrelre l rue. e' !t ). 10.s14,(I' nt so (s .)b e r.ts l .r n' l i ng., t,ti ,ttn 1 r' r ghinj. s , , h' r . tt.:.t. r.) b e r . t r ir e. et c . l. o tc : jnlchnt' d) t{) seem (u silonjmele lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt ltlilti"ult lirro ill r' j . t ' to o u r' : i r, r : ' i" ll. ). 'a \1 " :' ' r' -n J ' d " l i ' . ' i i l ri utt :l l ' ' .' ) a' . / r lil' r il! r e rb o : " -n tl " \" ' ' " pen' \' dcad-.' Js\' r' ( biaut if ul. c l .v e r, a l l e \t)o rt. r n i n n \. ' t' ) tofi l \" i { r1 r: r i r' es eui l tl " ss t h .)p p' n 10 l ol J e 1 .' l ' l e d o r r r r s f ai' : , ir l s o o d fo d i ti r)n . ) te rm . el. e. ) . t a l ,.a tt o l l . e I(
,illi
It.n.lL.! To be. cind estcrefb prhcipal (: a e{ist'a,a se alla' a se gdsi a alea lor clN ) (S 1874).poah rofini s/rgrzrpredjfatul .,rbal:
1' r " r ' , '\ t L' prrd \"rbill h ar D?n . r ' r "i \ ' "1" - r/d 'r 'd l '" . i" pr d k r '1 . i; t , ' dl f o m p l ''n .,'l P - F ' r "u 'r" ''r t lr L F " ' l p _ - n \ " r b r 'l r 'r ior nr ' . . r ' " rIll I I o 4 ' r " "r - p a ', / l l d " r 4 " " o r I 'o r n p r r r ' .' ' ttt . p" d \ ' t ldl 'd l r ' 't.'1 , ii , I rd,, ur.pl. _. d. ri,npl . - " r , , , ! r e' i \ "- t a ) "J t ', '. ,"r Lut ui t , D" , pr uar ' e r odl- \ . r b e l r " l u l a l i \ e lor li si tcrbc \.'",-r'"" p u l I i , r m a 'r n ! ''r r F i n s i s c p s l er P. u ir l. lFqUr "l' inr bat t , r ,r.rL'.'F. s. ' z ' p re ' l i l.' 1" , '''l. In-\
i 'r . , ir ' : ' . . '
\ , , hs l .
a ti re: l d i " a 1 ' " t fi Sn.h mannersdo not ,.@ru a yotrng grrr' Iherything srus very iasl in th jrngle. ,a 10. hou.s. Thc noise 'terr " , s l ,.o I S p l up. tl v Ip a d ,,' l l ; r' o " ru n ri n s i d c t" r J n d fasrer'
PART]LE PRINCIPA!! ^LE
PROPOZITIEI. PR!:DTCATU!
Ii3'
// citer.d verb. intranzitive in special rele care e\Drimd na.r:eDtii\ 951? serrzorialn d"si lr",li, rtiv, i'r mo,l ubi;nuit, sin unp^ri jniotrr. ,t" un;,1 ' je, lir. condiJ"rit in a.Fql , o,/ nume pr.diuariv dFnar",.c, aljturi d. semnrli ,alirr"rb,rlui fp.pF,liv. op oulr;n1"1"!r. unul din f \ prbplp tor,,,tob",onp:"tl
'tttc be.t fc.ts act! ha t {: is ha.d when lcu). That stcak smelrs sood (: se-"nsgood when smclt). Uis descdltioD of a sr.aglitt\r saunls too soodt. be ia. (: ycms too good tI lou n d o I i t l. 'rhe wine tr thrt casL rdsres soe. l: is sou rvhen rasrcd). A b.ceze DrooJ.o,, (: is coot as il. blo{sr. Thr ink tu nr ballpir lrt.s D&c (- is btue wLcn it dripst. 'lhc sun srin.r /rr (- is hot F.hen iL shiresl. -{ se compara: Sh e lelt r , nr ny t N n n r p ra l .l Sh e lelt nX [ n, r ( . o d ]p l .d n .l l o s e e i l i t l v a s a ll ri sl i t. Thc lila. snrells sni.,r lNume Dul l H c s dlls l/ 7af lonc l r i (i o ri rrl . l i f.l 'l'liis sXrup tusi,s z{s4/. 1\unie tf!d.l IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng \.oa\pl dif I iircs ol .verJthing. iprorerbr 0 h :creali; a l V er bele c opulal ,i v eti v e rb e l e .N i mi l a te c u l e si nt rorstrui l ,e cu torma \ t;18 -. adj.ctinlir ti nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint: The {ir sndls sueet iN:*.etla). tr" 1. . ' 5r ' t l J j n tr ,l v .) (\q $ r_ :. Tl 'c \at pr r J n oln \n u ,o 1 ,1 1 !\ Thc sind bleri hat lntr hottv\. Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat! t,tr de ! and hmoilu). ,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui ;i nLr cu predicativ: ?lkir greahsi trco.:clpdtiah at lhis rnomcni, is thei. cra s. The Last ol tn .arcs hc. plans for th. liolidajs. ',ar ol thlr !tugranrme q,as Lhetions. ?re most interestingtd.r I h r I' - s t i' n , { r I ' p ,,,1 -r,l . ;. h D ," n n a l Ttt"4. - " r t I n\ . i. n ,;r. n " rrr. i o n n d p .rp 4 I Ld\,. n.ro,. nunetc g i519
ltr.
Numelc prealicrtil S Zj20 (Cornplnu:n| pred,icate Complemcnt,Predicati.oe Complenentor Prcdicatieer) , 1) Dcfinitic. psLe Numple.predicd_ti\ partea de propozitiecarc,trnpre- S ZSfl prc4r.arUl unpr propozrt :
The rifl. ,as (dod pt..l,.) out of onlt (rrumepred.). $.ho ts (mod rrr..d],o;dftd r/k fl,o (;ume ired.i? Numele predicatil poate sta pe llnge un verb copulativ la un mod nopre-
re (mod neprcd.i d 8.ddadr"(nume r.ed.) was one of r. .eqllirement.s. (mod nepred.),i/ d (nunc pred.), she went lo }ed. tetng "o 2) Pmoodee il6 expdmare. * Numele predicai,iv poate fi un substanti.v,, \ 2S,, un adjectiv sau un advcrb (ori un echivalent al aoestora), lmpreund cu determinantele respeciive: 1ID accstcaz, '?.cdiratir." esteszDsrnnrtr nu adjeoiir ca ln ,,predicarive Complc 9i
6t6
SINTAX^ lRoPozrTrxr
lIc is a s.l,l0 She cdlled tne /D /.i.,d
D) utt
Il is t inv . r "Fl1L , o I !V' o. iJ . r 'h Sh," tud.d otrt to be eorlebadu ,,|cft:tLl3
ndjeeiir: He had g.own ord.

I ldud it /&ll-
She loolis ,acrlY He $as /oLrd in tnc line' It is gctting la,e. $i lound BillY tz. 11,nust Io da" /J un pronun sau adverb interogaiiv: Who is it ! f/ia, were thel? l1o, i.. You iodaYl /Ior oid ls ronr son? n a w n u c h 1 i th i s t{ P e .c c o rd er?
Notd
-lv/r'r' sas J"nnyl el" ln oron.zi'iile: l1 ,,, is Iour birlhJdj ( lo d sp arlal bdrPrD'rP1ln?r d.a!'.4 t'rb pre,li ar;l i; r" tiind lrin"ipol lin p rpspe'rrr dF roc sr nr dr q/,,r" it.umsldnliJlo rornplcr rrnr,e si.nl li nume preorcailYe. f,, un infinitiv: His g.eatcstllcasurc js ratz'' 'o She stands to ,tt'
ThcY ap!ar to unde\tatut-
n.,l uo se'ur,divsau un Parti'iPiu: is lh''os'apiias Cerundivl llis hobbJ i{ "z"nl l :h F q Pn l .n st4 st4 g . { Pa { rour Lh'' L lorl6 I allPr tPdrl tr"'ur l i) o construc,tiecu iDfidtivut sau cu gerundivul:
a,e{ n);,e thF,;Eht fnl','l:i,1fi"'i 'l:'l;,1'

prepozilionald: jJ o loculiunesau o construclie Ds tu's'lf' She I lclt''as him ou, oi so/,s.
JnilY had sro;n inta a fine sfl' 2523 - "-" pp 3l faz. -\umcl" pr"di'uliv F'i in a"elali 'rz cu subie'tul "l ''arui pnatPfilncszulnomiorlitsruobie'.*ai".t it-iormcazi suti'"rul respplliv ' v, deri rruor"lepr"di.aliv se poatp sfla in do'd srtualu 9r anume: poarcrl obf'cctie' i"ki irrai"otiu siDieciip sau n;me predicatta
PART]LE
PRINCPATE
A'E
PROPOZITIEI.
FTDICATT
637
(Subjecti.|e subiectio ConplementE 2521 a) N unele r)reclicalie san Sihiectit,c l,rcdi6xte). - Numele predicativ care lormeazi predic;tut llnpreunA cu un werb neprcdicativ intranziti.aaclie sau lrdn:iliti /dsit se relere ia subiectul verbLrlui 9i ca atare stn in cazd nominati\': Il. (subicci.) is 1/ner lnumelred. sulriocliv).
l o a ,"ubi" ( r look r ) o a d p " l ^ u n " p r" d . r,b i p | \). l s n d i pn { " ubF " l h" t u t tp \^ u a p i re J . .u b i " r rv : Th" p;en \6ubi"1 t /, su r i" , I is s . lr ins d " i rn rn P p Pd . s u b i P " l i v ). //" .j u hi. , . r s p; m s , 1; /" n u n p p r;d . s u b i ,l l \J . p r.d . / l "u b i " ' ) r " I l, ns . 4 L n u m e " u bp i "rp d ;\l d : r,[a rdt . ubi" r ] l. p r /d l l ;x (n u m" ' b i 'm" rli v). pred.s Lbi eri v . ctu tse t . r bipr t) , , on5 i drl d l t" , o u r ti " .t @ ,k 4 ,[u
Notd Numelepredicativraportatlauns,rbiectcareseafl[incazulgenilitpoate $ 2626 stft jn nominstiv ln func[ie de contexh: n'.e.]'s(subiect) is tlE b*t tr.tk (numepred. subieciiv). beinssne/freP ue q'ascerlainoI t,s (snbiect) {numepred.subiectivJ. Iln primul .x.mplu.6ubirclul F.rp numri ap0rent tn .szul q"niriv. d fiind-dp ispr .onsrilLrildin .ubFrsnrivul-sork f -Frcd s wort j. .are sra tn ln al doilea "remplu gnrundivul being . arinJ rJrJ"terul "omina[iv. unui substanliv, estelnsolit ln mod normal de un adjctii'posesivl prcal,Icarit, (Ol'jettire PrPd;catP sau $ 2526 obi.ctiv b) Numele \uralp prndi'a iu , arc Iormeozapredira ul ln' Ot'iFt;rp aont)l,n"ni)3. pri'un.,u urr vo"b n;preJi".,ti\ to;z,ti\) 3F .-lera lsun.ompl;morr ' 0,. srd in caztl obiectit'a si ca atare se ala in acelafi caz cu acesta: oLi.,riLl. I lound,1,, "orr'l dir I iU nurF r'r"''j. rir). rle suo.osed ;r ,,.;mo,du., ar,d ,.um Dr"d.obP, rs r da ine nun" pral. oLi.',i\'). \yF th;L nt t". .oniDl. Dr.Do/,ii,;dlr
n' \ hp h;U? n ."o 1;t ni) * od, t nun" r ' f Fl oiin' r : \ l l C ouldn t vou makp r' ,( um Dl. , l t . : t " op' , nu. n pnd o b i . " l i r r . ' lo bp n; ; , nr nr pr d o l r i " . l i r I lhoug ni //,i"4 o Fp l d' .
N otd Gndiwl trrcdicalir poate ii nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii Ei obiecti{, $ 952? , poar- n f.ri a'lr l1 .JL,i" rul \''rbului prpJi.ar. , it ci ld un - "llF cuvinrc"p complcmcntin cazul obiectiv:
q ,, s ior " ( n. 1r ' pr "l r r bi"' i\ ) . I t " plou ,.b.rrt . uLi' I /" i, oi7 l"ulre ct \tr,o t B. t p aan- ir - , ' i\ , . t t e ..r,L laon lllkpu ld r,!mn l. J r . J ' onr J b. t t . t, L . e ': ", n. ", p, iap, i! - . l | t n t , . or npl. , l" ll. b"l" \ - i'r".o. r nrm"pralu!qlir. ii\. r4d oLi^
4) \umle Dr0dicatiy$ suhiectul, Deoscbiradjntrc numele predicativ $ 2628 si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarecenulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot atit d. binc subict.iar subiectulrlune predicaLiv: Zrr lsubic.,l.) it ,ntr deatett tt."d (mme Pred.)
,v! de@at ftiend lsubiect) is Drc (m!re lled I , , |_ l| . t onlu-:.1 , uL " r . ot t ', d . . "paLo1 L n, 1r ' n'J . . i. . t ' "o' . t . t T " b "tr". t" /"Lpr
1 "ar is zE'. lof,trl htrcltritrlal.i cn.cti in sliiu] coloclial, colstihinil o a}rlare de i n . l 'r l , o r.. 11 ii: : i i: r "s t ", adr I n' ^rlr*r' rn'd li.dr."1n '1 , mai u. " \ " r' r n-to -ia ctr ;i .,.r q r... i r',,a - ubold ' .r=. di . i . . n r L " L . . 'd " 6 ,,a^ ..a...rn r . . ; , r j' ,r.,'.,:" ' " l . l, \ ' ' 11. 5 / r " , r 'l l J I " $ '" o ' .' .. r\ . jirirn .r' lpJr.i ( i Cnr ne. , l , a n . , C ] I 'l l r , o ! . t r ' e t c U ri n r tollioasr.i,sa .larlin f"tlo . iCLliSlilt l |
638
srNlAxA PRoFozrTrEr
Pcntru a0esi, moliv s obi;Duieqtesi se considcresari.fl partpa . :' zitie care precedd p&rl.a di !: : verbul copulativ, ,i nnne preni.cdtir care il urmeazi. 5) \ur ele predi&rtivfi (omlleme tul (jreunstintial. {-rrr !' : S 25rg predicati\-poarc li ronlundal ru compl|mentulcirrunrstantirl: Vitikr \as silLing dr /,rLi. iNuDre trcd.l nu r li singurnkjca.ci. in aceastir silualn'. l\.erbul {//s sitti??g jos". .,i,. .i la ,nrs. . niln cu rrbul "to be". cnci \:ickv nu ..steta .{tadar lotiuliiunea "at t lc" esle indispensabili t{ritru rcdarf! inl-:.. dcci indepline;lefunotia (ie nume predicativ.verlul ,!ls sillrr,: r -' fazul dr fnfn predicativ.l
Vifli.f rva s sitLi' g ar t hc r ar ll it jor ipl. . ir i. t i e l d i . l
L\:efbul't\,dssitti,rq" (: stnleajos) poatc lorma aici ritrqlrr 1, , ,.Undestntoa.r" ,.La masi". "-{t the table' esteprir rrniarc 'ronUl" .rdrl;J JF lu..l 'r
sr\c rs n t h."Le oD an- v s uhjc . , l.l. onuhing. l, ildf . n . l \ u n e t)ttl j
IVerbu] "1o be" ncriind aici trcrlicativ. cnci intFlerulpri(ln al!1,,: : (: 'rto be at home")."at honc' cstr n,,me]rfeil, . ,,afr', ci,,a cunoasle" ''to be" r'crb topulativ.l
Shc is ahvajs at h.rLe i\ Ifu, fvcnnll]. icompl rirr rle lur
lVerbul "to be" (: a se alla. a se gdsi) poah. h acfst,:az. sii ; :: -: si,rsur predi(,alul. "At home" este acum conplementcirr,rnstantial .dporece rnspundela lntrobarea..unde se Snse$te eal"l
s 25:10
5 ,5:tr
P&trDIC,ITD Of RIISUI,T
1) I)lidlie, Numele de Prdi.al ol Rsalr esie dat fornplil]i!:: arati consecinleleacliunii i.Erbului determinat de ea. complinire carr :, sidcrnoe face parie din predicaiuldzvoltatl:
The weU /.dd srld dry., llnriiâ nu avea api pcnl.! cI r..dsc.J Th vrii,ing desk aas bnlea orttt\(Bifou l d iost s ! a. t de l, ot i. ) Thc trilor ,zs ronr iackct too ti8ht. ',d,id (Ja ,l,ela 1 r e ste pr c a; t r im i{ lc nt r u c i a$a a l i o , l o o o i l o N l . ) \l'e'll ,rc. li.r con'e ho.r, lEa rre si( \'ini ai.i lentru ra o ro,tr rdnce noi.l
S 9632
2) Procedce alecxprimaro. - Ata num;tul h.d,irut. of llrsull t:te ;'.' nlat pr;rtr-un subsl,anti\'. al rcesioral.r;l un adjcctil.(sauun echivalent, rerb. un intinitiv. un participiu eLc.
rl-A Nas appoinled mdnaset ol tlle works. (Subst.) She 8r!-a thetn to Jou: l,hal, makes then yoQ.s nos. lPfoD.) \\il1 \,rr. rlF,'n F. boi. | , . gi. . A/ . Adj. ) \\ e,rr",;d ,, ur t r . d, J s r r : / / . - . . \ r L. ; ,-'" I,u. r'r e , , \ ' . o, lliJ r lr ' ul. i, ' l\ "r bi, ' 1. 1 | .,..;,t r'" , i" dr 4q. t . , ". ut , u, D r , r "l. u/ ir i, , n . t " IIe plr.ed lhe documents iu #e,o/;. ilu,ir!tunt adlerbialir) r Vczi 5 24 90 ,249i1. ,Cuvinlpre titrerite o! rimflpre
ddire sint ?rc|iar'
af ttadt.
He was obli g td ,o l l s ,e r. (In l i n i l .i v ) 'rhrt sei him rhtnnt,g (l'aft. prtzcnl) I d, , r ' t t " ,, h p L p t, ,,o .;,,g r,i . | .n ti \
\\-' ll I'a\. l.. n .i\^ a tt4 Jp .l ,,, 1. .l 'ul
3l A.urd. 7h, PrrLliurt u/ n,'r/i poal,e lj raportat la subicct(,tarj.']- g 2533 tir, Pt..litot, at H ,',ltJ.r\r 1, un rnmplemen' di'r.' lOl.t, 1t.. f.,tJt"qt. ot ,rytsnn,e had gurn stir.r isulic.liv)
'Ihe sJEnket soon ran drX. (Subic.ii!) ntr /nif {Iite. (Obie.lill -\g-" hrd h,med Thc h-"rdr,,he drove /'pr lndtic, (Obiectiv)
4) Dinteza rerb lui detcrminat, Yerbul determinat de un Pr.di.,?rc S 2;31 al n..',lt puJ|p ti ."ri\. pr.i\ s,,,rr"fl":rir:
You had better ol.r llie door trid.. lvhr!, malr,r hfr so l!t.? Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m. \\'e rioullh't l.i,trdt. mor r'omloftablf. W hv oas m v r a n . r y s . r h o e a IIr;ds dri'L'out orlis nhrd br l.hc noisc
rcrb reftcxra:
\o\'tt ntatn ILLE.U hmrs. rJetr..r 1!t riim slee! hnnftt Ioh^ ate I'in64[ Bitk. shotrting cn.luragome^t Botrer. to olr foolbdll.rs.
:,r I orc.Irond0nlu iI lixrLa roru:lni. lr crd.rd i' d r^-',ir., ..mnlFIIan ,( 2535 l,rl . ir' ,rn,sl a ,l i J l ' nrr.e'.rit "resprr' J, ir oir.' dr. maiurd. ' s id.p. d?.rui ' I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/. ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez esle mult mai largi. deoarece numele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru de propozili cu funclii sintactice loarl diferite. -\stlel, dupn cum reiese 9i din exemplele citate pinn aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro rnini nurn predicativ.cornplenet, dircct, complementcir0umstan!ialdc loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{. !i, tmpreune cu verbul deierminat poate fi tradus cu un rerb Lranzitivsau inl.ranzitivetc.: He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme pred.) I ll .sk hinr ,o mD?.1ibmr,1. .lir.) \1''e Lookher noru. lcontpl..i.c. dc lo.)
Tl,. rl,u lr r- hdd L n p 0r ' d bt up Cont p t . . i r . 4 " 1 , o d ) H $o r"i, l h im . "ll r a, l at h t r bor ' ib i) ln $. l C o n , p j . o n - , r i i \ l she sor the roon rcdav l a ptetlelii. (\'erb tr{nz ) Ila,o ol his co al o/ / ( : a s c oal. ) . ( v c . I lr an z . ) {on arc atot itls rlt,Df r.d thn'nc. i: a sltlbi). (\r..b intr.)
Pri!rDl0-{rr -{PPoslrlYn Lnele \ethe pr&li1tit c au o tomplinire nnm\1"i, Pledicat. Appositi.tr lrt\ substantiv, un adjct;v. o locuiiune prepozilionald etc., adesori precedate de conjunclia ds. aldturati ca apozilie verbului predicat. Aces| Predicatc Aryositia. a"at!,. in frincipal, stara in car se afld. s-a aflat. sau se ra afla subiectul in monenlul implinirii actiunii vefbului: He }as a jol as sord,urShc tliei aL okl tuoman. sa.ah camc in hapl! and e.pectant, slrc was gontg to be eligagell as Luts. to a si.k.hiLlHc $'as )orn ,i,h d s,7'.r tpon iL hI Muth.,
s 2536
t {;uvirtcl-" liliiritc cu cnra,ile.. aldinc siDt !/dt.d,es o/ nsrlr , : sortil sl 1ie bogat.
SINTAXA IROPOZ4IEI
6 25 3 ?
S URI I I e I UL \CORDIl l'RLDIC\tl LUI C l cr P JE C TI \\D \' tl ' B 1 ' f \O A EI:l l E \1
Yerbulpregeuorali'-- Ca,9iin linba ronnnn' tn limba englczi RegulA { 2638 in n'rmir si parqour't: ' -"' aicat,"',"oid; ',' subipclul ro'si'l'rd tl:: t"../i",1: ' t r" s" \umarul .ub.tan'irulur' u r"l d" s'bi ru' Inrrna ensl"/a F\i rd
?f,:';:i"%""ih1:{":-"':i;ll
irr limb0 dp la;r;;;,' ; ;bt"s. dPosrp'F pr') d-r'u int'l;d" a"'.ioqrf-, 1p "7i" 'd'l
:;irx,:likl Itr;l{[i' :kir;.lilrr i;i"]:"";'::::',,, ",, r",";"H"1"t" nL,,,,ri \"'bu, :lii;l:::"iil..,"ii"'i,i;;'', ;i "
Verbul Preriicat se va acord ln!FlPsul8'es ur3'
'ubstsrtrwc phrral in\prq-subsrarrrrvP ,si
ri ""ri",i;;" i"..",. "'"s",'jJ i,;".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;. "' u"l'.

tit $ la pllrlal Srbiecte cr Ycrl'ul atit ltr singular' loL';tr' prrtu "1" ) {S,l1l r, I I S,rb"lnn'i\Fl' 'olcclrtc l"/// 'r''
S 2539
j.rl;:s"ii l": ; ll: Iili"ll l;'r"i"il'r,11 "':l:l il tru "tru r tr: , , , " " ! : ctts iia pr ura pruci') ral {se"'s fdr'P?s r nulronr,rol.dsau proveienla regionali caru 'ot]o 's aro 5) SubstrnlNcle ($ 1?J)nu*"""t"'n ($ rl'!s'Jd'-?'rilh.,l'er'r' de Pluralr/iu cu tnJel'-s lelttt' lahe srcrc' 'lr'il' hcad trost' ldlr' oo"i' i''i"' caaprc' 1230-1233); brace. ti',1,1';" neterminate l. ittion er(:' cind-si't',nuncralc' Llesi ,1. llnus(tn(t, u,to'" ',s,
/r fn i r 4l Ct t er a s u b s ta n tL l ,p
' " " ' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l "l.ll:1 1r r .in g u r r r .,ir 1 ir .
.,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj s-'" ,".""t, ji,,;"r,r ;"*,:'1

)
ln
ii"t
rha
( o'$ nn' " ' \' r ' "
p a n ' J " -rn5$' FJ r ' 1rr

a tn tttta ' ttaP tP
a26{fblC,rtint"l"a'tpldua'ltvs:pa'r'Jar';d1-i.nulfaisineuhrn,'"fort rrritP I'o'lr'l'' ' 'inL'"u10 m:. (in'l sir,l numpr''l- "|| '"'Buf f"'1ru'"ft 'ind
""' ;;;;r;;;';;;'n' ;lrii;,r i:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l" Ir'| nc

sr4;r'"'n ;1r? : ";'" ',.i: : Ji',fl ?'":l'"1i",
q 2542
-
7) fracfiilc.
l l dF t - r n: ir i:
pe care cr substanti'rul all' - rracliile au rcrbul trcorclat
r ft:',,r, 1i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo"
l'i"l liE;;iJ':; Li'i"l'"J'f' ''' ' ','"' 'n t a T$o lt ir ds oi t \ t s llat Pt
""
E,tr ' r" td ' ' l " ' l l j
;fr'e.
r"r,*"
*a l.C
llandlord' te'vdav
Jenteaush SprhenEngtish
ACORDIJL DREDTCATULOT C
6{l
db.anuneralul ..a"i:,'..i"'."1.;"i"*a pluralul

I Paiil oro onit s h!'ll lof it 'dt
rVoid fie chiar inlerior mrmirului r Penlru ori.e numir csre dP.pege unitatea'prccedd suD' (in lntregrme)
Se spune lnsd: I Paiil ore idL snil s btll for it verbul la singular sau la plural: 8) Numter. - Acest substaniiv are o t la sinrutrucind are lnlelcsdc 6insulsr:
' T; ^"nbe, ot Norl*s is on thP inc'essP
S 2543
Til'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:' ; "lJ i;*;::1"1.1"" ;lf.?fl ,,, ^l#:"1**ul';ir este la stngrlar'l si rerbul plrrrnl:
' l, il '"'
jl,l',r.ij ;:ilrlifill;i , Sn'i:l*"*f "lil;';'11 s'.1 nohotddt : 1i;;il;:;.i";;;";d,r Jearri.orur ''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*

no$tc lnsemna: Ll' vot lrl - t 'utIosin|utotl '" tl i""^ tfu*n 1 ' numar superior "' '-;;,."';;j.;t;; rri i"nt ior rhc prssinsÎ thr bl' ""' "' idecada cn'cpi 'nsi mrrlti cel' mai mullo Ifari I)t lstns "on.r"t)
ptu,ol cinrl are ln{eles 'le rr" join"dlI'r"aJins club' *'t'' ^"-t* "t
..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i:
j. n".ilip,i*':." p"i"t'r| t"il - oe' t tovturat:
'''"'
;:*;irjtUl,l "; :Ji'::i''i]lHl! ;i;;T"',1'T.' [lrs" ..,":* oI\o'kmPn'

te sruoul sau melnbrll aceslura':
J'il::i1' j"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1" ;1 +,lHi],i{"i'

ih.;,;ill:":.:l"lt"#",;ldll" r", ho'. 'o'sL'!s
'"""
alf l''J'':"f ';l,1il",llJ;';1"' ,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,

'-"_'_-' n..r ol the tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd
**""' h";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;' il ll:'#:l"ffi"" ii,: r":'Chi"ilr I d.or. Asfe,t (s.a uasood, I I) .rsfost i"":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji'; l:":#"i !.,:,li "tu j,i;"1.i1;";iilli* i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1', j::;l'ii't;"t 4ff?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il ofEogr,s,, ;:l;;#,;lltF s,udr " i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
Fo$lc.' rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'
illt"nio il.,';",rJ?lx' ),.ii,,l,pxt ".
b42 S P ; +? 12) Uor e t ha n . Io s t. A o e s l e c u v i n te pot avea l erbul l d si gul ar saLr Ia Plur al: o) r o, in. ut or . rr.1 ,I p r,, J a u fri .l i " s a , r un,,ri r| ,Jr. 1u a' Fl " r,. tl e pr ular : Ur)rth{n r,,rc rnr,soI l,hc glass(a! hroke^.
Tr i. , . . I nu"F h, t . . P, - , ah i a r I Uo. L ul . l, t r r o t i, , r s , ia, m l d . {" d ] I os t ol lhc . dr gr nds los l . l s e r
b.) Ia pluraL. ciNl sint urnratcdc un flural:

llo ' " \1 ,.: o P' n o ld x d ,? !,n a ., !r'r .i. tld, n.tded l ^.r
S 2;rS
t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty. prinele trci fiind -{cesle cuviite intn,bunrlaienumai in linba volbitn. cu lrtclcsul de.,o multine" -. au |.rbul la.ringalarcind sint urmate dc ur riuvir)icu ,<ens de $ingular, ,siverbrl la p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint (,u sensde plura]. Atit, la singular, cil ;r la plural iubsta tivol. determinanl sint precedAte de prepoziliaof:
Th(c tr hcaps ol tood in llre Urder. Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he
1 l. ol p"/ p" ia , , lns , " T h r',. T here o r. { lot ol /r lngs I c an do. Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr. Lots ot p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn). t h"r , r ' t l r 'l \ o ,o,,7Inthr.. Tlc ^l r . ', r / 1 . - r r p g " i n A t o t h .
'p r . i d .
S 2519
i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat de doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin /ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal .urlnl din enumerati:
( boule. a tlal. atrd |ao glisses on lhe trblc. '11\'r'^ 'fh eft.d ,rn,n s onl\ d neLn aDd ihr c e t om al , o . s i n t h c l a r d e r . ll.. ;1 b .t! . , r ' l r or r t , r . t r ' - ! t- r u. a -ot. dnd i r - r ; r l 01 m J l. 5k Hctr tN the ftt\te5 and lhe ras.. (ltnd irsn sLrbstantivelc din enumeratie fl)nsiituio rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|
nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:

Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r Hec o/e his rcat drd pants. Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do rill,(J.
S 2550 S 255r
15) Pronum0l0 intemg[tiv-relativet. a) Ptantlnttte int erogatire. eha. tlhi:h |, trhat - Pro,,umele pot avea.ierbul atit la sinsula.,cit ;i la plural. I i trcbiri. trho aste de obioi ronstruit, cu ring&/arl/: to sle us today?" "IlD is comirs "1he Smilhs. Il'io d{r rt the p.ttJ? Raroori.daf din celn ce mai treclenl in specid in limba lorbitn. intilnim forma de plaral: ;i
"l/lo sir on lhc branchcs?"3 It'no ar. {t tlie l{}le? Ccinsiruclia cu \,erbul la plural dupd pronunele tl,,bo{!sto insn in generc irodu' elitafi. tie intrebuinlindu-se o altn construclie cu acelali jnleles, Iie I P c nlr r alle d c l a l i i ,v e z i H .\\:. F o { l e r-,r. .i / ., " \!db.r" , : : IlntN allc delalii. veri lL\\:. !owler, ;r. .n._ "\u!rber"i "\\'lal.." 3 W. Iiipdran, Fin Dislish Boak.
cindu sc un cuvint cart!si juslifife intrebuinlarea pluralulu;.fie folosindu !e sirqularull

WhaL .lo 1lou s.. on the lranuhesT rltt.a F" .h P aPL . ' t t t r I . l I : ll'r, ,r ar l,lie iable?
Dcsjgnr tns;i c:ij h oazuril aseDnnntoarecolui urmitor. pluralul este sirgurul r[rlnir farc poale fi inlrebuintai. dcoarece F,qt.r cerui de substantiIflb a '. tttrl n. nan ar i t h( gi. l wilir her ?
Pronunele rvhirh 1i {hat au rr:rhul acordat in numir cu substantivul sau prolumele pe care il lnhcuiesc: You \Lantrour.oatr wlii{h is.r., \tln h a.. rlDs,Fho \yrrl lo takc pa.l nt ihc rrr'1
\\ h rt .,n.r iller t he t it le? \\ h al ord ron . r c ?s r nJlor ' lehar ins r s r ou do ? dnt JEep.', "Whuf zf. ir th. ftlds?" "Caqs. h'i4
l. rclatia-.. _ .h) Pron.utne .-,,,d .\i rbul prupozjri.i,llirirF F\r. ir,r., S !552 .t41:n \: t..t ,,t ,.n1,...1 r tdtrI ,,,,? I.runumptU, "ur.,it
S hc is r/,. g il sh o ,4 s sia. iir g al, lhe s eas idelilla $lle.. $ e s t d r i o r . s u n m e r r a The *gettLl.E whltl aretabr gro$n ontlie la.n hare alreadr becn lrlantcd. I'.asanr !,otn.n i. llvir Su,lag .lorr.s, \rhi.hr is one ol the iinrsl slghls. Nerc sl,andIt is slc wlo .,nc.s licre cvcrv \rck. Slic !s one ol rlp sr:rls thrt lar? had niano lcssons. i! the omisaions jn ui xork. fVhat nak r. it srrprisin{ T r,e do(rlorsrc..Dn icld a dleL on, ndr s . . , , t o t hon ju s l . i r i a b l es r , u d s .
'16)Prolumel nehotiirite.
d / Pr',' lu- ndF at l t i v a t p u t a \" a \p rb u l l a .i ' r !,,l d" .H U l a rl urA l . i rl t, n. i p d c i nt plac rI lc - r r rg ' rl a ru ri J " p l u r" l I." , n r" i l A ,r i r, trara.,a' i por rr" r terbui acordat cu detrrnina tul lor: -:lll oI iL 0?s rotl,en. -:1ll{re agrlcd tliar lh. plaX ,!omeoI lllc lqe. s!oill,. qrfe ladcd. J.ne ol thc flrrrls "ar tftrpnL b) EIrabodu, sonebodu. sam?on., a.ubodv. n o anc \\rzi $ 1144. 11/1 9 1 1 ,-,0 ). muonc. nohod!,
S 2553
Suliccte cu vrl)ul numai la siDgr Ar
$ 255+
1) Eithsr. either3,each ollej elery, evcry onot, many a au verbul la sin- E g5lt5 gular chiar dacn fae parie dintr-un subiecl oompus:
llithu ol 111\t brbids ;- Iine and he{lthv. J.tllul.1 lhe t . J s r c loz gs t o hin. E.th one trl rha [oJs is llirg a krl.e. E.,erV mar is there on the lrwn. 1-\ntcricd.nlrl dLn . cstc l .egnl grxp de rxiyintc lrf.ccdut: "Il,!6ot lrorunnlii n o d c n in iL.i. Sun da i.loth r s . " r \i. rbr, .J.r j, , . n. "u- r i , {r . r ,, n "o. n"l , , / , o, t,ri 'nso!.. "1t : ' lblI nr d .i li'r . ll.\\. 1, , $1"r . op . d. . \ "r t hr - . , j. r \ , , , i . ,n iu lr , r lll J 'i . r v. " \ . , l) l") . " r t s i 'i j , . u i , J \ i n r . 'dJ.,.9 ?r,. ,,ri.r^ " 1 . m , . ' "?, m "nl oI J nar s s s ? 1 : , . r u . . i : , L i n r F , n s i n .
544
SINT^XA
PROPOZITIEI
I n- ! . ' at h " m i 1 b ,J r' v rlfa,r a poet nar sung the digniil oi work. / . r t | , , y " nd l p .s g i t ro : , ri r :n 1 ,. ri . | 1 .. F.."e, llosr.. tr ' . L ld d - o l g a "s !a!
" \p r ! ".p t!
.\Jrp
ol Jpri nJ.
S 9566
2) Suhstantirele cu lormi de plural li inlslcs ilo singular: tr) t1 s. npxs. sh0nb|.s. sumnansii ,rip.Par"dis(S l?8): ,, num"le dp ttiinlr si obip.t' dp stulJiut"rminatp 1n .i.\ (ortrcnatttt's pl"rtrar;.s.math.nat;$. phon.t;.setc.)(s IJ0 .. 124); dthlpt,".. .l numele de jrcnr; cu lormd de pLural (drazgrts. ftlrelins tc.) ( S 130d,
dJ doui nufle de ,oli cu forml de plual (mea-rles,narqs) ( S 130 ,, 120). 3) Substantiyglo cu form[ de plursl care fac parte dintr-un grap consi derat. ca un tot, ori lormlnd all nume sau un lirln tle carte, aJ:,erbrlla.singular: ' llDe . t uU; , s , a v e d ," a rJ i r p " i r.. 1\to cups of ,ed ts not enough for me. Ihc Warc of th. Roses ts ihe st ggle bctweenthe housesol Lancasterand York. Tohanlin{'s"Oe' laur,iczlo& ,tr;ds" ts a lavoudle oI Alan'!. Tx.saniev's",4 gaata s ,tl.t n s" n s won wo.ld-wide lame. \ at d Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural: Tr.geniev's "A Huio's ,S.(?,cne," nore $'on world-wide fanc. t . . , - bs " I " r . t" o r s l r rk .s p .a -r. p d i r p h J,ant rel dng. < . ' k , . f - . , ' \o 1 r.t. o t. i tr\o u ri l F b o o ! oi npb. L)fukpns s "-\meri.an ,\otds" u/c amoDgthe ne\v relriDlsalr,au.cr's"Canlcrtrufy ?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.
r23) |
$ 2557
S zji5il
4) l{umeralele Fi numolede mtrsuricu formi d0 plural. - Unele numeralc |i rrurne dc mnsu cu iorm[ dc plural slnt privite ca un lo, ti au terbul h singular:
' |\ \ t . om n. ' r' \ l ' rp F i r ro n ' i.ive porrtds tr'l.oo nuch lor tnis. ?'riJ lasl lcw days al1 bJ tuysU nds been lery lonely. \ most intercstnrgt$'o monUB /,as pa$ed. 'Ilirre ,rdr still iFo hours ielore the sho$ll ts a good letr miles io the next. yirlage. :1, ag.c.atrlc tl'rcc hours rasses quickly. Do givf ns an,r/Ef ten mjnrtesl (l i e z l ti 5 2 i 5 t, 5 4 t, 9 5 61
S 2;59
:) It is - un pl{r&rl. - Pronomele il inhebuinl,at ca subict care anuni[ qi icccniueazi nutn] prdicativ. fiind rrn sinqular, are verbul la singrlar ch i a r at unc i c inr l ru m e l e p rc d i c a ti !' c s tc u n l Lural : ,Ifs ihc rilinas t -1ris nry.n/ldl.r who look arter m-" Nhen I r,n ill. 1r t! isenf,y ltllatl.tas lo t|e nexl l,oN!. I lr as ll\ e h. L d a l F U ra i l ,h c y $ c rc \a i i i n g l of, 11 nas ltathet dk] rlt,n.f stro wore dnsing ih. letl. lr lfdr )or all who werlr there belore tlie othos. (\:e z i ti S 8 6 1 . ! !) 6) )Ioro thsn orc. l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr iDieles dc plural, rre verbul la singular prin atraclie, on avind inleles dc singular: Ol his !u!ils, marethat one has tnitrenut a terhni, il .r.ec.. Ltate rhatrane comninefas isorkin8 thai dil.
S 2560
646
ou yorbul numai la plural Subiocte
$ 2561
cu lormi de singular$i tn.teles d6 plursl, 1) Substantiyelc S 2562 zl/ FolA (: lune, persoanc, familie)( $ 148)gi prople(:lume. persoane' ($ 149). rarnilic) substlnlil'e cu lormi de singular au inleleg b) Fish.Fruit. Cind aceste lructe). elc se construiesc cu pluralul(S 162.147): de plural(: peEti.
..1..the /isn f.esh? Thc / n a,e/d srccn. c, Subsl,anLivple connan, faat. hote, s?.il (: artilerie, infanterit, cavalede. marind), deqi cu formi dc singular, se construicsccu pluralul deoarece de plural (g 147. 110) ou sens(colctiv) 2) Adjectivelc li participiile derenite substantire colectiv cu sensdeplu- S 2563 ral ldrd schimbareaiornei au verbul la Tlural { g 750): Thc tngltsn naca a speciul sense ol humour.
Th-" missii|A Qez I$. 'L'henartl o,/e p.csenl, in g.cai Drnbc|s.
3) Nonc. Cind pronurnelenehotirit zrne se referi la un subsbantivcu S 2564 tnleles de singular. el are verbul la singular: "Is thereanr salrlelt h the srll (iclhr?""\o, therets ,ore." looking 1or. ol those women rar ,n, ore hc rvas Nonc bn1"Ihe btaoestnal des.,er llie Damc ol hoo. ^',ne Cind insi pronumele rrrne se referi la un substantiv cu sens de plural. nd,?? sd In limba "ngl"rj mod"r16sp lindc "J \arbul a,or,ls. .u pronumplp lie lo plurel. hrdr dd.5 .iag.,lirul ar fi mai logi": Ir'.neoI thc Doyr d/here. Thereaetetutu ol mv ffl.rzs nresent. itiere ara non,ugly, so adong LhctuL thereate tune old.." ",rk amorythe ra.ltcs (Goldsmith) 4) Onoor Tr{0. - Loculinnea,nar'tod(: vrodoi)are intotdeaunaver- $ 2565 bul la plttral:
O^l! ana ar tqo of ihe mn a.e against the p.oposal'lhete arc ane ot tro ihings we sLould lik. io iuy.
Axenlie! Loculiunea d-i- substantiv + or lpo are adesori verbul la si .g&lar: 1qard or xrc is sulticirnl to conrincchi .
compuse Subiecte
$ 9666
1) Subioetourito p n "and". $ 256? cu forlrii de .lingrzllir a) Doud snbstdntirc unite pdn conjuncliaand au $ 2668 verbul la plural:
Both ind -ft"tcn ndrdexceeded the nork normpd l.actor. 7heha! andgirl Nerewail,ing l,oc.oss l,hc "tm st.cct. b) Doutt 'u]^tunlir cu forma dc slagulor. unitc prin conjuncria dnd. re- S 2569 liinla e1i ls sc"lali lu rL. sJu s r\r do strin. unite .a r'1f"rind.rse lr ,, +' "-.i un singur obiect. au verbul la singalar 1ncit,sugereazn _telcs
Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet has lc|. Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet lor tea.
646
sNaaxA
lRoPozlTrEr
persoanaDsc[-araceali lcuvintele "musician"ti "painter" sereferdls r"fereau dcosts lt pcrsosne s" substantite i; io"l .ep't"i, 'ei' doua ti"al,i the pant"er hote and musician ^" wett-knovn piur"l: "lnc ;#9i ;;;i;;i; leIt."l prin canjnclia"and" verbalecoardonate i) Gerawl'itete $i substantLu.ele E 26?0 -"'25ti9): 2567 {$ reglli aceiorali ' *" O p r u n d i r ') "ootornr"r"a Asan ine a ad fltit iI E a"e ldugh' in r L"el"m - nr a'v s 'r @ '
S 26?1 E 2672 Jii';;;,',ii, oir\p odp'b ts tini'\"d /sub'r' v"rbJr"l " onateprin conjnnclia " an(t" auinsd verbui ta singllar: 11) I nfinitia elecoord oui' ?o si, up lata' fdd tiU all hou's,andsd'ul at six /'qswom hio ii?)"iaiii
"
'"'
i,",;",'.ii"'i"1;;ri;. i;';;buinLai;'"aJi"'ri'"o"t"r"
Do a t e aeea v er Du l : q L F J e ri n g ul ar F ) l^ ' t neuta r. d d ' i i d " p a ' e''') la plural' ilace ideea este de plur :
, ) Sub.tontiut.u famn d" s'ngutt pt*"dd! Je do|a ""'T"il'll:.d--dnd corrjun"Lir ' Drin ur'
"nd l \o ti un Fc dF plurrl c'ro Indi'"ja prin r " p " la r" d0 rri" o lu lu i: ru p ^ A re r6r"itrinv ma ' h in a . S u b s ' ' r' ri\ . u l , ' " Ui j ,ll"""':i :':,,1"'",i';,'="n6'1 n rb o l; riL pririr ra a rt i" o lu lu i tn p'i"1ulr rnplurlin " rp ir' ^ i i ptt' lo p tu"o l. ppnrnr iar !n al doilaaexemplu ."li''t."tiv cu sins Llesingular' i.5ti"""'i"i 'ar prodnroamhiguitar'e nefiin'l dar "" pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr' lFi.t'iJl"li'ui"" c e (c rrl lrp irrx l d F l ; d s in i \ i rnrrlrp do doue'aud* n ai i - . " .." '"i1rerbut , tnit' pr;n conjun"lia rra"dd suLiP4aP { 25?a l ) .tn t in -11.'l,t::,1'J-"t ; ir' p a la ru t I o rrl lo a rr"a d " s -' p .'p ta qrngrlsr.o c l l bsr xnli! 'n't"1'u;||''"'' " pi"."r"i'i, tii specii in propozit'iileinterogatile:
PlurattLl esLelnsd de asemenea Hd'ea'e You' baga d umbrella' {Vezi!i S !5/'e)
;il";"!? itfiill T\f ij";';l'?j:J i $ XXt "-'e) ."''r i;l9.'dlil'l 1"?";'f ttl lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili i,; :lll';'t? -a r" d
** *{ "-:'}n#l'if ',i';l ii:i:1fi""1'"i:: -*" foafte mult uziiat:
p n conjunclia or 2) lrouli Eubiectaltrlrairro' - Doui subiecie unite t 25?4 -"'' noi aptaP'ot1i cet eu subiprlul ,', " ""'t"i".".Jar ,otts or toD is coming oretroe' tnao or her szsr'rs in ihere? his sisters he or ''s e' inc larenh or the sonto comc? Notd alternative' ci simple Locuriunile onot loo !I a /r'oldor tQanu sint subiecte
6 25?6 i;;;; -
o*i unui :rlt capitol ( $ 2565) oi"""-l li . nor"' "p""t'i" it Ifool ."rri""t" legetoprin "eithor"' or"' "noither"' la tr'nsalar' tot este verbul la s;ngular' slnt o,) Ctna amlel" s"lieote
R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'
ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI
61?
cstela-pllrralSicelalaltla sineular. sul'iactulcu tormA S2527 . i/ O"a un subiect <leplursl 3epuneInalotea verbulut, caresFa.orducu,ll
Dithpr6hpof th" otherci.ts i.y' d.cid/d to swopexoFriences. Npilh.r Lout nor ny Doys dE .bildrpnIn kindprgarti,n. gb?8 , . c) Clnd subictele nu rcprezintd aceeati persoand,verbut se acorde cu g suoredulcel mar aDfoDral:
I : i hpr y ou nf M i k p 6 a r q ' r' i c o o ft rh p n ri ... N" it 1,r n o r @ l a rs .a r:F d o i l rh " n ri z" . ^lB r k Este preterabil insd sd se repete verbul: lii hpr y ou ldJ . r' r p ri r' , o r,tr. D o r" t,s i r . Npilho. Dor l A a s rh F n ri z p .n o r /,.,r s p
4) Suhioctele urmoto do constNotiiintroilusopri cuyintel: $ 2579 as kpll as, besdes, in uldttion to. likc, hkpa'ise, b:"thtt a'ith. ,vith, ond nol-.x""lt. but\: ct\F\, cl liaj.6ul,or. no?ess lt{n au v"ibul ocordeL tn numar ct primulsuh,.r. acest-,onstruclii tiind.de fspt. incidFnte: ti persosna
P_dd,as eel as Hdcn, 6 rv.lt u? in chemjst'y. yo !, a s s p. as hf , @" l i rr ra re " s i n rn " ' s . lvo od Lesidcsthpm pos in the iields , add i ri o n , 600& of poc m sin to ro v fl o y e E . ,y a ,s p n l to D rnl ,nL. l ra ri l r.lr k p n" r par enrsi.s .s p n , d i n gh p r h o i .ta y s i n th " mol rntai ns. ?oly, togetlDr with his friends, i; having Englilh lessons. Datr wilh his brotheN le lelt to. thc coirnt.i. ,{l l b u l he t s d u him , a re Ere .' rw a l k " b .4gn,s,but not he. sisters,@ae to be }lamcd. ft? ndtugcr, no lcs than the clerks, ori@s at the office prompt to !h mirute. Esre l ns d pr elc r abil s A s r re p p ta v c rb u l tn u n ,l p cazuD i ,i ar l n al tel e se se tr eacd ]tn g e v er b s ubiec lu l c u c a rp a c e s L ae s te a c o rdatl You r., a lirjl-rote swimmpr.and so ir hp Th . mot her/ @ oul, an d s o ,e re rh p . h i l d F n . Du /4! lPlr tor the ro ntry, and so lua his brcthers. Maud eas lo be b,amFd,but hpr sist.rs do. oo!. In addilion lo my floseB, a r@l o/p@tu ,a! spnr to llarrhi L i ke _ h cndr r nls ; Cf ac ! i r s p F n d i n h 8 rr h o ti d ryi n th m ountai ns. ,-ro rs I'aBng Engbjh l.sorc tosplhor Lvithhis friFnds. Dd, nar lctt tor th' @untrr $il.h his brorhF.5. ),rolB lhaD thc clerk3,th. nonag.. aii*s ar thc otfire prompt to rhe minule.
,.
olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal: Nol onlv I, bDi In?lP,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helDrou. Not only h". but his/.i.ids /./,6 dpcrdF-d to rak. i.;ft in rh., ompetiLions tor rhe bdd*0. Este ins[ preferabil sd se repete verbul: No l .o n l y I dir l il r i8ht to h p l py o u , h u t s o &s s In . rndchnr . . . Nol.only h. n's iccidcd to tJk; parr in rbe comp?truoc lor th' badgp,bur 5o t4e, his tuiends.
Do.uIsuhiocto prin "not ooly... leBsto bul.,,' au verbulBcordat cu su- $ 2680 .5),
6) Cdculolosritmetico. - ln calculeleariimeticese tntrebuinleaz{attt s 2681 (lt Eipluralrl.limbarnodprne ..ingularul. c!lnd rpndinla sprepluratacoto unde rxisld oltprDstivd. pluIn nrimFle sproexem dou" cxcmple Je rnaijos:
Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_ Ten tines touuiakds (s au nai., forry.
5tE
SINTAXA
PROPOZITIET
Eighl ts lwice fou.. Two lrom si\ ldacstour. Tlree ts containd in six lwice. Ten diYided iy live ts two. How much ir selen times fen? Wlal, aP twice three?
III. P,{.NTILE SECI]NDABDALD PROPOZITIEI (sBcoNrllBY PrrTs oF rEE sf,NrxNCE) ATRIBUTUL (THEATTRIBUTD) Delinitie. Alrjbxtul qt" parteade propozitiecaredetermini un subS 2683 sranlw sau un suDslrtul al tur, Pmeoileo do.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy S 2584 sau printFun echivalental acestura: a J un a d jecliv calificslit:
There \1asa line pajntins on Ute wallI have met the torclt.itchild.
s 2582
bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
This is m3' molhd. XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl. dJ un articol: T h " rp $ i !" ,n ,..rp s F s h o rt.y. t Lan ne rhs ..un .ehin,l lfu i. ' -ls
dJ un nuneral:
He has necn away /trd days. I LL the aat h t r 'nr"d eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu: lle wrntd some natoials. (Goundir) ',ridns T " ,ft,ry ,a g b ' rrl 6 l o r' r,p u he s - P ' " . 0" r' !i T r fu U " i ;d n " , ,1 ,1 , i l P ;rr r," u -,,i un substantiv cu valoare adjectivalil: /) A mcss meeting was callciL. That's hoy the ,rztns class.sstartcd. gJ un substantiv in cazul gDiti\.: Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3 grown to a great ertent. The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.
/rJ un iniinitiv:
She l'as the last pcNon l, ldr'c. llare Jou noiliing /o sd3 lor Jolnell?
i) un adverb:
I v illJ g" r k l" i- m j I , i" , p l " P . " ' lhF m . ' n n. J r daol h". l. n d\ardrd iL, St-L ].rir.
o apozitiel J,a.s'sPhonetic ot Professor DictionarJ was broughtou[ in thc SovicL -\n cdition time ego. UDionsome
"Popev., ft? 1I'opele Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr (:cu ochil Inllucalil. liln chari.ler. ltpp^tl
j)
PAF'TID
SECUNDARD
ArI
FEOPOZTTIEI,
ATRIBITUIJ
649
A) o loculiune prpozilionald sau adverbiald: i! the srudy_ lhe Nom on ,n?.igl,.eae This is atr out-of.tt ptace.'
I) o construcl,ie cu paticipiul prezent(: o propozi.tie relativ[ eliptici $ 1712):

Th" Airl lsho isl ktu"IirE ot thp doot i, Dtptr\. T hpr ; . lr i q" . d s \th a t a " ;) s N " i n E.,p ti -h a ;
mJ o propoziliesau o lrazi consideratd ca un tot unit,ar:
qh" dld h. " s . r\ i n t h o p p tp a -tu .L u | | ,t!. .0,.h a .nrh.ron $rpsl!,n_sis-nrural. He rookdronnd fiih a nlc,t,am ana-aren't-you-Etad to+eemesofi ot air.. Not d.
Un substantiv poate avea mai multe atribute: sow l,rohen ald lnn\fire lay in onc .orner. ]ls liltle Jow yeaLold, gi.1 ii v-"ry naughry. APOZITIA
(TfE PPOSITIOX)
s 2686
$ 2586
1) Dotirritie. - Apozilia este atributul substantivall care se ieferd la s 258? a..eagifiinla s'u lu.ru cn;i subslantiruldetprmiast. ..Inl'e apo/i1i" ii qubsranlivuld"rerrindt n,r pr,icl6 dF obirpi un raport plp stau np r, lali plan numci lo.ul lic.aruiaii dcrFr;ina ,la subur'lonarF: r"i ' .alir.lFa de dFlFrnrincl s;u deLerminanr':. ln.dzul apoziLi"i. delF'minatulprp."d dF obi"Fidpterminantul, ilF.i al doih" .ubstsnlir (qau F.bivdl.nlul ;"".ruie) rcpr.Tintdin cFnFrF aDoTitia. 2, elarifi.are. \Dolilis podlF ti simpla s;u d"rvoltAi. s 2688 (Th"IlosaAppo.itionJ paroal,sLuitddino) Aro.i!id siF,pla l FLn s,rbsenriv (.au Joua)..lrin. l.gnl , a inlFlF.dF .ubstdnti\ul dptcrminat s; n"a!ln,l pl insugini"i un,l"'prn.inan:
Graham G/.,, Conrade Jac,tsoa Urdc Miss Kellu 'sun - J n . Fr I n. t a( a"r . lôl D d i i p l l a a . s Ddd.l, b'.81.!. :t Lrdrue OtiJi". a kttua .@dtr" " rr,. nnn" ol .ac,utl th tliver ?toDls ure cturslegs Inn. num t . s ir lhe advob ,drd. Ihe cit! of lbndbL'
b ) Ap o z i. lia d. e .e a l ta ti i l l h e L o o s e Ap posi t;on ) consti di nrr-un s , rL.l e n l i \ i F ur ir de ar r i b u rp l a l u i . s i F S l . d a f0 p t ;, hi val " n' i crr o l rnpori ljp rp l a tj l 6 ex plic at ilr o l i p tj .u I Rarnes,(wlrois) di nd.nine tuon forcndn. \as otir jlsr bccn appoiniedto his job. Ir.utn,, ls'ho is) ,zr /oD,e. eer. ls an old nar row. B,r"n ( ho { , . t t " lan o h E 4 ti rh ,o n o ,.t:. to d u l th p].th." ,tturJ. tor-ght tor l \p . rI' !"in,a l d"t rmindrit. t{inlFun "u b6ldnr it f du "n ". liv al"nt dl . , p s u i a j . . . lilr ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr rFsIrP, , Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3. .E \ F npld o ap ozriri,ar d. lnm adp\ . pr . ndl. / / , , , , , , bub"t r ,i r u r !,,an fl daterni n ; Ls 2i8:). .Construclie numitl ..genitiv alozitiv" i$ ,r8).
660
STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI
! 2689
3) Acord, in gen ti numercu rufiDLul d.tera) Gcn. Numd.r. - ,\pozilia se acordd

Juae anaouda (subieotren pl.), ny st,re.s (apoziliefen. pl.), havc nol reached I/; (subieorpl.l, nomdnians(,pozilie pi.), have sreatly dcvelopcdour indust.y. b) da:. - Spre d,:osebire de Eramati(,a ronani. unde apozilia cste intotde;una in cazil nonrinativ. unii gramaticieni eqiezi considiri ce apozilia se aoordi ln caz cu subsleriivul determinatl. Astfel: A dhint s \ , bq n o m .r.\' p l .a " J r , ,t: .. ..) .1" r" ' r J \" r,.l on . T ' f q.,. T F lolln6 r . nd \{ ,I b o ! L -' .." S n ,/; p d ' D L n. p o. n; .. . 1," ;t at o" o' o!:st t"o""i"L ilT"lt ,n,, ."" t ri. rohnso' tt\c butch{'s iui,ozitirEdlitir)'. l s c ntm v . o, . l .J n ' ' . n d i r.d a .l //4 ( o /i L" l ' l ) rr p ' . i 1 ' ,i _ r" to ,l r ' n r' " .5aa ddl . !r" l " , i ondl m! l. n t i- r , ' r ' " ta l .t| a l p t .o d ,in lJ Doz .J r 5a u L l d L . D re x o T l l i o ri l l i rnrL"/1i l d;d Jt' o/ ,i 1..rt. p r. d " . J ,- | /m ? l I ld' ihpr un \ ' ^ \ . - r s ld inlF " p ' ^ ..n o l 6 u i -q L Ftr," a n ri " l :n.' da 1o-i .d .i d^ un.-' ve n ! 6. . \ poz i! i" . r!t' r//e rrr' d o p ro D o /i :i a rp l rri ' d .l i ol i .,i . nu poJl .. d d" ' i L l n .a, ' ul nom ina' i\ :i i l i n h d c ' g l F z i . i n mod ,u l otul at..pl i onal . 11 , ," r1 senitiv. Ace8t lucru se vede clar dac5, rclutnd eremplele de mai sus. se comple-
ieazi propozilia relativn cu ptulile carc lipscsc:
nlir . lJ J . \ ho" m v , , us , , . , r o / i l ' " n n ,n .) . l l ' p , r ' " 1 Isra .ld aIo np l. . , ol. indi" pPnoI lionl l . J . . d u d d r . p _ " p o / i l i o 4 'l . nho-r ls"nr ll' J,r F o/ / d frrlh ;ioDi!.,d $,n"/ , + r ' om r d. . d. . . ' t l, i"l, \ J . . l J r S e \ h i pbuild:n! tlottti6
! 2690
4) CorNtmctriiapozitionalo,- Pnn extensie, gramatioa englezdlolose;le e\DresiA..in apnziriolrri...-ri paolru alrp par'lid proporiri"'au 'bi!r i."".td Frprp"ie,cu!lor,rl ..apozitG-"ra Inlelp.ul dP ,,r"pofl f 'lprrru or;pozilii. iinia'ri" tn'r" "on"rru".ri, da obi.ei .on.F Urivp. .arru s6.')i t,n"'i' 'l stau in acelaqiraport cu alte elemente din propozitie sau dh {razi. r doua consiruciie determintnd $i completind pe prima"': (conpl.dir.) ta r"d {inlinitiv ln alozilia .odplementrhl IIc sarc us hisp.otuise /r .ubi" ' g.' 1J rs kindot hio bpta'ine IiL. ,idr lc.nsrru li j'ru d:!alr. "llui irl. subiert louo rn doozitia
/r r.ibi"' c'o r , :' " $ls u,uJl lor hin to spp4d l.: holidol|. hiq; E \ cn! inf . nil,{ile . sub i", lo. r h n ipor iliJ 5uLip. r ului s "a m a r r '1 1 i / i n l r o l u c l r v ) . t i' ipi ! ' ho' s h" niJ n i s " e d . u . h o ' a P D o t t " : '! r . o Sh tho rsh tr,or f r dir-_d la Jp o/,liJ . om p. em . 1' ulu d; r F"l ir inlr oi l r 'l i r l . { Vez i t i $ 864- 866, pag. 178 , n o t a 1 , S t 8 r 6 ) li" rti!8
1 .W. Forvlerard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing'sEnqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan' Sinplified elc. l r' 1 " ln. n. r . s " m n u l q q i :\u 1 ,, /s r.p d l a u a " n ndi l ddpoerri e,deol -. - _' o rmi n d' :_dl Jo:n.on hpr,rt" cr ac " a) l. J or nr a?' u n ro i ru .,b J ' i ri i u l d p l S j 2 5 3 1, V ez i s i allc t x e n rl e l J ! l t2 -!5 3 . .r. ,-u.. ptru:td-d,u,: u tu ,i n d i F .t n .F ooTtti onatps " Caz J I- Dor i ie i r;mo .;.. " li J " u /.rrl \ d r" a p o z i L i l F ;i ' ;o ,,: i ,l " .aaa,o" dd:,.u.ontl mnrrl 0 F,l r , . l podr i Jf.i p. F poz ili" . s ar ,l -ri \u l d d .a c o n p l " m" n lrl P\rpl uar i mpr.-nb.L prel o?i l ' d \' /i " rl " exemple la $ 333. avezi allc cxcmDlc la 5 311. 6 ?hE A tu{ icdn'C.ua!!e' Dictio nary. "-\ptr sition". Mt
P-4RTIL!
SECI'NDARE
AI-E PEOPOZITIEI'
COMPIFMENTUI'
! 2691 CoMPLETTIDNTUL insramali'aromind,rorn- S 2692 numiLe depropozili' Termioologre.Partos anelcza Obiat.pe'tru comprcmrna"oumili1n;rainrha a'o"a or.*""i: ponlru complemanrur "," prepo/iLionsl li '4d'"r"'idl 'rrcumi"i ii.""r,'i"ai*"t 9i Etan-iial. ..orrrl"prFdi.sriv.",,,: ,,, ll,nrr",orrrJna. "i
(TnE DrnDcr AlenlLet O"nu.'i""u 2698 Camplenent din gramatica engleza nu inseamn ''comple_ $ pr"dicatir""' ;au
.romplinirc
DrBX* -L. COUPLIIIrUA'rUL oB'tEqr)
'u*
$ 0aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1: Derinilie-qi "tt . r) .j ' difec, .F,,, ;.r.,, "o,np,. B:1ii; :li"::fl" ll":f i:;,i:'r:;.;i,i, " p; c"'ut r"uzati' ei raspunde $ 2696 p."p-i1i'
Comflcmpnlul,i'." nu a.' "'a'n u l 'F r: la tnrrebire:,xhon'2 \ " p".rnP ) 'rrl. r'a had Uale You J"t?.
| "J\'/F Y' "l"r diY r r r ' r ' 5lr ' r '
,,., i'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl ;;:i,.,'il "", ,,-",' Thcv rvanted to go io a shoN

ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii rortheirrishts' rishtjry to rre rvirrica
de maijus' S 969? 2) Iroceilee il6 exprimoro. - Dupa cum sevededin exemplele ssrt prrnrr'un srrb'rcrtiv e.tprinrt nrinrr-un ."-n"r".;.i"i 'li*'' p"a'" tr inlinili\' num'rdl rit rpr"nun" aoj ' "ubstantirrl 're'ruii "r ".,f,ii,"r""' et'o l'recut i serundiv sau participiu 2698 "---ii r""a"i*. Conplementul ciirect din gr^mtica,englezatorcsp-urdê$
; :; li"#)J;il i:i i:' : "; i;,;""i: t:Tl; I :ii'"*'l l'$i", il""#;^T.1 ; pi' "ti"" i'J0,, o'
i i nr li " " . " r . ' " - "'r r "l I saiv ntn (Ac )
o.'n ""i, ",'*;; ;.ir"iflTi: ""a"" nt bl' t o r' | s i s t,tn s i t(e t6 =':,i:Xl,' "!,"!ii,Ti; io r e rro o 'h . t o r es t lin b a ro mA n a : din doii' r r' de i qi azuLui (i'ii;lou,,nr i:fr; t : to., i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'" I\'' be, om , . Ai'i
v o, . Culld r". nPaL t ; li 5 r lp lr nF I Dr r ' l \' l Hrs rns r dr ' un r I l"a5 Y, r iudr ' l ui n lid plr ' r ' r tlrd prn ' ul
{,-am vlzut ) (Ac )
pe $ 2699 ,1, l.o.ul i0 propozili'. - Con pl"merldl rlire'r *.pune daprrterbul Fprron : et 1n mnd de'ir c"'" ii J"r"."i"a 'i',f i'"r' nL, po.'" ii JespctLit spor' on the (verr) nts s/.'cn (comlt dir') Hc made lntrc complementul direct' !i verb pot interveni: irrdir(i: a i un comirlemcni
$ 2600
;:"il odii ,: lii;;i J";:" )",""',11 ';;;l'; l';';':"-!jl;.'
[""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]
65'
! 2601
STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
D,) un complemnt prepozilional sau circrmstAnlial. ori "a Predicatc of Result". atunci ctnd complemenLul direct este lung sau dctcrmirat.le un atribui ori de o propozilie relativd. sau cind consfi dintr-un infiniiir-:
. . I know lrc srorr {vp.b) tu o{lone.in hk altice \compl.indir. prcp.l a postca.di.om!I. o rr.l n n a r . w \ r o. o s o r 3 rr (a r ru l " _ g (Predical.c I p"t down (yerb)ou,tu idDl of ltesultl th. box (compl.dir.) tikan lrom rhe boy {atribui). $ e spole aboui tlrnijltg trerbl i4 lneedl.Jen icompl. ci.c. dc locl ihc ilowcN (conipld i f..whhhhadbp" n t.n d ,d i n t.p ;r.p n t,^ u s p s r' ro x E ntrdri nt I p" or,o/.ti . r" tJti . T lle ld. or y *J . h " i n S r-^ b i th b r,o t ' n t :r' ) ,nt, ti aD ot " ro. " o l ' l ci r.d pnol, S iils r ' om' r-d ,r. o l ,,, h ,r r" n i l , i r' u' . He kissed(aerbl eitl catdtips lcomr)].nBtrumental) his son's cheeks[comrL.di..lH" daidr d t e" ^ b i , h : h " o ra t h .ti s ,o mt, ,i r' .,." l o, rom l rp .or;,,1 Jr, _ ,{ceasti intercalare a unor pdrli de propozii,,ie. cliar loartc lungi. FStc ne cesari ln special pentrlr cvitarca e\-entualelor ,ronfuzii: \ v c " . . " t , lpJ \ , rb l r;rn l l p B* a t" ,ttk d .,tp , n 1 t.t .-.4p .,.,1 tl , In\i d.r,n ,,i r,rnl d i r., s pD l, v 11" I . u b l b n ,n F o i rs " .. :i b u r. A s t ' ; r n" in: h, t a \F ;' " rb .mp .r.i rh ' " ..t.-.t;.,,.. 1 tal 4,;.1,.4J. h.h!nt tn,. yo a r8i. l" odpl. ' ir d .. 1 .' , . r' ru p u /l r rp l rl i \1 r. I F | ' " onpl . ' .' " j x- br' ;' hl ' ,y rne m c s s c ng. ( r d i ,rb u t). Dac[ complementul circumstanlial, cu subordonata lui, uu ar ii lost irf tercalat intre verbul predicat qi complemeDtul direct al acestuia, iraz,"le rle mai sus ar li avut cu tot l slt sens: We acceptedthe jDvilatn,n sent bX the lublishirg house@ih ttt. greatest fuasut.. LI d" m o d d " rp rm:n i n a .;.1 J / v p rbrl srr./ {C o m phm en _He ' gaye me thF lettu just broushi by the messenger ;ith dn..prcssioi.f jo! shich node hih loak leatr !ouu;r. (ComlLleneiiul ds mod-determini aici vobui ?,irsL.) S 2602 .,,1 pariiculelc
($ 2208.2275-2281):
sd\prbjok
care intrd in compunerea verbelor
conplexe
He knocked ae, (adv.J (@m!1. the ashes dir.) f.om his pip. Rins &p (adv.)the telephone exch.rngc {com!I.di..). S 2603 5) Complementul intern (Th( aolnate Obiett ar .tt ru\atirp ). ti,relp Yer be intranzitiee oot avea un comDlernentdilcct dir a(eeasirtdacirra tu r.erbul (uneori dintr-o rndncind diferitl), .nmlLpmcnt , a* r"i,eU j,lppr \.rbuLnl. Aceast[ parte de propozilie csto numili ,,complement intern" (Calndtc object ar Aca$atirc). iar verbul respeciiv este consideratin acest caz 1'erl lranI dreaned a lo\e1.t dftdnt.
Shc /orsl, a hard Itlr. Thet' lt'ed a long aDd irappy til.. Delir sans a linr sozs. Ther sneArd a terrib6 sn/l oi burnl oil. tsaly snir.t her sweeiesisntle. It was .dtut,s rvith bi8 {tro?.r. This is a mcmorial to the soldiers]tho dtal a glorious.led,/,. She alwars goeshcr own ('dr. Hp I i s h i ' e 1 l o l i n s /,4 /: b o " i n , r I r nc" Ja. , , 2 a s $ rrr rd .P (\iezi si S 13261
$ 2604
6) Complomertul dimot relirut ( Retaine.l Direct Ohject). \-ezi S 1?84 - 1 7 85 ,26 2 0 .
7) Ycrbe 0u aloui complementoilirecte. - oltei'a verbe pot. evea doun g 2606 cotrpiemente dir.te. ceac; constituie o dificultate pentru sddeniii romen| datoritd laptului ci. in lirnba romAni. unul din acestedoud complementeest indirect. Asupra acestorverbe gramaticienii nu cad de acord; se coDadeFeori siderd insn in genere ci urmitoarele verbe aparlin aceeteicategorii: to anstter. ta enteat. to enu!, to fargi"e. la hear. 10requcst,Ia saee.to strike, ta teachr (compl. Wc an*verrdtldm (cod!I. dir.Ji"rDs ./&es,trnr dir.) fae lconpl. indir.) -am rilruns la multetntr.irt (co nl. indir.).]
H" n ri d r " l I ' om ll. J i ..) J o u " s u ," " .r I U mp l d i r.) , t, (' o ,npl. indi. . ) ov i d i d " r" q /l (.o mp l .d " ) \\" r,, A , \ c J r , , l, unt ' | . h p r " .J a ,. s ,o n ' D Lo i r. . / ,,,,p ir ui" t - - r ni, r ' ' ' ri r/o d ,.. ,,,n ,1 ,1 ..1 r' a .p a li prq \' onpl . di r.l Shc tauslit ne lconpl. dir.) &e dtfure, (comtl. dir.). I(E.r) n lco'nll. dir.) a llviLtraralldl-adl (.ompl. dir.).1
8) Yerbecu doui (onplemerte .,dire(t !i indircct,,. Vezi g 2618. a. couPl,rrritcrLll, rNDrrincT

(THE T\DINECT OBJNCTJ
s 26ffi
l) Delinitic -si caracterisliri. - Complementul jrdirect este pari.ea de g 2607 propozifie esupra cireia serisfringe in mod indircct acliunca vorbului, in sensul cn aceasinaoiiure i s adreseazd sau esto lndepliritl penlru el. uonplenentul indirect std in caz\tl datie si rnspunde la intrebnrile /to, S 2608 n'han? lor nhotn? ol trhonr ? to whal) a1(,.l: '::Llilpcitru cirle?de ]a cine? pentru ce?). El porl,e drLcrnrina verbe tranTjtive sau ii)tra zitive. subsbanLive, adjecft-e (sau e,chivalenlelerespecliil'e)ti intcrjcclii:
\\d, sJt r&, \in dr \d h l, J o o. r r l in, . " ' \\ l' r' ,l n /.,/ t olbr r r ' r C, ' r ' r r ' 1. , - pr ; no/ i r o n 'l ' , .; | .., , rh Jlp rJ n 5 10$: t on, . . r , t r io nn", i u o p t i n o i . p r . p o r 'i o r d l H m"lo C .^ o $ , / r ?r , r . pt os r s ineur $. 4, m ll Ini,r Dr,uoz t,onJr r ..,\- b ur!' .,./ d,,;.; , iir lo' , , Cor nf l. in. r ' . p- t . r ' r i u 1 , .dl,fl," l i, Lb. . ic l, i , l lhr ir jr r . d. Com p . i n , i " . l , . p n / t i . , n . , Tlr ,,., r ,., ;, lô i, H al- \- ,o';" lo.r.r r ot r r . r l. I n r r r r , . Do r ti o n l H/ r,, to itt; Iolld rrs. i. m pl. I n lii. p. "p" , t r u i I
2) Pro0cdeo d(j clp m$rc. Dupe cum se vedc dir encrnplelcde mai sus, S 2609 complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre. adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu becut substanti]'at ctc.). 3) tr'orml lri ? trelui rare. - ConrplemenLul indirect arc do rt fonne in $ 2610 limba erglczi: dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie; .il complemntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, rafcorr Jafl otr san ol ). a) Fornafd.rn prapo:itir esteceamfli lrecventi Sisetntrobuinle azeatunci g 2611 cind complmentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb: Shc s.tvcJad he. tea a mornedtaso. I r.ili sendnin a sir.
l a t F. h) bt ) i inlir r lr a' n' in1, 1o , . 1 ,omDlamenl, d,p.&. ,,rln\.1 (J'.\ 'x \' rbul lr pxpm p lp,, r.e nl"lp t ir , 5r it p , u r Uir F r Dr "z int d c or n D l . m . n u t i n d r r p c l . i f f r r l o tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.
SNTAXA
PROPOZITIEI
Clteva verbe nu au declt complementul indiect cele nai obisnuite se Afli:
lird prepozilier. Printrc
to do a fa;our / an horou / a service, e[c.; to tlaysomejrodytaise/ iai., otc.I to reach; to sav e:lo s por " \ pn s /l b l o u r/m o n " y /r.o u L l p .F' , Do Ja@ a favour. wiu vou? Reaohze &,a tliat vai, pleasel This has savedtifu nccdless expease. Can you spare/k. a lcw momonls? 261 2 b) F or na pr ' p o ti 1 ;o n ,t7 l a c o m p l .m.n tu l ui i ndi rec' " s' e InLrcbui ntstd: D' . ) c inll . om p l " m " n tu l i n d i rp .l d F ta rm ina un substsnti s, un a.l j c" ti v
sau un pronume(S 324-326, 330, 332)i D"J cind nu existd complement direci in proporilie:
Wiu vou sDesk,o Lec, now? on h;r holidaysshe niote ro md every day.
b"'J cind complemenbul indircct se afle la hcepuiul propozitiei;

L D'nny Fvpryone spedls kindly. To uhonaid th;y dppi! | ,IYto did lhcy apply lo?) ror n'B arn a rnP praaft.
D""J cind cornplementul indirect esteprecedatde cel direct:

I sprl n (roDpl. dir.) ft ./ nr. {.onpl. indir. pcppozilional) al, on.o. k ' o o p l . d i r.) /o .;r L;ompi . M or \ er br o r gh l h F q u i d e b o o L i ndi r. prp.).
Exc"pti . 2613 indirect pronominalprecedatde complementul direct i, _Complementul poate avea ti forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
Don' twor r J abo u tJ o u c s ;U g i v ?tl V ,u w bFn I h.y aJpthrough l e rl -b o o k l T h p y w i l .hi t He insistson having his micrcgr;overc;rd baok:8iv-ei,lin Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel 2614 aadhav donewjrh ill
0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlementti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite ve rb. J in ac F a. t d .a rp g o ri p -p a l l d o rn i o a rcl e:
to communi.ate
to leave
l,o yield \yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it? I iriroduced t; au ihe hie;ds I hrd. posLt "oa \Vill ,nerallirntns /Drs. the lettr I lert nn my desk? -vou T hc y s aid, o nc : " C o meh o .l " we s ug. . F s l"Id o l ;n J n a \vI b d n s l i n i n p l J ,, q. T r an6l. ' r " / o" , , r,n l l .,rl n l " ro ,' l ' 1 v -,. I rd.
!lu: r Form,, nrFlozilin ll, r ' r l"llilnilJ . u' olu a{ . " D \ i o l u r r n r ju, aor ", l1. r ; d/ . 'o pld j i tiik on s on t ao! ' \ tcsle narrii.nr, pipnF
PABTILX SECUNDME
AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL
556
Complenentulindirect este Intotdeaunaprecedar, ateprepozi!,ie clnd nu 6 2816 ' fsrc.in:olir d un .ornplpn,ent drrerr {rcri in sp"ciutrerbei. to tisien, to seem qr aIelts j Drrare. , drF nu ru .omptFnrent djrF.t). Complernentulindirect al urmitoarelor rerbi esre agezatde obicei du?d ! g13 complcmenlul dilld: ' a..ange to finbh to saJ.. 'o to suggBt
H, s_lll dfrarSe rli,Br rrompt. dir.) /ar-_r@! {coDpt. indir.l. r_l_on r you ocs(r'DpJour rrp {.ompr. dlt.) l.' !J {fompt. indir )? \ h o su i dr , v ey our no ,o ' .D o ,r, o mp l .d i r.t /o r y o u .(conpl i.ndb.l ? I fiDish.d hpr ?sdy {codpt. di I lo;h4 (compl.i!dir.t. $ o n I y od I nt f odur e y o u . D m ,,,k(c r o m p ld i r.) ro tu . h omD t.i rdi r.l ? \h n 4 v er . aidd { dd h o ml t. d rr.r ro ,ti h ,c o mp t. i rd h .).' \1 h o b u S gps r F t his d dn s { " . r.o o p t. d i r . ,o !o ! to D p l . i ndi r.)? Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat, ale un etribut, Q !g1? 3 au d e o .p r opoz it ie at r ibu l ,rv d . c o mp l e m p n L u li n d i rp rr i l prccedd (!ezi g erem_ ' p r , r p d e ra S 2bt 4. unF lc v c rb e d rn e .e l g ru p f6 c l n d p arte ti di nl re cel e enume_ tat e l a $ 2 616) :
,"
I fi n i shed/ of t ur i n J i r., th e bytherFachertatl i bul ). ' ( om pt .lidien c s rd y tro m p l .d i r.)- gi v,n
,n"sn {,ompr.'dir.) rcoopr.-i;di,.) ruu $pr;rtl,rs
"lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i, s.rgS"'t, d /o lou "ornpl. itrdir.l rft,a,r,a {iomtt.dir.t Jougdreus rpropozilie ^. ,.R; 9 (yeui ,i ! 31e_i26)
4) Vorl, cu doud eomplemente: diect $i ind.;rect. - \rbele hanzitiv q !6lg ou adeseorr dorJ cornplcmFnl.. nul dirF.' gi.plBlalrindirc.t: I htrL iin {.ompl.indh ) my na.ti,rost rromDt. dir.). /.ompl. Joho s([email protected] di.t to lis bN p onn:ish l;ompt. indir.p..pozitionst) to a,,l Complementul indirect este pus imediai dupd verb: I'll lpllJrl.n{compl. iodi..tthnr'ud rcomDl. dt.t. \\'oD t JoJ kepp ru rcoDpt. iDdir., (compl aon?oni dir.)? ,.6/ Complementul itrdirect este precedet de complementul dircct tn uF maloarle cazurr: D', cind complementul direct este pmnume penonal: Oiv"n trompl. dir.\ {/o./ 6in r.ompl. in,lir. Drelozitionatr. jDdir.prppozitional). w( dir J toah trierd.s \turi.pt. "pnt r/.rn rroD,rt. , l':,) fl"d
Tlfv --.. 1.. ".:.3
.omplemanlul indirpft tprepoziljonat) esrp lung sau tDsotjr,
6enr /pddjag.ods djr.) lo , thrir /.cids lrompt. indif. prppozitiotra . hls f'lr' l.ompr 'rompt. 'rtt.) r. tne ncw rtzdtttunt lcompt indir. prepozilloDrilj pre_
b"' ) penlru accintuareacomplementului indirect:

I setrrthe rord {compl.dir.l to hin tôt to wt) tto,npt. indir. pfQozilionst). b .ous hr t lF s p/ %p. rs l c o m p t.d i rr/o rtu { n o r/o rh v si ,k.j .r;mpi pfpo_ i D di r.
550
SINTA).A PNOPOZITIII
$ 2619
Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente,direct qi indi_ recir se aflii urmdtoarele:
s:61lxl 2620 5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei jt)jt..t). -, Cit\tl un Yerb acLir cu dou:i complemcnte(direct si indircct) estc rrirn"rtormati11verb pdsrv.s| pot przcnladoun situal.ii: a, sau {omplameDtu} indireci darine subiect.. co,nplemenrut direcr, riminind cu areea,Ni luncfie !i riind nunriL in ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct (complement direct relirui) : A li\. i,"/,rui", o.lar,.omot.i.r.i.,,t,"r/a,,.,npt.dr..
Dd.i\ / .u bi , $. , old l, " ' - r . h t x . r . ; . d D : - . t O b j . d ) .
,) sau cornplemeirtul direct devine subiect. complementul indirccr reminlnd cu acee asi functic si fiind numir tn ace st caz A detuined In(tirectObjp,ct (cornplement, indirect relinut) :
Aa li\r / ,u biF t tra s-\ //rs.Dl i ' br one, r i, , om pt . lt t ol h . , . o l p t . in,lir !rppn/il,ondt . ( r . ! , oL4h / r o) / F lEt a; r y d l t u t n r t o h ! f t ) l b y |.Le). ( Vez i ii g t i84_17 8 j )
$ 2621
S 2692
C. COYPI,NMENTUL PRXPOZITIONAIT
(TEtr FNEPOSITIONAI, OBJE(IT)
1) Detinili, Conplementut propozitional este complementut Drece_ dat d prepozilie ciud rispundc la o tntrebare care cuprinde prepozilia respec_ lirJ I tronumel. .vl,op.t tho,
I ld. e1A n f e . ) t h - o L p h th e p o p i.
t r. h-u lh lha t d d - . : r . r waat al.r n g )d1 ,a th 4uEh ) 7,[?/ s,F .-orp an : . l t . , J t t r i, . a r . . t B t! wh am wrp rh"y d1o1' p r ' "d? . . , ta" , . wko \e^ r 't,e r o^ paniln DJ . - l
,,
.,,"
$J6
r , , , r , . , r , a . . , i " , n E , *J ; x d. hi" s o 1 _ a , o d , / t /
goh.l o, e".,-orh,t "
. 'i o . , . | " , ,
\ 1p s r " tlln ^.f uou. t ol , ho a s f \i.:ri!nar !. r" (F tllkinE o/."./
."/,...
l.l.to
Shc was a kind wile rD ttn. /?o pti.n was shc a kind sile?_ cota.e. Who was s},c a kind wite b?)
S 2623
2) Complementul prelozitional lii complomontul circumstantial. ComDle_ menLul prepoziljonal (prepasilionalObject) nu trebuie confundat cu comole_ mertul circumstanlial exprimat printr-o ln,u!iune prepozi,tionala pr;po{ sitionaL Ad?erbial). Deosebirea djntre aceste dour - comptemente consri ln faptul cd circumstantialul aratd circumstanla de mod, iimp, loc. cauza e1c., lo care se petrece o acliune (S 2634), deui flispunde la tntrebdrile puse lentru aflarea complementelor cjrcumstantiale. A;este Intreb{ri, sprc dosebirede cele aritate la g 2622 (pentru comptementut prepozigionall, constau, ln cazul complmentujui cbcumstantial, dintr_un adyerb sau
PARTIIN
SECUNDANE ALE PEOPOZTTIEI'
COMP'-EMENTI'T'
637
flh)r! etc (cum? cindl unde? ! o loculiune adverbiali l''rv2 Qhe 'vhtre2
y;)f ',l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1 ::j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'", "un't

tl "l ,;: ; " : l: ; ; i, :
Ate n l !.1
dc nodl ir" .""' i.u,i,iq 'a't g'*' ra* (coorlt oiic lalkingrl Ic ras faao,v 4 o ' r -p p'r ' o /r 'd o
p""j"
'h.'^'
l ; ; , , 1 i , j - " , 1 i : .r o
J Con'o 'r'
.,,- "i i,.",'' " {Co m' dr r d + aJ wr t l' ) rn ' ' a e n ' /
'Frinr'
:t:ii,i"i i!,::: i:.1';';ll :,;:l': ;:t;i ;; lii'. tru ;,1 ii;!,i ii;il,lill
L n i rrn s rc t d". Itrn .u tm s r P ln f unc t i F ' L F tfr' '5,1116' TheY dincd 'tnn D " a t" l i I 1 " n ;t.h .th ' ' o , lti l l n p s pr A t oz ili^' .5 " 1 ,i tI'
i ** prpl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll constru.ti. li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1 -{eceafi
ft;i]i11,{Tfl: i;":ii:,1:.' rlli::i;""T';,ii;*1 l,"fi,tni,Il"tl ,'itht

) ,,undr au luat rn daci intPrscaza /,r comnl"rn"n' rir' um'l r4!rdl dp ro""a; 1..tt'i,"t' did t'hpy LlrnFL-l ln acelagimod' tn Propozr,Lra:
H" is an th' -Da:l t WorlFr
*"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,sa
r' '"'; ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o" f ,//,'r'ishe(,vnrlins':r
in'iran. s262 ;;" i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1"!"'"s*xiii!e ;'iTl'#Iii: '"ii l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,,

Tfllil'##i# :'*"' !*'1"]Sl'
262ti este oonsirlerai fdtd prcpoxi'ltie \ 4) Caz. - ComplemenhL . .pr:!o.ziti3na1 cazul ecuzatrr\ 3 or'' ii ca atare sta in
"'' i;r'r;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"' iruii
il' rlij'h:i1""'i'x:1' :"" "oTi")i:i r": l' g:trl.$'#iilff I ij;:r;1,u,r,",.' ($ 2594.13194.1325)

cu cauciuc) (hainidelloare imlgrmeabilizate Iuoc fdto.e. abrerialic) : Ddc&;n,ostr
poale fi 'omplempntlre- 5 2627 dirFft prin lnc59tnalrrralui nu Comolcmcnlul
668
srNrAx_\ PBoPozrrlrr
2628
cu douf prepozifii' 5) Complemonte I d doadPrepozrtr
sint introduse Unelecomplemente
I look th look ftr'n o/lrhe sheu Io o L ;i o u l o " ro l l ' l i p l d s o, , i " l, r ' ng_. o o n i A Se COmpAra:
(vezi qi S 2386J Con' 6) Verbele compleie cu particuli rcrbal5' ile origine o'herbraltrl' 2629 ---preporrcomplement coDsidemt nu este part'icull otemeirtul pu. imediat dupi pdrri' Jld ed\erbialdnu r'rc jn a'rsr caz iiiiJ.,i 'i,i,pt".*, a;rp i. d"oarec" din vorb ri cara lransrorram fer'e inlegrania l, p,irl"lil;",'ii," "ar" lrdtrzrrrv: "'t'.rb m; u; verb intranritiv lntr-unul
Ee sefi, il ke ktLet af inttudu'tion rh" y ' , . c s , / o' be' d 156 ' he 'l v a sr o o b u 'v a r iih "i;, ;Tr;;i; ; ?. ; ; 'i m " '
jJ;il'"]1 "," J,3'i l' iJ'l;' l"h'J'"l': Tii{ i.:;i il lix'"i%;"Yi:l "-" "' "-"' pr.por' IonJl T ; . " v s pnr on , ;' i , D ;i " " ,rn . \\ e r! .o mp l 'r ' ul pl .',,,' 0.'o' *'1''9T1' ll: lli:i f"'ffr\i'."*jl"l':.1:ii'i',]li, TlIi -- ",
Salon"-slnt cornplemn" h.letter ol introduction" qi "secing lhat Jear's ci adverbe care rac parte sint"prepoilll, t" di"";;;.;;;'*; "in'r si 'lorfr"nu organicd din verbele "Beni tn" ti "put o//"' A se compara cu:
r :,;:.'.' li : }.1.-i,,:";: j'".'i'lli:i .r"-i".d."* i;i':'' l.T':"'""t:;l ofltuY

Shc Put mc ?laz f(Dat n-a oonvinssi .cmtn! ra uotccrul mcu l pr" pozi l i onah l- / , a l' lr P r " \; -o l / m v p l a n ' i n ' " o mpl " rent" in qi
''rf lifi,lii;:::" ";'p;;l:xlu'p*po'i ,6s0 ''"i11,:".:ffii"1:'otl"li::l'i; inherentto a beginnitg dtn {llthc ur He nul. 'lifft'zlli's rne gdrd"
Thd roo; looks out on S h e l o o } e d a b o u t fa t h s th tl d ren $:e wert on lo ,r" ,..t irem on the rgcnda pl -\^ ' on l- P ut r r D . -l o o k n ' ti ' ,' k )o k a b ^ u t ;i w" nr on bl nr vorb" ' ^r qr -i b oui . sr r' i . " on -' | 1 ,, -^ u ' r" s 1 ' , ur i" *f , t" -t' ' omnrpmnnrFrP "r" ' i- " " r res p ' r iv b n 1 \ 1 .s ii o t g : l. io r l: "
" "i tdi"tri ^. prepoziliilc $irL z lexl ir"m. ""i # " ,1 1 l'iri.".iri [":t " "-i rhF "onstrr,iie.u "i i:fo.1. ..to.l.
";;.4 ri
r'"pp"rr\
(Veziii S 2208J - Unii gramaticienj3,considerird cn prepo?i7) Terbole propozitionale. { 2631 " ---- tlu co',raitio.tateta"e pa"ue integranti -rlin verbul de care depinde (S 1325)' ila o astfel deprepozilic ca pe un complement i'" *i"".i, *-pl"-""t"Iprecedai direct De exemplu: p" conptenarLt prepozilional, "n "i "n to Iook &lter the childah
Ilall is too old ' t' ;- l a l :ne" : t^ N h n t r i rri s u tU ' n " b odl r ' , t/" . \\" rtll.d orcr '! '
1V z i S : r r 0 8 -2 2 0 9 . t v ez i s i q t 3 S3 I Ct. Cr'rmi, cr. dt., S 63 B l ftc
PARTII-E
SECIJNDIiE
AI'E PUOPOZTIIET'
COMPLEMENTUL
560
,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'1 ','i"#[1; :::l;r;r:ii^"3#'Jx ;-ii,::;:lli:13";i:'ll :"t1.:,i]

"ovpr 'l icgat. prin preporiliil" -afrar'. r'spF'lrv "al !r (ThP A(l!"rbiolof Aqen'yond $ 2632 do rgoot fi itrqlrumentsl 8t ComDlomoolul
x;;l ;;i*; :i:'sl*',l Iru;",u;i* s,::ff:;rl:I;;iulfi

i: a" cin"ti sat bt xhat n "4rs2I = 'u c'?):
* "r"' :;:li;l ""'-j#"1 l{-iJ#'ri,,'""*p' Tl:;l;,"Ji'llf +',: i*,1"r:.T';;;';fl',l'#l#il';*111.""','

D. colfPlxlrrlNTul ouicuMsrANTIAl
(TEE ADYERBIAI,. t'EE ADYESBIAI] I(ODIIIEN
S 2liBt
OB ADJ!rNC'.)
eL.1 se ti'p.mod r',p,.i-l'; ili r"". 3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ "ilJi,, tdo tnsu;ire: p, ezi,,
",:;,*: :'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;i
ii;L;:iliirr;;;.
de S 2634 estpadea secuDdarn cLrcumsl'anlial - Complcmentul 1) Dotinilie. aanx^ onoero carPdptcrmindun tqb. xn atlJP'ttr orooozit.ic . - - arala - rn cir'umql'anlLal st verbului.complcmenLul Cs cleterminant 'e
se um
il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln'
poate dcterminaqi o Intreagd propoziLie: Complemeniul "ircumslanlial He cameto seeus simllt ,euse hafeh like it'
.na prep.zit h:';r';*] une l,Ft ir"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$ '

- comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i doeiprimars. 2) Pro0odee
" o n 'r''u
I i... dp mod'- adi). rcomir'
$ **
,,.,i. i, "-"""""' il;;i:i i"l"ri", i,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J ::'T:.1 P' r ' Fr bir t r o u!' ur " o a bsor ur a' 1i' , i ,; ; i ; ii " i fr,. o
sau prepozilionah ek : Tl,cv rorked nad (Ad!erb)
. : ; ;r l , i ' ;
shc $ cn t ntn ' LSnb"t ar liv ) : dr ' r nr iv n . Dr ePr t ;. ; r m l H: ;.'i; 1A' x z dt r \ . ' ' lv r ' r Dr ar l I n n aL lth ? ''n !
'";
""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;;!;i::!,[.:f.'l; .] , -. ". ,. l':ill" il,;:i"'ri;il,l L""t:l " ""''' :+. l' "" I' l; 1,,'"": i";'.,1 i;:i:'l',?l'i*: l*:,',,1,,11;'
hrv'in in!i'a:oncon5'-u'(r':nri' *" mus'| "Ziiu,oifrii'!",;,rii')Ii::^-"
xemllu sp'e s,atiitoar-"' de sine o constnclie cste "nomina' .,*, i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti
SINTA)iA PFOPOZITI'I
q 2636
- Dupd nlur, impr'juririi p' 'arts n arnid' cornPlp3) l'tasifirarp' mentul circumstantislPoate fi: a) complement c cumstanlial de loc 6l comnt.m.n' nir.um'tJnlial d" lin'tr ..7 compl"ment cir.umsla"lisl d' nod si 'ompJrdliv d) conplement circumsianlial de cauzi el comptement circumstanl,ial de scop/{inal prsupuner /j cornplenent circumstan-tialde condilie sau SJ complement circumstan-tialconcesiv loc (The Ad'ver tircunstanlial a)Compl.menlttl S 263? 'le " liunF.sau pun"trrl pPlr'." o 0 lu.ul sF 6 ur'd. rd bial of Pla- oid .tto""."n,t la inlrpbdrilP: Fliri El rrn'i dru lin ira a' d. ol."are.djrprli" liuni 'd"pund" Lrnd":)l 'i rrrrJp'pind d' in'olro unJp ,rint lront 'rh"r..'t'"t l'or'',
He \-as in the Nhn
ii"v
\h . i ln / . oa / o' a? J ". J "I J ) . on l' " \V could $a1k ds /o/ ds r/r srdrtoz
*" g"l'g n lISgo;oaia
pi1" ' Jrerr
2638 S -
(Thc Ad' r)e tinp. enIlLl circunstrlnlial b) ConPlc o star sau exist'i petrece o acliu-ne vtbiai of ?t,n;) arafi tnnpul in carc sc (for lone! *hen2 hae till ? since t|hcn? l: ) El rdspunde la lntrebnrile ahe tinlp?)r pc cindl cti clndl de clnd! pinn cind?
H a,ri\'fd v..",,rddl Thcv ]i{Y becn here itz. Mou'aY $r: lvorled dll ldr. ol nlsn, The n'euns was adjouined ta tle fattan'nry 'h! He {as hee ttt) a lottLisht lhey hare co c to Bndarcst /_o' d Pecr'
$2639
(te nod (The tldocth' circunstanlial c)CanpIcnenIttt ln r I a n ! i a.l d I (de i c d intrii ciruia n cnteqoria ial of lt,tnnei). fi ' ' araLnnodul tntare (The Adterlial af Ctt'?palrron), *oa) corop'oratio rlispunde ls tnsutire o sau apare ]oc o arc o acliune. se iniepfine9te -(larc 'ftoo Êl ? (: cunr? cit? dc cite ori/): ? hor*'tnuchl hotl' nan! times intrb i;ile : nd?ltlY Shcw.s smiling
[ : l' . 1' l: 1 or Ct 3] i: t n a r . H, "r '1 on ' pdL. t "" ' pal uni. jL"al &, t t ' 1: ' o , h : " 't h \1e lhanked Lim t./v mdr. I non! t in' Th i . 1m "
2040 S -
tle ca.uzd (The Adl ci.t(umstanlial d) C onpte ment El rnspundela instirj sau a unei cerbiai ol CanieJ arati cauzi unei acliuni (: din ce cauzil): ircbarea for? trhat cause?
Shc conld hardlY sPcak /'f t'dls $re $.c sl.ift ,td @ll. I said noi.hing baause of soz
S 264f
i' de .sro7.sou cir, unstant,ia.l c) Compl.?'mentltl .f purpose) srarr' sau ar unêL actrunr scopul uner arari of nal (I'hc Adeerbial El r;spund. la lnlrobu'e- n,d/ lor; far lhdt purpasP:'t= 1n 'e scopi)l He $1ol. /o/ taru' I am hcle to lorl ro voz. o g6"ai^p..ssiol, Ie wasotr his bestbhaliour' ii'6,iii to ^"t"
S'unt o' cLtcunslanlia'f ) C a np ten e n tul : 9 ' , " 1arati : ' " . . : -1 : condr' Suppasition) or ('1'1rc A'lt'efi;rtl ol ConAiion u"p", o'", o, l" irrlrrb' r" ' " u'trr" ll l ra ' lu n d p "'! it ", "* . . " . ' u "'r r "t'"o d 'liun"'au.nr'l^ '
a n w h o l rcn dilion) ( :
I;f " : :::::#::;;' :'::; ; 'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?: "r,I I{/rl ttri, I shall gei Urerein time
m! fanct s PetnBs'onI cannor go anlwhcre if I don't ask bu @tcunBtances not.'omPette't is ste ;f rat""" ir'" ttne ""r*-.'.irit m get thcre 1f ! atu tucku' I sha11
I u c e I o n ' b r' e i ):
!r11.*":".:U t*"1::"]:::l: de condiliese recunoaqte Circumstan!,ialul citater]rarsusca exnr Propoziliile if conjunclia de itt"a"sn .' "i."""ritl" Dle poL fi inlocuitensiiet:
ol Conn:sion) vrrbrul inlrebare&: lcrbului prcdicat El rnspundela *"i',""""'"c!iunii irni"atJ" 'iia'"p,u" in ciuda cirer persoane ,f *hd Petsa (at ':iatnstdncc)? [: (sau tInPrejurii):'l:
I Nmr to ihe ioe-hockc"rdrt''h
n'"" . 1.1i,'"r,."' onpt. n:'n,.a, ! ) c. ,,''ju .tlfi ::' l"i"' oDrrcr :# : nrsti un :l::,1'
lhe cold ' ilr s!i'e o/ dv tile wl'o Nas alfiid ol
lij ";i." 'I ':2i.";:""!,:?,:1,;::. ; r r ' : t o n o " ' i ' rg d l ' ! t *1,
Th a u r t t Wl ,.-' - h t""t' \; r" l F l l r ' "
-"
r'^ coNrLli{nrrn x. Ar,'tr 0EnsTl[']il Bril'xJiITO_lA'll cat S 26+4 Ca jii in granatica romenn la 1) Atto catcgorii de comptemntc' l n' pe" r' I p l ' i i i i ' " l ' o r h d " Jg0 " ubi mprtLi ri nt ' ifJ l 1 ' ' go.i i t-,1 -" , m pt o t " l' 1 " " i ."un'l'nr idlJ" m'd r'rr'u "^ t o
" o . n t .."n ' utul ar i".r" '"rrirni " 1". " " ' ] . i"i". eic': raloare sreutaie,
: hr \a s so od ot t t boat
'opl
"xp rin ' " : " ' : l" l: : er"r1''u: era ' r'd ima nru n ' r' ' rrn ri'
r' utr'|",. -:,"i, ii;,I;i;:.,:i,l;;:;,-llTJ;*l:I"Ji (G'ad)" dds"s ih" ;on had sone-up
i;;
T lr: o l a ! "
to
l" t p d1ip '
v d r" a - \0 ;""";;: : ; ' pr " , " - " it . " s o rr' , d a rr /o a ra "
' 'r: : ;;;r,jr ;,'l:ij; i,i,j ' .t"r;: r:il if "l "Y;:
."d
;;;;;;"
"' u r . l t"o
sl' a ' P I tlP
Di n ''4o n rL'F
,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl hu"': rS :621

mod de rrurui ;1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri ; Ii:"*fn1,-,"*' +;"::l'(#i'1T,fi
rn , . r . pns r a?id c p o l "' o m p l " m ' o re!rn r t' -p o /: l i onal e
6{i9
SINTA!<A
PROPOZ4'IET
2645
(The Componn'lAdaerbial)' comp.|.s 2) Complemenhrl multiplu: sau poate fi dublu mentul
Uneori comple-
S hJ ll s P pu r l t " ' F ' trrP l C o n o l c h d F l o" 1 ne { as lur nir s /d s ," 'ra n d /e ? r' rc o m p l ' i rc d e mod' (Conlpl circ de tin!) a,L;v, a*ouog or n"t oeeA? irno "oni"g O D i el ./ -" C ompl Fmenl ul conr3) Com ple$on h rl ro mp l a x (7 h ' ' o mp l " r 264G i ormal c Ll rn n l .x es t donum ir" a d e rE d p ' i l i v s g ra ma ti ' i Foi r constnrrti i i or
lmpreune iomplementuldirect sau prepozilional, -cu: In ronsrruclrrlP sau eerundivul Drazpnt -a'u: d./ infinirivul participiul cu pani'ipiu- r$t716-1720)sau a"uzaiiv l" l*i"ri"iri" tq t66l tOz'lr ". English lo }'er' exp led n" l,o
Ir{ lPachPr ' 'dit \1.e hesfd n"r 'rop t thP gar" I cd 5"effPd @frtas in hi" slndy e a c l vto d a J / Can I re l v o n n i s b P i " g You don;t mind nv stuking, do You?
DJ nurnelepredicaiiv obiectiv (S 2526):

niz d t"v intar$ting olil tu41' We consiilered Do !o\ li'UeWb nilk hot?
o/ Resal ( S 2530): c) Prcd.icale

sdu'ePat cleal' I washd thz li'l tighr' He c],sed 'tu
$ 2647
2648
Ni PBOPOZ4M(TOPICA) CUYINTDLOR Iv. ORDINEA

(0EDXR Ol woRDs)
unde ordinea 1) F,oguld gener: i. - Spre tleosebire de limba romdnd' cu usu' plas'i'6 desprinzindu-sa lD1FlFsul cstc fodrtc .utintelor lo Dtupozilie pnglcza cte o limba ln limbii ari""itu' r"i-a"r flexionareale ..carp "i"t" cnaliri"a', ordinea Alp foarjp rigids raporlurilFsinla'ticF limid 'u\inlFlor fiina;dicate ln mare mlsuri de locul acestora' ai"i* """i"t" rFqp4 artj lrev''l' "" l':!il-' d,: RcquLa 2619 !'enerala. ' ere 'rebui" In genFrF -" sn'u liP d"spa\itP OrdinFocurrnrcrorIn prin tnt"tPs tPtol" ,""r,.ii" "rir" F.je i, in linii nari. urm;loarFs: oruoozirip "";-t'";;i;,; de' ' 1ui r0rriburul adj"'rivals pracedindui atribu." arriburcle urmlndu-l); tul -il '"' substantivala prcedat tle complementul de timp neprccis ti urmai predi.i?/, ,iio"l dp con'll"mpnLulindire t ii d" cd dirF'ti drrunstan!;ol"{de loc dF mod, dc lr'np precrsi' .l LomttpntPnt,tP
' jill"n"ll ,,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiil sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:, . ,^,,,,i.1i:;?!'nf;:,i:,"',"i L;:ii""';"j;j; *0i""'
.'r \ 35iri *u"'1 , \r. cnnsr,ind and o", .,0"'_ tnDd an4rrt.d : lim}l ln cared ,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.
;.ill;'"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r prppo'/ir'on "" '?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliiil" *-, sFniliv
ORDINEA CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]'
;6iI
Orice schimbare care inter ne jn aceasti ordjne modificn rflporturil' .i' la. i.- ii. Llpci.si lnlel"sul l,oDo/iri"i 2) Atcentuare. - Icceniuara unei pirli de propozigiese lace ln gerere rR21i5{} obiqnuitt' Irjn schimbarea locului ocupat de ea in mod 3) Iiitm, - Riimul specitic limbii engleze.prin intluenla pe care o are S 26;''l jrr nare misuln 3i ordinea acstora asupra accentunrii cuvinielor, delermini iD propozi-tie. -ASL{"I, cum st'epronume}e personal- tindc sn cu nt mai scurt ". ocupe un loc rnai spre ceniml propoziliei. in vrcme ce elemenlelenrai lungj tind sn l;e aDez''tespre sfirlitul - substantivul sau un grup dc cuvinte e'tpiac a p' hilibrarpa propu?:!iei. nrru
Shc put on l' .o4,
OIf @ gol
"Comehere", le said"Comellcr", saic tha man' 4) Orilinea (urintclor. - In rletaliu, ordinea cuvintelor in pro|otilid S 2652 en nliadd estc,in gcnere urmdtoarea3: accentuat; ,J aiributll adjcct'ivai (inclusiv subsiarta; "o,"pt"-ent"t tivul ;djci,ivat 9i substaniivul tn cazul genitiv saron); c, subiectul;d, atrtbutul substantiial (apozilia !i atributul tn cazul genitiv prepozilional); ,/ ompl"m'nrul ,'" limp n"pr''is'"au 4' nud:// lFrbul nf"oi r:!/conpl"n.niul in.1;r." riarr pr-pozr,i"r: ft/ onpl"rn"r rul Jirp r: ti nurI lc predicativ; j) Predicate ol Result; t/ complcmeniul indireol' prepozitional; de loc; tz/ complemcniul cirournstan,Lidl i7 alte complementeprepozi,tionale; circurnstan,iial complementul de mod; oJ nJ complementul circumstanlial de tinp ltluratel; p) compiementul circunst'an,iial dc t'imp precis' (VeziS 261!l b propozilia intoogati'rti ;\ierrbe o modilicsre nunai in pozilin subicc S 9663 tului, care sto inYeNat cu verbul predicat, ordinca celorlaltu perli de propcl zilie rdmtnind aceali ca mai sus ,\stlel. in general' oflli]]ea orr\.intelor ln eqteurmitoarra inLeroq.rti\d r,roDozjtia ipal unFori d./ curinrul inr.,oe,tiv: lr rurilia'ul 'uu '' rbul 1'rirr' 'o '":i (aqezete in ta hat(:; c) airjbutul adjecti.al; dl subiectul cu ai'ributele sale ordinea aretatl rnai sus); c) complementul circumstanliai de timp neprecis: sau parl'icipiul verbului princi' // verbul la un nrod nepredicativ (infinitivul (inrn prepozilie) etc (ln continuare, vezi mai pal);gl complerncntulinclirect sus orilinea cuvintelor ln propozilia enunliative )
tjil;.. iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?",
L' \rj'oktrrora' LeipLts,1e31r spnche, de,neuenstischen
o.n,'",'',rnoo,i..ui,.'!d,p/iT "'il'!'{;,1tn"::l::"e;-fllii:;ri"l';,':'1,llL',1,'
i ',' :F dp'd s,0\"r r r , |, d,a' '' -ii: " 11 ": ""1 ; f ' 0 "" " L ''.1 o o Jl ''- " ,,'-,'. ^',r ls 2295-r300).
564
SINTAI'.A
PROPOZITIEI
ORDMEA TIIYINII]L OR,
{ 2654
Coool- !if. do rir; rcDimh ;d d. tod
PtloPoztTI_{
t)
(sl
.Pronu@d0 "hE" sts rioi odnpl.n$ dilei
'l
iilidlivuhi,,to
t*t.
OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB
! 2655
PROPOZITI.\
ONDINIJA CUVNAEOII
TN PROPOZIXAE
lN tll,oPozTrD NNUNTIATIVA
Fi;i''
(ir0
to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut) Ndtim l..ne' tldi,
'6"
(conr' $'ci'tn) I
IN PROPOZITN INTEROGATIVi
aomll itrdn.d
tonortur lcLa dc iinpl?
tddl
(&iribut) hdat
tiN
do
in ts (strihut)!lii.s (!tc dclo0 mi! hhibur) ndning (.ir' d3
**'rYsk !6' a' k DrcMdr' "iii#iilxl1i::"Ti1''t l3:*31:I"*rt::rr,i'3ii*li}
560
SNTAXA
IROPOZIT]EI
$ 2656
$ ' 265?
A. I,OCL]L SUBIDCTULUI $I AI, PRLDIC.\TI-LUI

1) Suhiect+ predictt. - In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l precede verbul predioat in urmetoarele situatii: al tn propoziliile alirmaiire Si ngatire: @ateoliifs (predic.t)in l.hcp{rk dr" lsubiect) (!redi.al.)a soal. scored Neilho st.te(subiect)
t n Dr onnzi ri i l " i n ra ro q a i i t. ' a rF i n ., I rrr rrn .u\rnl i n crogs i t fni d ho, n u h . t,o .vi " o n 1 ' r' ) i ' , n u , ni rd' i v rS r028): ' 1, 0i, t L Dr opoz i t;i l " ;n t.1 n s r' i re i n d i rp , l F \S 23o1. 2951). pre rd; subi i .l ul i n urmi .u l ' i e fl . :\ e rb u l p re d i .l P r c iiic dl
l, j w h i l, ' , c/ 2j 2658
a, tn propoziliile intcrogative (cu exceptia celor de la g 2657b lqi2657c):

t/ar tve rb Dr"' li"dt t 5l. r bubi"' , on ' lF ' r _r 1 . " : I ' oLd ! l' oi : v l u d " S a l ,,d {a u\l iirj h? \ "ubr t
DJ in propozi-tiilecare conlin o urflre sau o exclamalie:

d "i p' : v m olalJ L!!cdr! 9"u ( s ! hi", ' 1; p \ "r b p|di al) | ' , , d"s rlo ,v sho :l s.a - d I n i n r i v ' l o ! n l o v i l : r u r d r 'r 'u l i 'r r : l E r 'l a m r l r )
jntroductivx lltoe ({ 2505c) cind rerbut rste prcedat de particula 2508):

Th p". is tp tL) oD / n; a6 "ub: ", r i1 $ldl ju!'a r ' r s ub' "1 lo b J i n ' l r 4 l o r p n \ "t b) ' at h: . g 'o n 'd t r '
pa' i"u]" ln Dôonri'iil"d. lipul: -ln rhF gsrd,n Irhp'rl s"r" llo*"r' ; idiom'li Hcr^ In'a n' Ert,ri,"ar". /P "drp "ubinl"l.asi. injro lu''ri!u t,& lungd: propozllie atributivn o de estc uinat rind subiectul d/
r.bul i " ' t,t,h " Lo; : ns ot r,.t" a - -.o r" . tl n p .,/i l i thatI" nt P [a' '' o t' ' ..ttp" " tJv o .. l ' " ' t t tu r' 1 ttb i ' i' ii; ; iit m " ' ,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili). ., in propozil,iilc condilionale jn carc conjuuclia if este omise (S 278;): l r l robl /m ll/ f r \ , 1, s,p r' .1 i .' r ' F r" , s l ' \\o u J .l \ / / , / 1! \ it ii" ' .l i r' l rv \m i bdtu' d.l ' $otr" i I' ar-i ol d rr' rnprp \Las a semmar looay. rdrui subi " ' t / / I n pr opo/i l ;i ' F .rr- .o rl i n u I i m D " rl i v reeJl i v al ' " (d 1 6 3 6 )l t\p r ln, s L as t ii co l o ,ri a l ) , ! . , lal\ ' lidt, w u D u b i l ' t d k P 1 fi n ri v sdv ' (' rd l o l i l l , or ' t dl\ l' 1r , ,a u " tb t" c t. b c l n .e In n rl i \ .u' \ d l " r' gl mai ' U l t rpl hT ' Li l ' rl ui ' pF n tru a s . rJ s o m a i n ra re v i ' ; ' i unp - / ' lr ' d. -' i aJu' p l di ,.P p& /// propozF l u b rp d p l a l o " ' rll .r:i up o /i l i " .i n ' 1. ; "l l r pir li l i e i . nblin; ndu- " " n !tl ' l a ..p n l u d rF i l o rl Lucku is the man \!ho has such a wilel to us ,iui;@crc the ao s ov r.acher addrcsscd J . f und dor 1 4 th a l e f rJ o r' cl u r' d l i m h o d h " ;? u ' $ h n h F u rn " d o ou" si dF t ] . |lu - r , ' et t Itoa dnd off E! stutedr thi Doo"-6.nt
r n 'i 'n d '! b i " 'l '" I u m x i i l r o"pl i( S2191, ' r s ubi"' r 'l 6 ' '.1 \'rsa ron \'rLuLi p d r l r u l r a d \ ' r b 'J n r \ ' r b . n a. "s l ; dz or { iin d. u\ inr Pl' r 'r r n o : ,ut +," uo irt' in v ' s a r P a L - r r 'r t p r U r r . n u s p p r o o u 'P ln s,a s ub: p lul ' s lF un ! r or , "1. Clnd -liu ' r m p. r !PrD "r!' .;dr n .a ruvinl"lor f iilJ . . a nor m all pJ r l" uld v" r b n l , _ L ! u b r q
HLrF-o ! r b r | | p F n - lb rom n l"xl P' l *h a ka.1d4 Ldba'.E o"i "odenat rdti a'
ORDIN'A
CUIANTELOR
11{ PROPOZTTIE
647
g :'"):f ;'lI' iJY,!,,!:': ":'Ht'"iiTl! :"'f".'f iYsJTf "f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
*" J1"1#[tJ"f";:*"' r, *';'Hr"-""J","ii"T f;"r;ii:i'il-";.if,îl.ti[l

wi" brins c.'m's in,he m;i:;.h iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri
his shortoqnings "oo"twu ,r, tu ftno@ a' to bed /t! dtd in th end'
ObseroarLL
cazuri $ 2659 tntrebuinlai a'leseori.ln.aoeste s' I Auxiliarul de htarire DO esie.
s'*'n Jii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"ix l?i;'#::; l:":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'# ,;1 $i1J"f cu vcrbrrl: "".'fl li invcrsal' p"ir"-A!-*p'u"a
subiec- 5 266r inversarea unile ritmul frazeicereaileseori i.I In vortrireadireol'd' tului .iu verbul de declarotie3: "\e6 . sdid tu ''lor r.Pli?It
ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*, ffit#.*:rlili:"".
*^"' tff:"",iil ilY.{:"#i''
-t p',nv' a"",, ,a" }i ":"!.q,,*a xr" ::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill., :l1llr",r,l1'

ao!lh." ' ' N o. no',,o s
who hdvP th ough l v e n' v er 5o"n it . I k t r os o 'h P r s
:$t'",-::x;"It,;i" ff'Yffi' *" * "v

li. r'll, ot r all s Lds _\ e" . n? /.ad s4 rd, _ lor r hous h l v - pnPv pr s P"n it '
th" Brc'e"
se poslF ld'e ctDd verbul de S 2662 Inv"rsarpaPrcdi.ilului 'u subiectulnu 'drcldrstreeste rntr o fo'm6 compusa:
EtcepILe
a"s: ;'P or rh" o\?t hndP!4li*d 'rii", l i+v "i'rrl'ri ($ 2954): cumulat'ive i) tn declara-tiile
'The cnildrctrrc lunetv " "S9 ifl, r"' we mu5t qo no{, dd so mr4r Jotr4 -
s 2663
;ll;*":l;-""l;'i:l'".\il'f,11,3"j',"''"
F:xt.nlLel
, . , r, 'I l'i"' i ".i ' i , ; ^ ; *" '" .t'" t'i i - man
Ct d subieciul celor dofd- propozitji- dfimdti\

'1 ,.,.. 1' , *- , 1y ' t , . ' .' :d ..' h " * l t j s S . t t ing Llar k - _ ts " rr rr'
'acaqi c: nr u a' pr odu' su b i e ctu

So n ' .i 5 ' a:dIh" ti rl
esle
fiinle sau S 2664
E' rpr' r, drrpsiurpa ':" din ar'"rdor'r'Lnrir'" '''" Tii)''11:l'.r*t EnstistL in B;ainst Ph'@ti.
il,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.'' i):Jp'[irlffi ::;tllly",1ll; ;m$l:"-i" nD rorPs'
5S8
SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
s 2665
$ 2666 $ 9667
B. LOCUL AI RIBUTULUI r. toclil, ATRrBUlfiLUr ADJDCTTI'aL

px . pp! r d pr onr m Flor p p r s o n r l e : nraca t drrd T'ron um e. i u T|ere $ds soruboda sii.l rheri. H. $iir r,r4li"i \ . ir y ut r n/ . Did onuthn! .r.iiia! LiDDenr" t h o! ;4 1-b ;h^ ' "d d bJ r . F: r . I I. r r . liir "i'
l) Adj_eotivul atribut al prorumelui, In limba englez6, adjectivuteste
Etceplie Lucktt lou ! Shelookcd soluriousthat jt wasrseless for/or n Losayanytning in Iny dience 2668 _ . 2) Adjectirul etiribut al sdrBtantirutui. - ln limba englezd, spre deose bire de limba romenn. adjectivul prerdd substanti.rul pe iare il ialificn: l.hc nt.. girl a /t vcning tf.ry ctrildrcn Exceplii
s 96ii9
Adjectivul esle pus dryri substantivul calitirat: dl in u ele titulatud;

Al a mJ 6p ,ad l Co!.rôt Genqal Licutcnanl,-C,a..dl l\l^jnt (i?ncptl r','\im.'slF.r,' , e/ , I -qoricil.oPc,rfai SecreiarJ-G,,.ral Er\tay Erttua inaty \ l nis t t I l. , ; D. ' ", , i a " r J NotaN Pu &7t; Prsirlint !r.i htit opporc\l hat p; ; ' unpt be Lni,A]!r etunt Pael Laurcate cousin-Rcmdar
,./ h
cileva denumid gi expresii consacraLe:

li$t person stz(ald. third rrerson ,lald? "Captajtrs Coa;d!.o"s" ' "Paiadise 2,s," Asil ,Vtn,r tJt6a Mdiot \sa\ Minat.) Jon s m.nar \sa\\ malat ) \ tudjot \nnz.) B ninat (ntz.l C ftat lnt\z.)
th adjeotivc t-pl
c/ ponl,ru a scoate in rlief adjectivul:

thc onlJ rcmedy posiirle ihe best inlcry.talion prorull,.
ttom rimes imncmotial The.e are momcnis lzfo.sr,dDle. ''Ilo q NFll lh r' y aqr r c j ov er t hins s li qas llatted pire and sinDtc.''Tl,ose rnuskei'eds ot lnUicity, .lc'p
tlJ cind adjectivut este o porecle: Peterthe C.cd, Charles the fdi, Ilan urc ?/.iDtc
r Ve . o r:mir .0 . v dr i pnm ar l: \ ar s al v ar l. p l . @ q t a - g e n h . 'R. Ardinaton, Death 7I a Herc.
ORDINE^ CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITIE
560
. d, clnd adjeciivul cste forllllrt cu prcIjxnl d- (dftane. aftai(t, n!dt)e. o.l'd\t. ntirp. a:t" t,. utoA ..j (S ;.rll: "
\\ i h prp s a!u / . " 1' p. hil, l iool. d oL Tlf s. d n ,:r ' / r or d . ' "dh Lr d , hp ln ihc sctling srtri I saw a in|e;shar a Fnrdorr.
/./ cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'. in care caz cste Dus rtupi verb iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii:
The crop ,16 1t,,. They (oiNnl,red thc DIar dull. ' PaiiL ttu tabl ati;! ,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1!. I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?." . n! irrd ed jntiru 'i ') lir ". , r p J " r u t r . un. ' r h. la trn !rn n / n. ] r c t ) : l i lrl n en\ rnr.. t'. Tlic roon, \Yis Len leert hish \\, !,k r L iI r . , it t ! uo, d. : I . t . rLP ro tumn s \ \ c le. . nt ur t Px Dld The.! .rme to l.hc neettlg rpo thouehn stunc. ,.. ,, n".,rd
irl cind adjctivxl are un complcment:

i teachef /'trd r, alt a m.n qo h! af th. nane a lnpil drri,us tt' harl Dqtkh a voran fnt b ktutt at ;L house ld.sd.,o,s, to h.ld scrodt fahities
i, cind atribulul st o locutiune adjcctivflli: 'rh-"wonan iu d.f. is our sm,etrl. Ask the nan r n, l',sn. 3) Participiul. $ 9620 d) Participiul precedn substantivul cind are r.aloare adjecrivaln, dar it g 96?1 urmeazn clnd cste verb. adici atunci cind sc referd la acliunea insd;i:
tooli away lhe .rytrs balX. lAdjectiv) T1i$!mtn. .fytng. told me hr. sl.o.y. 1vrb Slc wo.e a z',Lsd cxn.Bsion. r,\dicctivl T he oowd. ona.".d by the m.nkeys. i{u;hed llelishi.edty. {verb)
D, Participiul urmazd suhstantivul in citsl'a expresii consacraLes, unde S 26?2 pnstrcazA incd. in mare rnisuri. caractcrul 6{u verbal:
on Lhe .\iy atpainted on ihc nighl /bll,( /,g
pus dupri substantiv.La gi adesea c, Pari.icipiuL adjeerirul in aceeasi\ 26?3 l.oziri'. ".r" , lrivalpn ,u u p-opnzrlicel..riva:
n lnrmo "n n. ! . ", r . . nnllai, t ,,,\!ss,n,i , r , l i r . 's 1 , . 1 too .o". p4t . "Lanl r o. 7, "/ , / , . r nr ' 1" {t , r , t , r , u 5 t o n , u r n t r " li n g , L nd w on dc.lul...). lle told m. alont lrre sr cne /,v.lr'd in his b.ok (: {.Iioh ras dc!.rttred h his bookt. "ar p ri 1a Nn.4i! t:tn. /Dr : nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) : \t ii.l.es a , Ja. t , . 9t . 1 n , 4+ rd I ae ldFs r inr dt " 'r Llrul-ld/i ' "i rr, i 5,, , r "J J ", ir r . ' r . Dd{ r iu. l I r m ", r / j . L , L J L '\ u t , . r n a , , . n . . r ', brat: , . t , . "t..t. p,-ifir' t uor r e5dr t l t , iF, - J da. J . . \ . m J , l . . . " " r o J r . 5 p u n . - - i tol,l rdlth'. .^ Lhe folla,inr iiv-|t ctr If
po/rtrp/zbbLr). sar\'srF edein acFpH,qi .a si dsozarpJ hdj" li\ului propriu-zis .alili'arivutui. seori li s.oat*tp.r ln reriar 6 iv rr" nai Cir'l n srroslarr 4, !ub.laDlirul cu nr4i uull6 ralili'sli\e. 9G?; .nulta .dlil;.ari\o. rdi ,rirul ."1 n,ai lFgat. io{'lF' ''' suL'srrri! 'td 'a 'acesiuia. celelalte indcpariindu-se treptat. dupa gradul inediah tndinlda .ub'lar"ivuluj r.ieapropi"r, al inl,lp'ul'ri l^r 'l' inrFlP,jul p"r'ru Ll.rFrminJn.b ordinii rn "ar" adja riv"le pra'.di uhsrHnri!ul Hli ii"-l nu Fxi.ld r.culi .b"olul". dF ',r.d ,rrn6rorL,l 'l'el n'r po0r' 'la oe 'r sugestii. Sub.tdntir cu urai lllulie cnlilicatiTo s 26?6
28 , 7 4
0bscr a a lte du p a s u b s ld n lit -( 2 6 ; 22 6 1 3 \ \ sF o b .ar \a d plasrr'sparli'ipiului
ra..r*"r
r"*r,. "lffliL
l'*e'' 1r';s:liil-,
'
ili"
p .- ' ,1" rrn sul r - " onbi na G t J r r F la, l ' lo ,,u rl i -J l F .ri \p .b r" " ' r' i t \n L' " l ul g' rrpr' c n s l p z l i n i n i " d,l r" dri l i -,D a In |T a; lr F . v' n r. liile,'r. d e m ai s us : I1r. Smitn is a /znn?/,nr man. The housc itas.r l;;sd ,U bnilditg T hes e ar f io* /,,, a u tu rn r.ta rs ! \ . a" r ' r \ ' 1i r! ,i d rr,r,. $ e d l l ' ' r' / L s \Pr:d D,i n ; T h s E . 1 , " t ,o l r i r -, lrock on. She had a nd( D/ue.ntn,. lhe.e s'as a btachrnatblef'epla.e in IIc parlour' il,rd old man now Ja.k B tr bald-healetl a4srP d por pr' rda ra rr' i r a rp m i m u l r' r" l i l i " rri v" 267 7 Clnd ur . ub ' drr u rm ' r uhs t ant iv u l , .d u u n ' s l i l i ' a l i v p o d l F prF' aLl o subs Jnl i !ul cpl Ful l urmlndul, ln {unc.tie de intenlia scriitorului: d. / . h" is J , , ; p . 4 p ' . a n d o a 6 i " s w o rd n san: Dl She is a woman nt.d, .leer atd qnusias. ' t" r' 1 n .t a tu d Ptg sa u : . , S lr r
d./ lrlo l ' . 5 ' i ' . fr 1 i L d l\6 ' l' ild r 4 n / ;, ! and hol P l ,ai r l nd Le'pi ttrr?'r
0bsefaaltLe .Adi'.rir"l" pl".a " d'rp" 'ub'lanriv inr "'hi'J"n " "u o f opoz'lre 26?8 relariv; "liDri.i'?.i1r pnTiLii rot ^nrtibui" l, "' or'"rp. lor in 'plr"t' 2U79 Ctnd diur."u *i, tj""rrv"s""fla. ciin{el-s. rn 0 Plr:iereddFefropicre de substantivul caliiicat, cel mai scurt sAu maj srmpl si; de nlrr'er mor depart, iar cel mai lung sau mai complicat stn lingii substantiv:
r n \ 1, . r ! 6k 1 T|er. $ trs , br i{ ll Th sl','t {i doav h ll i o ' n r r î f : t p 4! r 't i 1 F t l J . ' 5 ol e' lu dt t on Pat t t uL q L : 'a t a n 4 f 4 ! q 'o t . lh ", a l1 d-d trj:'...awo an al& X hi. e. . ler + aad nnr B i n g " a-r : "... a nicc rroman. .vho i clero antL dtuu-.ihk" i) : "..j:tittron q,ao LrLrc ks1i. and hrlly, nai.! and Lntesbdinal "
ORDINEA CUVINTI!'-OF TN PFOPOZITIE
6?l
form; si n' pl 5). naprc"i q . a d if d s lnL f u. p trr;// a v p rb u l u i ,,1 d " Aat dapd to be, tLuxiliare i defectitel Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak. llic end'of-tenn ceremonial . We both atte\ded. ' t 1F v o- nt p " o c i . .n i rtr r. o -\. \ t \ : it t 5 . ! *P b o th k -" 1 o n c h ,,t r. Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel sho$'. \\e nalj both i.in lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$. Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv, adjectiwele all fi rcllr pot sd il gi pre-
5) Cazuri speciele. r,gu,ir ad!Frbplor J- limp $ t6q0 a./ Adja ri!plF all si bolh se .onformoaza
A lL. b k ids l \a d s e e nth e n e $ ' p u p p e is h o i v. All (tha) Luti'ts .,hnbed up lo urc pcak. lia \ F ! E : t " r tr n o n ' l ro p :
A se obserr a I ntrcbuin,tarea prepoziliei o/ p entru a(entu ilre :

:nd H r ll, ns , o ' l h " | " l i J a J i fi l l .4 o t h 't All af hrn na.l tanr nonr. Be nt\.et. boh al !au! Batl; at tbeseross;riintes must bc considered.
$ 2681
dupn locul pe care il S 2682 ,/ Pros6nt.Acest adjcctiv 1si schimbi in9elesul ocupnin propozilie:
acinali). lve ivere6howno!e. lhc ]Dsii|ni-"]y tNo ol the ?r.s.n, rrzd.dr (: sl.udenjii All the sradc,tsrresen, (: sirdentii przenli)go in lo. sports. ., Enough. ,{ce""t adjectiv prccedi sau urmeazd substantivul: $ t68t .xpeienceenoLgt)lor ihc iask tnt.usted to He hasn'i gof ,,ozsl crteience (s ^n Thrc isn't cn,agn .rt,e (s at trine enough)to gotound,Xoushould buy sono no.c. (v e z i i i $ 2 3 5 3 )
SU3STINIIYAL [. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UI 1) Urmitoarele alribrte Fecedd subsiantivul determinat: a./ substantivL adjecli!'at i
a Qoodlire (: ua ioc de lcmtrcl / t / e wood ( : l e m n c d c l o c l a gla$ Je { . un ochi de,stioul {n rv.-glass t: un monoclul lll substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol: i, ' r r io, nr . r s o u l p u l o l n " ' .n i n rr .. g a 'i : J { .dd' l j . . t t dp. t n o -rd h 1 \ rrd p oL o u * d i n a n tr bui l di n;. T
s 2684 s s686
2) Urrnitoarle aLl!.b.ote rmeazd substantivul determinat: d , rp oz ilia; Unole Jdnn l.lL carly todrl. Jones.o,r ncd apptenticc.is a joll)-' tharacld. Itead tuom -\ct Oac, Itcene Ttro, parag.aph ntrnber rhue. Dl substantivul in cazul genitiv prepoziiional: The witrdo$' o/ tur roon wrs .losed. He rvas a{arded the Order o/ Zaro&.. I &td : tulti: r/F ltdr puitimea -
s 2686
5?2
SINTAS
PEOPOZIT1 T
2687
III. IOCUL ATRIBUIULUI PRONO]TINAI, Atributul pronominal, liind un adjectiv, este pus ln limba englezdindintca substantivului determinat:
m! lrle oa. imp.cssion ,/.is (sau ,1d,, lesson the tdncr lsau the lara./ No.dB s!.1, phrases .!omdsilvr ahdt jo| trhich d,ay PIIN ALTE PIRTI DX IOITBIBD
{ 9688
S 2689
IY. IOCUL ATNIBUTT,'L{JI I]X?IIIIAT
1) Urmdtoarele atribute preced; substantivul determinat: a_/ articolul:

She recciv.d a micro-gfoovcrecord as d p.esent. Ale s..ll serrioe stores }'ere open otr Sundays. ,, numeralul adjectivat: IIe linishd nis Nork in /i@ da15. This was the s.ondday-nurserxlnilt in tle village. Hare )ou a doLDrd bcdmom vacanl?
$ S690
2) Construcliile echivalente cu o propozi,ti relatii'e atributivE substantivul determinat: T l' a, bu\ l\ \ , , o ' .1 ,&" , i . r tr,z e { i , n e " . ( $ho spoke)was the ohairmnn. Tl,c li.si nan ,o '"cal T ' pi. lur 5 | l ta t a ^ | i , th :. e rl l " t! a tr a l l t " rrrdi s. l oi r k , , ok o l J n .\o n ' "r o u i -," ,i ,7 ,rg u p idr l bsr ni g' r.
unna-d
2691
C. LOCUL CO}IPLEI{ENTUI,UI
1) Complcmcntol dircct. Vezi $ 891. 2599 2602, 261E 2619. 2) Complenentul indirect. Vezi \ 891. 2618-2619. 2692 3) Yerb cu doui tromplcmente:direct !i indircct. Cjnd un verb are doui co plenenle. unul djrect !i celelalt indirect. oricar din acestecomple mentepoateli pus inainteaceluilnlt( q 2618-2619.314--318): aJ cind complenentul dircct prcccdi conplemenlul i lircct. acesta are forrna prepoziliorialnI
Ig "\ru ?" I ro .gtt t . tl ,', lI ) , , laur t aq , - 1t , r r l r r , '" " t o , r l : o n . , d Ll2t , , ' , it l. lir . ) / , " r , , d ( . , . , "1 , j ', i " . l . , e l ' / . i u a d l .
lJ cirrd cornplerrrentul indilecl. precedi complenenlul direcl.. prepozilia cslo omisi: I ga\e nE ha! (fon, . i,dir.) r-,.(,i/ iconpt. dir ). I aouEht niniron,fl. indir.ld' s;r.rrl 1.;rrl. ,lb.l 9693 Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur Zr.)rr,,/. pcrvnoL. )ootl snu estc ,r?cdialdupi \*h, Ee srioe.d/kr l(rttl. indir I L,/ rary l(nrl. dir I. Wrcsho\rcdn 1.,omtl. ,lii.l tu thephalosraphct i(odpl. indi..). Cind nmind!un conplenentelesint pronume persona)e, complementul direct, il preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct: \Ye shos.dt (con!1. dn.) ar,i lt (com!]. iidn.).
s 2694
D. I-OCUJ, CONIPJ,EI'IE\TUT,LII {lIRCUIISTA\.''f I\L Penlr locul complementelor erprimate prin Adrerbe.vezi S 2288-
SINT.A.XA [R,.{ZEI
CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E D r)e "[n nm i ia lr afndz az crri R ,n .,Jror o rl u' lu' d" d" ^' oor d^nirp s i d F s 5 rb o " d u n rr. p ' oor d^nirp
Et pm pr,t a lrJzdl
!
..... . 26!5 t6sri 2:0r ::04 2705 2Jrt ,r4 .t112:2t ,l /\ 2710 2731 ,273t 2ti ' , 2-\0 2-12 2:4t 21i 2 ri tl
2i 56
!r1
515 1JL :,:5 i _5 576 516 Sj, s78 i :8 5: ) 57o i 80 5sO S or 5,rl 58: i 8r i 83 uo4 53t 584 5aL 585 58d 587
5llll 588 5S9 589 5ll9 590 i!0 ;90 590 5 'J l 5,J1 51lt 5!' i92 59li
IL
C L ACI f I I ! T , t \ P RO POZ IT IIIOB 5 I BOR D N N V II: ]-B I\ A \\LO C rI CU P A RT I LT L' E \OR BrR t ... .. .. ... fto p o zill&luD8t t ir ol d ...... _ .. ........ ... .. .... I'ro p o z if t u & diec t ir ald ...... .. _.. ... ...... _.. Pro l o z it ii s ir ior bis b _ .. ... ........ _.... ..... Pro p o / ili' I m por dl, r ... .. .. l 'ru l o z . ll, lr ut u dnl i a ' , d r ' u l 'ro p o z iiiac ir nm s t J n l i d l ad . m ,rd .Pro l o z rl i a . rro Po/ ' lr . ir 1r ' / d t3 Pr, t,o?ir . r I nllJ : d , d e s .u t, ... ... .. fsp ,/:r ia, u. D+ ul \ i .... rro p o z , t r a . oD. c . \ 1 .. . rro ro. I , l of l. r r r na r\.r .. .. ... .. .. pr pr i,dlird Pr^ o^7il, d .. .. .. .. Pro J'or iliin' nJ il onJ l .: .... .. ......... Cuvhl.ele introduclive ale tro l o z i !n ri , o n d i l i o u l r l L 'n u ri le l, r t k buinlat c
Structure
-\l t F:,l
Cbzu" st p' i l! . otd ri r,ar_ >r p rop o/ i . .. , , "r , . . " s.ulnr ondilin' . l in pr opo/ t i1 L 'r 'n ,i o d l , . . s rD . Jon .li\rl , | . 'loJ. F d' I llF " . u- .rh_ oo , i\ rlJ , in Dr ooor ' r id f ondir onald . . . : . . . T i t' rl ir I., d ,,.n on. l. i. . . . O " d,r"a l,"op o,il lo. . .. . ... .. P .ou, z li ,ur'!io nJl; ind. ! n r . I ' l. \ ' ai, 1 .a in tru,'o l li , ondi. t nndl .. .. P "ol ozil ., "or lil nd l' "liplh
.. ... .
on\l"u |i ,,,|||i,L ' , .... T rd/J u nd 'liolb lb d pl \ ' , r i. , ll' , pn/ i .' d lir'o nd ri : i r , r q" ' |. . np' , ". t . . r' ropo/r rd 1 .Idrl or'.'r; + r p' opLZ r ' . or . . ( l
,t5rJ 2764 2768 t776 ,,.i 1 t,.81 2JA E !7S 6 21A1 2188 !i 90 l i 91 2794 2793
tl r .
CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITI ILOP" PRI\ ,^;\-ILOCIE -cljBOItDONATE au |AIITILE PrioPozITtEL.............

f.oo, / ,lir .ub i-, lvb n -rr"\, lropn' a lrcpa/ i) a at l,'i\:... P " opo? il r 'o !1 ...1 " 'i . .. .. . ..... J
:795
2:. :8^l 8oi
I\'.
Pru l 'u / it i, ' ,ir or m J r nli i l r l 'ro !o z li' I , r . poz ilion a l e STRUCTURA FR.{ZD] Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t Ira za { r odr ler i . . ..
t81t t813 ,819 282t, ,8rt ,8r8 ir8.r9
5!4
5!5 i 96 i !6 5!6
,7 4
!:L 597
9831 283' \ T I M PU R IL OIi CORESP NNDD\ T F.su 1 1 . . . . ..... . Ke tn ra Re g u l aI I I
A ' li.n r s,mu lr.nP qd u . on5p . i, . A , .." 1 nt,.-io drll dlleil . . .
59S 5-a,q 593 600 600 600 li00 601 601 602 60! 60i 603 604 608 608
2A34 1836 t83t 2838 2846 2A41 2848 284! t850 2858 t8t3 2876 2877 1878 :879 2885 t39r ,894 2895 28e6 !9011 2905 2906 2907 2108 2909 29tl 2913 2914 t918 2920 29t1 2923 2!!8 !930 29J3 2936 ,937 :938 2943 29tr1 1949 t95t 195! !953
!!i11
ni'ii,i,ri'i ri.,jri-iri" , "'r"'c*.,t

Condilional\tl
,\c1 j une iiloar c
. . _ ....-...
1'L
STILULDI RDCT DI IN D IR EC T Definilie

.... Tra n slo. m ar eas lilulu i d i re c tIn s l i l i n d i re .l .... . .. Ca.uri speciale P.orozitia nlte.oEaiiYn ' " .. . ... P.o ;o z iiia ex c la; at i \-n . . . . ... ... .. .. rre i u t ir r nat de t reznl '. . sl kn rwiu . . . . . . . . . -... ,' modale verbclc defecl.ive .. .. No d ul im per aiiv r'rsi no- " ' -' . ' . . ' sd xs it elt . . . ................... Vo ;a iiac t e . . . . . . . .... . .. ..... No l iuneade v iit or
610 610 6tl 611 612 61:l 611 614 {j l { 614 6l t 61t 6tj 61rl
615 616 61{t 61ri 61: 611 61i 618 6t.q 618 619 620 620
YII.
IN TER O G A T I A$I NE GA T IA In h o d u c r e . . Io l e ro s r lia. . . E Il \v C . DO. Ll rT..... l, \ p mo d d l ,!i 3 u \:1 i .._ 48 r" Ne se l iB . . . . . .

\ crb( e lPri.dlp Verbele to BD, to H]IVE, DO, LET ii dcnttivele Altp ptabkw L [" aaP1rrPe't:P Cuvint ele de ne ga lio . . . - . . . . . . . . modale
Du}la negalic Senrinegaliile
nesrtirn Introg8tir
i n to ro g a ti re s .o ncgtti rc . . .. ....
I n.""oC1 'a Fro "i .. n6.! di
610 620 621 6tl 622 6l l

6.1.1
:t955 2956
62tr
' nsul -
SINTAXA
TNAZEI
(SYNTAX OF THD SENTENCE)
I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE 1) Dotinilia frazoi. - Fftza (The Sentence)PslPo i rbinar. de propozifii S 26$5 care exprime o gindire cornpletx int._un toi unil.er.
d / I n o ddc d and 6m i h d a t h F r' 6 j 'l b o s , h" r . F s " " r o t l i m p to ri s oo n Fd i J b ' o r' $ ' d $ho \a n; ur of onnressus will b sweDi likc leaYes."r '' ;l !.rom his bedtdon, whi.h was on the lirstlloor, he co .t not seeRhat the childrn did in ihe garden whcn Urey weDt out to plaX.
dc suhoralonaro (Coonlination dnd JaD2) Raportul ale coordorarc 'si poi it: ordination). - Propozi.tiile din frazi a) &ordonate (Caa nn&), cind. apart;Iiid acel'ia;i categorii, se afld in rapori de egalitate intre lei unle altora. cind nu fac parte diti aceea;i b) suba onate (S bardi.nate) categone. -Atit coordonarea,clt fj subordonarease lac formal fic prin ir'.,laI'rn'e ( I udap.)sitiou, )1, adica prin alnturarea propoziliilor firi introducerea unui nre Ie utft;te. co.rini de lgnture, iie cu ajuiorul unui cu.oint CuvinteL de legnturi poL fi: conjuncliile coordonaloarsau subordonatoare, locutiunile conjunclionale. pronlrmele sau adjeci.ivelc;rterogaLilo ori relativ, !i adverbelerelative sau adverbele cu Yalonre de conjunclie:
J - \ r t ' r r r ef d |.on qu a"dd I LJnp. II'\. . lux at uor \tp alt likFJ hin : F q r " . . L . T L v m e r oa d ia lkp d r ' ll dr . . r Cor i. ' uo, do! , lo, ' r "l Hc A tol r su,o he p so r . m im . b- , / , F ho had J lr p. ' lJ s . ' n i r . ( C o " _ u l o " . l o n t o o r " l SIe asked-me @/,, ine man was (P.on inte.oglliY) Tnev told me Ure storY tnar I had forgolten. (Pron rellliv) $.e ;ondered ,rnosd nlDer had be,,n read. (Adi. interog.tirl I don't know on'.e tire-sed.tary has Sone to (^dv. relaiill
S 2696 S 2697 S 269i1 S 2699 $ 2700
se poate face atlt intre propoziliile principale. cll' ;i int're Coordonarea de suborLtonaLele acelaqilel care rlcpind de aceeati regenti':. frezei' - Llementcle djn care sc compunefittza se numesc: S 27{)l 3) El0mel1tel6 al propozilii principale 6l prcpozitii secundare. pst' lropuziijs $ 27oz a) Propozilia principatd (The principol ar lloin fl.lusP) JFplrn nu un in:' E" rerbul di" lra,,. nna'c'\cJ'su prrn"ip"l crre ronline subor(lonatn unei S 2703 (The SuboftU'nate CLrmdl est b) Propozilia secund.ard secun o altn lropozilit propo;iiii ;umiid rcgrnld, carc Poatefi principala -qau iarl. Da indepiinesuelunc,tia unei pi,rli de propozilie a rcgentei saLrinire ge,stc tntelesul acesteiaori al unei fir,ti de propozilie din r,'geitii:
llc stoke sloNll shcn hjs s!ee,h \as bfoddcist 1Ch. Dicliflls, Thc Cltin$
,vczr s 1103.
(Three Chrishat
't\n$ )
5?0 u InL" l -s dFpl i n: ' ' l ' ' n . paA - : t " tl ' r' p d rp p ru p o z i ti d o ri r" i p" l " l' H t' tr p ro p o ? i i i d " u b u rJondl i , u l uncl r' dp omprc' , " / , , r os br c a d t" t n rs | . ir ' ur r " r at lii l l c l i m p s l r" e F n r" i l me ."p \Vc did not ask jl he was { good spori r p .' p p ru p o z i l i u f i n i p " l " . al ..F i i nl " l c' rrphu;c i nU rLlV p did n, . t o' 1 ' nrrr' ' a l r d| F rP Ei l J. br , oor dons r e ' I r' x r o o o 4 ' p ^ ri . ^ ' urnl trerrtd Fin(ling l.hat he had loryotten to iakc his .!ai he retu.ned home to lcich rt t' " h' l ' l l ot!l !" !.t' ' H F t t ' n" dl' . n 1 0 t' t,i !t' tu ;n ! ' ho' " ' ' p ri r" i prrr: L d t:. 1, i' n, at F - r ! U o o td o n i d ' rrro l d F ,n ' n l l " mP nr di ra' | ' l \crbrrl Lr/' ' r' l ' n-'
din principaln.l
$ 270+
PRIN PB0P0ZITIIL0RSUI}0RD0N-{TD IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{ DE I OR,BIRE A\A',OOIE CUP.tr.NTILE
lr' ,rr"n.rri . "nr-l'za.lr-lozitiil"'rrLn'ln-"t- 'i' | "uri ' dupi prtt-a torbir. a .5rpi tu;, lip ; r;dcfrineF.. \s li I .rF '- irrpirl in: dc ( 1\aun C Lautcs propozitii subst.lntieale ,\. ) - subordonalclecare tndepli nesc fu-nclia unui substantiv; l4jPa;41 rbas"s) B. nraoatit,i odi,a'Jut" l 1di 1', .uborJo;dr;lF ;dr" ind"rli1e." lirnrlio unui adjectir: (Attkrh Clausessau Adt''ibiLl Cl|utes) - snb C. proDozitii ddt'erbiaLc natile - cari: indeplincsc lunctia unui adverb. or.do
! ,705
\. PHOPrrZll l.\ sl IJST.\\'l l\ALA (TI{E NOUN CLAUSE) SuborilonaLacare indepiineqte func!,ia unui substantiv poat fi: l) subiectulunui verb din regentd (propozi,tiesubictive): Whataoudo is no .oncemoi mineIthoLeier sae s,gs is $i6e Thot lau shtuld soll so A surltisrng
$ 2706
s 270?
5 2708
2) name pr(.(licd]tit) li propozilia He is ,noi / shan neeetbe She made me Qnar 1 an.
regentn (propozilie
predicativn);
: atributivn apozilionald) 3) apozilic(ptopozitre

as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are ln. " rvu s d L"n' r , l t dn: h r s il|E ! hr d und ' @ o dt u ' J o t " bP dr ' I Jo n l lhin k : l lil"lr / lal A" ' t l1
5 2709 { 2710
4) complenentdtrc., (propozilie completil'd dircln):

I r.old hin frndrl I aantad to do m! latt H. W]* ahal I hdd sdil
5j cot plement prePozitional (propozilie ptcpozilio aln):

He thousht ol shat his f4Loe'aatke$ hdd toltJ hitu They listned to shat I hdtl b eU
1L tt a (saod) s!",:
a nr!.legc de gluna: a li trtr lnr oamara'l
cr,,{srFrcaE a PlroPozrTlrl-oR
ADJECTIYAL'{ B. PROPOZUIA
(TilE ADJECTIVEcl'\rjsn
$ 27rr
oF ADJEcI'Ivru' cl,-{usE)
prin .are arp \Jlo rpr unrri adiecri\" 'i 'are detprmini Subordon"La si tun lia d" a'ribul este rndPplinpsr" r,rmdr. un subslsnlrvsd'r u1 pr^r'!n'r' o propozi,tie atibatiad (\ 2a0i) Ea ste introdusd Prtnir_un: ( that not)l; dt q)ho' tphom'tkhich' trhat' as' ii 'a' ""i"]"f '"t "*"** rclativ bl ;drectil fulase): t' ad;etb r.rariv (r'h n nt'"t" 'Nhu "; relati.vdLdeterminariadl' p"opo'i,i" n /""IJ"rilin "aj""ti"Ae "tt" A t enlie ! cu alte subordonate: Propozi,tia adjectivala este adeseori 'onfundati suhsttrntir&li''- L]nelepropolit'ii S 2712 d ) ProDozitieralioctiYaldsar propt'zilio
",b-iJ"i;;i.";t The
ii""""r""a"'' "u o"opo'iLiir' "JjF'riLarp:

'io'
pronise
sa late was now useless at /'a'l remetuLeted
o so l1lc' 'sre remcnLbcreiL l'Ihar tre haiL elte hgar, prin pronumclreLanv care de prornise', 'the substantivul minn" that.)
Thc ttonise
csrc prot'ozitiradjecti!rla
deter-
her holes that thcv Mre gathq to /'erp n . relived
;:";#:l"lt':#':n""'.*^;; l"t:#l-iii :f:"fi,-$:x,,T ."".*J

prin conjunclia lhat l N old
i:-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL: '""""l"J;"!f '^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J ","i""#lf :li':?iilJ'irfi :;:i ::;'::"": ::':";i:''' .'l;::l;" fr
i";ji;"1*l*;:
psr" o lropozilh 'ubrrdnlivilS' adverbiali'- ln frazele care S 2?13 ",,1""a"."'^ D) Propozitioailiectirati 8&u propozitio
{-inri in:fi t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff! " "i tx,'' .1,ri,.rF..ur.i'" s,,i." iire propozi,
h;ali e.te ex?IicalLed
l Ve z i g 2t 40- r 741 ']'e z i 5 2t 42 encreze 3f - Gradaue ilnbri
osropu, ara i'#,;i"","""" lll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J. i;11,;:,;':llllll

adverpropozilia pecind nunaide'erninari,ii' """"#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd este
^1"'J:#[l;il. J,]"*::"':l;l.;X;
878
SIICTAJ<A FNAZET
! 2714
2?16
C. PROPOZITI,'\ ADVERBIALA
{THE ADVERB CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CL-{USE)
Propoziria adverbiald este o suhorJonati carc tndeplinest funciia de prot^7iLi"ir;r r,tlstontiat" adverb. Ea "orespundF din ;ramalira ron.inj. propoziliile 2?16 adverbele, adverbiale se lmpart ln urmitoarele cate..Ca 3i gorD pnncrpare: 1) propozilia temporald 2) propozi,tia circumstantiali de loc 3) propozilia circumstan,tiale de mod sau comparativi 4) propozitia cauzal{ 5) propoziria finald sau de scop 6) propozilia consecutifi 7) propozi,tia concsivd 8) propozilia relativ[ 9) propozilia condilionali 271? l) Propozilinlemponld ( lhc Adr,rbiol .lou.? af linral rispunde la lntrpbdrilc ,ri"r? sin".,rhcnl ltll ||l4n? (lat) hae IonE?ct.. ( ;i',dt d" .indl p;narlnd i .;r ri-p:' pFnlru.lt timplj. Ea esteintrodusn prin. 1n p,"',"rp oltff. bqaft. as. dinc g. an,,. till. until. qh"n. tahnptpr.,rh;t",;h;tr,, 'in.". now (that), dr (sau so) Iong a.s, as soan as, hardly... ehen, scaftelE...ahen, no sooner...than eLc.
d, I shal] go ic the licin*s ohzt I haee finishzd qo*. H shall not come herc ahile I an aqau. As tahg as gou aant to qoli, yon $.on't feet uselcss_ ,.) I should latk to hin ds 5oon as I sar ntft, if I w.e you. c) Ilanlh/ had. h. cohe hrtue rtuz he was recalled. Ih.t! hdJ : o-ptu Jtn;.h"d d* sire *hen rhe eu srs arrived_ hod l':pattu h t,:n /fi;" / rp;ret:Fd my $ords. fio "aon"r
0bseraalit dsupra eremplclor 2?18 aJ Ctnd verbul din regenti este lfl /iitor, verbul propozjtiei tcmporate eslel; indiolirul pr"zpnlp;nlru acliunilesau st6rilpsi;ullanp, saula pr". nfin perfect.cind.acliunea sau starea din subordonata este anterioar.i ac.leia or4 regenna. (Veziti g t850 2853,t860-986r) 2719 D) Crnd vcrbul din rcJent.ip.teld .ondilionot, vcrbul propoziri.i Fmro"al" cslp ld 'ubjon"tir.rV.zr ri S 28 18) c) E ard.lyg\ scarcelgslrit \rrir,aLede when; no sorzer, fiind un comparah v, t 2720 este umat de lDdn. scarce?y sau na soont se afl; la lnceputul propozitioi tempoClnd.hd.rd.LlJ, rale, vprbul ps.e inver.al 'u .ubi""lul. ln acesttip de trazl lexemplificat la punctul fnl], subordonai,a cuprinde ambii membri si loculiLrnii: pdncilal{) he was recalled(prorroziiie Il@dly had he comehomeelea (subordonatd temporah) the suestsarrived (propo,ilieprincilali) They had s.a/.cly linishcddressing rii?z lsubordonaH temloral,'i) I resrel.ted princitald) m"1. words{prolozifie No so,El nad I sloke! to ljm daa lsubordonau temlorald)
CIJASIITCAREA PN'OPOZITILOR
6?l
qhi h rh" I' a I t h p d o h . ; s heb. s 4nt a .tu " ;9 . s h " F a l i z rd i l n J ' rh e I t^hri on for a vocation. iTemDoralir) h t'l n .la\ ' t on a hi h ),' n d d 4 a $ rs h s l d :l d r r h " ' ummFr.am! (A l ri bu' i \ l l ( uh? n ../1 .md m a t s h "b " | a " l " .tu ' i ' I \a s 1 l u rn r_g p i nr i n l rpr l i f" rA tri ' butivd)
A tcnIie ! A se compara: (Trnlrotclr).S272f a')'|'heddre4hddtuthehadtalkciltomeaLouthisintcrestintootball
fl n e renplul d^ la p u n ' l u l //' .r' ' u b n rd o n a l " l " rdi punJ l a Inl rabrrea d" l a pun' tul 1' b' J. subwr"p2 si .i nt . Dr in ur c \ s i e , tc mt' n rd l p l r.t' c m p l u l o r lt on d ta d " t " c hina s uh. ra n ' i v ;l -l h o d s y g i e { te adj ocl i val 6 (rtri buri vd). or inri o a l a iiir ' d: - T he dr t w u s h i . l " ' i a r l b F s ' rmmpr .smp ' Tn .xempl ul ;. L, p u n "rLl / - t , . ubor i l o n a ta c .ri q i .u l i L .re n u r"i re dcrormi na' rrbstanri r u l - L h " mo , r n' r t ' s i es Led d j c .ti ! s l a (d l ri b u ti \ d ). p ri n" i pal a ti i nd -tl ' n moment was a turning point in her )ife".l
2) lroDozitie cioumstar,tiali da loe (Tlrc Adeerbi&l Clause of Place) $ 2722 undcl iolotro:' plnd resound' la tnit'birilp '" r" hna lar2 ham 'rl"'P'(: unjc.' d. unde11.Fla est" ir,lrodusdprin .rvint"l" h t'. ,h"nrc. shithff' elc. : aheraeer,wheresaeger
I crn t takc vox shie I'ot^ eoing r comc a.rois him ,.ha.."r thqp ;s a ,a"..4.
,4 tenli
e!
lylpre nu introduce mrmai propozilii ciroumstanliale de loc, ci Si pro- $ 2723 pozilii substantivale, adjectirale qi principale:
Whire he ao .As i! d Dl"J s anl pld. r ' Pr onu/ ili. s ub5 l a n l i v 'l . t s u L i ' l : v . i tu fik is t Pr opoz i' t ' " s ulJ anliv dll ' om l ' p l i v d d i r e ' l l l T cll me 'ln lt "r / k l; ' ps . Pr opoz ile d d j e . r i v r l l l r i b _ u r i v i | ,3ntrp,nrmb h e pt at p ' tina& s au a f t f ud! (vropozrlr pnnflparJl \V p $pD\ lo lrrF th .alr., 'h
de mod. Prolozilia romlrralivd. (fhP 5272t 3r ProDozitiarirrumbl^sn!ialA Adv,tbial atdr;s"of lllann"r or ahnrr''i.ar) r""pund" la in'rpbErilal?o4r'] ctt,l de cit ori?) hotr much2 ha* nana 2 hou,many tifies? eti. (:ium? contine al doilaa termen al $ 2?26 conpatatiad a) ProDozitia prin "uvint"l" as as tf f esr" introdusd r,".i .;mparai;i stafitilp d. rpgFnra. so as etc.l asi ss--. as thonpl than, t/l + un comparativ, far As it eas eith ,ttn, so it tns $ilh her' Slro sniled as if shz betelod'r enjosine heser
They looked aL ne @ thoush the! hdi Thev daDced \ettet thdl ther saas aIh; less she heaB abaut t, thd bettef it is
de un oomparativ carese afld lnregentd. S 2?26 ,./ ConjunctiathDll esteprecedat.r (\''zj pcnuliimul exemplude maj 6us) Conjunc,tiaas poate fi precedat{ ln regente de cuvintele dsi sa, $acl, sau
Snp is ,s clpver or r/'e n lf.t'y ll, is n ot i,/d s im Dor t r nl as ! u! / 1, , r . ."fu " lh.l" $ ss.r./. ldu; ' r l"r as / , "; had nen 1 She spokc in the s;md quict wsy ar si" hdd al\,aus dane cu.p nt n li 1bd "n; lpr , . , , r l, i . . i J ' " J a s n j o - v : n g1 . 6 . 1 1 . t o r n d "D une n:"4 " o I . . dr,r.r' r' -lsuo sra nd ard ch id, ld"a' "' d1' - "n", ' r inlr ' , r . ( v 4iqli . d: ri' i r i c J o s u p o 'r l F r't .o rc.t1 . )adi. t t n""t luaa d rorln 1. A"d maricdl -jl I j,r
680 2727 p r op ozi I i a . on p 0r t Ii I d Llips a rtrb u l u i c) in \ ' pr bul din pr o p o z i l i a s p .u n d a r6 .d r;.o n ;r i l ui p al doi l pr t" rmnn al un.i comparalii poate adeseori lipsi: Hp is m or F s ,n " ro u s /n d , " n r:s Itjs larenls ire as old a, nind-t;.e]. I don l s r ' eal, a s s o o ,l En s l t o s d o trJ o ,. T Ley dr t m or " :n i c .l ' g " n l -,,ta ni h i v a r' l f . a,er,,i. Alec is lceling bcllo iodal ,,,aDlhe l'aslr -." tos, ln unele cazuri. etipsa verbului poate crea ambiguiidti, care trebuie tdeturate prin repelarea hri, lD special in scris, unde lipsesc mijloacele o ra l c dc lam ur ir p c i n :d ,,u l u i : a r, a n 1 . i n ro n al i F, pl us g" sLi .6 eLc. 272A P r opoz iLia. om p d .s ri \d e l i p t;" 6 F s l F , e a m" i ti pcre-nraformA de compa. He is more jrduslrious than lou latel. ' q .ll
II i"'h:" .jarhrldn ^ no",.060. h..un L ominsoul. -ir "J'lo; Ahe &oner lit isl,-,r, Ae'ertit jsl: rh. natu t\|a arc1, &e henie;L\r tsi. ,ompflra1i\aplifti"n nu poatF,ns; lipsi de.it tn \-prbul din propoT;!i pslt lo rr, bsu "lnd arit ln rFgpnta, caTulclnd l' ti ln subordonalE se afl; a,clasi lerb. (Vezi ii ! 882-883) prora:t!t i ronporoti!". 2129 d) Jnlo.u;rro Propozitis .ompirali\d inlrodusdpri; coniun.tis ,rdn po,le ti uncori inlo.uild nrintr.u conalruclip cu infrnitirul. ca:. estp pr"ierald , a Iiind m6r scurlal
lo u "o uld n'l do b"ll"r lhbn l"d' - lr " d on"j n,, \ \ ' lnsn i/wd 1"// h"r alon nlq Thre was notling the child disliked mofu than ,r:ra, ar. l,nme br l,mscu 1: thair qhea he ndyed ai lome by hinsell).
Thev
Dlav
aq
!P
r ' ,| ;wr
2?30
4) Propozi,tta cauzali ( The Ade.rbial Clauseof Causear Resson ) fispnl;ld" 1a tntreber {tru (=, Ior vhai reason)l /rom ehat &tuse2 (: de ce? din ce cauzd?).Ea e.(teintrodusd prin as. because. sincer. wherea.*,;n that, nat tha1, that an the Ero nd that, cansidering that, sccingthat9l for the rco-.on go I didr'i to the bon' n e btaa* I wastied.
r;,e nu " atts 1, o, "not h, . n: u, e". t uL 4"r . I s n a l l 0 . , i s t . .o ns:dp i;nsi thdt t . p r c \ p|dA s , / , r.n hF teFl $Fltr - ir , , - noLr
2731
5r tropozitifl linale rau dc {ol tTLF tlt rbiat atauce of Pdrpa'p) rt). punde la intrebnrile tty (: $hai forJ? for what purpose? (: in ce scop;r). Da esteintrodusi de that1,so lhat, tn aftLefthat, Iest,for feor el,c.:
I gor.up early rnd,T l na!/ be in tihe for schaalSh. l ll al on"p ro that .lb nitzh! k,"p h.t ot pan m" . T l, " \ ill3g" m $ o u l d nl Ip r. s i d rl $ i l n o u ' i gni ,l " ,tor teor ' " " ha" t' l ea l a.t ;r tl ,p
r ln a" " as ' a pr o p o z i ti l i !5 F 5 rF a l | ! rb u p rd,d,. cl l si s b:' .1 .1. : P . . i5lii r pc oma n dp r l i p " l tp rb ,l u i n u m n i1 r .n.i ,j i d rr" srd 5- rl l d rn a,r' ai ' mo p.opozilii. ln limba curent{ lnsl aceasin recomandare nx e6trcspecta6 9i mod n, ambete t5 8 831, $to leatu alone a lisa In pace. : In stilul olicial si ju.idic. . "on.;d*in6. rpi?6 ttut .. ,t"t lil|'d r'.. ? lrar : .i si.
CI]ASTFICAREA PROPOZITIILOR
68I
Verbul.din propozilia finelC est In gcnere la modutsubjonctiv ( { l5?5). { UZ8S ^ ' ue r-erc marmurie orr.tn8d. o con6tructic cu inliniti,tl cslcprcfarald propozi_ deoanece dg mar multd concizie lrFrrrnare, stilului:
I gel up early ,o D. ir tims lor sohool. Sl'e left ot once ro /r4dphcr appoinrmcnr. w, wFrent' l.t to start witlout a guid". nat b e.t lort tn rh. tao.t.
(The Aduerbtol Clause of R"sultor Conspruti4 \ ZTgl ,. 6) PmpoziliscoDcoculivd C{daje,/ ralA,con3cclnla sAurezultatul actiunii din regentd. Eo este introdu6dpftn uw, so nar, lso'.-.)tkat,(suchL...) that, but:
Nrvpr a scck sop6 by ,[zr sh. h.sn t @M ,o s.c ur. A r fasf.mo rnin Se omo .60r iat u. naa dbk t t 6nt ineow h u r n . u . rnc rclfnS wds so, good /ur i! *.nt to sa th. ,ta! d.anl Hr! mcmofy sas su.ht ,hat h. rcn.nbtud a ldce 6ni si-|. , oov.r prs rh+ Univr|sity Librdry ,urr rnanb.. tha old lib.aian
Atenlie! ... ,So,.fiind adverb, dptrmind un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such, $ Z?g4 runo aolecnv, oclermtno un.1rA9tdnlrr drn resenti. (lau'se ol Contession ?) Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat or (oncusite E 2?16 ,Clarrp', sratd lmprcjursFa car. nu o izbuliLsA tmpipdi.ea.!iuneasau sLarca drn regentC. Aceasldpropozilieestc o sc.undardiitrodusn prin: /d, )/lrouqi, atbet\ as4.but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h. fot all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t, qnttneaef.
wnate9ef Qtt. I 'rhnugl.sla is nt f,i.hd ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh !t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r Itddsotu dd she Ies DpoDhlikc her. ,lnili.niivl fl l I o .n. on t hF O 'i. . N. T.ro n r i ri rl , l o u ? r,4 r/ / d o l ed aU,i xht. \tnol fati \r Fo t a l l ! ! nus ou, ) s hd l td o s I i i n k ri l . rl n d i L e ^ .t ri v i sh , .o uldn r bF eeltts h,/ ri e rS u tj i o n .i i v l Hoaa?, bk! ha no! b.. h; JrssJs ' ' ,.drin,ts . time for . n, s hook Sul,ion,tir r. | $ o D I apologl. , .r ' ha te e r y o r In d :c a ,:v srbron..ti v s o !. 4.t,a te h o I h Jr, k no$n hc f r or y" rs . b u t"n fti e rd s .
Propozi[iaconcesivtr nu esteintrodusdIntotdeaun& de o conjuncliesau S 2?36 , un o Dronume comDus: verbului cu subiectulpoate de asemeDa exprimaideeucon_ S Z?32 . Inversarea
R . th o to" r it ho! . - h o w e a " r U r,r'm.,v l c l . L rn r g o ; ng.tn,rngon S , .,JJ. S u!jonc ti v !rczc nt c u r dlc r ir c l a v i i to rl Aa n r,pr e l& J . i s a s o ri s l o t m e !" ry prpi " nl l ' hF " o rn J n s l ,car.. i ubron.ri v Bu n a "t s l, pnit h! B tr , r' " o u l d r b -sth e rc i n i i m .. rS .. b,on" l i !ti -i :i ; Sh ;tu ght Lc plait . b|r .h w rs l i k e ,l !v c \k v b o d v . L"t my Ftarepvet,o v n8rdrs&I,.I slol dli,Jyd be a kind mo,h. r ro rl,, ,.. 'aas
O b s e rr a ti e Yerbul Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,ia concosivd estcla modul i.ndicatiol ctnd.& - 27Bg sc rFlerd la o srtualrF.reald, (pre?enr. sa! la m-odul suDjon"li/ formareebe sau c o n s r r u , l Dr Bcusr o u id.n0gorrmzthP ) ctndconlin" imp lic B ! ia d e p ro b lF n -s t i. ,
3 d,Pn : dsi {6til tormat). I Prcpozilia conc.sivr care contin. @ cu acp.bt.iconrunctie.,i {: detij nu InceD.. cu un substaDuv,un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt, 5Slil lorbal (conline subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t). .c:o ri cu b, or ic t t+ s u b j o n c ti v u l tc t. n o ra 4 d . m ri E us). TYe zi _r ie. t em plele la- . 1 2 ? 3 5 .
* r""'6""" ;"1i;"*."*r;,;,," ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l!y - ";
6E!
ireal sau o presupunere.ln limba romdnd indicativul se traduce prin indicativ, ru should, iar subjonitivuJ9i .onstructiile si nay (n4ht) se trarlucru nondisubionclivuluidd slilului un ton formal, litprar. dPsuct Lionalul.PrezFnLa chiar. atunci ctnd subionctivul nu are forma moderni sau nu e inlocuit cu indicativul: (Indicativ) Thotrghsl, ld'.f6 capc.icnce, she is very competent.
{Dr'i li lrrs"rrc a\ pPr ir nl' , ps lF t oJ r lp ' oTp"lp n r I r . A" h p ,v"i so 6lp"n ho Ls y ouf t u1h"". ( Subj. I o r m d v . r ' ) ( r o r n i . l i r ', d r I , bu tori, r, d . /r d" . pv pf , pr p r d al ) hvcn lhough the hotBo on fire, he $'ou]d sleep ihfoush it all. {Subj. prezent) '/./, . ' s J . a . n r / aa lo. el i dr d$l4n' d . ) lChia r d a'a v Yo u musr L lo yo ur r as k pv pn lnough y or . hon d t . d i l h . i t l . 'S g.ea.) ubjon (T.ebuie si-!i indeplinc$ti sarcina chiar dac{ a' ti s,t It sd pdr.t \Yhaicvcr you tudy (s au ntst) say. he irn'r .isht. (Subjonctiv) Orice at sratu (s au @tp&,ea sp,ner, tru are dreplale.
2?35
Elipsa in propozi!iaconrc.irii. eind propozil;a non."sivd arc acelali subic"t cu p-Xen1n, subi.ctulsi predi,alul ei pol lipsi: ,Bn lhc wasl ct;pplel,, he was leading a u3etui lite. unlikel! lit aete), the thins happetred. Eo@eret "n
The weafher was pleasani.,laenl if Lit aasl cotd. i nl rodus6 de un pronume. 8) lr opoz ilia rc l a ti v d (T h e R e l o ti ,' e rh u * 1 " sl a u D adjec t iv s au u n a d v p rb re l a l i \i . o rp ri m L sdu bubi n{el .
2?40
5 2741
Cuvintele care introduo propozilia relativd slnt: prununp r,latirc - wbo, \vbom, wbicb, \\lLal, lLdL. a.i adj,tti,,p relatir, - wbo"F. \bhh. wbal; . ad.vefie relative-'$hen, rvhere, why.
There soes lhc nat Nho is one ot ow ablest .oaches. I can'tan$ler lor a child lda, sau whoml I hdtdly knoa. i" laaou. . Hp ha s a n rm " t h|lt She did .rio, (: that shich) she coulrl h heb. Yo! may takc such sleps 6 you ttlink fit. Thal was tho honse ehose t naIt had, baen Stutatuin Nhr h) / r nr ; ll, I had r o l t p d p i n b e d . L asr yp d.. a kr I Tn Jt io .n;r , /r . . , . i' r $hiih. "' , ! r d- , id, o i s t P ; \ d d a p TrJl ,{ u ,{" ,- t : " r . a, on lo- |9hic ht he auk t a t d r r ; n d I n i n " p r i n S .
Pronunele, adjectivul qi adverbul relativ lac parte din propozilia rlativd:

pi"tuf? 4 ' we p r o o qr . ll hdJ t h4 d, lot ! l, a had b* n. ho : e r I o , t h " l . \ J i f s p o t : n ' ,; f1 .;,,or t' hon) r lou l@ , ". n p" , s \ "r \ g a o d i n l h - l " a d i n g p d r l
lln arnbele exemple, "the actor", aniecedentul pronumelui lelativ, fac oar l;.lin proDo/iti" nri-cipdli, in,rrp psre,omtla'nFotdirFcl (pxpmpluldl suhordo iau subiectrexemilul 6r. PionL,m"l.rel"Liv fa' e paruedin pronoziLia nar a! in .arF estpquLio t invomllul al .,, .omilcmnrr dire' I ip\Pmplul ,r'l ProDozilidrFla irD pont" ll da,rn,no!ltit ;au ' ryl;"ot;ft1. 2?12 Pfoiozitia dclermindlirAI th. n.\t,rtir" Rplotifpatou:c) .sle numiLa .'nra FdFnlul eau.idcn'iti'ln.lu-l; cu altp.uvintc asrhLDcnlrJ.u..dplarn,irl]ea servestepentr[ a deosebi.dc alte obiecte! similarc, obiectu] denumit d antecede;t. Fiind absolut necesar; tn!lesului, nu poate lipsi din frazn qi' ca atare, nu este dcspi4iti prin virgull de rest: \as cometo seeyou. Tl\e docLor thatlou rahs up in thematning
She has seet the land rlrrc otahlc-ttc.s btossotu. Il.oo o/i i!J,,,;, r / ; r" slrin sA,;1 "1 ":'l' o "lqpd p r o p o z i : r p" _ L i . , i 'd . d 'o 1 r " 'o ' 1" uni d u l o r i numild d"r..iprrril n r lui. . t r t t lpoula"r plia! Nd P 6 l i u n e o r i
: Sen sg ran atic al: at it lii, , le, c il9i luc . ur i ( $ , ) .
CLASTFICAREA
PROPOZITIILOR
563
indispensaL'd ;;;' '," cs'i' ,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;," avind qina*. ri","i r*"j.'::tl lll),*iii Ul'"'"1ii"il.'J# ;-*;.:::Ii:il:ll: in il;",ir,.i ",i"" "ru ""'"'a"n''t ::;i:l::xl ::l:l',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*
ro sr? i/on' coordoprincipali: -llv \fift tt'ill be pleasea ""*-tl" is c('ning "utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'" relatiYe p ncipul6' coordonsfi cu A: eho il'" ' t n**U a delichtful week' urrough Proguc' *ha e I s1ent My r{ile, rno ts catuingL'@tar' $ill }c lleascd to scc Jou
*.ltll.'S.I";ii]j,l"l'; propozitia der*minati)1.*,: | ri4l r",,""i ,:.pricr-
; ;;'^fi''"'Tl'llr ;ri,l;l::r"rurr:t;'; liru:it*:-:Oi

a t spen'i \'{hp'r' lii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';' i - i:lli:ili: a't;:iia *",t (= snd thPreI sprnt )'
s"" *##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:T .,. ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:H ;lt,'liintl*'"l i:,rs"nu i

dcnl$. ln rare caz inlrodrr'e o f'ropoz
li;:i:"il'i'i :lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1' iffiT.Hlu:", ",""1f;;.r;il*i ioordonatecu antccdpnrur'1. S 2?46 relat'ivl podte ".
i":;':;t",';f*' il,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l'::: )l""

Propozilia -lr:
*r a'ltv jI j!ii: j5 ;"1;,:lllli;'#,1,1$*;'"f, ;;f ! .,,| #rulf : r$ 2;ll): (atrjbutivdr' 'lt" i"'"'tin"ri'i diilli,'al()t
b) "rn'r
: d ) odrcrbiala (circumsrantialb)
2?47 ^--,-ote rplativ \
iSiii
$;*?*r,*i*.'rt ,.".,f1.i##*..-fu
.\ 2760
rclrtiro scrise I a^"nnt atribulive ln ldJ propozitiile ri"P":;:iJ;;;i": anliuniidin principalr. i8r a doua cauza
,0"'n ,!9ili?'l**'. i"\;;,; k';;",::".i'11::; I lliSl'i"",11'Ti "'"T."I cu litere ctrrsive

;"i." "'Jrt'i
e adjectiv
"h' ei.l scoprrl
684
srNrAxA
FEAZET
2751
dp limba romAn;. ptopozilia relalivt sprc dposFbirp L, li-nbd Fnqlezd, -rlepailadc pF.sre ll dctermind.dafd accasl; dcscuvlnlul Doatp.ls unFofi qi puncluaueeslc caaadP(cronale tl08) ls inlcrpreleri duF nu lcf. $ bd4irc vatd: alt?t they had got insiile'p'ld said they had beenthero ''They met som"P@Pl
lor th.e e qu ide rs oI nn hour ' ' ' Ar @ BoPv n r iddv or r l"t ' m i 'v o il"o "iVrrr1 aflFd lon! been attdched. ' ,c. ttezd had come ahotu I had. knaqn as a bog tlosdtd la 'h o m h e i o i
27b2
rlausP af or rondi' condilionali ll h' AdrPrb;ot !l ProDoziliA 'ondilior ttanoll tor;ptliataronJrliad, dcarFirnd'llioired"pitrdFa4iuncadrnr'Lcnr6 ! l: in cp'dzi)' D thot "(lst Propozilia(o-d;lionaldrespundclo ln'rFbdrpA sau sutrindicaiiv Yerbul dil propozilia condilionale poate fi la modul 27tr3 ol in praryzilitl @ndiliondld I ndi.,:atit)
1 nu oJ t - , !, 4t . ' J on , , O . ' "i|, "r ". \o ( | .y" . 1N\ @ : o J ot : ' r " Unlcs ltau slaP taughrnS' 1ta^ hing" go sionj
s 1037).
(Penf.u alte detalii asupra propozi,tieirelaiive \ezt Pronumcle rclattee'
S ubjont:|irul. in prapozili.a candi[ionald I s houlds t r .i s l u d )i n g i l r re rc !.u Loyr' I t t ou hod o .o " . \o u s o ' rl d u n d r. J n r | $ o u ' d J rp -o r.e L' , d sJrk t io, i t t " " , b*" e ;:,d ! n - n !@ i l .!o uhddr' ' 14' I , lon. ! no\ fl ," l J a -L f P ent r u det a l i i v e z i i n c o n ti n u a re F tan condi l i an& Id ($2754-2704)l
s 2754
2?;5
rriaza c0N0rTIol-11,,(
(TEn CONDI'rIONiI SEr-rnNcD]
l, slru.lurd. - l-rJ,H '"ndili'rrdln in tormr "i "rmpld "sta o lrozh .oj pl"xa 1. carF , orr.lr J;r, J",d pat i: aJ o propozifie rdgnldcon-tinindun Yerb legat de o condilie; A, o p.opot'ti" uha art t '"r" "\t"imd 'orrdilir 'lo a 'brar ;nJFllinire i e lP Iunrrra ri'ali)or"e c,liur,rr din r'-'^rr''. Acpaird "ubordorra depinrJe (\ 2752). prapoztlie condtlionu.Ld cordi!ioualc Propo/ilrA ' 3F 2l I'uviolelpirrlrodu,{ire aln pr,1'oziti0i 2?66 ^prin oar'l' ur''J In ,onlinA.ondiliaF.l. "oJu'' 'u\rnl :r/ '|1ont!'tr 'ar"' on iarulition (thdt), prorided (s ar prct'}iding ) (thal), s'l?pdse,s au rupposlns (that), unless,dr long ds. so lang u.s,aheth.r.. orercl
{ r do l r ou ' bv j t iu It u ou to t . . i' o r t d 6 ' v " t 'l r n d p p i ' " i t i,t,t hod r " r jr . "h" In .a!. lou shoutd stur ms, \-ou'll {ind me ai lioNe' p"o. , i, . p". . N' J t t : a r t h 1 . h . ; . b o . L b u n ; t e . I il j"l l.tu c , , . . . , , , a ie I . d, t r . , i. ll l' . lr r ' lr 'l ,o u -; , ' 1^" t h t ; P ! n a v : " P . L t t h " " r * . , , , n : r nd -"|p i. i"' . 1,.:,'ii";;' . ' - uP o a t u k o J 1 t t t t n ' o h, 3o a"u r a ' 'aL" \oim,r 'o n. ! l4 h"r t P, o4 t " s \\" i"nr .o .1, ,
I J.It. JeMn.. Tht.e )Ien iL a B.ot p ri n c i p a u 1 $ t8 2 t) o $i, i8u re '3 Cu 70 adm' : r recunoa'ie.
FRAZA COND'TIONIA
L r'"o ri or op' z iL; , r o n d i l i o n " l a ru rq rp i n l ro J u ci d- .rri n' " 1" mci .u ., i p' , t ; r ' . 0 ; i f" r a r-n ' i p ^ ,1 ' o z i i i n ' , o n di l i oni l -l
arltate $ 2757
{,
lnd p ton il v o, , d"n x , p I ' , n \ di"n g crl ll D att h,t t,;' to::4 a I il ipd l. ' o o,'],'n a i pf ln . ilni r n lia o, 1 ' n d a pr i n i l d u c jd vouu h a\. o' . lJ . ot na t . . a u P d o t t h p L a 4 . t u " 't ' o> aJ ar d r" ptn pr r n 'u n . u r r r r 'o t r 'J l: n I s. n on-hJ. 1 ol Jlpl Pl; , uu"dondl;
-fraza indi dt;'rl. lnpa.tti ul '.nl;t,onolut '.i subjaul; ,l InttP' condilio,..1; "rt: b,rintar"sx,"iror modr,rid,pind. dF '.'1 'arul r.il 'ru ir.al al r"'ir ii Ier bului. lntre rnodurile ;i tinpurite verbc)or predicat din cele doun pr.,pozilii exista de obicei concordanli. Clnd werbut din propozilia condilionald $ 2759 reald a) Acliunea .du nod-rilF int'pbuinldlFin g'rPr' "rnl. cliur" , ftotu crorira o t'robob;to, jn limbr mmnn\. indiiti,)ut il cubordor.ari. ; ; oti,,tear tnp totirul ea _"i tn regentE. riitorului. care de obicei nu se ioloseqie in propozi.tia (subCu excetrli.L ordonatn) condi-tionali, Yerbul predicat. atit in regenti cit !i in subordonati' poate ii lfl orice tjmp cerut d ln.tets:
p"", Fr l h. . .1 t t.,,. hd 4 r I b. I i r t "e/ "nr PrpT nl - 'r r l \ \ hd - d . \ o \ rr'r' np, ' t,4 ..o " ' """J i ' r r s o "li, , . \ l01 l '" / " r ' , 11 t o. ' t 1l io r . I / , n;iim ' o, \ r ' r n' h rn.)" , / , o; lo\ i. , ' jouid ,..,", b"r r ' ' his h '' l - " Z l n i l 4 t f d r r "l, ' p t 'z " n l /a n' ' r {T , ' dl 4. h' t t r\' . 1i.t1t ""..t p ar t ' "' . ur ) .. ,,,:", / d, lo. ' o". r a, Tr qu i I tjk / P : r r I lr " \ r 'l o " ) , r l1 . Fr ' , lr 5l!- /-Ap d vo u o . . i, "lv lil mpPrdlir lor m " r P r 'r n l lr, ox{ , .o .'in(F1.t1 rd.ctonr lo. lhi. i,np",dliv' i. u! nor ' r T, .. ' It i" r h pip y.sl r d1i, , ns "d I' J Jr nos l r - 'L ] n l{ ui' dlr y lt tt ho do t [;'.t'h"d rr ' , r bing ir !"1 -\. jotz us in the dining{oon II'Joan li;dn't lzzclrd bclor youf arrival, snc *ta probably non. (lre.uij lerlect + vinor) tr )t rl I ri a.liunpu 1Frd" n J i ( uc . onr in lm p l i r a ! i a \ pro. p. loirp "rcn plnle ; or.id "mtl . i pr in f o' ' r a p o r L 0 l S laplLr l es' " r . ola bului ' a ?larF dp nlpF "r ll " pn joJ. in u h o". i l. ' d ion ' ds p"opl" or J o d s a J l "o , n ,m ' 1r s I l you ldv. rd I ou s ay J . . . It ie d.idn'r &eiee my lctter {as J.rne saysJ .
3) Modurile intrebuirtate. Nlodurile verbelor intreluinlatc in
$ 2?58
locutor sau de o alti persoani:
NoId Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850), $ 2?60 r 'r poal- 'online rrr iiitor: a":' imp Pql- rpdal lrin nrooozitiorondiLionrla 'pre).n rl ir'liratirrrlu; ."u t,'le" rS 2852 2F:Jr: lrin orezentul
I vou r,-{ 1,"- 1. \otr ( ill or ' r o1l lop. ' rD : \ ' -l".d bn. \ ' ll q el lre p"ir" ir s hp l, i d' s { p/ "d ' r l lh! q. "" l i o l s s " l b J t h r \ a m n F E {J m i o l l o r i l lod lnr r ' i - r i l " l , r ' t t r ' , t uas t\ a ob f lri. t{"m: . rl. ir o ' 'l | 10 cotueaut top ta cotuea't (at the) ta? (of the tAt of sucds'ful catutidat.s) l: reuti primul/triD'a la conors). a
680
srNTA:.A FRAZET
E 2761
Pr.pozitiile,cunditjonale construite cu verbul Fi nu constituie de lapt -_... xr ',ptu la reg,rta dF mai sus, dat fiind cd pjll nu este aici auxitiarul viito" rutur. cr ara int.tosulsau d" \Frb moddl ,,Dvul .
I.bh i'l b- JrJ., lu' il J or . v t l. or "t , nr rtr \or n .e "u t r os . J , of d. d , "1 , o; s d m 1 m , l i L . z . ) qt r y a li pt on9n". r o. \ v i , .1r 1,," broJd"J5i.onrerr. !! you rll o nrJ ; r ' r i s t li oL! . t r . v , . i auli , oo. . r t u l r d d i , , d i , r a r t . J
S 2 ?62
i r" d 1 d .C i n d t-rb u l di n.vbordonrrj Fxpri md u .h ) A r ! iLn, r.l ru n p, . a/ 4. d^ i i .ru :n ,h i tu i .d n ,r,r,1 i , modu,i j F i ntrpbui nl arei tn,crn* _ l n n o lut l1 " A gqnt i .i s d L j o n d i tu t i n s u L u rd o n std. astfpt: .on. j. t lona|.ph I n t trp g p n ' 5 \ _ s u b i a n 4 i r prpz" rr (subordonata) .onot t onat p r l ./ r' .g a n ' 5 ) _ s u b j a n a tu p" r/." 1 L.ubordonJri ) @auld @epr at onoeit you ire, what iL was alt abouL. (Cond.!.e2. + subj. ^-.,_ \Yo\t You.oozi, haocauepted, at once iI you ndd t@/u ivhat ii was all about. (Cond, - + srlj. !e.t.) p&f.
r\ se conrpara contrastiv:
, ahe , ! i . ot r p jf ro u a s k tre r.i A .ti u n e re a l e l c - h" r ould Nhp i r J o r d s k " d h e " . l A,, u n F j maci nar.l J s hz eodt d hdr d .,@ i i J o u h a d a s k " d h a r. t\. i :un. Ler" dti zdrr)
flrrdi, o'ivut p{prirJ o d.,iuno fpdlr. .ubjon,.riruLpr.zenL o acliune PIrrpald. 5ublon.lr\.ulpFrlpcro o.riuno F .ali.otti.1 Atenli e! 2?63 $ _ .Indicaiivui trpcut )i subjonctivul prezent, avlait aceeaqiformel. dar ,nllesurr drlentc, nu trcbuip conlundate lntre ele. ln Eenere.lormfl verbald drrL subordona';Fsleindi""tn d. mooul larbutui din regcnro:
ll "h rDJ,a Il 'h " tDac^ sd ;J ij 6 . t i! . llod: , a r \ r ". . r . in.ti.dti\ lr"ru| . 'lJ "s d sp l."od,"d, . d / ar dit r L! , . nlip. , .\,liurF reJlbj sd ;d .., n nouk t L" r s t ip. S' , bj. pr "z .ond o.p/., ' n. i. . q , l i u n o a. sp ut i"jj.rr - , s r a. d. t d D n- . ' r
fSubordonata i,online in anbe]e cazuri acecasilormn. dar nu si acelasi mod. trimul"dz \-rbul fiinJ lr tnJt.ot:rt,ttr,-u',in,i dnital tc \rriorriir;l prc:pnt. 'n I ."|.4tl Jil"r'. na.i. irr Iun, rie dp n,ud,r.jntrrbLrinrat tn"r-:pnt.i, ir?rimul caz regentaiiind colstrujld cir jnilicativul,in at doiLLa,.u cu;ditiol Uazuri spcci:rle .Con,ordanrr r-odurilor ti rimpuritnr Jin trazs nondilionald(S 2762), dF r rFqp..ra,dtn rnJjur'raea , + "zurjtor. DU m, nrinF in un,.tabiruttii sp"_ , d , Subjoniir.ivuluipi'fp.i djn subordonatnii corcspundeuneod condiiio, ndlul p/..rnl jn regent6..mri atcs arunci clnd este insolit, de un adverb cu sens up prez.nr. rr'. not. dt p.,t"nt rt,..i -tt11.
It i ftddn'l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld.now hd,e one. He @out.t, be !\ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet
S 2761 $ 2?65
5 l?66
t.Jrr , o.Jitiun,li p4r F\pri .,b o onliun. r..r/r in rFqenra . . 6r rrrlqLborJ -1" Jinor,.'rii. rrpdl.tin d!,i poLfi ld indi"dtrvtn retp ta si ta subionrrlv in -cr subordonati. r\cesta este tn special cazul subionctive-lor cdnstruiie'cu auxir Cu ex c er ! . ia v ! .L ru l u ir, r, (g 1 5 5 3 ).
IBAZA
CONDITIONA'-A
i87
liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren!,ia1) si rloxld cind exprimd o p.esupunere ori o irnprobalilital.e accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl ought2:
I pauT 10 talk io t-ou ii rou .dll toDro.ro{'. ',oald He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-" no ltl, like to. ll sl' " to tld n tl ,^ -- . hr . , ; i/ / , "/ / . gla | . s "" h " l I l \ , r r/,'1 r .o I'o m, no$. \ r |\ aa\ ' t , oL . q . a
") \,lbele .lin fr0ra ,undiliunal; t^r -j\primd n ,,ti,Lne ir,otu (prin Q 2?62 . |l,iilion.li in r'npnrJ ci o ..!iune r'old rprir, i'rdi , ti\/ In .ubordon;tbr "
l,,liuldl:tpta so I,y,r. ' J . plt 1 . or ! " if J ou. r J J ou d r . n , ' , o m i n c .
1) fo0di!ir,|lilul )i propozi!iasulrordonaH. Spru d"u."biro dF tin,La Q 27n8 d. unJa moJul "undilionalr. p Inrreb"ir,ls trrr ;n rFu,nta..rt si in 'o',,; subordonaia unei lrnze condilionate. in ljmba cnslezn condilidiralul nu doate l inlrFb-i'r,"1 .le.l, .- ,olul , \.pp,r^rHr In .;bordnne.J car. prprina o .nndilrc. j; ",1^ lnlo, uil. dupi .r.m d \ "?ut n,"i ,u. ( S 2?b2),tttin "rtbi"ni,* a,erte fiir.l modul ..rp expril,d liu,iirpel"..\. fe, in.ubordon"ia: ", condilionalul prezenl este inlocuit plin tubjonctiaul preznt "and;i^n4tutJ,.tt.,t p.,a irtu.,,i pri,,tbtonai,,ut p.il"r Pentru acclasi motiv, unelepropozitiir"lati\c core srEereaz;u condjtje E 2?69 eu rnrLul la .ubjon.ii\ $i nd la ,ondirion"l:
l_mdg:n -b ing lld .psld, l ir ' J book t ^dt r . , jl Inhip." o. J r t Fia! I ir : $ p r " r I . i r d - r j t a l l' . lu b r . p d 'o . f t
d up;
0 r s c r r ali.i {,J Propozil,iile subordonate conditionnle i.olstruite Lu shautdsi would, \ 2?i0

un ur npar ; . n, r .o rs ' i l u i ts ts x .c p l i i l i ," 0 5 ra r,gul E l
Should
a') Il ro\t shauldmeet liirn ($hich k higlly inlrobabkr, teu him ro come home , d I , n hpF r s h i , h I r" rr { u " h J o u b o n a (" p ldJfr. I w i dbkh .l o te Il .h . "n y ou lind ir Dp." s s 8 ry S/.o /1 7 l o i a l l n r. J s h o rl d (.dJ i t.dh nnF. lJl o /a . inlr - br iinr al a i ri l s l p rs o a n r a 2 -a s i r J.d Intr o pronori l i " subo r don a l S .o ndi! iondl5. pe tp s " b j a n tttru t r. rb u l u i s l ,a// oi suqer16z66 sj 1r61;" fodr l F D Ul i n pr obabila s d u o p rc s u p u n !' , i n p ro b a b i l " p" nti u ( dal ri ' i i .or ($ 2119).1 s-arlntlmplas4...)
S 2Z?l
a") It yot sttoutd (: ousht)not sit up so late, why do yon rto t? _fJ'ftould,sinonim aici cu ongrt (: ar trebui s a u trbuie) este subjoncrivul verbuhi modal s,4all(js 2085).1
S 2772
would
I .r ould b" c . a " ' ' . 1 i t .\, x I l o u - t: r, q- :1 ,,D ar.,rtF, ' op ,U \pio u nrn "'l \ l i f r auno*I or d, . ri ,.i i r .,r ,.,-l rl J" r.l :,o. ,n tul i i r,.rfF 1r,tor II yon ooLrd jusi. ster inio lhis ofiiceI IlDace aji eoi.) re ros sI intrali o clite In acesi birou.l iI s|e pozll only lave st.rled iD, hcr.o]d \rould iave sot bel,icr, iDaca a/ /i rot, nudai se nu iusl din case,.Ie{ta i-ar ii rfrrcui.) r \i rzi : 77: i, , vczi S { 2085. I .= daca dr ftrd nc lacn o \)2i11,... (inltubabititate aceentu.riiL). r daee l|.6?ie si l. dnci acnnl ac61. ... l: auht). -
$ s??3
588
SINTA:<A
FBAZEI
(5 2r Lt "u-iili"i".rl i"l"""." "re drept tonna d" politcleprin Fxcelenln "o*iaerati "i."ii""ii" 2 1 1 6) .1 un caz ai') Propozilia c"ndilionald conshuiti cu viiLorul consiituie s 2??{ 2t61) a n a l ,qlS 21 0 0 . tl: independen un condit'ional airecti poaieaYea !"""pJii' ;) I 2n6 ""-pr"ti"e I musiinquie if it edtdn't i"nltJ$i|'a,tl "ebetterronnil,?,
,i;iT]: :lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi i",hl""tl'i |:'ft ,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx!";';T;:f tg"9i'^",","J"'r (: voi) q' e rnodat ca auriliar p" acesta
S'rb5/ Sulrjoo.livut rslorrsdc E 2;76 p ro puin lro d t ' o ird ilio n rl ti " inrr"buinrc''u 'oto'r' un aori i o r ' " ,i'u l p.'1" ;itrie principaln:
' , t ' 1, 1 " o rl l | 0 rhi ,;", ",jr;!a :,"';:'i".13;*:'* ;"HI"liT";"'-' i'i, ''RT ll1,.:l*,' " 1 ' Jl l ..n ,-" I -s h o ' rl J ,l b ' s o " o l ,' b p I r n u r b e 8 i i " n ' ee l ri s' l ' e' a
il" t" r."""tvp*'.iti"s. ",i*:l i1:, "T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"? prin(ilrli ltr propozilia (u rondjlionrl
rn " p , , ' i i, , a ,
ln propozi!ia 0) lnlclesulbul,jotrclirului E 2777 .loldil:']o"l'd' - -.,..^^ propozi:is pr" ."n/,ir, i'r,l o7 Suijon" 'undiLioDdrn ",lP|"lTi i zzzs r ($ ?$ll'"'l:."* l5 i4 -1 r5 7 ): o ri riiro -. rdU i'u in pre re rrl rcorrTDrrd r m a g r n arr. o d rd r e
s 27?0
62 780 ''"" "
j"?:""j*.f"ti:"#L") i/"#,fi "3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1" in trecui (S 1561): D) Subjoncti!'ultcr/e.t exprime o actiune nerealizatd

hp qor'd i3v" $'1 Hs l? srt /o. th? tatotshP Da .d rr Ii .dr J : da, ld bLr "s ar I r ob\ ' nu' o J
{sls42, e s re lrrlrp b u in l0 rs ln p ro p o z ' t rB .) Fo ']|l,,t ') P,' a subjonclivului oticial in slilul rterar r'.olui;i''iai". ziarisri"pailamentar' "o"alLio""ir'i"
It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win vou aplrolal
i:trJ'sif,T' ;,"i:":"'iif :ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
?) Timpul in lleza,conililion i'$ 2?81 p l r z e n ts e ' re f e rila o ret')ntd Condilio n a lu a) Pr a p .) z LlLa ? 82 { 2 peffect ra o eclrn'e " "" sru rjtoare, condilionarur " :;i*HT:"::lll,t**.
S 2783
oiit.Lulndu-sc na rtemllu,vcrbul ;l'o Lt Propu 'ubordor rimpullnpropoz;{issub'rdonart: a'rtFl rt ur /or"t-rco.'ral.suL'lon" "rPrimd
t l;i r.hr;l!1i"ii}";;; :r;i:':i,, *{i1i i:ilk'n,
r ,hn,.,., :;;,i"i'.i ,,,,,, i',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,, l i i:li,:ji:t;

Joir "a im a' i' r ' ) obi' i Par p ri ,: 'r :,1 [ ' i ' : : ; i :rl ;;.,',: -" " .'" l ;:' r \;.' \f .,,t, sh/'nr,aa, .\nd' :jl":)"),:"i",'I",":11,,:;i;;",,....,ot ,h Fry,
(gr556-,ij5.1). i ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'
FRAZA CONDITIONALA
689
eiitonrt e i o ri m4t r ' " io: '
I J I t
t h r ". h L I f-,, lin:ii,i", p.r", 1I rad bpt'ubj. p.r"t) (l'mld s.ri,5.: vorlirl)
(limba scdsi ti vorbitd) L4d Gulj. prczoDi.) tI 06 (irdicati! tr.ul) {lim}a vorbiin)lr I . rto ,/db . Al , ttJ )a to d tr o rs o a nl .l l l i i D bas fsl si vorbi l l l /p ,r,b . r' r-u n t ;:n ti n i ri vi ri i nbrs.nsl si vorb,l r, t /p 'o
Obsett'atie Intrebuinlarea timpurilor 5i modurilor tn propozilia condilionald difere $ 2784 ln iinba englczn de [mba ronani ln urmitoarele cazud: Limba rom$Dl
eiitot petfect: dac{ loi li lost cond. iiett dnall. li î fi losl .oNJ. peicct. dicl ar
Limba englczfi
: indi. . pf t z e n t : i f r o r . ( 5 2 7 5 9 ) : Fte:pht t'afe.t it t rlaue r,r. ($ 2760) : , ut , j. pr e2 n t : i i I / . . c ( $ 2 t 6 2 ) tubj. p*fect. il I ndd Deeu (S 2761) -
8t 0rdin0a ptoloziliilor.* ln irsza ' ondijionala. prnpozilia rFgFnl, S 2785 qauurmi Subordonala ci. Cind rpgpnLd posle prFced pre,'d;. a,edsta liind .F1c doud propozi!rinu se de.part prin rirgulu. ordinoanormalaa pre"FdpnlFi. estedeplasati astlel ca sd preceadx Clnd, inse, pentru accentuare,suboldonat,a a rgenta, se despa-rte de aceastaprintr-o virgnh: You {ouldn't meether il you telt now. ll you leti, ,tov, you rvouldn'tmeet her. 9) Propoziti8 conilitiodald inalepenilentE. - Oricare dintre cele doud pro- S 2786 pozilii.are clcdtuiF..lrora.ondilionoldpoateti lntrFbuinlata..i iodependent: Principala: He @uld like io see"Hamlet". Would-JonmituI otcning the windo\r? I qould hare doneanytling ior you. S ubordonata(exprinind o dorinln): If I @rtd only ski aEainl Il Gco Poli,i'only n;a. youl Il he lod only D&Dherel 10) Inyersiunen in propozitie 0ondilionsll. Conjunc,tia i/ poate lipsi $ 278? din propozilia.o1driionJ5. in.arp rr/ ;d"pJ dp.ondilional ps e r.datd prin inr.isri-o ordirii .uvin elor. subi." ul rFnind d,,pi vFrb {, ind a"Fst3e.G la un iimp simplu) sau dupi auxiliar:
Aceasti inversiune se poale face numai atunci clnd propozilia introdusd de conjunc\,ia t/ ooDline ulul dintre verbele ta be, ta h&e, muld sar shaukL In lipsa acestorverbe 6elnt.ebui leaze auxiliartl dLC.' This wouldhalc no inlortance r./. ir not that he kneivihe regulations.
d ip r "^ llo$ fin n l}r la nd . dp . { i to srite, \vunl, l"ou J oD ans \ c r ? , r a s pdir 6 i. i o r l h " f i r - t ( i n " l
L h l i tr! r c ir c s ! ljnr r r i l ,rt (S fi 5 0 _ rs 5 ? 1 . , , io ' . \ l u i ../p .u -L b i .l .l .s r' r,rJ l nl i mbJvofbi .1,i 1r' n\4rs.r" c 'In \rr' dli! indicatimhd {S 1i56) nu rsie h|tbuinfutil. 'ras
6S0 Had t heua l, . n l .l h .v c o n l d c a m n o u i , rheJ would have been able to read Shaw in the -god in i known Engiish ir-"11, - Caua she com. Niih us, wouid you takc ho on our e(uAion? t t . out dwa , nn " 8 ." o rs h m, p l rb s r te t m r know ut on.e. nid / k nos f , " n ' ' . | .o rl d r' .d rl ' s p o e m 1 1t P r oDoz ilia c o n d i l i o n & l a c l i D l i (n . Di ! D rouozi l i a condi l i onol l i I-
{ 2 78 8
rrodr,s-,l.,on-'i""1i.7f'.r"lip.i v.rbul ,d"", al.sia.si" ro 6".i ri ,ubi*rut (dacn se refern la regenti: sau este acelrqi ca 9i In rcgenta). Sp objine asticl o construclie clipticA: I should like to har Urepi.tu.e tl til ill po$ir,,.
Th.y -a y p\!rj ling: ' d l, ; g r : i/ t hn' . o. l r . ' d o n , n a d T F n o w . Do ca e.vtl,ine v or c dn. , / li i. l , e. , $, "/ .
-./ Iir. pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn"
iamera niislit ie exchansed tor a better nake.
s 278C
In propozi,tia Degati\.6 chiar conju cria ;/ poatofi lnlocuiti peniru a se
da mni multd concizie lrazei: But fot lou l:it iL hadn't leen lor you), I should hav""neen lost. llithout lv fathzt (: il il, hadn't beenlor her father) she would nevd have sat fo. all her eaams in llre iDlDmn. iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tuedby lractic., lhcorJ is laluetess. l21 4b if . C r q i .o n j u n .l i a 4 l o " u ri unFa a-s i / nere " ubi on" ri rr,l si S 2790 s'p bt obr p lr alus i n l i rrb a rn rn ri n a c u ,o n di l i onal ul . P ropozi l i a rpsp" cl i !i esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle: TIey look as jl they nad toothache. if rou pef? mis1.essol the house. Yo! iehrve She ale as it 'rs she fid not /rd a meal lor severaldays.
$ 2791
13) Alto conshuctjiconilitionalo, Condi_tia mai poate fi exprimati in lirnba englezi ,(i prin umitoarele constructii:
tt lo u Da cI It you (DacI n lo) s pF hiD. lF hin lo r i n g m p u p "h 'ulJ lh lpp s 1r 14 t . m t l1 s I I v az i. s t / t r 14i 31 Ti l d p l u n " z " l ) @e.to ,ec l,i,r, icll hin to ring mc upl ar Ii 6[l vezi, splne-j s{-mi telefonezel)
Aceste constrlrclii sugereazeo situatie mult mai pu,tin probabild dectt subjonctivul. 14) l'Iaza conililion:rlf dezvoltatf. Oricare dintre cele doua pir,ti ale S 2?92 rnei {raze condilionale ($ 2755) poate avea ti alte subordonatel, sau lntreaga frazd condilionald poate Ii lngiobate lntro fraze dubln'sau multiplds: If t hdd the morelJ\\h1c\ I lost yesterdayas I $'as going to s.:llool,I couldbuy
Ihe 'oo ' I n "e d. ( I r ' , / i . om t ' px t dp/ \ nll ' ) ' Hod he bained Ntler he iirn ca'rD to tsucharest, hE @uld tue haae bee| iL farm af i so rc ir fu , th " hanpi. , l; r . lFez J J uudl haee obtainetl,youl She iriid to mini,nize roui drllpvement, nut I knon jlou coulrl,D't dtstee, when \an wer-A {i collegei if lou hattL'l wothed ha , rat\ I do aplreciate yolrr eitod. {r'rrzi1 multitli) n! *I[
S 2?93
t5) Pr,'t'ozitiacotrditionalf$i propozitia tromporal{. Acestedoui pro,ontundorp p o r dr.a n u rn 6 i ti un pori se s e an s . 1 ' rI n o ds u p p rt i. irl. t o r i jii lin; de cuvintele care le introduc:
My litr.rcgirr didn't mind bcitrgr.pdmandcd ro lons ds no aneelseoas prctcat. I,Con dilioDald) Nothing can be done about it. so ,ong as she lives. (Tem!o.ali) r f or m iaJ ln s .o " ,4 ,,, i -,z t., T p l p rr .r u ($ 2827. " :1S r,r tri -ri pdl " : Cu duua nr in c i o a l e L o l rd o n a re l ( 2 8 2 8 ). ! C. l" is du nd i m u l p i n ' i p rl ;o o rd .;l a . { $ t82r,
ERAZ^ CONDITION&A
591
ll vau .o -" tu v, yo u r nis h m Fp hir . Condi. ion d t E r ll h" n t h"t. he sutl"rrd a-oDF. oI shyn.,.. i/ n? JiJa ,. hp wds eor-v hp hJdn l seer lLrr. TcrnoofalJl
l6) Propozilia oondilionald!i propoziiia ron.psivii. - // nu in,roduce g 279{ nurnii propozi'iacondi lionald sdu tF1!orrl5. .i ti pe Fd con.esiva:
I l h" h od lt tl" b"au ty , s t p was s o k ind ihdr "v pr r one l i t ! . d h " r . r c o n c p s i \ r l qi t r hpf ar lv 1n, . . m E v. . yoo . $ a 5 i1 a Srpp m Fnr . nr . ' tot i l h a i o s t o & u n ! , "hp proved verr ablc. (Concesivi)
III.
CLASTIICARE.{ PN,OPOZITIII,ON, SUBOR,DONATE PN,IN ANALOGIE CU PiBTI.E PBOPOZITIEI
s 2795
O altd clasificare a propoziliilor subordonatp re drept crjrerju funtlia \ 2?96 pc.rp s.FrlFr o lndeplineFctnlrarJ. cor.spun.6loarc tuict,ieipr;rlitorpto- poztliei irDlr o propozitie. Exist{ astfel: 1) propozitia subiecl,ivd 2) propozi,tia prcdicativd 3) propozitia atributivi 4) prcpozitia cornpletivd directX 5) prcpozilia circumstanliqli 6) propozilia prepozirionale qubordonslp .p la.F cu aiutorul RccunoaElFreo "rr' L"rului propoziliilor .eloraqil',lrabsri lolo-itF 1s sllsr.- p proporiliei. 'r(ilor 1) Pmpoziria subieciiyl fzr Subject Clause) S ZIST a) Ptopozitia s,rbiectiva estc o propozirie substantioald(S 2705,2706) S g?98 care jndpplineslp lunctia dp subrcaai prodi,atutui dirr propoziiiaprin"ipal6. drn .arp cauzi scpasla drn urm5. fdrd pr'm0. nu arp lnlplpsdpplin: ,rhd shethauEht af it c..tremainsa mystery.
Ho@ he d,id. it is a sc.rct.
Propoziliiles'riqp.u liLers cursirp qlnl propozitijsubipctive: -remains a mysrprt . -is a qe.ret slnL propozjtiiDrin,ipd; .a;c nu au tnletpsdeplin. b.,/ Propozitia subiective esheinto.lt ed prin: S 2?99 conjunolii (i/, that, ahethel, whether...or) pronume.;i adjeetire relative si compuse (qh.), d'hich, ohd.t, (!,)hoerer, , adverbc cu valoare de conjunclie (ho,t\',when, s'lLte, whlJ):
lvl,ah 4 h " ta s / ip. r o" @ r p"o, ' , 1 im m lr "nr '. Y'hi h po rt l.p "n", ld ?id4 nJ s nor daidpd. tvhu h" ha d b. har "d : r s u"h a * o! o. . dm " I r i r r i . d t i n s q u " r y .
tiva .e alla dupn \ctbul din rFqrnra, pslp Q 2800 ", CinLtpropurilid subin, "a in rodusdde pfonumih il. suLiF.rulformrl t r"spn,"i, tn ap"iiqia,uru;a s. gnsttet.Propozi,tiasubiectivl este consideratdin acest. caz adevdratul subieci (subicctul lagic) al principalei, It f;ind sul)i.ccrtl8r'analical (sau torr!rd),.
{r is imp o-:l,lr 40' t L "t iuld ho- l' . ! t h- p /, is v"rJ ln poido h " ! ^d hor " / at l. J a , h. di.ln 'a l rr LvJs lmDitrrlrl ;[ ]!rh t ,anrc. r P , o, ru !rr,li.Jr, a a ,". . . r , v , , i ! : " : . i9|) . 'ri -r I l1tr "u u"li,, l'J "u bi , I r lJ i u"' . . J , , gia, na, ir d. . r e/ i I : i n t , 8 c 4 .
699
SINIAXA
FRAZDI
,qceasl.e construclie este folositd tn limba englezi actuali rnai mult dcit .er de la puncrul 10./.rnal alesir lnnbar.orbitii. Asl,{el,Irazelecitatelapunotul (bJ .rnr InrilnirF mdi drs sub formd:
1t troved imm3te.ial qhethet he eds th* ot tot. pot t h. : hauld t lo! 1 ,\?5 n oL dq id' d "hi. I. b ..dm' ,\. i n r ar i g ht r e- ) , hu h. lod t . h o \ . . t i n s a h a ! a ! .
S 2801 S 2802
2) Propozitiapredicativf fz,te Camplement or Prcd.icatiee CIa se).d.) Propoziriapredicativdeste o propoziliesabstantbald sa\1alljectirali c.rrAindspljneste tunL\i^ de numeFedt aril1 al verbului din regenti. Velbul
rccpnlFipsle un !Frb.opJldliv,,arD. in,praina fu prufo/ilia p'-di,rLi\;. alcntuieqte prcdicatul subiecl,ului din principali:
T\ar is 9hat hc 'ai]. It sq{cd r/d, the titt ban^s qqe nood.d. It loolled as t/ slk ha.In1 bat tho. at alt.
js", "it seemed","it, looked". Nici una lPropoziliilc principalc sint: "that dirrtre principale deplin. Propozi,tiilepredicative stnt: "what ha said". "that ihe river banks \.!ereflooded", "as if shehadn't been there ai all."] D./ Propozilia predicatifi esre inttod.usai ptin: ! 2803 conjunclii fds. as if. i[, that, trhether ) pro ulne ti adjeci,iverelative cu valoare de coDjunclii (oho, ,"hich. ,rhat) adrerbe cu valoare de conjuncrii (hotr. who\ ',vh.rc.,.vhA)l
Ii looks dr i/ the! eeE tteepiae. parerts shaukl Lc. $'e coNidered Lhe.i 'rhat The monent I like best is altet I so ta bedat nishl oilh dn interestinE bookto rcoA. Triat is /lv 1 rceo ca aa hin. c ) DL, ] ; n4; o l n tt, p to p o rtti ,l p s u L tp .ti r. t; .pl prpdt.ati ep fi i nd un.ori S 2 8( 1 4 diiilild, ba obilnuic;tc sa se considero propozilie subiectivn subordonata caro precedi verbul copulativ. iar propozifie predicativ5 propozitia care tl urmeaze: 1 ! haLI lik p . , boI n p r s u b i ,,:\d :c I' o r ,h p j :n !l " orpJi cdri var. p .' m ;t o g " r " { s . t, u n i F-t di cubi r' ti va' i s shb s1" sJy. .T har , h. npv p" l p re o' c uov a, . l"How she sings". '\hat she says" pot, fi tot fltit de bine propozitii subiective dacd se inverceaze ordinea propoziliilor in frazi: Hos'she sinEs(subiectivl) is what I like aboul her lDrcdicaliynl What shc sa-ys lsnlie.iiva) is rhat she never dreaned oI geiting such a rice ilat (predicativi4.l
(cr. s ,528) 3) Propozili$atributiyi 1f,t ltLributlec Clause).$ 2806 a/ Propoziliaatibutivi l depline.ste lunolia de d,rir a pe lingn un subS 2806 stsntiv sau un ptonum, din propoziliaregentn. Cuvtntul determinaide prop o Ti lia alr ibul; ! a .a te n u m i t o n tp p .l p n tu t p i : Xyerv toudst qhn catu last qeei Du[ uD at thal holcl. The icws tnd, h. has su.h an tnt;esrinZ intuaation spread like wildtire.
propoziliilor atributive l"Every iourist" si "thenews" slnt antecedentele respeetive scrise cu litere cursivel. b.,) Existn dotr[ categorii de propozilii atribuiiye: $ 2807 ptopoTitiilc ddl rti&L. .Jr" s;nt prupozilii arribulivF rel.rtive: pronozjline substatnivdlc,cdre sint, propozitii atributive apozitionale, .. adrca apozrln. Penrn propozi\iile atibatiae ad,jcctiaale, *zi g 27LL,2740.
r Pe niru n lmFle pr edic l[ ir . v c z i { 2521, ' Pcntru !e.b xl J o na v . v f z i S' 2s li.
crasMcsE^
PRoPozrTlloR
6S3
slnt apozilii'9pe lingd un substantiv S 2E08 Prapozifiile atributiocsnbstanlieale\ eau pe llngd un eehivalent al ac$tuia:
v ou" . t on -h t I d:d : t t n n^, on. a"n- ' l | ' rn, L b ou \. " ar ir dpd lu P. l l. 1, " nan i h a r " L i k n n l t t i r : t ! ' !.t,r,. on elanrla to ecetlone ! 4
Pro fu /: ir l J r ' ibut iv " -p ^ z i ri " n u l e i r' l i n l ro l L s i n e' nerol ori r ' u!i nt n r' . \' h p th t rL tt F t..: t , t " !,o .,, tl, o' . i. n. Her lrcounf ol ha| the Wiater lrce Part! hatl Saaeo// s''rs roy lunnv'
,t./,{, I d 4 0 /ir u $ d s llin ' sJ tn l th P! o rJpJ r|'P "' d to 8 a a 1 tttr h' e ' I h a tJ ltt t Nt I' PIJ P "/; le m L t' \o "id rl.di"'a T : r, , i l . m Po ,a ""r :e lo h i' a o b p ;tL is ' l a r ' r t I n h q T " " t , r l":e d, \\ i\ i, sr '' r"
h"tdl l
l ')
s 2809 romDlolirndirocln lThPOI'i rlou''). 4r Proouziria o, I'r'"o"zirir n'i,plpiira direrta are lun, liu de fomolF-"-rl direct al S 2R1{J u',r,r . h ri rrn . "d pcr'onrt au imp"r"o'J: 3
I don't Lnos xho np aaa /d L{od lrEon l) T'pv sd nr"d t o iee " h' |h", lt - os t h"r " o" d / . ( \ l o 'r 'r n p P r d 'n a r '' .tr"" t ' n' erybg L hat th"t "'e a hoPpu auPle '\IoJ imtpt>ondl
p ru n u l , l pnal I r'l rp rl -
I I Pri,uozrtia ,rompletivd dirccG esle introdusd prini . ii l,l. tl it | ftt. nhah!) ". iu.
ir ' l p. li\ rl ri / i /l a ' r- rrl o o r, d " ' u n :u o ,,j ' ,n .!i i (t," t \t" n , r r ' l^dn d"
S 28lt
' vhar' J' L' n'
rh^
r h r ' Jht):
"-oet
llp $o rl4fp l : [ ; t ' o t . "P ! lat t ' ir ' ] a t 'o k l o t n P : h" I ' al t o "r J I d ln Jl Ln s - hat hoe th. thin| eas rlDne Tlipl' .oiildr't |clr ile'aski,d m slan I had ..tLP I don't undustand phy slE llocsn'l dgrc onh him
N atd cutnpttri\ djle(te. conjunclia l/ldt este in $ 2812 Cihd introducp l,ropLrzi!iiioccial \n .rilur rd, ili0r: rr /r, "r- r., \prir,alj. I hored ffiarl he qauld ee mc Thci $'re c;r nccd lthdtl sheQns rryht Acesta este inrieosebicuzul dupn verbele; to belieee'to hear' to rnagme: n,t"r'to'itt tu."".tasurrpo."t4thi'tl ku.nd.rst0nd' r"tnii.iop,,'r,.,o""n Coniui !is that ru .sl' r'i.iodn. r'\pnmsli dL,pat atsh t d ratnPr' ,i ;' /',/" \lo.uriuni Lrmale d" ut' srrLjor,'ri\)l t.J 'nan:.
I / ; - , 1 , h" r I I' a d n o ' b p " n u u l o l ' i .d .r l ' c.:usL ' ^s t a .a tu " ' n n l r I rl l " d o l F rn rvspl l !'J ' oi" r e \ a tl \p :l B dbv in d , ;d p h o l o s .d p h i ns h t. ct l ks t t t ut indt p4. p ro p o /i l i s .a rF " o n l i n F " o m u rri.Jraacsl ao.ompl cl i \r d ire cu i s'rb or d" n ' . r v " r b -l u i ,l - d a l d rd l i P :i p o ' " Ii l n' o' Li rd s1u nu dc' urrSlre siid 5h? +o 5,ting hone - - \\ ir dnrD \o'r nau v tta.P @ trtP
,rl p. prliils "ho'h3.1 l;Fn p u n islPd / tB' -t4 Nt'ot 'r4 had JanP o'J rho t?'
S 9\l J
th?
(S
I P.olozititt slbsl{nlilala cste sr}or.torata carelndPlrlineqte tunc!ia unui subslaDti! ",ol)""u" , i ;-\; LlLriiiiia apozitiFi, !pzi S t!87 pl . . " , . i i r' I p ' r' r" : L n J ' d i rt p -..o /:!i j " ' oml l pl j \" " dg' t!r'
694 lExempLnl I: comunicarearprodusi este o compleiivd direote. Eremplnl II: cornunicareareprodusi consta din trei propozitii complet;ve directe qi o aiributivn.l 2814 In stilul diteu, propozilia care conline comunicarea este o principali coordonatd cu propozifia care con.tine vcrbul de declaralie:
'ro ul h "r". $ h! dor ' v ou s o ak uDl . Dou e D n , o o z : i i i c " o r d o t r a l e i u \ t d D u , p . l _l d on r r,,,s r iim , . ""in. $"f ", 1, - , n t t ao n . " ' . , T , , : p r o p o z r , ; D r i , i r , 'l ; ,oorJo na p r'm"h do ua jL\ ldpu"r ) i d r pir aoof , r o , , . J . r p n L , l ; i n . ', 't u n l i d d ? d ".
Atenlie 281;
A nu se faoe confuzie iDtre propoziliile complctive directe in stilul indircot 9i propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri sintactice cu restul lrazei: I know you havc a soD. t0 proloziiie principald + o comllclivi di.ecti.l Yor have a son,I krow. independnt{ adnryain, Ii.a legiluresintaci.ice cu trim..] [P.otozitrie + o prolozilie rve.ehis aciuil words." "Thcsc,I bclieve, words"(p.opozijie indepetuiniil)r "I belive"(incident{, l"Thcscwerc his acl.ual IlrI legilturi sintacticecu !.ina).1
2816
cl, Propoziliile completive direcle sint uneori anunial,e de pronumele "i, i'rtroductiv" (prcpdrdtar! or Introdn:tarlt "It") cu luncj,ie de,,complement protizoriu" (Pro,,isionrt Obi{!) tSSCi SaG, I'ol'oziLidco,npletiva drr.cra liind .. tFl ln apozilia pronun,cJui n (S 2-,90/:
\ve don't thjnk if likcly ,ia, hc was da a.ta". They i'iU scc to it fi lou get Uou. d,ue, You mny rery otft nM qe shal.l take patt in the spotts,lEtuanst tian-
281?
5) Ptopozilia circumstantiali (Th. )dttb;dl. ClduscJ.- Aceastn propozilie este o subordonatd odre iDdeplinetie funcria de oon|lement circutrrslan-
(Po!t.u detalii, Yezig 2634) 9818 6) Propozilie prepozilion&li (The hepositionaL Clause). Prop.,zilia subordona6 introdusd de o prepozilie are roiul unui complnnt prepozilio
nal ( s 2622).
l']ropozitiile prepozilionale apar,tin urmdtodrelor categorii:
I dido l look L t .v h .,t.h "l ,rd 6 /u rJ i , ,C o mtl " ri { ,1 t," " rr.zi :i ^l " ' r.r J rd s ttr v h o a e v a rt" d ro ar ho ns:ri rv. (comol -l i vJ ' ni i ",r," " , f r h; v . " ^ ^v ' r l ri o n Tne boy lou ooe tatkntg to (- to om you wcre talknrg) is my son. (Aidbuljri ritative) She has no idea ot hos t do t. (Al.rilrutili alozilioDah).
$ 2sr9
S 2820
IY. STRUCTURA FR_{ZDr

Inhoducerc ti termirologie, - Pentru cunoalterea aceslei chestiuni, este necesari ldmurirea terminologiei engleze,care. prin analogi.t ej cu termenn gramatica)i romAnr$ti, asomnnntorica lorrnd dar cu irlelos difcrii, poate induce ln oro.1ro pe e.i eo dorescse sLudieze acestcnpitol sinLaxei.
ETRUCTURA
FRAZEI
616
Phrasenu lnseam il,,Irazdr', ci,,loculiune", ,jsin1,agme". ,,grup de cuvint" g 2821 (carelu ouprirrde un verb la un mod personal):
lor mixing cocllails
N-u se poate aplica numele de "phrase" propoziJiei eliptice care conline un verb subhlelas ($ 846, 1131,2825 etc.) se numeElepropozitia ca element alfrazci lhe l,lain or Pri cipal S 2822 Clrruso Clausdfiind propozilia principali, iar t/rc .9.crnd.ar!or Subsidiarll Clausapro' pozit:ia secundar:isau subordonati. Cuvtntul claaseinlrebuin!at singur, Inrn calificativ, inse;t]llni,,propozi!;e secundard". jn,tependcnte Senloncc cslo numeledat atil propoziiiej (adicr tropoziliei $ 2823 .arc n. la, t1'r- lin r u l'r?;,. .ir ;j treTci In- si. Ir, lurr,lipdp "l !n'ura rra.,r' oa.'r urrne'oar"a,losil i"are: z' i. g'a-.,ri.. FnFlpzd pe care o voln numi ln limba rornenn,,propozi,tia lj l.heSinItL. Scntence, independenie"; 2) the Compler Snrarc. cireia li vom da numele de ,,fraza complexi"; (or Conpound.)S entunce, 3) theDoubLe pe ia.reo vom numi .,lraza dubld" ; 4) Ilrc M ulLi,ple Jerrdncd,cireia ii vom spune ,,Iraza multiplh". (Prcpazilitr independ,enld) cupriide un stng r g 28t{ . lr Thc Simplc Seolexcc
y Pr"D lr n n m ol I ' r ! dr c a l rv l I smt?dd at hr. JolD and L,ar to a showresterdrr. He dtll ,uy pa!.r and a bno.l
Uneori verbul ii chiar subiecl.ul stnl subtn,telescr $ 9895 Hap?y N.a ycdt I "\lho's fhis lor?" "rvr." Janglish spotuL. "$'ait..ssl" "C.ntns l" ,9taLdiLE taam rnly. ll-a .incnLr. ore fares,?tear ? (C.Dduciornltn "AL! te a l .ru cl. c . l a u to b u z ) "I kno{ somes.hiskX.Put raL tiglLtir to "May I spcakto Gcorg!?" ".tpedl tn s." i l ' r t elelon) i i n .." ComplotaLe, accsto propozi,tii e l i p ti c e a r fi : I s,i:h lau a H.Ur)' N-{L Year. EnAlish ts sr)oken,,r,. I orn cornng. ?n.E ts llanding roo onlX. Ae nkte an! larcs to pav, if sou 'nara 1t Qtll pul loD dght in no time. Li n L r pnglpz bv nr bil d c ^ n .rb l n s p " c i a l d i n d " , r,.1.a propoTi l i i pl i fti , F, 1 r chr. t" p e n' iu r J t idit at F r -i \ i o i i u n ; p D ." r' .^ d u u sri l uj ui .-l 11" oconver salie caracterjstici,, in care nu xistn nici o singnri propozilie complein li n ici u n ve r b la un m od p e $ o n a l : .,you l,"a!i4C?'. "About noon." "In whose car?" " J o h n h ." "Wel], nice trip.,, "Thanks. See Iou ne{ r r;tu | l , ar r d I , s Lbcul: . q u r" " ri b i i I l , .
wek." mdl a
l u n f" l d sl i l or .. J,dl d , H. Shetter,dioft Crh /o Effectiee Eulish, \;e\\ york, 1955,lag. 15.
696 2826 Propozilia independenti poate cuprinde si verbe la moduri Depredicative, sau pirri de propozilie dezvoltate: "The rank and lile sanl ro esrarltsnsocialism,zrtlt:tns for rhis pu.losc alt the dcmocratic mcaDsand possibiiitispoa by tle p.evious siru$1c ol the pcople."l
2827 2) The Complox SertencofFraza canpLed) eslefraza compusd dintr-o ptopoztlic p .ncipaldsi una sau mai multe subordonaie;
"cv"ry Pad y C on' p. "D ag ndd r "\ p116 lhJ l r h e d e m a n d f o r s o , i . '1 , m . l , g h t i n g soriJl 6trin S- u p eldr J nFw hoo l1' . dn- J d r i . p . ' "m,
lPrcpazilia pincipald: "Dvery Party Conferancaagenda rei'cals" Prapatili& subord,anatd; "that, the demand for socialism,lighting socialtm, Bpringsup exer ane\l' frorn the rank and file",. (Propozit,ie completivd direotn determinlnd verbul "rcveals"l. dld . From his desk,whichwrs raisedon a dai$,hc couldseewhat everysl.udent
in his scal wheD tle le.ture 'as on.
lPropazilia principaldr "From his desL he crdlt see" .Propozilitle subordontLte. "Nhich fas r.risedon a d ais" (propozilie atributivd determinind substantivul "desk"): "whaL every shrdent drd in his seat" (propozirie substantivali completivl dirccti, determinind yerlul ,,see"); "when ihe lesson ds on" (propozilie circumstan-tiali de timp determintnd yerbul "did..]. 2828 3) Tho Doublo or Compouril Sentence flrd:a d.ubld) e6te lftza cl doud propoziliiprineipatc.oordonsle. CnordonrreJ Ecpoale ta"a prin juxLspunere sau prjD'r o .onjunc!in: , opulsii\d frrd. not. nat ontg...but. dtso.n.ith"r... ar, noy, theb etc.), disjunotivd (or, else,otherwise, eitheL.. ort, adyersatiyd (but, howet'cr,neeertheles\ stiLL !eL)t ca.uzalF\ (accord,in|ly, (for ) sa[ co.dclnsi'{F^ so, then, therefore )'. He now had his desree, the futu.c opend }efo.e him- (JurtapunoreJ we sat down aad ;aited. (Copulatiie) Yo1 nu.l c^ no( u" r.,u bp.Jr". Irisjr1, i\',
,t I Jr lf onlir . 1 \. ,..,1 1 / , , \ ou + ' r p , . . I \,t\"-s,rir.1 D 'n - g' r /o' I m o , inl ' . r r J ou. r ^dL r . 'l . 1 I'n grilling hutrg.J, !o you'I] hare to ft,ed nio nols. (Conclusill)
Ambclc propozilii principale dintr'o frazi dubli pot, aves subo.donate

\\]rn l! nnd.fsl.n,l mv meining, John ]irked nP Y PrtlLo ujh i o l it h im s c li. ai me atrd lrtrghed. as if [c had
l Jnhn winl-!l , t n' .i 'LF' lAUgh.d-F'n trolozrlii prin.iprl- 'oordonar-, u ajulorul, oniun,li"i.opulrrit -H | ; -\\'har hûr.d.r.roodm\ m"sning" ste o propozi,tiecircumstan,tialdde iimp determinind vcrbclc "idnked qi "laughed" din principale; "as if he had neyer thought ot it himself" cste o propozilie circumstantiale de mod determintnd vrble "\a'inkd" qr "laughed" din principale.l
S 2829 4) The Multiplc Sortcn(c (ltrun nuLtipld) este iraza cu trei sau mdi mallt propoztlii pri.ncipal.e coordonate, care pot avea ficcarc subordonai,ele iorl a) lett, He li.ril cod. irto ihc Lcin.c hall and was lookitrSfo. his sif., lul shehad aheady
I Labaul ,Vanthlu, prll 1951. 2 thc tunA ann litu : mNele.
507 lFrazi cu t/i propozi,tii principale legate prin conjuncl,iile

A. B. C. "Hc had come ilto the leciu.c lLall"; "(he) s'as looLins lor liis Fiic"; "she h.rd alrerdy lelt".l
'rnd
fi Dat:
b)
Thc dal I mct her, sl$ \rantld to book scais lor "lting Lear", and was going r.o Uic rh-J l r ' los--:f l. ' J ldh sl,".o uld sF J , J . L, o o. iid s r a d r o a 'o r '" r r . $ l : . h . i r dlit oi mi e k.ro giri t h "\ "r in". nJ \ h. l w"" s L l p o s d t o b t h - b ! , o f r t r d s ^ " n, l rillidnl d " ,h" altp c I ' dd ! "pr . s J dl
cinci propozitii subordolFraz:i cu t; propozilii pdnoipale coordonate _si \. - Ptupaziie ltin ipaldr "slie raantcdio book scals ior Iting Lcar", .t') l)tur.iie erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatddc tinp, ca re d ct er m ini ler bll' \v u l e d " ' d i n trj rc i p a l a r\). ti. , I'Npoziie ptituipaLi: !'ishe)rvas gontfrto the tleatre to s-Ae" (coo.donail cu !.jncitala A prin conjnn.!ia "and"l. . .o L i l ;p l i l i ,u rul . ) trclo- ! t , tro o.rl d bub.l l n i \,' 1.1 t' :' .: " " ubar '' a lL J " . o p l " , , . di. , r al r a . n L n ,i " Ir..l u ..lp ' uml ' .pl i vr di ,p.rd). " o. C. - Propotitie ptincipdld: "I asknl her to come jnstead to a coftert" (coo.donali cD p ncipalleA ii B. ii lcgaG de B lrin conillnctir "nut"). . ) Pmpor i! : , n : " | 9 h i I' J { " ." r i o l r n - rJ . s:vi r.gl rrdl Fvpni nq l D rnno s ulo" do-o ?i''. a .l r.| i vj | J . . |r U|d" " r ibu | a | .u | rd n | | v U ' ' ' .") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season" ( u r o l n p ' rtri } -( .' - s u b r r-ti v u l L i " - cotrcFrt i i l l dit ut iv alil. { Dro o o a . num ti orooozi ti F .o ; r d" nJ lr . ! - u l o rd o n J ra. p ri n .o rru n ,l i J ' 4,. r' / aLf ib JL i ;1 , ." ) Pt ot o, it i" s db. nl aa ' td : " b tl )i d n a " l l ' l d r" " rd dh" " nsoti r" { pro!o?ti P ,on.p" i \' i . Jdv p rl Jl .i "x r o- dF . onpl" m " n ,i r,rmb l 1 n 1 ,l .o n .5 i r. o .mi i prol ro/:l i p sxbo.don:tJ r'ropozitiei spcundare.".1
AN.{LrZA I'RAZEI
Pentru a se analiza o frazE. se procdeazi in modul urmitor: dh ltali car sjntla modurilolredioati'e;fiea) se sulliniazii ftrbeLc care verb la un mod predicatil. aparl,inind une; proprziirii. numirul verbelor subliniate wa indica numnrul propozi,liilor; prcpozilitlc diD carc fac parre verbrle subliniate; b) se d.cspart d/ se glsesc propoziliilc de sho stiulorre .si se inl,itulcazd prolorilii printpol" rnu tr"Lui. uilol ru u propozitiipriI iprl, nu cu inln.. J"plin 'l in reg-. in'plp.ul lor'i:.ind {rrza "upri d.rnar'n -lr"pro. ii"" "i,t'o"ao""ra" pozilii ptinciodlF..e1r. i rlporl,rl J;nrrF"l' 'ld '.lr'r lpqdlForir .ux apu nere (aliturare imediain) sau cu ajutonrl tlnci conjunclii coordonatoare; d) se cerceteazi De ri , suba onatele$i sc raporteazd liecare dintre ele la cui'intul din regenia rcspcctivi pc care-ll del,ermirii se stabilcqte astfel functia pe care o indepliiresc si deci caraclerul ti denumirea lor: propozilii substantival, adjectivale sau adverbiale. cu rol de subiect, nume predicativ. arribul, "ompt.n., l, Ji,a L i^d;rp.r slr lr"r.nzilinnut.. ir,.u.n.inl!.t rprupo ,,i1i-.ubi".ri\d.fndi,dri!,' ar'ibu'ir/. ^n,pl ri\" J:n"r.,. ind;r",r1s..J Dr" pozjtjonald. circumstanl,iau de timp, de nod, de loc tc.); se arate modul ln
t P n, p,.i.i1 to,) d "'"p in" I n d. t dji r r . p . . v "r t , t p c " l . l all" doud p -in.ip dlr ro or dona . . nr I nd. $a, -.,:19- !: a.L o on
S 2830
69E
care 3e laoe snbordonareafaid de rsnid sau coordonareaintre subordonate prin juxtapunere sau prin cuvin6 de legeturd; se indicd natura acstora - dacd stnt adjective relative sau interogative, adverbe rclative sau conjunclii etc.; se aratd caracteml restrictiv sau explicativl al acestorpronune, adjective sau adverbe etc. nu.narul,gi n"rura prolnzitiilor.pre,Lrm si hlul lrazpi . "/ lc,ara'6
N\trUP LI}'ICA B , D S 28Sf t. rBA2-Lco;rptDx,l

(TIIE COMrI,EX SENTtrNCD}
SI analizim unn6torul exemplu: Il I !m lreeneai Fridey, l an go wiih you to that frlndol youlsx'hose library
Analiza acesteifraze se va face ln modul arbtat mai sus, astfel: aJ Yerhelela un moil prealioetiv : am. can, trant - trei terbe la un mod prcr]i, atir. rlcci hei propoz;liiin lr azd.
,) Propozitriile:
(1) If t an f4e turt ltidalt, \2) I .aa co with loe b that fuiend of vouts \3) qhose lib.dty I so mwh aant 10 see.
cl Prolozilia prineip:rli :
I can sa eith sou to that ftiena al lJouts
d/ Propozitriile sutuordonato :
l!) tf t qi tr4 nprt FtiJdn, lprcpozilie adverbiiu conditionale,itrtrodusedc conj 'n .l id i/ li da ' r m il l n d !" " i i J l u l r, B, p " j D " i !r' r) ' l ro l:) *hrs. I ibro" lt t so n uchu o r, rorde (!.opori!ie adjectival4al.ributivn,detc.minird srbstantj\ul tie,l .li,r ,,fin iprlir. dF oarr csl.cteCal4 prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv
e.,/Fraza cuprinde o propozilie principalx cu alou{,subordonate. Este deci o lrazd coEplexi.
$ 2832
2. TEAZA DTIBIJ.tr.
{TIIE DO[itsNE OE COMPOUND SBNTENCA)
and l"tl ir on ly $h "n ouf holr dJ y . um
Se wa analiza acum urmdtorul exemplu: How.v."Iilrl" sucl,;n $" ldd rtrar welovpd summpr. thn lin\ (ubin!v Lhe laker o al "nd.
d) Vorbolels uD moil proili(ali\: hu1. loftd. lpft..c,?pun rnridpredicativ.dpci p$iru propozilii tn lr0ra.
oatru \erbe la
: ,) Propozitriile
(r) Eoqera lit e suBhnE e. hdd 12) ee loeed, the tinv cdbia bu the $l o s @hen ou h4tda! catu 10
r V ez i p9. 58r , n o ta 1 , g 2 7 4 2 -rt4 3 .
5S9
c, Propozi,tiiloPrilrtipale !
cu B)i n. -- qe laoed the tiny cabin h! ,le ldic (coordonatl copulativl A cu lrin B. - (ee) teft, lcoordoliain 'oniunclia dndl'
suboralon:rtoi .1,/ ProPozi,tiile
sT;ii 1#*f,iil;:x'li,$i' l%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T"" ,.,.".1;t xitr1l6,'"Tlk'

temporld dverbidls to on d t onlu n aF holida! 'nd tlropoziLi" "a,nP verbul J.r"rminlnd r -h, ii i",.Ja"*""ii"-"a""*[,i'.;-';1";*,1" "onjuniri",ufr B) ldr ' din orincipula respecrp.ina" doun propo/i1ii prin ipule u subordoDalFlc , f""r" tive. Este prin uimare o frazi dubli' 3. IBAZA 'nULl'IPLi
(TBE iTUI,TIPI,tr SEJTENCU)
$ 28tt
Se va anatiza exemplul urmnto!:

\ t rp| P v.r $p we i'l lhp o aoJ ols . b; ng lold \ " $pr ' t o l k l o r i s l r ' N l r c m 'd x s n d
ilu;i l5':; i:i'l":1#'.";"'"s;::l,i:;1" :i.]'"r;*:F;*."1;li:i:;lJ"n,:l

r|'rn'ed d/ Vorhotclaun lnodlrcdiralir: nl'/ 'v te 'v'l'on"d sang' 'oulil' rra/a rn pr'4 propozrlrr opt d"ci vcrbo. - opl had ,one upon. D) Propozifiile :
lt) lYh"t.r.r 'ft e.nt' izt tt," o"o"onLs, beinq bA, *ctconed b' \3) ttttoL) ae Qoe fotkto'^t'' 14\ (theu) sons,
:i"' ;. i':;;:i'l' IiI o-'": lr,':"':;k!;rd,' \z;

!*i:l ,tr'Y-: 13\ ',:i::
or o" disca'ery' un xpected aeat,h ro,,he
c.) PropoziliilePdrcipnle: as (principaldcoordonati cu B i. - ii ir"*"", biing told,Qetcotned si C); "'i. cu A Pi C' 9i legau de C p n '' - ftn"r ) sang(principaldcoorilonate copulativ{ dnd.) ; aonjunclia - 'C. cu (prinriprlacoordonat6 int r'stinr fatk dan"es sufi danc"d l,n":r) a'?J)' ptin -\ 9i B. 9i legoldd. ts 'onjunclia : d I ProDoziiiilesrboralooatc prin adde l^c iDrrodu'a adv"rbrald w' ''rni (propoziti" 1:,'ii,,",r, cr'z: din i"rbul ,*t'1i"Pi",i, !i ilFrermini;d 'r'l'on'r'l - dirF'ti introdusd ,t' ,,'er"folklorists Ipropozili" O ' 1 1that) 'ompl"liva v'rbul 6'ing """'1i,j""iiJ r"iFasir si dFr-rr"inind ir','ii,ri' o'i" "',1"'i""'ji",.' iol.rl din A1;
I Accstl snborilonrh dete.nii I ln acslaii timp;i te'bulLl dit' lrinoipala B' coordo-
600 d"' ) that ee could. hurdly reca\],alLthe material (propozilie adverbiald co socutivi, introduse prin eonjunclia subordonatoarelial ;i determintud verbul dancd. ,Jin C)r; d,"" ) (Ihat) ee had conc rpoz fpropozi,tieadjectjvald at butive. subor' donatd prin juxtapunre (pronumelc rclativ restrictiv t/rd, fiind subin,teles) ti determinlnd subsia tivul na,rertal din d"'l; d""' ) secingthal ee $ere taa f.o far the unexpected M&Ith of our discatery (propozilic adverbialh cauzald, introdusn de loculiunea conjunolionaln sub ordonatoares.cing l,tat ;i dererminind prcdilatlrl couLrl rcco dil d,"'). ,, Fraza este formati din trei propozilii principale coordonate !i cinci propozilii subordonate.Este prin urmare o lr:rzi multipli.
s:t3{
2635
v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{ Tr}lPUnILoR
oF TENSDS) [sDquDNcr]
In limba englezd. timpul vrbului din subodonatd este, l genereritr strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu. m itd ,,corespondent a timpurilor" fseqadnceof fenses), a fost reglmentatd de reguli rigide la origine, astfel: 9836 lioguh I. Ct d rrbul din propozilia regent; cste la lre:rn, sau la pre.entulp.erfectj verbul din subordoDati.poa.letila oriLetimp (prez t, trecui, sau vrlor]i I saethat you a/, a good girl. We ea', to know what vou .ttd then. I think I shdU,ate a hilida:r'next ye}. I |a'e toldyN Ll\aL li. eds holdinga prolessorshit in ihe UDivcrsiiy of Leeds. goa as soor as and sed i\st leotntthat shats (sau,as, in her oUice .\\e.haee 'ill sne rs o$enaaged, BpgulaU. Lind \"rbul djqpropoziliar.gFnrd FslFlo Jinrr. \arbul di', sllbordo.ll i pu e fi la or; t,nt,tf,fi J /tt,r tS 28-0 2e-7r'
Sl!. ott ..s il wc rzntsn he. 1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r d.id).
s 2817
rrentru excp.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi $ 2859-2E72. Leguli III. Ciod vrbul din propozilia regenta ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6 S 2838 jn lcgaturi ienporali cu el, fornd de trecut, vrbul din subordondtt, daca stt trbuic si Aibir |ot larmd .le trecutl I @aratu4 thetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss. Lli rv.ibedm lcu privire;) pe oind"j";," $ah.l I th4uaht vou nod told hPt sha ,ou ia"/. c e$ ti .) lCr t J ; Dh' t J i oi s p u s 31 ut , t ?' s k od t l n t r' .F d ,Eft'L d r!,o rn n d n J e d l or l p r," :/p. dara t n, l g " .a -a .rz k o s r i i rru rr..l ppl r-upi rri u.J Ll $- a @ld t hem s h c @ b e (h e r' . t(Noi) re,on s"&s .,{ (ea) ra /i acoro.l I prtmised I poLld tume it I knete lot neded nc \Ti an filsiuu cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi fd c{ at ncvoic dc minr.) I dnided I @uld t! 1.o seeyou befo.e I q enr o my holidry. t{nu) dn nod.r, ca voi incc.cas{ tc vid inainte d a pleca/ si1llectn vacanll.]
,ur, :ftT,n
t.o-tti"
in aceh$timp qi verburMns B, coordo,,eiermini din principala
CORESPONDDNTA
TIMPURILOR
f01
In p o rta
r!
al Prin termenul ,,formd de tre..it" sP intplcse in acest 'Bz nu numoi indi- $ 9839 ( "t if ; l r'".u ' s i t r p. ut ul p F rfp c l { ,u l o rmF l P d ' a ' p tsci con rnuu ' orpspunal l p ' u\rnra /r" ,r. ati nd' u br i. . r ir np;" u tr| o d ' r[a rn ' d ' fc /a odrF,. 'i r i s u b jon' l rtul fd L i d c ' ra L ,' . l rczpni i r ' ono t t r ittd ru t la t r " . r / . c d v i i l n ru l ditionalul prezent. inlelendcnt dc i leles:
,./ I nu .c uiltr . ..6', "c.l' n nlrui riml ternlfnuhi,.trecut". tixccpt,ii ld
l' rr,'rrrul pnrtF'. c'lp un adje Liv care inseamnl S 98{'0 p-.rFnl tr'.ur slu !ri'or - ii ' d RecnIa I I I
17l Cird propozilia suborrlonatiintroduceun fapt lndeobite cunoscut $ 281r sfiirliiic sau unirirsd vrnabit. verbul ei est p s lalrezent salt rlllar: arleadlg otr thf m'l ol lhe o., consiatrllt He rcodin the paler that ne{ t.ecstates tt'otl'tiv,,."th! lrce ol ihe eirr'lr' ,ota tl"r tlc rton,icerfrg-!ustil in stiicnce.\iall "44gc I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced ,s a l.ie .l indtcd
e-i ndepend-r' t J" $ 2812 i ], L rn , l. i' ! r np / i' ;d " rrL o r' l a t.rd . ti l rp l " ' ;r-ni i c' sl u rd r : mp u l a .l i u nii dinr . e" nt a v ,rb u l :u b o rd o n a r' i p o a l c Ir pusl apr' r' / riitor I r.ljable. I dillr't sct on wiih her bccrusesle istr't I' o a d d lr lJ
5nc @ l d h p ' ltd J' 'om< h har r/olii-vp_/..8"rh"r. I trrel x"r:o mu, lrdl h 4 r ld lr ' r
.) Propozilia aiributiva arc verbul la oricc li ? cerut' de inleles:

san ind |ha li lior lr iP. I t11\"lL I / o , " jloq. t la.lslu//a '\aJs.rma l, p. bA, F I naod alwars /ornd jn he. caample hef hlon m J l o r o 'F J han bPP'ht t n' bi Prlorllpsiimulu' ld' a. ng, , ; L l l o
S 2843
prin 4r' rllr' o' S 2qtl d/ Inlro Dropo/iLi.romnara ira l"gr a d' prin'ipclu pru' lrrLci"s: , da pus l" or;' riarp po"t,fi n'r h os, o. t "il d.i.r"rbul Shelo'ddher sisiermorcthrn sbclots o. /tll eve'lo'?tne me si" 1","a 1". si"t"r * .uch as shelo',s or Pill everloec e) Clnd fraza condi,tionalderprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit rFrbul,din"r'- $ 9845 ir"rp 4ru'uo nlpr's IJra por tipus" Id otrLP s-nra. "itsir"ldin suborJonat" A'i'rputilor' d."o';'pond'nl" ree"rlil, 1."ri"..-"'od" (Pentru exemple vczi S 2750). proFace excoptie tilloral, care' in genere.nu poatt Ii intrcbuinlat inlr'o pozifie subordonatn (S 2850-2857) CAZUIiI SPNCIALtr 1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE $ 2818 simulian sau consecutivslnt la acelaqitimp gramatical a) I'oate acliunile Prezente: i tle book{hich tl\c e$ibitjon room{nd .'.tt?s'10$eher apprtoiation Shen,r'.s
She toDned rouDd, sa,e_q.!n, who o,r sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r2,Dp an.I spft, io her. c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare: I s/'dllgo ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd.as a sru.tent,dr,ndleciues anil g.r a d.gree.
S 2847
.. , , i : : ::1 i,
\ru n i r e. pF r . r , c ulp b rmu l l " rr..
E rceplie: Fleribilirarea limbii,v. prczenr dupi trecur, S 2841 2B45, Actiunj simultane ro[secuti\0 _ sau in heeut. In Iinrba .2) enelezn. a,:
nri n .prF,roosab,rn dF rirbs rom d n i.u n d " .rn o c a a ri iru a li" , .n n .F .. ti \ i n lr_" ut stot pxpri ma,. toa.c
i rci u r ul alr F r neaz ac u l rp z e n tu L : ".,::a !' I h,, liim I roruhiln ron ,a, i]L \then ictnd I ath ,nitnit i-an spusct es,t iotnald.) I /i,rr you a".e lrere (stian ci esti aici.) I dsizd hcf nnt shc sdtd Ia.tin (a, astecn. l\m intnbot_o d.u mi-a stus ct\ MafiA aadrne.)
$ 2846
-- u l a lnLor : Ea
3) 0 actiunc arterioari attera se xpuma: a) p.rrn pt uentulpertcr, dacnverhuldjn propozilia regenrd sre ta prczenr
I sa Lhar she has Kn . I sndi,g, to Lhethearre and In tiie lertormancetdJ already r.gtuz.
b) pti[ trecutul perfect, daci verbul djn regenti este la indicatil.ul trecur: $, d- , u. 1\ ' er , t' " , .rt ,1 t.1 ,i -e ,. Il:hen I .ane h.me, src na.JbedLtundins lot an ho\tt. Tot u$i. c ind . \ i .t; J n u ; s a u - ,:r,u t.F ,. !i uni _. 1ut anp, i ntFri orrFr,r,.,l clrrnl.trrclte. nulner lflmnl \.efb esLe la trecutul " ipedeci, celelalte liinrl la rn d t.ar r r ut t r eLut : qt ,h .r n ,/. t/. / i n | ." r, p,ool nHr.a Jns" r. ' , , da1l Lot . In p 8\e betieeed shehadsc.n hid rrainins in.c_st,pn hp Fi:",teiiir," p""";",, r,"," _ d n rl r, , . j" r . 8 n, , r t - \:n r.f ..!o rt,,o m p " i ,.o n . "*""t l nr a t r ] 0" d , -r" re to o l i n g i r. p ri .rs propori ti " , -srs sL pr" d.at.-., . '1 \ a r c o i ! r r ' . . i n r d o ,r .. .-s r l i tn tr-b u i n rr t r" ,utul nerfc.l p_ntru con.i oc-
sirn,rtran" crrF t " " rf ri; " r" p rin i; , ',c,!;u,,ilt r tn .' n r, d a .rr .t,a r,F i 1 ' " . , i dn " i; i; , , _ sntpri ^ri i i t.. si on,rr,. .a " r (inp rna prupozitia) ..eidr;t,rser;t supnrali,inainre de a venir; r,i;titiee""
rc.r |' t F r eq. t
r " n r u l,
.e ar tr tob, .'n. non.F,,.) p,AteJt Fr ii /in d ,1.Ii (tr^pozjtip) ".. .,.t tu.FsatJ .a rua.apirr. tr.o t.-r'(r. sporr, itnr d. idrno inajnt_ d. s ri t". tn ;tni,.l ) .nnn,,iitatutptP., rrprp-,ri! . i;torutp,t*t fdLd.tptr /r//., ;nd o d._ . l,uro \',rnarF Fcta,,r.riuun. .n,.i nun^n dhL \iiror r\ei g l50t r501, 2853,2E56). S 284$ 4) 0 oc,liuneriitoare fa,ri de at1,a se exprimnl: a) prin t'iitor, cinrt.ierbul d;r regente este la prezcnr:
I t,a?. | .],olt ..". \'au as-tn She nrc(.s sh. ,r'i rd,e io aitend ,c graduation tesi.iljty tomorrow.
1 ln propoz'liileseou ndareh oa.eloare ii jnircluiniat vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5!
2sr:).
CORESPONDENTA'TTMPURII,OR
608
b) p.jln aiitor l fald de trecut cind verbul din regenti este la trecuti
We urLdtslood they would ting ns uP.
it'" ni tn""sntrni **a
r, ruquir?,loattendth' festi'llv on the tollo{ins dav'
- Spre deosebi'ede limba romani' 5 2850 5) Yiitorul in prcpozitio suborilonatd. pY.pprii ardta P ndi joc'. trbut nu paot" :n atucaa. unFlP ln limba AnclFz6, ori'nr p ar li 'impul 3aun odul suLorJona'd. oueo lornij ic viitorlnrr o propozitie l' ilin rpgen'ti:\iiror. impFrJliv..ondiLion 'l ' se afli: Verbul din subordonati
s 285 viitoare talir d0 pmzont: -A.criunca 2859 a) \E indicatiaal?,'e:cr, (tradus crt aiitorul ir limba ronenn) pentru $ se in oare i'iitoare in raport cu momentul pr"e:ent a exprimao ao,iiune
I shall never ioryet hcr as long as I ltee' , lNl1 o voi uita clt ,ot 'Ir,t Fi n s mp up whent le lla Y.d s lTeliloneazemi clnd sPua r./n',d prcsar
-,pai (tra;lus cu tiilot[l dnlerior3ln limba romini) ctnd $ 2863 ptfect prezentat Ia b) regentd: rcliuiea .riltoa"e ilin subordonaii este anterioare aceleia din
or r l o " i ' $ o r l ' | - ,dll m ak" mv rrp orl q h"n I hn* "onP: ' t "d nv | ' b c d u ! i r " P ; 'u ) r J 'r d r p d d e r i t t 4' a; aat it oi i;;o Fr;mrJr dupl , ". m i Let m. krn w Js soo n a s v ou d, P & P; ' d ar ans { "r ' p"init s\u t';P";'i)
iri iiii"i:l'io,r"'
I s ho! ld
l:kp ro b"p hin
it h d @ 4 e i n e st
- w4 in nd\"rod-"I .dd r Jn"' sip
ii",j,iit:"'. tî,ia * ';; ti

I should
;slun' l
ir-'
";i
-Jv pi'ii.; f i-tr".ninot
till st'. &ds / ir nlr Pd hPr ' n'
slu 'a '+ninot md'a-
al
Aeliuno Yiitoarefa16 do trocut:
s 286
priru a ex- S 2866 a) la. indicatiaul fc.rt (tradus ou 'iitor!'l ln limba romene) prima o ac.tiune viitoare ln rapod cu un trmp recdt: (p.jncipala)w sfto"id!cd'him (resenta)8s soon as he c'me to ille \\e undarstoott (sllbordonala){ Instil.ute la Insiitut l lnilatt ce ea r"pt"""i"., \t eotueerlea fn"pi 'dz; "rt with llre w.ong ad esshtd bcel detaitad('egenla) until an inquifv F33 The tit-"r Dsde lsubordoData) tn'lrasdcinevade ea ) -"-" reli'utit rinn oiod se ri;"J'i*J"* iii,a-"a seit{ rusese 'o nexi lime I c!'Ic'I {sublhe ncw sonata {rescnta) i pas eaingto ask him to Plav his "" da J \i ;roJrp " i nd roi ,n r''". de S ind s il c o g s l mi ' :n L e n o ' l u i s onJl l
* ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii l!,"i*ilI";:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1"; lit,i:ll,i:

l n I triL ! iit orulL n.la . tovint eL l- r plnl' e c u lt ler o o nf orm' otespo nd en lr' tr m put ' r or '
pn,ru nd1''. :i;*,f'l?i;i'it;:l;ti!?,'l;,."' ru n'p- dp,upoli,"-".
604
28;6
b) lA tnutul pptfpctttftdlJ' tu !;ttaru| un',r;or1tn lLmbaromdoi) ctnd c.liunpa \iiloare din propoziliasubordonata esLpanrcrioareacliunii din 'F genia er:
A nr n ppdllr in " i p a l d rrh e Io d l J g o : to i h e p i .turas{ fFgenta)uhetr shphsd doD e hpr n o mewor rls { ubor d o o a ta l . (Ana sperac{ sd rd dzdala cincmatogralcltrd iii d fi tsnitut reclrte.l I taeo lprincipala)they aoutd cane in, Fege ta) if theJ hsd seer rny lisht on lsundacd lmi ,o. /t rd.z,lumiDa ap.insd.) {9tiam cI @, tnr.@
9857
Urmetorultabel comparativ, refritorla intrbuintara viitorului tn propozilis subordonatar prezanrind unul dinrr" rspe"t"ele uplirarii prin"ipiului , a rp .i a la br zaconslri.!ici frdzFi enslerFr 'rp b u i;s lu d ia t in l. s o rJ r;" u s " b " ma din Fig. 2 ,S t356). pfin"lpius" atldp\pu". unde6ro5t Tsbel Viitorul ln p&pozitie subordotrati. (dupx t/, Itll, unril, when, as longasj as soon as ete.)
2868
a, Indicativ pretent (: liilor) a, indicativ trecut {: viilor 1a!{ dc 1rc.ui) Is,{"@ I.ea mkr lorgcr hu as lonS I ln# I @zld nerer fo.get her as lorg as (ttiu cA nn rai putcd s o uit cit loi lfti.rn cii nu loi lutea s'o uit citroitrti..) t.ni.) 6, prezetrtlorlcet l: viitor !-lc.,l.) ,, tiecut.terlect (: liito. pcd.ct lati .le I t.tl yan I qi\ so onlj. \l,er I hsro (lii s;un ca,oi rl4.d numri duDdce tc roi ri inzut.) I lod you I qrrld so only $]lcn I hsd scen \ l rai pl ,La duD Jcete tT i o n squs ro i li rezxt., ^\)mni
s 285e
Er cep lii \riiton tali de prezcnt a) Ptopozi|itlcatnpletbd. d.btctdpo^1e aveaverbul ;i la viitor:

Io u I ll m r ou r ldllA, 3 lo lr . o, a n . r t . llm i s t r ui c li l , Pi dr . . li on. r d. J I c\lccl that Jou sialla do vour dlrt!. l{9ieli do la voi sr1r'r frccii datoria.) I $onder il shc nara Ur.. ninutei$ readr. 'rtll (xi Int.eb daciL va alca tfocesul-vcih1 sat;.) Slie doesn'i kDorv wh0n she sill bd back. l(Ea) Du ilie cind se va lntoarce.l
lVFzi l4-i o \ , n, r Lar Pqr ec iiv I S rviirofu l tr. d. r r r . . p, r i"ii t nr , bult ir in J . . F f , s d !ropoTili s.cundda pq ci ca esle o compl-"tili dircct{ (S 286r). _l . aoli qo ) . r il. l sVrzi 5 2 8s'i 7qe di""c | \,7i S tl2: . - $a s r . l/ io ou" d. , .'v . 1 s r i t I d - r '. s Ve zi 5 te0 t-290r .
r,
CORISPONDENTA
TTMPURII,OR
606
u "* 1".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";; iii"':?j iiifl ,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf
1 :'dil:x'i:* '".' g.,"'i:" ;"^""'"""' :, :":: f **ii,li*li"rl$=ii: "'d:tlliniTf *,.""-*^ fi :h:il;\ ii:f"'r*".t$, :i:"'ll 'ff:jffifr :":;r:lt#;'L '."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff ffflliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift
"'"'';;;"fiii{ #'lr;; j',"',"{"ffi fi;1i9ffi 4ff i# i[irlrir"""'*';:i'f r,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi l"f*lrijlr,ur "u t^nt t;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1; dioaccastd.'stcsoriasi? In proporiliilo :"1;"iil;
Durilc ratate la 5 z6ru-z6oJ:
' itx: :g;:if r"sxr,H{illffi tr;T,iit.tlt ",,nn* "1."'"n*,,,, .fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'm

::"$.i:ilire'"E tr,:h?;?, )tr ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::
lui al doiLoa:
: ;qf-$".#f"1i'i# '-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi '"'"ied:"''"* i!'1i"":1il'lii'!"ri5ii'f*l-i'""' lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f

;"lil;iii"iql; iiit,'"ili-) tlu"""1'1,};;";i*3 :n*.:*lli;
ihu,"i; :xi ,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il
ostnearr') accasu {il"Ht!}"Zoi'i}!"li"o''id{i f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',";
des2{t6 rorma ctnddcdtuie'te
i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f :',T''*' ;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi "I J,li'"$113"'"' r ; lr;,''i #,:;" : ;: 1L'"2i

"
rvezi 28{' nola I
* *.^* , : llilui:^3"i;\lili[; :,il"l:'i;'""
1:1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
600
2863
Yiitorullord do treout
Iceleaqi exceplii sini valabile qi tn cazul viitorului fa,td de trecut, cu rezervelel[cute la S 2867 2872. 2864 a) Ptopozt\:.acompletivl directe $i pnopozitia relativd pot avea verbul gi la viitorul fa![ de tracut: dirctl) You told e voelhoulilrso 10the.ancot.(Comrrletiai (Ui-aislus ca dt rd l' d,.t la conccft.)
I a\ t , 4. t ^t ( t t a t) ro d s b o rl d ? d o v o 1 , /,,J contt" i \ i J rp,.t.1 , \ t , plaI n d. la v o ; s d ' / /J ,4 ; d a o ri a .) I wonderpdt/stu would, [^va the minues rcdd!. (Comp].inaidireol;-r) (U4lnrrelam dacit (a) ,a aecapmcesul-vrbal glta.) (sauwoulds)hc 6ddl.. (ComplcUvn She didn'l loow onaz sndBhotrld di.ect{l l{Ea) nu $tia clnd s? ed tndpota.l H. wis ' r lr ol p J ' s o / r/,,, r, s o u l d d o ,, /4 " r /nn. " . tR 4l ' :\.1 dr,i bur' \1 llE l) ir er n . u i u l d p !" n :" ' l p i o I g l l u ri .J t- l ul i n " ' ,p n ru,i r. p" pri _.' I |Relativii final:-r) I had callcd thc poftcr no'rln tae to tle lusgase',na (chemasenham.rld, care utma sd. se ocupe de bnsrjc.) Shesaid snerould rclu.n ihc booksivhichshc had read and ont.n should,l"n bo lott to othe.rcdde6. (Rclalive lina]{) (Da a spuscA va restitri ceriile te oarele'a citit ii crc eat li apt,ilmptunutule altor citii.ori.l Nl,alcvd protosrl l&tr drFrtj We {ssured thcn we Mnld subnlt for discussidn Nhonldrnrhe{. {ItelaLiv{ atribuiivn) t{Noi) i.an asisurai cn von puneIn disoriie oriceprop'rnelene vor raceerpc.iii lor.l S865 D./ Propoziliilc cotul.ilion&Le, concuioe $ temporale pot avea verbul viitorul fati de lrecut: ti la
I iold you I Nould let Jou know at orce ii /,r $houldieone ta theofficeLh. next dd! lConditionaH) tTi am spusca tc loi anullaiftdiat decillin co. c,i et !a veni r doua zi la bi.ou.l ;/ sn' slouldsgot a /dtl,f. ndfft, sheshouldn'L bc scold|d. (Con We dccidedihai eeeu cesi!e) lNoi am hotirii, chiar da.i nu !a ollinc noi{ dc lrccdc, sl nu lie m'lslrala.) I T Fr lo s a i l rl ,r" rn ?o n , v B h o u l d" B l op..Teml ,orJ ' d . pl r.o l o p rn i".' -r;l e \,rs l I n i rs o ,r 1' d dj, ( r oi. u" dnr H. . nJ o" h , m n 4 i o ..d y I t," r. ,rr.t,' ]?' to u td, D . 3ctrr /o" . (T.mtor,l .t "p v o .l " i mi " d ' !d " 1. lr lilr s e l, " r . r f . + l s L .da .o l o !' r' ' . 28tt6 cind alcdiuictte ,,forma cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11 ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio' Il a l i ( $ 2773) : | } .rl rJ i n i trh d 1 4 ,l /-4 1 I lhuu: lI . loud ,n me. \ l. dr ' r qr ndi m, \o i J r,p s u i .u l " .' F 1 1 1.' ,.ti a,r,dp" " n p., -r i said I shouldT bc gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc. cn voi Ii recr{osrftot nactteeliaeedanabilirar,asi vcnili.) spus lAn lV c z i 5 2896 :8 !7 . : V c z i S r jir . 3V ez i q 2901 -:9 0 2 . a t/i,d/r, .a.e di aici idce.tde viitor pu. icl- $ :319), ronte li nrlocuit,pril simplili' crft. ou Q ould( g ! e 0 1 1 t V ez i s i S 281 9 . 6V c z i \ 2099 2 1 0 0 . ' r / , r . / . p\ t r r nr n d a r' i d rd d l " o l / 1" ' J,p' Il rgA !r / ' al o,.:l . . "p ($ ri 0: t-t6. \ rri r" .. " i 1 ," .1'ij.l o r!r.to i o ."d o. \ r r of , ro rn r.i rn
CORESPONDN''A
f I!|P('RII-OR
607
Obseraalic Nurndrul propozi.tiilor In care poate aptua viitorul fald de trcut esle S 286? Ioarfe mulf redusprin laplul .e forma dp viiuor pur conslruit6au shtud h toate Dersoanelc Doate fi conlundala cu: aj un echivalent al subjonctivului; ,) ought+ infinitiv. Penlru acestmotii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e folosescalte construclii care sd ldmuraascdintelesul. duDd cum se va Yedealn continuore. ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe la ! 2864-2865, forma de viitor construitl (u slanld la torte persoanelear putea fi gii a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresdaccen- S 2868 tueze ideead improhalilitaie ( S 160{): propoal \Vc asn.edthemlhatve rvould submit for discusion whatever theirexpdts (\-oii-amasigurat cAvom l)uncIn disculie a. /t sd/acdexlcrlii lor.) orice lropunere I lold rou I rvo!].llet you ln.w at onco iI hesnolrd coneto the oflicethe nextday. {Tj.ad spns.n te roi annnlaincdial docl el & fl sil eiud a doxazi la nirou.) Wedecided thal ereniI shcsiould s,! a lailurenarl. shelhonldn'tbes.olitcd. (Noirm lrotl.ft 5nnu fic nust.ili chiardaces'r. inttn?lasd au obli^dtorl ile rteTIcv wante.lLowait therctlntil the snow.lozld s/oD. s@ n\ts;'alca.) tvoilu s{ afl.ptc icolo llni ce (ar fi) sd. IIe made up lis mindto slay theft nntil he sn /i.l /a ytr, to.piniice faf /i/ d re ,.@td dupnl.l liEl) sehonri snsteaacolo Pentru aoestmoiiv, ln cnzurile de Ambiguiiete de acestfel este prlerabil S 2869 ca s/mrl.t sn fje jnlocuit, la prrsoana a 2-a 9i a 3'a, cu rvou?d clnd verbul principal are tnleles dc r,iitor pur: \li issufldrhem$p souldsubdirtor disussion whatprpr lhpircxp.rts n.oDosal @uU nah - ori, " nropur.r,vor Ia"',. t!iil,,r pu.)
nr m obtin.r- {viitor pu.) . They rvantedto wail tlere unlil the sno* rozld rro? (: phe ce se d .!"J. {Viitor IIc nade np tris mind to star there nntil he ,orld Id sentlor \: p|-I.n ce * @ bituitc d!pi ol). {\riilo,i r,trr)
J f .ld lou I s1,u ld i J ouk nowr l or leif lF@ ildNh. t o th" olli.. lh. nextdaJ I ddaA rd re ni, lvi,t or pnr ) \l c dp.id"d lhal e\pn iI sh" @ouldsa d luilurp mark. shp shouldD l bp .coldpd (- d@,t
cu sftoaldJ pdn sd,- S 28?0 lnlocuirean,rmelorde la $ 2864-2865 (conslruite janctioulcn lubarc iLe@niLiltanall de propoziliilorrespeciive nuan![ de conditional'z:
$re assurdll,rm $e Noxld subnii. Ior di$usion shateyer proposalthei. erperts (l.um asisuat .A am rnnc In discutieoriceprolun.e d. /a.c expe4ii lor.) I told vou I would lel.vou ktrorvat oncciI he.dn, to the otficethe neat d{v. lTj'adspus oi tri-ai d; imediai dc sl.ircdrcd cl /. dii a doua zi la birou.)\fc decidedtlat eveDil6he so, a lailuru mark, sheEhouldn'tbc scolded. (= . . . chiar dnce nu o. orltre o nofi de tre@rc,Gl nu lie rnuslrata.) Th e y $ anlP d t o ws il ' h rrr n n ri l l h e s n o $ s t p ffd . l: - . . llnd cc 4. srd nrnsoarFiI lle ma{teu! }is mitrd to stny therc urtil he i'c. (s 0 u ds, ssnt lor. (: . .. pinl c e r - d , . tn tr. d n !6 e l .) t 1568.
5 rr62, 211) ' - 2 1 8 0 .
A se compara:
qo u k L l c t l o t k n o s i t h e s o u l d c oD o.(V i j Lorvoti ti v r ri i tor puf sau .... I . lold y ou I ll : . . t e @t a a u n tad e rr o d m i r { s s u@ @ F sd,i ^d) sau l .ondi l i onstulF subJo n 'I' v - c ondr ! ' onal l ) . . . .te .a t a a L n p d 0 r{ d ro i r !a ui nd.rl I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como. (Viito! volitiv + un cchivalenr al subJonctrwrur ac^pntutodimllobabilitatea) \- . . . tp ,oi anu^14dac.a 4, lLsdsind.) I. rold yox I sould let you kn * jt ha cM6. (Condiliondt voliriv + subjonctiv cu la. . roarc uo conorlfotraf (: . . - k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )
2871
You l.old ma yot! shbuld Eo to lhp cobcert. {Mi.ai sp'rs cd e rrrli se l. duci ta [email protected] She said she would rcturn rhe booksshe hd read and which snoatdthcn 66 lrur to other rcadeN. (Ea) a[']s.a va .csl.it ui ctul ile pe.ire tp cittseg ca!.,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun. tdk altor citir.ri l 2a72 .l n ac eas la; it u a l i e , s ,f.rrl l dp u ti n d a v e a Si tntetcsul de,,ar trebui .., ,,tre. Dure (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil sd fie lnlocuit la persoana a 2_a Ei a 3 -a rt would at unc i c l n d v e rb u l p ri n c i p a t e x p ri md i dcea de vi i tor pur: You l,old me you @dd ao to the con@fr. {Mi-ai spus..1 ,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.) She said she woutd .eturn the book! she had .ead and which @o&ld th6n ,, td4, to olhe! reade6. a va .J 4 i h (a rc s pus . J i p " rp s h tu i l , c i rk e$ caF @ ' /i apoitdpfznsrat auo. .... t lE a)
b) : ought+ infinitie ll 2085)l
6) Coodiiionelul. a.,/Pentiu intrebuinlareacondilionalului in fraza conditionald care exprimd o sirarlip ireaLi vczi \ 2762-2769. h) Condilionalul indry?rddr. Yerbul subordonatei S 2875 unei rcpente careconindependeDt sepuneta o formdde trecut (i;dicativ tmoui, !ine un-condilional vltor tafa de trecul,etc.):
| @udn't
$ 2873 S 2874
t( rczLcA EInttat"ntdti? - Nu a.e rp&n. .A .lnr l ll_oJ ou r,rd. J ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\ lpt t. a ou's. ? ( v r pi " d s p, i t la t p Q f..a s a n u d d r.; s o r6 ? r (.olook aJterthe chiuren shcn they.@ Shesaid she @!ld 6e the tght educrCor
aici.) "sr, coovincinc. alt ..rd, cAsaadconvingeror.) (ry tou thint t\p! oH Elk.l?, -t taLun't sdu th.y t.r..'.
I sh4LU think it slad.d
(Nu6 rrt caredint.eei
kno@ \|hich ol thm a6 hcrc.
to
indicatr pentru copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l l(Ea) a spusc{ @ /i educatoarea
28?6
7) Stilol dirart $r indiroct.- Regulilcdp mai susse apticegi la rransfor msreasliluluidireettn stil indirect:
/Da.i ShJ said: -1 an boff! | ha'd boLsit Lho watch {rh.tl I rtzlt &.d.' rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas sorrJ she [4d ôr trot ,ozair the watch trhat) sho @4A rrd. (Vzi ii | 2901_2902)
2a?7
8) Cotrcltrzie. englezd desldEurlndu-se - Conjugarea Dedoud axe Daralele (!i lJ5ti. I359), a seobservaperfcctul paBlolism tntreutilizarea indic;tivutui pre:rura reda.rea rnrimpldl'tor prezeDte indicatir,ului teru! la ti lntrebuintaloa I :got-rso:. 'V"rl rV ez i g
2896,28 9 8 . | \'ezi ( 2t7:r
ir
"i'"ri1'.
lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t
uncchivurent lcnt'ucubjon'ti
CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR
601
rpdsr.d ijrll rnplirilor 1re.ur". aarb"le limfuti Jr,'n1ri dl. dvir4 d."lrqi rol ppn,ru monenlFdifFri'" si rllind ln ac"l"ati rapor'uli ipml. dl. 'u .el-'-so r-ipccli!a CnrF"p,nd"n\r limpu-iior \'a lall" lim0uri lramdli' al" dio grupJ lJi6l. in grrr.r u,ilizinJ.ri". pentru ridcci urrrarirain.'h"nadin-lri:.2(S rclal0r., jnllr.plnrilor.o' ,lizul^ in 1r.z"nL. Limpu"il dir qruf. Dr"T"rtului t.olo.,na,lin. inear,irr p"niru c"lslimalnti'nplArilorto..,lil..1;lr,lr.",rl .impu rl" dir lrupr rr"urului (coloJrJ lin drâpt61. irr'r" n"l".lou ' grul" eri' i nd o,l"rnarceii. nFtd :i. ln pri^cipiu.ni"i un rrIorL l.mt"rdl. de.i ni.i oncord:rnla (cu coiectivui pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):
Prezont
LeJl lou I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ whn
Trecut
I tah) !o\ I shoult statt rtaining olll $hcn s p rm g .a n ,. (ti Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul (Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur Dudri clnd .d rent rrimivara.) r.ni prinr'Llara). rumai cind '( Slic r{td slrc o&ldL, go on h.r h.liday SIe .\"s she foz'r go on her holiday }.tore Iclorc shr ldd !.eu rou. in vacanfddcclt dupn f,4 slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil iStunr cn nu 'o.pleco nnli ce te ea fi !a.ut. ) He ts sufc lhat his Diotute.whcDit is tin- IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(, wlien it "'ds b''ts t\ln rhc srrcesslrc lQd he I's ,.., tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success finhhad, shaLI'J DdD Loltlns lo$rrr(l to. ci rabloullri. c rd edfi tetnindt, fEr.r sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca fi tetnnoa /i'sre aiErrr ii ra adlcd succesul te ca.e il asrepk,(s au !e care il drkdr,6 cu ti ra adu.esuccesnl ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias, \Vhenevef1 .altul or her. shc rds (ornlns, {nd sars I rnd re a sreat arljst 1vl,cnI s, rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a s.eal artist oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward ii I lare Nhcn I sor oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr r.\\'ard il I ld, as hird as sle di.,. rmll,al is ltd as she do,s. -..l?, lncrin(l {Ori dc cilc ori ,td du.eart lx ea o Enrcdm lori de olLeori me d4. la e.ro s,t.sar. hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc ! im , ,rd n . ca r oi / i un m nr et(tu r.,n d !!i i r : z ri ra r. l mi u; i. r r r ld ai u n c i ri s p l a ta p i fl !r L rn l !r. nr.rc. l mi ,.i ' al or" 'D i . ;d,L.i /?' .,r rol i l rl l rLa nace eai Ji luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum i trn .i r.1 " p ' ., l , d o s c ri o s .u n l ,afa er.l
,tlte \emple tipice de corespoldenta l,impurilor: Ltds." "I di.rr't lno,' \'ou !e/. here.""Ol coufec t cir.tt ajci'.- .,lifcftc ci s,nr."/ f,,N'd/re,iu that aolld .Ie'rl'e on |irr *'hin lic 4,r..tl upo his He rioegnt 0i thc rcspoisibility carcli rd /et.ai cu.l tu l,.d i,t Unnir trona sr sucjnii.l t(!l) ses,ndiln ristunne.ca "Sometimes slie eorrial, (indicati{ trccut - drocut i:ioric) ior fear the book (lrnld Dlort (viitorul pasiv lati de trecul) and sh d (: \,rorld) nver &c al'lc ({iiiorul fatd de trocut) to rad il agair. She iad onoe sldr/.d (trecui r'Frle"r - anl, rioriril"l .opying lhe bnok. Sh" r,rr / (in'li 1li\ l|.' ur ire, r'istori"t r4 o\n i buL;listbdJlir an'l -tLol"J'y'./-/,,\rrF.ul f rJ.ir enterioritate) llre copying traulC dD (\li.Lor.Jllald de trecut) it. llut she ,iuri li/", tlrp.rr p"rta,l - aal.rioril.rlal i rrp... lro\in-) lh"l wl|Fr -lr" :. ., (inJi !lirlrF uLinlo.rl rir'ntului tetr,l" t-ru rnrl,urlonJrbrul'.,h JoaU l},rrli (viitorul fald d treout) hard aud buy evcry sinsle book lhat slc lilic.i (indicativ trecut in Iocul viitorului fati de trecuL in subordonatd).'r
ra nni ,etca s.o .ttedsdd illneo.i sc ft,tn,'tr de teaml c{ se e@.,iid.t cartea si c.I "a o cafte a ci ii ciL. voia atlt tle mttlt;ii a,rri niciodar{. lnc0Duse odat{ sn o epi*'r.rese ,t o . a , a",piti . r)i ,a rpa rr:a lor in. , 1, . , r ' "r , , . , dp. . . juI n, ' r ' : . . T , n n 'r '. r i : 'l r d . d
1 ts0 i tl S m it h, l' 1r . .
G tu n Ei n l ttu n Il s n .
610
s 28?8
$ 2879 , 5 2880
yI. SILUL DmnCT $I INDIIiECT

{DIBECT AI'D rNDInXm s?Ytx)
Tfe rittle loJ said:..t'ddcrne@ toryets a !tuxtitc.', $ 266f , , ?,/.lip sub foLmr uneilropozitii subodonatcalirect unui verb cn: lo,.r9, 10teu. ru tppah, 1,)obsert)c, to r.tnark,.to dr-gue, to naintai , to ta dccla;c, t.D st'ut, onnurn..p. I. in,tat n.,tu o4..nult."rft,. ^rsert. to to r.'n,it. rLt,,nanJ, 0.r t4 ,to -. th d|r,tt. ro tn\tru.t tv a\h. Ia d.n,ond.10in.t..;t . ta.t".tli- ro q,_,tiun, tn o,, strcr. lo lhink etc. Tiie litflc IJoy idd ru, /,rsfdthn n&o foryatFa\t totscts) a ptumise. Reproducoreacurintelor cuir.a 1 forma iniliaU se numette stil dic.J S 2889 sdu rorLire dirctd. Trarspuncr alorlrrr.r o propozilie suborrtonaiiise mrmcsle snt trdrr,.t 6Nu t'rLtre tn.ttr, t.i. Ve.lul care introdrce citatul (S 28St) sc nume,srel,erDde decturalip $ 2883 S 288+ . In sft1 l dll., r. cu\.jrt, L. rpprodusesl r inclepcndenrc r:teverbut de ricclar01r..,tn s,/ft/,lttdtt\t1nsA..,u\Irtctp pruJu.c J.pi..ziril d, rprLul "arp l" InrroflLria. virb||t .au \FrbFtn,rtr r.t,i ',p,onfurmpd-ar"gulilor,of,.!o1Jrn_ lei tjmpurilor. 2) .Iransformaxea Etilului dircct ln stit irdtucct sc face in morlul urmltor : $ 2885 ghilimelcltdi.par -iiFjnr.oJu"e,onj,n, l:r adl.,r,"",re;,1;:;o;l ;;mb, ,^ suurDIFrPasd. ln ql .rrDt in tt.rba rnrbttS. I r "onrt.. nod-.i.. .i rF't.,i\p.Tr,,um;i adj_rrirntcpos".r,, , frpn"T"r" p c,r tormptn.ore.pLr/Jt!dr, Jp -. FrnrrnrorLr f,rro-,c t. a 2-a ssJ;ij-a, i|l Iunclie d tnlcles. Cazul I. - Cind velbul do declaralie ffrc la rrrLzLnt. S 2886 tinroul r.erbctor trrn Irazele rcproduse rimine ncselimbal. i.ot neschi'Irlare ra-i" ,i .rJt""li""r" oemonstratrvc sau advcrbele din lraz:i: (p;,.) tte ..,J o mj si. , ": -l
( t t.d i.) Itp '<lls n r r it ! r r r J t l. p d, , , . o i i L r fDt. ) Tr p lil rJr in . , j j - / , / , / / r r o$. g, , t o, LiDboo^ to rpdd I,.r, ... ttn tltr.) tttn tbtr t J ni, r r . lh, |, r i/ / no$gi. pnr p hk look .o reJd t11 .
Definilie.- Curintele attei persoane pot Ii reproduse alevorbitor in "1) a, Iie subtor,]]& unui citai,,intocmaicum au fosLrostite:
S 2887
CazullL - Cind yerbul de derlarftlie rst ld frcxr, timpurite verbetor din ,i, I tnlu"uir. cu rurn.t. norp.ptrnza lrrznle :ppro.tusp r;;i; ;t" i;;;;r',i,,,. Astfel:
ati lsat is) caltins
delino dcvine deriDe devinc x{mltrc delne dcrrne .revrne lns calkd s at calte.L eas cauin! |cte .alli;s had, .albA had tccn .aUinq Ldd cutt.d shauld sar eould a'aukl s ar shaukl ha.l to s xr muxl
ha,e lsan has) .attE.I h or e ls du has ) b ,e nc o i rr!

ltdrl .aUln
1 \ ' ez i
t : 5 t s lt
M!.
STI'U!
DIREC'I
9I ST]LUI]
NDGI'CA
611
demottslrari/d li ad'erEekcare xpriml Acliecli)elc a'nnrrat'd \srhl 60lnlncuir't : "r "i'Ji. "".. "".r^
hetu
dpr''lierca slnt lnlocuite S 9888

...\ cu llEt thle
Ezenple:
"-lilii;"' ,'" !.;iI'i| liilx 'ii,i.]i''i ","
T'; ' ll;i'#,1 ;I;i{,:J1,:"ij ;li,l lr ::;ll:':;ll;

\
,l," l,iir1"i 'v nt'-"; 't"o' " l?,;;; i'i'"',.j"li,iil"il;' 'ill;ii';,';'i'Tix^

r " r i' t : I r r ' r ' lo' / D l. ,ln lhe on nd tri l'c l n' s li " ["rclodiy-
ajci se men'tin losi dacn tnteToate demonstratitelc li adverboleardltte tesrlllor esie ncelelifald dc ltcze Ll
ro,,a,. l:i . a',",n iill'li:i:"il:.:l;;;1,;i.i#l'Iil:il'r
1nd'co'r'i'*' *' jo11"li:' thcdntDeroro ld Itr s-r Lpr rh"v '"*"Iiau. r H sdid
/'In " hdr'0' 1n., re.r.r',.r I;ry;Il;;:;:,ru',;"'.ii:11;"':;;li':jj,
##?ll;:'il'""#"T:;riJ"lff i:Ti illlit*ltt tt,t't,,i'ti;,
*"' citaturui ei$288e ."",*t:"lr*;lii:';: ?ililx'Ji:$IttTl*',:1,;lli: ;'" ;jli'Ilil':i'T: iiJir,.:ili;'j';'ff 1,%rl li'""'":"
lllr:*.r"x-i:l;s;i'l"'l'"'"';,. verbelorrX- 2890 illJ ;U::1. 5 iimp urite I . - Cind verbul dedeclartlieestela liitor' Cnzul l neschimbate t\ll '",alJf,vtt"*'i;;;;'1|3;:f i"Bx,1llliittr;":lrJrii;ifl,lT"
CAZL]BI SINOIALU
ji:q":i:'#}i1li"" e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if i}i}:};;}

es iar v6rlul ro say, care o rniroducelr ro omrrc: or0 i0 i.1nt to knar. \u\ilidrul
"
l:'lJl.';':'. ;il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i Tf":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii [,?[d 'ihlii:!,::,Y"';#,#tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii:;.
612 2892 Cind nroFozilid intcrogativ6 Jncpe cu un pronume, adjectiv sau ad1'erb i n r^rogar i! . a. ps ls b p mp n l i n e l n " ti l u l i n d i r' .r, conj !n, l i ,, //.eu th.tl ' ff n,mflifiind inircbuinlafi: lrtr., I said to ml*ell: "It4., are tlie childre ?" (Indi.) I wontletedehcrc lle .hildren Nre. / Dt ) \ \ - , s did :" l l ' 1 o (rn ) l i l Io .ra l . l o .' r . nJl ,-.1 ( I nd: ' ) \ \ - , inq .i r" J t1 o (r,)J o u h d d l a l k d l o J r l l nai .1,. sr to lhe little girl:''Itlnl lorm rre you in?" artl.1 Sh-" r//ndir.) She Natried lo kno\r (Iar torrn lh litue gi.l iras in. (\' e z i i i $ t6 5 3 . 1 0 !6)
O bse r r a lic 2893
precedi sulieotul. ca in ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"e . u b u rJ o n a lc o r i "" pr "p u zili,ir tprosrli!r. l. : lul in'lirprt: n s d .n ro p u z ilia rn, i ',l.,ogali!t. st'1\..tttJ rr rr. 2 l5 li ) e m Aifi i nd s i r\ ; z i S tr'. 9894 2) Propozititoxclamatirtr. CiDdpropozilia reprodusiesteexslamativi r-erbrrl de declaraJic cstcinlocuitcu urr altul (arc sircupfin(lirln,tclosul indicat. de exclan\&tie:
l o i l rc m r" J /)l e i d I L .i ' s g o l Dr a $al kl " / r t . , S he. . d i d (tntli.) With dn ea.lamatj,no/./'r, sh. asfted to so lof n Falk $iih lheni. On. ) ''llhat a nice roonl" she exclrimed. 1/1,dt., She dd,rtr.d lry nn,erooli.
2896
3) Tre(ut urlllat aleprezcnt. - Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dircl conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,Sliinlific. u r.ersalvalabil. sau constituind un obicei ori o caractedstird a subiel]tului (S 2841). indicalil'ul prezeDL din"n,nuni,1r, .. l1l.' !inp ir rril,,l ia,'ir.. . t.' ,,u 1.cc"Lrarc., itl"ii '1.ral.r bilitr ie in I'rezerL: said:"Thc eleotrlnic lfain ncacrn{/trs nistakes." frir./ Theloclurer sa:dilie electronic brainnoverrnad.nristaks. f/dil.) Th! lecturer lFormn uiilizald in specialin limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd reproducenr intocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l (Ldn.l He sa ihc clccl.ronic }rain nerer,ltler injsiahes. [Formn intrebuinlatri iIl special ln limba rofbitn, accertuind ralabi]itatca faptului i pra.cnt.f
9896
4) Sholl. Will. Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvintl sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi, indifcrcnr de |crsoana la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul folosil dc aularul twintdar ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden!e timpurilor.
Stil direct
Stil irdirect V iitor par

nol hcar lrour i'cr s.r rd. ShesaX! she 'noll I.said I ..n eld llal llc piano xnd yau 4,o&l,r rsk ],cf Io maur' 1,im lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lld She lold me I (orld be tt&I. lle said lhc fllrld nave goDelromo.
s 9897
I said: "1 sl"lllrlaytle
ShesaJs: "l .nd.rlnot l,car lfon ny 6on lor ]r'ana aDd yo! Ftll
Ha thoughlr "I rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me." Sh csaid:" T ot , t U lc l i rc d ." H c sai( l: " S l, c ( t / r ha \c g o n el o n rc ."
01c StiI direcl,

V iitor
I said to hcr: "l a?,'i. iorglt to wrjtc." S hes a i d :"Il X ouqill ir el! c ,Ie i l rl e l l y o rl lhc lairy talr iou want r. heaf." He s, o: l-ou inau hcar lron nie ,elore lorlg." Tlrcy said: "-sl?.V,all br rniardfdl" C a n tl He said: "l rolld fo ir Jo! si.rl, ast
Stil indiroct
aolitit
I promisedher I eo&ldn't forget to $'rite. She told me that jI I strard helD her. she ten mc lhe fairy iale I iranted to ^,Lld lIc said I riould hearlrom him llor long. Tl'fy sai.l s| s/DLld bc rcwardcd.
$ 2898
lional
I]c 6aid h rorld come
s 2899
I trl e r Ile asked nlt': ".$all I sl.ak l0 her?" I askd: "ll'or'r Jou have a dri k \itli
o g a ti a II.i :rskedme jl he slartd sFak 10 hrrI askrd rhrm jf ih.y (ortlnl hale a drink
S 9fi 00
TendinlRactuali de simplificare ;rt.n iuc tnsi qi aici, ca si la inlrebuill- g 2901 tarea au\iliarcJor si(ll si rill in l l.fribiri (g 1831). lla nu aduce modjficiri ln , arul r iit"rulci \^liri\, Lnd, Lrtiliz"r"., auriliorelors/,o/rsi il/1, , \pu.d n.i in-inr " r'l rr" r'5'rlilor gr. n,..ll.rl, .lri.l. t$ 18!6J.,.rp ron'orrrrl "u tcndin_tele limbji actrale. In cazul viilolului pur insi, auriliarcle acestuiasint Inlr.bu|l:b. r. rilul In.ir,.r In modul oLignuil idi,i srdl/ la pFrsoana l. diillJ p,r!'Jnr.'2-a.i,,3-u indihr"nr ,1. c"\i liarul inr', buirrlJr1n srilul di',.r. .\srhl. t.-n'ru ., rclui p.,rnplnledc mai sus. irr li-nbo pnelpza a, lxal.i. in "qpecial in linrba ro1,lld. se irlrobuinteari in mod curent urriitoarele
Stil dirert i'iiror

Sl,e sa]sr "l sla, noi. liear lron Dry son I s . ,l : "I rftollpld\ l! F iJ n oa rl l \' o x r' /l b inA ." lle lhought: "I sloli asl h.r l.o lra.,'J nc." Shc said: "You n i?l be tir.d." Hc said: "Shc rUl luvo gore homc." They ihongl,i: "\\-c rlalJ soonI. gojng on a t ou r o i i r s lc r lion. "
Stil indirect pttr

not her. Irom hr son lor 'rill l.srid I srodd play ihc tiano and hc ao&&l lle thotrghl hc oodd ast )icr to ma.ry lrinr. Shc told nc I snoLd h lired. tlc said slic Qo&ldhave gone home. T|cv l,l,ouchttirel r'o,lJ boln ne uoinq o! l o rr o l i n sr..ti on. ' Slle s3Xsslie
s 200:
I, r'ill Ia persoaraa 2 a gi a 3 a) /slnll Ja persoana
V iito/ rolitL, ta loaie ]rt$oan.lcrid,i?lla toalc pcNoaDel.z) Lsnou Shall i slilul dirrct rimine.rinll in stilul indirect. Il-ill hr slihrl direct rimine o ill ln stilul indirect. Se ra l,i ri insn "qeflrna de regulile {le corespondntda timpurilor. Exemplele de la $ 2898 renin, deci, neschimbate.
l Ye zj S 15i- r 7- t 503 ,1 5 1 4 - 1 i ,l I s V.zi $ 1507,li1r l- -1 5 1 3 ,
e14 S 2903
srNTAxA FFAzxr
Construofiile rezultate din dorint a de simpLilicarc au insA dezavantajul de a fi uneori alrtriguc ai, pentru acest trotivr .qlnt condamnate de puri$til fD".JT."j.r:'.\\"Jr?r''v,.tu "t,Ln.\. -rnp r,,1
(In l.t.) lt er -" \ I n"J / on t h. \ " t , r ' r 1. \
llyill tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie sugera un .riitor volitiv: ,,nu por sr rc lrLnzur arum'.1 flzdtl, Tliei' saythey slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t. fFolosirea auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6 vorba de un riitor pur.l Tot aslfel:
fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr " f/,.di;.J Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.
fly;? nrl, Inlr .buin'ul in J."it "]- npl,r r1 l, ul t,",n"i rld'l rr, impu"ri de rcsulile gr-,nctj,5le strictp,po,lte avea qi aici inleiesulvo)itiv: ,,nu-orea sE m"i aib . \ . i ,l 1., li,il "i'.1 ' 2001 5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootivemodf,lo.- \-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5 S acelorasi reguli de mai sus: Stil dtect
He said: "Yon .d, like, " cone I'ith mc ii lou
Stil indircct
Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl lLin iI I lilted.
SIe thonglri: "IIc Da, be right." I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eotrn to (1,h0) uniraNitv." I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-" I said: "She oa6h to know."
Shc thou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt. I sa he na-"r irofh il lj. $,anhd lo so uD i o (l h e J uni ve.si ty. I srid hc rrlsr / ras ro do his homeivo.k. I srid shc oa3nrto know.
\'erbelc ruusrs)L ought rjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0reain stitul indirect, " lulna pra/, n, -Frrrnd ad^s.nrj:r I, n tu 1.. l., '1 6) lllodrl iqrpor,rti{. - tr'lodulimperRtiv de\.ine ialiniti' in stiiul indiroct, S 290; iar verbul de declaralic esle jnlocuit cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o rugiminte. un slat:
(t)i.) fie said i.o \ts, "Co and rci'[.,ae ]ra.k againl', (Indir. ) She at.tcted t\s to sD and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain. /Dir.) Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl" (L1d.it.) trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I'r. (D:t.) T r' ""r oid I u|"|: Da1 t a" \ ' t a\ ' . t b d . , - t i " . \ j . . r / t 'n I ' ln! -. t T"d, I o t i. pd l q no' t o t D ! - . l, , r r , a, 1 " " r o / d.i
Fn.
7) ycs.sino sinh inlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept, to agree,to ts$2906 se tt to dns',per i thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o denA,to refuse, to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioeeLc.). "Ics, woa.eco'ning." fu,.) The\-sd/d: (r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett t6 con . frt.l We sztl: "llo, wc havcno! leen lhcre."
(Iad.it.) \ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.
$ 9907
8) Sny.si toll. - Cindverbulros.ry,careintroducecitatulr areun complemcnt indirecl. el steinlocuit cu lo tcll:

(Dit.) ;\1t: srid t nc: "I want ro\, to sins Ior me." (Inti.) st\t' toLt tue ihal. slrc rvinte.l me 6 shs 10. lier. i\ , r bl n, " , ) o ,o l ." ,.d ,t.rt v ..,.i 5 rrrj o n " ti v-rr...ure.d nrpa,.Jui ndi " J. ti ve l ' f p. c nr " . \ C Cr a { ' , at Bil. " p ..,r, 5
STEUL DIRICT
FI STITI'-
]NDBICT
016
lri'rd:i" rt"(' 3int S 2908 9) l'ocntirelc t.i)l.aiti l -I',rtks anIt Ceftle 'n", ".nA jJ" J I p li\;: i . . \ i rP Itd"u | i | | n l o u ril, a-",.1, ,n.: ....1'F"r:: | " "
' a, a\ . . 1", ' ls ho\ y ur r r', olr'r-"dr^sho\ 'r'n"'p)'li ,i..:,:' hc'1" (Di ) "L.at trer. J.ht," saidl 'rl.n't uPsei' ((tJ nol' lo ufscr nfr' a/,ri;.,r I {:ilrii Io)rr. d r;.r.tttt t L, rl.", ..il dn \ 'l i
nt in pr."lo/ili sc"ur Irra S 2909 vttti p lur \'rli!,nox ,ld \iir ,'f '. f: rr!r//'1?rtrr'3 J | r-1..r'. }-,1)ei{{ ',,'lur 'r "'' p'r' 'n!r'd ":'r i.rhut,lir' .l".lrr ii" .'te li tr .u!:
Iy @ ' rh o mF' tl r, tH- dr l. - l l ' " " l ' m \' n 1 !l P n L rr) r' P ' nonP o u r' l , ' \' rl l ) ' " r' i ,1 d i r \ t " I l ba p i ' rJ u d n $ r! l r ' ,,r,.., r ' ' . l r' u 'rJ ,' r' i d o ,u ro shrl r' " iii ;i '. " ":)' 'l re b u i r ai' , J r l: . r ' nnt o n l i e n l s l c i a 1 i rrtre t' u i r' l a i i pru' ruru' l or de porsui rri r S 2910 l l o r,frrz i i .P c " tru J.' " \rl i ; l-j r \i xe rI r r . - . m d, r r ,' l " ." u ri I ' ^ ' r-i . sp
i;i " : " i, . ; ; . u n .. , "' ; ' . ,,t'.'.r -ru p ,o n u n 'r,

ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv li rlritot ln parantczn:
' r ar ir , ir ' 1"1û1.
i t mct { /D;.I J ol, n: iajdr" La n )e .. In I b r0 l l c r w c l i t l ' o th e Isl c ol Man.1\there loi." I likc n e tL.ni mi s lrirnd ol rr' 1" 01l l an' r!" \' o u ' )i d | E b to tPrrd d h " n l o It t Jv r $ o m / .,k ,J i tu r.,./,. o/.d- Jn.Li sauj r" ' lI d, rl ' ' l { ' h r| a d b " n l u " h. *;;l ,r, \l " r' tn" rrl d |l l'" ,,l ,t. ll , r ' r pr ' \r " ] , , at . , ' . . -l i j ^ l ,t ' r L ,d J l o r. r/c ,,,,) lr, t r -_ , , r n n I Jrng. i rda" . i r oh r ' .: -r:_ \o ' r' ' r" h ' l p ) o 1 ' \' 5 IL ,r.t: U ' LJn r o hr\F i ; , n .r " i; : i 1 1 ' 1 ' /rr tT''i ; ) " "i go honn:" /rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio: "J h.rd Lrcl.Lr. iZ"a;l'.; r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he a!'red) hrd bcti.erqo home'
TII. INTENOGIT]I $I NEOATII

I\IRODUCERE
$ 291r
(Peniro un sluiliu eonrpltt al accstui capitc,l a se consulla,'Indicelc alfabctic", pagina62il). Peniru forrnarea inlerogalii sal rr'g 1iti, \'tlbele se tmpad ln trci cdte $ 2Qt2 gorni .\. l'erDr le.rir?lc, ru fu.clie dc vcrhe prircipalc, carc alciiuisc marea limbii cngleze majoritate r lcrl-relor . r'urni. li !"rbe '1,''i 'l- t 71'" 4roL otau' ut Sp ;tl t"p .t, not I B, .'rt outiti'tt' 'l [ 't, ]""1t1". FiLit.s-). ' -t" put"" (IO BD, TO H'\!E''l O DO li TO cal,egoria rcrbe dirr ,l C. -'\ Ll-I) tuirciic,rrcaz; i c^ autLliat'. 2,1 llnul u""t e il categoria 1l (t)\RD ;i NEED) au 9i funclie de /erDe prlncllaI. f!!uLat..
1 Isl eof M dnI x lt . ! h Marcr Irtan' tei (l i l i tal u d a i l ,!tra d i tri re i n s u l d e b ri l a n i ce
^"'lijiiiil"il"-r"
18ii. s .r!iro,
tt0
s 2913
{i 2914
INTEROGA'fIA
{THIt INTDRRO{l-\TtVE FOIiM)
A. Vo ole loxiclile. - Aceste 1.rfbe forlreazi interogalia cu trjuLorul lormelor auxiliarului DO, urmate de ilfinitivuL inconplei al verbLrlui de conjugat. 29f6 Ordinea cuvintelor tn prolozilic este urrniloareri tlo (tLor:s sar d.id,)t S sLrbie.L + inlinirivul {fJrd'/o, al vprburu,JF .onj',gr : You o,rt lo a footbailmatcli. My sistcrstoid Jatanese.
Jack /sddi his score. ,o Lo'! lv.iie a sorata? ,o.; Ja.k rcid his s.otu?
Dtd ti,ey go to a loolball malcl? Did lou. sistc. st.ak Jrp{nese?
Formele intrebuintate sint: do (]a indioativul prezent, toate pcfsoanele cu excepliateNoanei a3-a sg.),drcr (la i dicativul prezenl, persornea 3-a .i infinii,ii.uL sg.) sau dA (Ja indicativul tre.uL lort periornele) incoarplet 2916 tn toatc cazuriLp. Numa; rux;Liarrrl DO se l.mbul la infinitiv r,lni;ind ionjugir, $ neschimbat:
Do I c al? Do I &, m.y l,aif row? Does shc d, Lcf iasks d.!ii.r'? Did theX d,) thci. roon Lt'cfls.lfcs?
Pentru intrebuin!arenarrxiliaruhi DO dupn pronu cle fi adjectivele interogative, vezi $ 1028-1029. 99f7 poetic { ln siilul se intrebuinreazn incn uroori ior;na veche de intero?atie oblinuta prin inversarea verbului cu subiectul, firi interventia auxiliarulur DO, procedeu care aduccin plus o nole subtili desuelil "Uadam,howlind ?oz tl s !lal?"r ",tdp vo, nX lo.d?":
"['hc.c died sne2"s "\vl\tt fcdr you! ThnlI yi! tii; i lion"s d.n?": "For il she be not lor me. lv ha i .a r. 1 ro r s h o m s h e b tl " ! "-d,ds all ou. noDth-long lo!. ir t|isi"5
( 2918
B. si C. luxilia&le defettiromoilalcDia xiliaroloBDJHAYE, DO, LDT. lor dupi cum verbere inle,'sed.; .lr surierlrrl - La formainterogativi, aceste urmeaz5:
B, AuriLtd.rcIc Pot[tir
I .aa come Nilh .l-'on. Io! tuust !trt it down. [le arsn, to have known. lYe sldll spnk to her. .\'lc 9o,id nave listened. I see ,ieg ldru comc i!. :Y. ll, , l- + " . '
5 l )r{4 IF JI'.
dcfectie?
-
mod.ale I lerog&tie
Ca, / coNi Nitlr trtr? Misht h. ialir.x ;l? ,ltrst yotr !'rl, ii d0wn?. Ouaht Nheto harc knoND? .lld, (,e sp{k [o hlt? I''ozld sie h|lr lisldted? Iios ddld ,oa oome ini
. H .a n t4 ..tl ,i n " a t It.4 n a , t.
- w
I Geo.ge t\riUie., Ifha! carc I! 5 R. Elidscs. I Wiu Not Ilt 'rh.c Go. 6 S"u "Np.d Wr p' , ' il doqnl l"ln l sit onim cu NDltD.J \ ' ez i S 2t 6n.
Dul ll L s T
" \ l f i n '. 1 , , p . p 'i L 'r r . liind d@i
IN:TEROC^TIA II NECAII^
61?
C.
'luritirnclt Po.itLr
ltlt
H.tl L:, DO, I'81' Be I nlercgalia
s 29re
i,'j:.1:.:",T;.","" a **l ," ror ne i,'r go

"
ror ,?, s,r.n , n.JJr. At(nli r !
: fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,
,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;"" """.",o tor' Autiiar
J n'"ddr/ ,lflii.ri:-,-.1i." -
NiiLD s 2134.
DARE s2,25iii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,, ,^,.8tft#riiiil 2145 215:J

NtG,\'rIA
(T l l E \" D (;-\T M F 0 l tN )
$ 2920
$ ns&liA rormcaz; relioare r vcrbrre "nt rt ccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi urrrrir std inr''liar 'ubi',11i
I srlrd r sonatr. I do no'li&'t' n'ir.a sorata'
'lrrp.i 'ste ,t;iiiii,t"i" , a" -", ".,;,"" ::.li;, ;S;';,:f ;;i't ill,t;1,|t.',lll'* i ii:;".::,,:,!;;,\:i':i,':i:";X 1;1;r,.j;l;,rl. {i:;:i:l!";!:i'i:;,fr:'il,!"J"iilk':y 2$22 de negalj. aleituiiii fdre interven{'iaauxiliarului DO' se S fo.^. "*lt" rn srilu) Pr"tic: rn,; mentine ' _f hos '
It ,unr..s zo, $10 I 's' "l'.il n", cur lasi""r cl ' nu " i nl i ' ;' Loi Cn .,tr uc liil, 1" n^ c I P rp ' ! n " t k o /' n o ' / pro0ori ti i " uhtn unoi r' 1 ' rrl i n rl Ll ,r,r er ce o ri i .,iI r ' or ' , z r r ii . l i n ' ;.. i ' l , fb ,.l : 1, , I u ' ;s o t th i ' l i n t l t' 1. lcs, : | ' ''
ill' lh ' r ' 'J s r . ok \ at . I t r o t at ' "{'lio tlou alt I l'nat l br ' ot h ' ? 0 r t h y n r m ' ôt"r -
n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;."
"'- rf. V"r,',i" 1,,BE: ro H.ttF. Uo. I t:|]:i doforli\ol'Inodcle' . ! ?1':3 .i ,t'irrlitrlc mo,lat;.' Pt' foziriil' ' are 'on\in retbtrl $ 29!r rmt,rrt ra BE -, dupi i " r , f + al:",,",;1 ., i'1" i-'ii' ,,,ri'i\' Jr". - in " o ' I u " " n ^ g a lid l : c r rr tl to BD
N qatio
T he1 r.r. ltofla n'Jr' H e ir g orri.lo r I \tr lk . ]ou (.r {rr.n i n r dr i I an nr t al ho m e , 'flov ,u.., r,,h,?.cu 'r Itomanian ll. i, / , t is , i g o i r 's t o r u l v a l k - . 1, r u. / , , . , ot r " e . . n / g r v r l ' a m e d a r
1 \:.z i S 191t .
I J - p- nl' t li . '' ' D l n . l ir t oii, it t :r,l r- r ' i1\ j,.,. .t'F1r" tl t: 'r 1": ' I D t nan ' 6 (i G BJ.on. I o.r"s'
: 1 1 ;;,r l '.,i I ;i
i ,' .\".',",ur \ o rr' A rrH, rin L ord n " ra r' F i r.dndn.;n" ',,
; i{"iitt"ji';11i rl." r NB.ru of ira&c,h.
61E
s 2e25
l b. ) V " t lt J l I .an oornc\riil Xou.
'1it
t.
Jo1'
I c unt ut t c I n 't . o , n c {i l l t y o r I t e m iJ t n . ! r a t i l h t a t n o t \ P i l 1n! t ! t nu s t r 't i u i i t L l o N n r ,
He ,ugn, tu have ktrown. We snutl speak to hd. She ,,orld harc lisl-cncd.
Hc orsn, ,,&rtn,a', to havcknosn.

\\( shdtl aotlthan't spcak io her. S\?. tquld tutl(ouldn'l harc llstered.
2926 2927
2) Yerllul ,,to IIA'['D" are un regi,n specia] (S 190; 1912). 3) Locul rregn:,tiei. - Nega,tiase pune tlupi primul aux;liar, d rnodurilor inpersonale: Ho ,rozld not havelelt.i{ork undone hadhe not ldt 1U.
inaintea
Noll 4 rl 4 s s " 4 4h p ' r" r,I h | { p d r' rr' . bp. i l l d\dv. { ol/r' o " ,;s y o u n ;n .l d l n r.^ ' l i / -r' o.\., af;.' ri \p. bccn liitle kno\rn. Nerfi ,"odd.as, bclore, Uic nclodji had I wanlcd you nere. r, rr'ln rgain. ALTE,PROBI,NUD RNIIRITO.IRII T,,I.NTGTTIL
2928
t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol. Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este lniocirit cLradjecrivut negariv n0 l: n'I anlJ) ' \1'e har" children (sau D, d,y uhildrfrl. 1'herearc '@ no llowc.s on rour dcsk ls a u nol a4! floivDrs).
QitlLotLI, eitlrcr... Iltc regdlii siill net'er,no rn.t noln, notliltg na,xhere, no\ nal, ... nar .1c. lic ! ln protozi,tiile cirp conljn te nogalii dccil adverbul rlr, nu se folosetto S 9929 rrl).ilirLulnU ld cons'uir"a lorm.i n-r ir- x vprbuiui rrrJi"'rl
Lo sLatrdup .r'rd rtiilc. She {aats m ncou.agemenl I adld. soo he. nowadays. Nobad.rlno otu ol th.\t,\^rne evef rto.k.d in our ofiioe. We head @,it4s lrom thcm to. l.wo dal's. The DaBsbook \./asnrolB.d to bo lound. H lelt lho party drlo&r srXing adyihing i,o anyonc.
Atc
S 2930
b u l n Lu dF " il o s t n g u rn n a 0 !1 " l ' l l r o p ro l o rrlrF npnsrr! r' urI u aasra .au7a adverbul not este omis o de clte ori in frazi er.isti o eltl negalie, fie aceasta adjeciiv, prolurne sau adverbl lerbul r[mlnlnd in forma sa afumaiivd: You do no, knorv anylhing about chenistry. There has bccn no tr.rin si ce the 2.30. I shall dre. beh.rr" like this aeain. H did zo, find anylody in. H" l l rn d a o b a .tJ.d r n o ^ w ) tn . d v \i n .i h Pf. S , " /.e .a i d zone. " i had Childrd I " a Many peoplecan rern". sing uo. dancc.
' :an 't r"d tut l npdn' t joj ir ' lo\ v n . t d uD' i . n l v F r b . l 4 , . r . p l r , f l , d n d n " " " s l fordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6). tai.ea, ste siDonim cu zerii Fi cind lni.cbafca cs1,o
( $ 2933) ,q.ceasti regulese aplicdti in cazulsemingaliilor 2) Dublo negario. de limba ronAni. in limba englezinu 6epoateintreo) SDredeosebire
IMEEOGATIA
ST NECATIA
019
o lormi d{rexpri- S 293f in gpncre Construcliilccu mai multe rgalii rcprezinta sus urrni'0-relr de n'oi lrnlo lrr n,arFin'ullJ. \r' ", p ru,u rr,mp1'lc q qi inc,pitorrrinirrr'plFrrprc'uu'rno dinroreLLe. ulrl:/al, '.-""i -den!ii r;d.l .un.rr.. l., r,'1"'irr .lin l:rrba tumlri: fl"ora", You don', tno\r norl'Agal[rll cllcmistrX.
(Nu itji njr,ic djD .hinie ) t lr 2t j llr ' a\ t ) l n r" k J , n : ' r ' T t rr r d., 230) m il,s' r'i u1 r r pndupir r ' r Lld r\u (Incarcct.) \n l\d aobodlJ He did, nat {Nu a gisil le nincni acasai.) 5l p tA cf s,ln tuth ig k hht t - ( t nor et t ) f llr. , ) ni(i ,", a m LLin , n ' r odf ir nr m r c I Uu^\ D a r' ,a' 'tr,j/". . it A t a, ) an " t l@ 141) n' r oiddqp/ pl r"r ' l' r 1l rr''i' r\ l' i. l
D] Cuvintete r.iI&u'... nor..rtrl lmpreuni in a,rtealcr Propoz{re:

ll , .. , ,, .r.f \i F ,u
nor stnt nega.tiicorelativecarepol apfuea $ 2939
n' ns-l" rr'rdl -i,,it.,,''.,-.'' .l S.nrir.grliito. Propozilillcc"rn ronlin ' u\.in F cu .inlel's otr^'um S 29llll npsaLi\. ..' adi'; i\'la 4/,/- ii I'v (iIrIe'p'larc !l'drrr'^rur npnnrnrrld'' it i o Ll. ii;; , ,r''it. a.lr-rl,"l" t'ori"1';'or'el't; sau ronsrru'iin s"'nerturPF"rro sr nFgsrr\'i ""iir" ln lorrna I a\pa \erbul p, toni ttn' ';n, . n ,ompu:' irF 0.turur3: esl;,.szlrl'. ,rj aoi^.i\\,1 onf tr cu formFlP or 8o d"gal'einlercsting' exciling do anvthing anlane' Ile lirr& hew hcF 1o t.lk t.
lcatect ) $ a r L 5 o 'v 'l 'P 'P U r d i d ' /" p at,l , n ouf boc r J ing_l' ou. e. $r ' os p n ' 'o r ' i. , *"'t, li i"tt i t' i r r s , s r no i r nr ' : r F s J nd r ' oFd l i r - " " ^ , , ni I ;i.L1 ndpdy ltnos' {h^r ta sal (Incortl) llr ttirln 2 i.tu. c. sr s lr r n ) I , drllv l^ e w $lo l to s J Y { t or d, I can t l' lD /,r la ue l $ha1 | s pP hF' l' : nd t I n or P I l 112 lot sJ ,2 rr4 ind v , r l Lollnr l ) . . t r of t t ) | " r, . j ' I d,rg ,g $l' nr I s " t ' " hll fln'olt"/ Thfv s.n', s.o/.elrl lisic! to lou to! d.,,. de lile arnd l/N; ror rs{lh lhey \rill s.,,.../l lisl.n 1.olor no\" {Lol'cll r/nolet) n) L any noF ' t h., dr ' , otu 'a I : r ' Pl r ' ' r r - - ul I lr r'Ir r ' ' ' lI r' ttltnt l/ r ' /l ."I- J s . \ ' ul It:.. t,! ;! n p i nnlr r . l c u lir r bi r om Sni: -, ,, ml dr., ir, (frcj nPgrrr4 nin.ni irl t\ \rtir iciad.ad li ,\o or. elcr cI]lrc (0 ffsati!) P" r I n " " d r i : l / , 1 ,,.u, n' t "": "J . ' , iU g !'J Yl n n; , an, l' n. \ r. ,, \\' ;'\' \
, hiJ . . n. ( ( ar c . ,
cor !i ne qi i n $ 2934 d l l n r r lc c az ur i. 1 n l u n c i i .i d e i n l ' l ts o l ro p' zi 1i F poate dp\rne l al ' srrl o' esr^r! i r" u d rr r^ g .l i r'.i u, lim b a "r^ ., r a " l u fi , . r, o zi ,i ')!' n' l' ! |nJ u|inJ o| e ' ,-" 1 a ' ' " ' | c U .U n c | rl | .| 3 t uare .r sc n. ulur n! P J l11 d l l H rn u ru ri r Il " I' L :l l a \" rn u sn' , L " r' , r . , 1. r " ll. r A r arrsdasom ,,. o r' -| .r'_i na' 1 ,".:, " ' r' ' \\d l i d r.,r' ' " in ! vasc .nr lloNcr aL ierst ) oI lhJJ'ear tlac was .Contririul ncsaiilubi.
0?0
srMAxa FRAZEI
You must4 r ,D, hrve him heretor tlie llolnlrls. (: You dusl r:.hinl.y have him here Ior ihe holidaJs.) I car! swea. zofud, l.ook it.l '[d he eic|lime{i, Aivins uJ tu o{Ltnpleol tli. emlhalic usf ol llie eSiti{e: ',\nd d ,.l i " o, F r o r / { " . " , ;n ^ b i ' \ n o m o r " "l p _, 1 2 935 B \ is t d t ot u g i o fo c m d rl e d u b l u re g a b i vj foarte frecventi i n l i nba enS glezai. .d.e este ecbivsleni5 cu o afirmali, li arume o constrrctiie in car negalia esl,eunrati de un adjectiv sau adverb fornlal ru un prefin Degativ: lt ia t ot ; t upa.t.h tp i r i rp r;.' L ,l ' ,r" 8 l , " " hv ,,i .j h' .,1 P . r |r r ( ir . r ' 1 .' r.,,o ,,@ ' r{ .r ( /r.,ru i ..u rrnoL) i 1 rl , ,,,.,' .J, H' . al r ^t u" * t.o 1 ,tb L ( q ri . . J ,o ,,,L i " )d -:r" o (u o b ' . 5 2936 3 ) V er bd " t o d o " . - Ve rb u l to .to e s l e a l i t, auxi l i ar, ci t;i verb pri nci pal . ,\;adar, la fo|rna intelogatii'd gi la ceA negativii! verbul pdncipal lo do cste din grupa I conjugat cu ajutorul auriliarului ll0, (a oricare vc.b ldncital
{ s 2 e 2 1 )':
I / , n, { ! ir . - h. d; lr ' ' r o o n Hri dll liis tnslis.
,, (1 r(i 1 ." " t d,l rr\" :n' l ,' ,1 \vi k. t.. " ,i 1 ,,-,sh' .7o r," ;,r.,r,' l 1," , ' m.' ,rl (inrilinr) I'e do lprii.ilxll l,is lsks?
s 9987
INTEROGATIANEGATIYA
(THD IN-TORROG,\TtVD NOGATM !'ORiI)
Ir propoziliilc irterogativ negative. negal,iasc punc inaintcu s bicctulai ciDd acestaesLe un substantir.,insd drpd srrriec,cind aceslaost un proDume:
is@,ic{c, trryra { l::#,jt;i"1,i/:i.?1fi:., ron,rasno,sonehomc {ill:i:'/jffili.Ti'i,$?:,11iTil..,

yer. Darry does no, slcak Bob and ran cana., cone "*"
\ 20c8
S 2939 a) sor/Le \:
{ B:::;,,",fiiil:'"Jl},{:i:lX,*" { 3:ii'#fl;1/3"'i;'il"{":k;i ''
\Yhy should i.,/s[oulda'r ta']/ kno$? \Yhy should si? n dslouldn! snd ktu(? SOITI].ANI. NO. NONN
se intrebuinl,eaze: 1) neg t g0nera.li. - In linii generale,

niqte, ceva) tn Propozi,tiile afirmati!'e: ol teaching. lle haslotu experience
5 29{0 . _ ,) a.n!)l: fiqLq ceva), sinonin ct tor}c, ln propozitiile carc conlin o rnierogar,resau o presupunre: H:.vevur loujh! daa tnsh .rFUnrol v: .In ru:,1i.) l w uJ;iv tou ,n".,P-.u".r'l tf I Lid d,? r;sh.i,r,
, l" a. s t 4< c rp tu c e l " d .u . n " g rti : s . g .i s a s. ,n I,mpo,i .' id c.ri t" . . c r . s i . , r DO .," .d n ru d r (Ii m p trl ' . O O,, ri l l i 1 :rc" " asi 6i ' ur1' F. o "D". d u .isi n" u ...i mbarF tn pori l i a ncgdl i Fi ll r pbui4la- a tn " m " to f.o n ." .,.F' trrl - " ' dnnl _ oronumelestrbicot. iFoma Iungeneconlirasll l/Do,sil aor spcak? ,, thcy tu, read?l nu este obijnuiti.
NTMOCAT1A
9T NECATIA
0!l
, lrlr rre n e g { u! e I
....,r) *tyy.
ro (: ni(i un. niciot,none(: niciunul,niciuna)ln propo- g 2gl1

I havcnl zny s6[ers. I havo ao sisters. Siste.s, I have nrnc_
An y, I n dlar d de lole l s u l p e c a re i l a re c a s i n o n i m al l ui soi nei n propozi - g p![2 _, J re cd re co nlr n o r nt af o g n l ta . o p rF q u p u n e ras s L l o n cqal i r. mai trre un l ntel es e l sd u p ro p r iu_. { : or ic o. o ri c a rc ). C u a c p a s t.i a .c a p l csre i ntrcbui n!at ;i i D { uopo zl l rl re 3nr m uf i1el .1,, apprenticecorld do l[is. (oricc uccnic ur putea faco aceasta.) Give mc a4, oI rtrc noyelson thni sh.lt. {Di-mi oricare di romancl0de pc raflul {cela.) I t ight aay iul tl o r h a v " ,l rv p d l h i s s tn l u c . Lu ii put il o ri .i rr s a rl p ro r6 i s .u tp t.rpa c " ri rd stnrui c?i
2) SoneDody. Somsone..Somthill9. Somowhcre. - ,\semenee cuvintelor S gllt somq anuj no se comporl,[!i lormelelor compuse. someonq somethin$ sonctehere stnt lntrebuin- | 2St4 _ a,l Cuvintele. sonebodlt, gate in propozil,iile afirmativei
Sohcb.dlbo@tut knocked at thc door. He brouqht me roedina new. | 6haUftnd it smtun tuq 291; 6J Cuvintefe a^gbocL!. anyonp. anVthing. aauwherc siot Intrebuintab 0lll, l n .p ro poz iliileint . r oga ti v e . d u p d o n e g a i i e tn c c te n6geti ve, cl t Fi l n pro- Did a^lbodslonlDM tnffk at thc doof? He didD t )rins mc onurtirr ncw. Itrou can tind ir d.yat?4,;etrd it {tol Be ar once. No td
o presupunere: IOzrIre carecon9rn
lntocmaica 9i adjectivulary (: orice,oricare) ( ! 2942), pronumele neho- { 294{t lEdfe.ompuse cu acpsL cuvlnt au intelesul lor propr;u:on\lbodu si anvonc(: oricinel,anythingl: orice).anyohcre(: oriunde).Cu iceasta acciptie slnt Intrcbuin!ate gi in propozitiile afirmative:
A.nvbod!lanwrecot td.h,reotor"totd the consequ.nces ot Jou. .arslec$ess. nno u oo anvrn.zr lor vou. we can takir pitk d,ir-n you tiko. ',
noono,nothing,lowhoro,stntlntrebuinla0e ln propo- $ 29{? ...,3) Formelenobody, zrlue negslrYe:

Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door. Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw. t s halt f ind it ," q h p ." ,' t rm a tri i d .
O b s e r aa lie Ctnd cuvintele some,someboilv, someonc, somethinp, sottei,hete ae sfl{ la 2948 Inceputulunei propozi9ii,negalia nu sc formoazdd;c[ cu antonjmFle ]or r soruDode {colooviatl; sro@ (mai lo.nat).
622 (naL,nond, nobud noxh'rP). .n d"-a doua lormA d. n, sa' 1. na anp.hath:nP. jio, .on"lrLri.i r! not oti!1 n. puri d li intflbuir lsl":
No ncjghbourscame. Jbnd neighbouN canie. ,tond of tle neighbourscamc. -ivon. ol the neighl'ourscamc. IoDodrlro on, knockcda[ thc door. .9ruDod?/s.r1.onc knockdal. ure doo.. .Yotlt s wis missing. soma,liis was missing. (Pcntrr detulji .srtlra Jntreldnliirii aceslor clrlanle, vezj 5 1176-1105)
$ 2949
2950
ALTT] FORI'ID DE PROPOZITII AFIRITATIVE, INTEROGATIVE SAU NIiGATIVD
ngguli gnerdi. - l.a bazatuiuror formelor de la acestcapitol std rcgula g.nprald b pallprn"hri "ons'ru liilor in'pr^gdli\c qi n"ga iIe: l. rc BE. b H,4VL, DO si deh, tivele no.lrla sinl r+elsl.. lL celelalte velbe sint t iocuite, clnd este cazul, cu auxiliarul DO le. acelasi timD si mod. DLt 't und Tndtr' t Qd'stion)2951 t Iufe;oe,ilir diro.ln !i indirftli tlh - (Vp/i g 10z6-102;. 26s3. 2655. 2891-289J) Se atrage in mod spccial atn,tiaasupra ordinii cuvintelor, care, ln irltrogalia indirccti, nu estei *tsald. ca tn irtcroga-tia direct;:
\Ire do 'i knorv sho th^c nen dre lti n\ \ho arc thesenen). TnF\'dq ri- d d; din' \ . r l pr or c s ' - t t n Lot t h o d r o t ! d o b . J i o 0 s .
r o',.1; hor ,;u L r ,",r ;t ri, ,,,. ,..

Tcll me whdi ln!t/ aan;ts
aDd low old ,l'ds o.e.
2si'2
ronliru ri\[ ( t]'p .ap[;rnotiuo nu'riiorJr. - IntFrognltJ 2J Intcrogllli,! m5suri in oHrcusrp coDJjrmali\j islp o lo^r,lr irrcrogilivJ rare rorespundp urmaioalpi ronslru.'ii din limba romir,a:
Conllr r "J Fhl" J lr . ia . i d r a . " - TI F Pos J J is J our ", i 5 i - l ; , l
Ea consth dintr-o lraze cu dou6 propozitii: prima propozitie este o crnsta' ta,'eJlt doua o intreb&re. estinlotdeaunaln conlrasi cu lntrbarea:cinal a) Constat4red e e albmatiyi. lntlcbarae negativi, ,qiinvers,clnd constatarea consLaLarra negativd, tntrebarea e afilmativi:
You hale a son. ioe.n', /oll \o u h r\" n " s " n , h a ,, -Jaa: Slie is in, lsD', srcl She isr'l io, ts sn"/
subict b) Intrebarr:a eslo alcituiti numai din verbul predicat, (un pronume)Si o negaiie ctnil o cazul. un pronwne orespunzdtor subiectuluidin Subiectuleste intoLdetruna prima propozilie:
fliu r sirl is a beauty, isn't sndl ,aniei wasn't ill, was /./ Lu. .ldss didn't couect noughsorop iron, did t? L is still .ai ine. isr't t,l l\an! af the eo;keB go to evcnitrgclassfs,don't ,idyl
t qc ps t i0 dr nr o n o z :l iid n l F ro q rl i tr." ,r )i l :pu-:.p L" m,azr. podrl i D ump di tP p l "7 i sQdat.:on p nl u i nl rog!l i acone s l i ,-r p .l " I n ,"'lrn Fr" rj tp l ^ di' " c > i ; ulor i. F i ra rL rJ lirmativd.
I I{o adj. Fi ,r/@pron.slnt lo.nllc nlgativeale ouvlrtuluisona{adj.Fi ]r.on.nchoHrlt).
INTNITOCATIA FI NECATIA
6S8
Esceplie propozi!,ii:
I particula introductivi\t)tere, (are se mcntine in ambele
7rl. arc tro lasi dowr-rrains in rtrc momilL3, are /4/, I Predicatrulcorcspundevrbului din prima propozi!,ie,si anumo: 4) \ "rbrlr tu BC. ta ll llL,DO6id-[,air,t.modrr,li DrimaDroDoziria B F p.la ir J mJi lnb.-brr-: i.,liniriv,rlsdu parlicit,iu' ""rtutuiprin.tp.t rimin insi nexprimate: 'n Sl.ve ts a physician, i.Jfr tr|?
r. 1 o t .t l y i i g , (" , ,.i r i 4, d" ..' r j L" n , 'rr . ." i ." t .. Y , ir ' / h rt-" , /i r.p \ o.i ' l- ! ' J t l ' s d .i n ;.0 o o k . ro 4 ,i ,: . , k n ^ \ ,.a .,n t Il Y.u. t{DilJ d/ru,t strit fo. r"atr, Ia th.rX?
\;'L ,1 , , / ' aJ dr , u , rp .-.In j p r:, rd i ,i .' ,t.t,. b ) t'."| . ldl. " \ . r bF s in trl ^ , u i r; . r ru \i ti .r-rt n J ti .Lntut " i ti mout ' pectiv fdo sar dodr la in.licalivul prezent, .ttd ]a indicativul tre;ut): Yoll,'rlra a ]rook. d,'r'i vor? Dan ."r,z/is !n3ti;h. d..si't he? Thcy ffar to a strow,dtdn,t rh.X?
res_
(ct. s r911) (7I, nlt.r.ri at _ :r fnlorocnliarelori'll Qttp.tiar)t .o-jti rtintr.o propo- { 29Sl zrrrcjn Frogdlrvj.ora nr utr'dprE dp ldpt r.]qtun., t;ind nurn,i excta11ativd' (rrJdusi.L...\;.1'...\d"vur,tt t. \rp". I lropoziti" dr" o nucnrd rtectiv; p"orrrrn..r r., rprimr d bu"uri.. n"rr.rlL,r,rir:.lurprrnd"co..,m"ni;.ar" "1c., ln ru-nctLe oe rrlrona,Iln, geslL.Jerc, jr TnrFb1r".rr,In"i,d e,tp drirm,ti! ts, I prupoziris pr"c.JDnt,r c arirmrtivi. fi negatii'A dace protozi,tia preccdentne netaiivn: is liere.""ls Ie? I raa glad.,,(Buctrric) "Jack _jhotL'nr''r. Lrhls $onr"rr.,",/.a;." iurlrn|.ro. \m"1in.rro, ''Youl oo! v,.r 1i . "Do L P.r..r...,rL|rd r") "H Jr '1jknowdrr . -rs. Otr. h"do".1r.rii .tt"." l\" irt.umi+.\m"trirtacFr
t r ^, h D .t tto u / 1 tr,-r,,sD ,,l i ti fo s l "I caltedat Tomt today." 'D,,1 3,oa r I rhought yoritwo had lalren out.,'(surpdz!)
eumulaliri' (The C rnnlati?e ,tcaterce, consti diatr-o frazd g 29b4 , .4) Deelaratia
ver Du r l ]l vP r \ i1, c u s ! r Dr o rtu l j) d ) I a a r n i' l' m " , . r 1l s a ;. .i -,i " J . Harry rds an iDtereslingbook, anll s6 llo'id ,/d/ (: ii ei). n nt s o lof f . " ' So a h r L ) "'h e t .,,,,,r. .,rvu ,,, r " . . r oud -- /r.. ( 5 r J d .k ). f r dn. r .-..)o /i .1 rr" Ob se r t alie C"l - doui pr opur ilii p r tr l r,tr-b ,ri r,l " ra d " a .p c dsi pFr.odod. i n a" Fst caz l iind u 'ri l e p r inc anjunr lix a ,/ t,ri .y c m p l ,.l F d " l d p i n ;rut i /a/l ,.au stri rost it a L l ".Jo ud p- r r o. , r e dil " ri ra . ru n i u 1 ' , i r u rr i n " i i i ;d .run, i ;i pri matd Iv" zi
binr u1;tatrin c u v in L a tfe d n d J s o (+ , A l i r ma lic:,r l! Ju ,ri nronoriLri
remplele de la punctul fDll.
{Vezi ii t663_jt604)
1!:9 IIEl:1l 4 | - onw4tdnee auPgh.n.
4 c-aaaatoJ.cp"L"n c4t,sr, cdnLridg". I,28.gi85,onumpEre
'O l.az{ comrrusl din douil ?ropozitii prirctlarel S 2B2B).
624 (+ verbul in.l'ersat \egatia: cele doun propoz;tii slltt ulite prin nor" "r cu subierftul): Tliey o. not nr, nor ir stu {: Irirri '{) TheJ don't know !r.' nor do 1 iheDr ['- nici cu p' ei l$u e])lIL h; loesn't come $c ior't cone eithe' lTi'trll schinbal) nici roi l nL iDaiil el d. ,tt 'on 'etrt ! ! " t v o' r / ln rrtrn ' n rh o " t \r : t oi . ; ' r l; f , a i r" ' 4 tn u l s l ' ru r " 1 / o m ' nn I on u ;.v h n ti rr S ntP nr" ) ' onstd Ji rrl r-o l / f r 0r f ar dlis d i ' j n t' rti \n 1 -f' " { 2 965 "l ,"r"tlr r bli' , ' , ieLj' r r l 1 ' ro p o /i :ri l i i r' J u n i r;n ri n c nnj un' l i i l ' ' urel ati \F(i /Ir" EiUIer sle is lo Llrmc or You-@e' Ilither rou .4r do il or Jdu ' 'dtr dads Dither )_ouslea^ now oL NfJ
'- ln nod obilSuit'adverbul q 2956 scurt (Il' Ji'o/l Answet) tj) Itnq,unsul : in,r 1:pul:l rn r'F buinlar "- - ' l P " re ' ingur s J u r e g" ri ttP t s.n o N :::r r pllliil'lr o. pirsonal " t l" 'n o r i ' (intotdeauna lronumc ."'î a"i'" *iiect liy. "i ""1" er 'rn negali;,'oi ro BE' to.ItAt L' ,i;;l'"verb. i'rsoqit ;;l'il;ii':;);; "r'tu't 'te sAu rnlrnrrr\'rrr
S sjrrtr'p'tuL' sin!ttrLinrispurs ,O si \erbr'lclefective rnodale omt:' llimt participiui lrrlrrlur yintipaL a./ Rnspuns cu advu'bul dfirnaliv sau cgatrvi 995?
".as t/ titf o clo.kl"
1 "\o, ir tsn't/is troi,."

|
".i/a sn 't ic se en ih. n! ?' ":$un ntn b. rn intcrvrl?"
-(:,, .1,Helen g! \o\r't" '1sl{ll 1 r,.cl St s t i ur oc ?"
1 I I I 1
r0 , l . ,d\n ti l os not ' nust ' I' r, i tr' nR rP \o , irrl l l rc /us,n t/r,zrr not 'Yca. sld .oLU " '\o, snecouldr'll.oed not "
1 ,1 ' \1s:. l P l qs."
1 No, ,irr dd, li',iil nor''
..r'a,td !,, t.\ ,o. ,. , nrd)

.na..t 11..1.n.1o, ,jno\ / ',r . /i .,,.,,,, {., L ,/..,,u o,,LUlo$ 2968
.."j""ii1,.i',:;ji,r{r,'l,Jli:";,,, { .:\:1
{ i: ii'o ,.1,"!,,}'"" ..1i. ,; ' , : ' : , , " " " " t
..
,, Doue subieciecu a(liLrni dileritc:

J , r . uul 4! r nus Fr n l l r l i 'd l l r r 'n l - ' -A,e tF Brc,Jt ni' _ rl/i/i lVi.A ind loas ot ol 7d r nr pFln; r "\ ' r "l 'u i ' 'r l l b u l ,r)rd von f /n,4 ". r ld @ r i- I i\ " ' f lr . . Fas id FJ 5 l ' r J 'r " 'Fo !i.. d id, b"t t Vot n ' "at ll, it
un adjeclis scurt,lapropoziliicarelncp cu un pronumesar1 c,) l{dspuns S 295$ . rnierogalrv:

,,6 at thc lectu!?" "Steve faas) " "Who _\ \ , . o n1" , r ak o rP" r' _ I d u rr "iliio"J o"itit t'avn vou rcadv paoked?""J"'41's"
NTEROCATIA
SI NEGATTA
tt6
glish?" "who loan'l sleaL E
I lYe all do a little
out the exhibits"? "Whi(h one of thesc sludents sot&d "TlraI one fdidr'" asentimentul sar dezacordul: .t) Ildspuns care e\priDi - )u u .,i rpr is doine$dl. 1 -\o , s /a i rn l .
I '.vpq ,1? nas. '
s 9960
r h"? -a.// hassor rhp priz"./'dsa

"Io! don't unilerstand lrim'"
l -i a; ;trnid n" /,cn r.'

1 'BDt / dD." t _(,I cou$e I da ' 1 "I .m sorry. I d,n't " r -Most @rtainlY ,F tvill, 1 ' l d o n l th i n k ne,i l i
"You da r\ke ir, do\'r You?' (l't'oz'l da turn uP?"
,.,s/id4 d 8onow?"
{::bx"l'l::i{i"
n " { lii?,.t",'il-"t " rs bes' se@ah "rh. h*eestiry week rast " { ::Bi,%" i"lit " marter the "t rc ioned
t's on Thlrsdav " " "The Neerits'r f= ts) on Mondav "\-o' pl, irnl be?" "Ye6' anil so 'n /' aretr'i I?"r "rl"t to" ora ro" t" tn " l l o ' k e d l hF' al i n l he panrr' v /' c 'ftn u a '" 1= laua1b. F n N i c l (y .tl o -' I ndr' itLstlift tia to do a crazy thing l'fir
.rtut oe ralk onrhe rank."

..He titrs to !e tolular."
{::fii.,?,li""f;,.,.,
"Who dodrn't?" (vezi 9i 5 2663)
r Pe n hu r ds r I ? v e z i | 1 8 6 8 ,t8 8 9 fa r.

Gramatica Limbii Engleze

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ALICE L.

GRAMATICA LIMBII E,NGLEZE

Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d

dL la tnrcpur ftnt lu iirttt.

+ tt ,ntelo\pnit. ,rn n t o r t t r 'p .

lt.n un,,ffi t t Toretrei

,t lp.luln;i.n . pnlpi, d,e

IIORTOLOGIA . .. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . Sul6tantivut

CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . srbstantive comune

C ar ac t er is t ic i. .-. . -..... . Calcgorii dc sulstaniive numcrall

19 7g 19 19 19 t0 20 20 20 2Q 20 20 tt 2t ?1 2X '3 :r4 ,5 25 26 26 t6 26 2tj 21 27 21 3' 33 33 36 37 !7 37 37 37

i lli,;, " ,i-.,ji,,;"0',1 ,;.ror"...''i!ifl,ll"{i'i i";;'i;" rd s,rEUrdr, -2. +h..h-rsnrur'L

,;? ;;i ;;;

iiJi,i. i, ,";*i rormr ", 'i.t!ru"rpr"'p ,'iva l i ; i n l rllisu b slin ti Ylecolectile..-...

ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," Plumle strline

' dr ' . t lu" dl .

';:, 113 :j;

ill ltl i;l

.. ,1"r", i'i" '.. "t'"'par li J ' ro rb i " P Pl u i , r l llor 'ul'

:.. r" r\d..

CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR co ..;o 4- . , i, :, , no. , "

..... .. Deii n i . 1.j.c

... . Fu n 4 i j rra d tr c pr e. . . . . . . . ,. l o rma l , . - . . . . . Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie .

283 !85 300 307 3n8

STA]['I\\-EL OR, II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]B PROPI\II CON{UNE $I SUBSTANTIVE A. SLTBS'IANTI\iE

N otd Unele substantiv absl,racte au si scisu 6chimbat:

con$ete, uneori cu in!e14

r _ .h i r " l r; (.,1 .,ra,,) , i n ,j In " .t..,r .on. I 1 "t

C. SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVE COLECTIVE

.--" {i}i'j {ffl,.

,{r'jntx:s,r "0",*.,a: {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""

.u"'",.," Bill: {$i",i:#{ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil: { iir: 86)

I auiien,er I ili(hl, t sdl arv 1 p ro l c L a ri a 1

din puncr'de vedersrasini dsimiiate, ea alinLent', iri'"l"i.i"te ",'l-ri"r""natical, cr.rnumele de matem:

Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl\'ll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NE\UNIllrtABlLE NUItI]riABILITATII

SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca lNl)

ib oF[ "". ]n ,lDj' 16

k': h'. d :jJk'" d srtrt'r -

tNt s8. ti Pl. I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J Indi\idrrnl

| i nl. t I ss. | I rl I I sc. I I p1I sq . | I lJl. t

deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN"inleles de singulaf qi se 'onlro'te cr al'al'r: "\o

ir suA a,,r,/,e./ i:,t:lli"i'SiJ'liffi;'"".' 'i

ca.nc .a al'm.nt (materi) dc peqte o.t aliment

: ptine . . : piine pr'ljiin

'- mtuunlii, bani nil.unli = sa.c naluau

(in chidie ii m.di' gi,i,!,:*., (Dasdconcrtl,indi{idu{t't)

(nrteri., nasn .onueta)

dsint ({zi S r lt)

s8. a snod (elc.) l@": (matde,mrs, cotro..&l pl . (eonc|et.indi{idnal)

I : uana dc mr.1 , o n rre l ,1 .i n d i .

sat r.reciij J r 'r u l d . . " i a

cu ,.r;1. icinrn,Ll dziiri in -\ng!i{.

: 1t:*.111i'i"H:9) lb:i"$iii.l"1!.ii'fli:'"Xlii".*u,' -*""" ';,jil'iil

mitrs! (dasA couf,eLrl

de materii $ 3 r sint asin'l. cu nunere ,\cestpa

P"nrrirob'"r'.tii g;n"r.l" - '" r'dca $ 158

or. .oe (< Ochs,Kuh)

flcsl 1< r&,rn) tNNl

,{r'jntx:s,r "0",.,a: {;'.:'# {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""

: 1t:.111i'i"H:9) lb:i"$iii.l"1!.ii'fli:'"Xlii".u,' -*""" ';,jil'iil

.i r$ii Tlriiii"ffi ::rlMuql'l-,; ;, j rr!:il ; : .: :l";; :lf Al ;;r'; ;r