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Hazzard and Effect Management Process (HEMP)

Journey Management System/Defensive Driving


HSE Instructions & Procedures
Basic Incident Reporting and Importance
Permit to Work
Job Hazard Analysis
Task Hazard Control Sheet
Workplace Hazard Information System
Environmental Management
First Aid and CPR (MEDEVAC Procedure)
Emergency Response on Site
Health Risk Assessment
Community Affairs
Security Management
Fire Safety

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HSE-MS is the acronym for Health, Safety and Environment Management System. SPDC considers
Health, safety and environment of paramount importance that it has introduced the HSE-MS to
effectively manage its activities in such a way that the inherent hazards do not impact adversely on
its people, assets, the environment it operates within, and its reputation. To give effect to that, SPDC
has several policy statements, important amongst which are:
The Health, Safety and Environment Policy (Aug. 1998).

The commitment to Safety and Environment (Aug. 1998).

These policy statements constitute essential elements of HSE-MS.


HSE-MS appropriately id defined as “a quality management system for managing risks within the
company to assure the protection of its people, assets, and reputation and HSE-MS has the
following component elements of which the Hazards and effects management process is considered
very important.
1. Leadership and Commitment
2. Policy and Strategic objectives.
3. Organisation, Responsibilities, Resources, Standards and Documentation.
4. Hazards and Effects Management
5. Planning and Procedures.
6. Implementation
7. Audit
8. Management Review

The unique element in the HSE Management system is the Hazards and Effects Management
Process. It is a process for identifying the hazards in an HSE critical activity and the effect, with a
view to eliminating them or controlling them to reduce the effects as low as is reasonably practicable.
It is central to the effective implementation of the HSE-MS and is said to be the heart of HSE-MS.
It is commonly referred to as HEMP.
HEMP is based on the four principles of Identity, Assess, Control and Recover. A business is broken
down into its component activities; those activities that are identifies to be HSE critical are then
subjected to the hazards and effects management process. The process involves identification of
the hazards associated with the activity, assessment of the risk of the identified hazards, and the
provision of control and recovery measures. Controls prevent accidents; recovery measures
mitigate the effect of the accident and enable early return to normal operations. If mitigation fails,
and escalation occurs to the point of worst consequence, emergency procedures are initiated.

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HEMP involves the following steps:
1. Identify hazards potential effects: Identify the hazards, the threats and the effects which
may affect, or arise from a company’s operation throughout the total life cycle of the
operation.
2. Evaluate risks: Evaluate (Assets) risks from the identified hazards against accepted
screening criteria, considering the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of any
consequence to employees, assets, the environment and the public, also the reputation of
the company.
3. Record hazards and effects: Record all those hazards and effects identified as significant
in relation to the screening criteria in one of the following documents:
▪ HSE-MS Activities Catalogue
▪ HSE Critical Specification Sheets.
▪ Hazards and Effects Register.
▪ HSE Critical Operating Procedures.
▪ Manual of Permitted Operation.
These documents will then be included in parts 3 and 5 of the HSE-MS Case.
4. Compare with objectives and performance criteria: Compare the evaluated risks against
the detailed HES objectives and targets for the project or installation. For all cases, these
targets must be maintained and be consistent with the Company Policy and Strategic
Objectives. Performance standards of all levels must meet the criteria set in the HSE Case,
which in turn must comply with the Company HSE Management System.
5. Establish risk reduction measures: Select, evaluate and implement appropriate measures to
reduce or eliminate risks. Risk reduction measures include those to prevent control incidence
(i.e. reducing the probability occurrence) and to mitigate effects (i.e. reducing the
consequences). Mitigation measures include steps to prevent escalation of developing
abnormal situations and to lessen adverse effects of Health, Safety and the Environment.
Risk reduction measures also include recovery preparedness measures, which address
emergency procedures as well as restoration and compensation procedures to recover.
Record fully the activity/task requirements as in step 3.
Implementation of HEMP
The Hazards and Effects Management Process can be implemented at any point in the life cycle of
a facility or operation.
When planning the development of new facilities, reviewing existing facilities or planning for the
abandonment and decommissioning of existing facilities, the focus is on the identification and
assessment of hazards and effects that may be avoided, reduced or eliminated.
In the operational and maintenance phase, the focus is on control of hazards and effects by
procedures, and the development and implementation of effective recovery preparedness
measures.
In the abandonment and decommissioning stages, the focus is directed towards safe clean up and
rehabilitation.
People involved in operational activities however should always be alert to identify new hazards,
particularly in non-routing operations.

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Risk is defined as a function of the probability of occurrence of an undesired event together with a
measure of its adverse consequences.
Risk analysis seeks to answer questions such as, how likely and how seriously can things go wrong?
What is the potential loss or damage? Alternatively, what can go wrong? How likely is it? What are
the impacts?
TYPES OF RISK
▪ Potential loss of life, assets, production, insurance.
▪ Potential damage to health including injury and sickness, environment, asset, reputation.
OBJECTIVES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
▪ Provide a clear framework in which all available information is used.
▪ Compare alternatives, particularly in the design phase.
▪ Optimize the use of scarce resources, money, people and time.
▪ Meet regulatory requirements.
▪ Identify economic vulnerability.
▪ Identify hazardous situations/procedures.
▪ Provide knowledge of patterns of events and identify critical parts of the operation.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK ASSESSMENT
a) Risk without benefits is unacceptable.
b) Risk decision can be based on value of the consequences, or the likelihood to obtain a
positive result.
Approach
Estimate likelihood and consequences of undesirable events e.g. fires and explosions.
Define cost effective risk reduction measures providing a maximum level of safety of personnel.

Procedure to follow
1. Identification of hazards.
2. Qualification of likelihood and consequences
3. Evaluation of effect on business.
Once a potential hazard has been identified, questions arise with regard to severity.
The risk associated with a potentially hazardous event consists of two basic elements.
1. The likelihood of the event.
2. A measure of the adverse consequences.
Qualification of both elements is often a useful exercise to form an opinion of the seriousness of the
risk. The qualification is often essential with respect to structured decision making on risk reduction
measures.

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THE RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX
The risk assessment matrix is a tool is a tool that standardize qualitative risk assessment and
facilities that categorization of all threats to health, safety, environment and reputation. The matrix
axes, consistent with the definition of risk are consequences and probability (or likelihood).
A scale of consequences from 0 to 5 is used to indicate increasing severity. The consequences are
those of credible scenarios (taking the prevailing circumstances into consideration) that can develop
from the release of a hazard. The potential consequences rather than the actual ones, are used.
These are defined as the consequences that could have resulted from the released hazard if
circumstances had been less favourable.
The probability on the horizontal axis is estimated on the basis of historical evidence or experience
that the identified consequences have materialized within the industry, the company or a smaller
unit. This should not be confused with the probability that the hazard is released; it is the probability
of the estimated potential consequences occurring.
CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES
The consequences of the release of hazard or effect are identified in each of the four categories
(harm to people, asset damage, environmental effect and potential impact on the reputation of the
company) by selecting an appropriate row description on the vertical axis on the matrix.
Assessment probability
The horizontal axis represents the probability of the measure of likelihood of the occurrences of an
undesired event following the release of a hazard. The scale of the horizontal axis is indicatively
defined.
A: never heard of in the ----- industry
B: heard of it in the --- industry.
C: has occurred in our company
D: happens several times per year in company
E: happens several times per year in location.

This assessment is based on experience and is indicative of the likelihood of undesired


consequences materializing. Again, this should not be confused with the probability that the hazard
is released; it is the probability of the estimated potential consequences occurring.
In smaller operating units or new ventures where experience is limited, it is recommended that the
probability be assessed on the basis of knowledge from similar operations in other operating units.
In new ventures, the potential consequences scale only can be used and investigations carried out
for all incidents with potential 3 or higher. By doing so, every opportunity is used for learning from
the potentially serious incidents, no matter how unlikely their occurrence may be.

RISK CLASSIFICATION
Using the risk assessment matrix, risk is classified by three characters made up as follows:
▪ The first character is a measure of the likelihood of an undesired event: A – E.
▪ The second character is the consequence severity that could occur with that event: 1-5.
▪ The third character shows to which consequences- category the assessment pertains: People
(P) Assets (A), Environment E and Reputation (R)
The intersection of the chosen column with the chosen row is the risk classification. For the same
scenario, different classification may apply to P, A, E and R.

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APPLICATION IN HSE MANAGEMENT
Objective setting is at the heart of the HSE management system. The risk assessment matrix is a
useful tool that can help management in the interpretation of risk (expressed in the policy and
strategic objectives of the company) and help the line in understanding how this policy and these
objectives are to be regarded (in terms of tolerable risk) in their day-to-day operations.
The definition of tolerable risk should be derived from the policy and strategic objectives of the
company and can be indicated on the risk assessment matrix by company management by shading-
in the appropriate area. The shading indicated in the matrix is recommended practice; deviations
can be considered for small operating entities,

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UNSAFE ACT AUDIT

Unsafe Act Auditing is a programme designed to enable a company staff identify unsafe work
practices of employees. Such unsafe act either cause accidents directly or create unsafe conditions,
which could later result in accidents. Unsafe act audits therefore enable management to sense the
safety climate in the workshop and take appropriate measures to prevent accident and associated
injuries. Audits are conducted mainly by supervisory staff; however, non-supervisory personnel may
also be involved whenever the need arises.

DEFINITION OF UNSAFE PRACTICE AND CONDITIONS


An Unsafe Practice is conduct (whether witnessed on not) that unnecessarily increases the
likelihood of injury, violates established safety rules, or is contrary to expected conduct.
An unsafe act:
1. Is an observed unsafe practice (or the consequences of unsafe practice) for which
responsibility can definitely be designed?
2. Offers injury potential to the employee involved and may expose other people to injury (some
rule violations may not directly involve injury exposure).
3. Could be a violation of either an established safety rule or procedure, or of an unwritten rule
of common sense or good judgement.

OBJECTIVES OF UNSAFE AUDIT


The objectives of unsafe act auditing include the following
▪ Increase safety awareness: this will reduce significantly the potentials for accidents in the
individual’s working habits.
▪ Raise standards: By improving or reaffirming accepted standards of safety.
▪ Motivate employee’s subordinates: By changing their attitude towards safety in order to
accept personal responsibility for it.
▪ Promote communication and understanding.

TECHNIQUES OF CONDUCTING UNSAFE ACT AUDIT


There are five basic steps in the conduct of an unsafe act audit namely:
▪ Preparation
▪ Observation
▪ Discussion
▪ Recording
▪ Follow up

Preparation:
Employees should be made aware of this programme, educating them on the benefits and how they
can so-operate and contribute towards its success. The amount of time to be spent and the areas
to cover should be determined. Small work sites can be covered daily/weekly while efforts should
be made to cover all sections of larger sites within a reasonable period.

Before setting out for the audit, review previous audit findings and recommendations for the area to
be audited. Wear the necessary personal protective equipment required to gain entry into the area.
Such good example impresses workers more than abundant words.

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Observation:
During the audit, look for unsafe practices. These may be unsafe act, violations of both written and
unwritten common sense safety rules and procedures of unsafe conditions.
The auditor should do the following:
▪ At the worksite, stop for a few minutes and observe the work activity.
▪ Concentrate on the action of people working and not on things.
▪ Be alert to unsafe practices that are corrected as you enter the area.
▪ Take notes but not while you are observing activities.
▪ Recognize good as well as poor work practice.
▪ Keep an open mind when asking questions. Develop a questioning attitude to determine what
injuries might be affected.
▪ Use all sense; sight, hearing, smell, touch.
▪ Observe for ideas and not just to determine problems.
The above steps constitute the observation cycle which summed up as follows:
▪ Decide
▪ Stop
▪ Observe
▪ Report
Discussion:
The purpose of this part of the audit technique is to ensure that employees participate in improving
performance through recognition and correction of their own unsafe acts and unsafe conditions thus
created. Some of the ways in which this can be achieved include:
▪ Take time to put employees at ease. Do not rush them
▪ Be open, direct and friendly, not confrontational.
▪ Commend good performance.
▪ Ask questions and listen to answers.
▪ All employees themselves to detect/identify the hazards and probably solutions.
▪ Guide discussion, do not manipulate or lecture
▪ Do not blame the help employees
▪ Audits should not normally be used to discipline employees or the company by client.
Sanctions can only be imposed where safety rules are consistently violated.
▪ Encourage workers to discuss their safety concerns and offer ideas.
▪ Discuss your observations with employees before leaving area.
▪ Commend their participation and co-operation.

Recording:
The unsafe acts and conditions observed, discussed and corrected should be listed. Items for further
action should also be noted. Such reports are later on used for follow-up by the site supervisor or
safety officer. They are also made available to the client’s safety supervisor.

Follow-up:
The report forms indicate where weaknesses exist, suggestions to improve the situation should be
discussed in safety meetings. This will ensure that every employee is aware of what is going on so
that he can contribute his quota.

Implementation:
To effectively carry out this programme, management’s commitment is vital. The frontline supervisor
who is the key man in this programme should be adequately trained to ensure effective
implementation of scheme. In the final analysis, none employees will be self-auditing.

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Conclusion:
Unsafe Act Audits constitute a very useful tool in preventing accidents. Management should
introduce and sustain it in all their operations. Employees are encouraged to co-operate and
participate in the conduct of unsafe act audits. The company as well as employees stands to gain if
they regularly conduct unsafe act audits in their worksites.

Unsafe act audit report form


Facility/location

S/N Checked
Hazard observed Unsafe Unsafe Further Action Action taken
Act condition Required

1. Bulk lorry driver jumped


from car.
2. Mechanic using incorrect
tool.
3. Loos electrical cables in
office
4. Supervisor not using seat
belt fitted in car
5. Laboratory fire exit blocked
6. Forklift truck driver not
wearing hardhat.
7. A worker lifting drums
incorrectly
8. Visitor smoking in no-
smoking area.

Date: Observed by: Dept.:

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The need for any organisation to have safe and efficient plans, procedures, and standards of
operation(s) in respect to transportation of personnel and goods (Equipment and Machinery).

The objectives of journey management


▪ Safety of personnel and goods
▪ Prevention of accident(s)
▪ To achieve efficient use of vehicle and other resources and to reduce undue exposure.
▪ To achieve uniform standards to practice for companies and contractors.
▪ To promote a single point responsibility for transportation activities.

WHAT IS JOURNEY MANAGEMENT?


Journey management includes plans, (Policies and Standards) and procedures involved in the safe
and efficient transportation of goods and Personnel over land and water.

JOURNEY DECISION MAKING


Before embarking on any journey, key decision of journey management must be made. The essence
is to eliminate undue exposure of personnel to transportation risks. Therefore, the need to expose
people must be duly made, after all alternatives. If possible, use other communication means e.g.
fax, E-mail. Telephone, Mobile phones etc., where no physical contact is essential.

DEFINITION OF TERMS IN JOURNEY MANAGEMENT


JOURNEY: the word journey shall mean any journey carried out in the pursuit of company’s
business whether by company or its contractors which are required by the company to be managed
in accordance with this standard, as detailed in section 4.1.
JOURNEY MANAGEMENT: Shall mean that the actions taken by a person to authorize plan,
monitor and close-out a journey so that any risk to health, safety or the environment is identified,
assessed and controlled, and so that recovery measures are made available should the journey not
be completed as planned for any reason.
JOURNEY PLAN: Shall mean that the document, which details the timings and route of the journey,
including rest stops, the vehicle, the driver, and passengers.
Home base: Shall mean that the operating base where the driver and the vehicle are normally
based, and from where the outward journey starts.
THE AUTHORISING PERSON: Is a manager or department head who guarantees the integrity of
the journey management system of the company or department.
THE JOURNEY MANAGER: Is the person who plans, monitors and closes out the journey. The
journey manager also initiates any relevant accident or man-lost procedures in the event of an
accident or vehicle becoming overdue.

RESPONSIBILITIES
The following people are involved in a journey, each with certain responsibilities.
▪ The Authorizing Person
▪ The Journey Manager
▪ The Driver

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▪ The Passenger(s)

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE JOURNEY MANAGER


▪ The Authorizing Person is a Manager or Department’s Head who guarantees the integrity of
the journey management system of the company or department.
▪ The Authorizing Person is responsible for appointing supervisors as journey mangers and
for ensuring that they are fully aware of their responsibilities.
▪ There can be more than one Authorizing Person in any company or department, but their
identity and function shall be understood by all supervisors and other journey managers.
▪ The Authorizing Person is responsible for compliance with this standard by his subordinates,
and for arranging for the briefing of supervisors and drivers.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE JOURNEY MANAGER

▪ The Journey Manager is responsible for the planning, monitoring and analysis of a journey.
The Journey Manager remains responsible for the vehicle and driver until they return to the
home base, unless the vehicle and driver retained by another location for other work. The
responsibility for the driver and vehicle must then be accepted by the Journey Manager at
that other location.
▪ The Journey Manager is responsible for initiation any emergency procedures such as man-
lost, accident etc.) when he is notified of an accident or the vehicle becomes overdue, by
contacting the relevant emergency control room or Duty Officer.
▪ Where a journey would end after normal working hours, the Journey Manager shall hand
over the responsibility at the close of work to a competent person on duty (i.e., Duty
Supervisor/Dispatcher) as agreed with the driver during the planning phase of the journey.
The Journey Manager shall ensure that the person is sufficiently briefed about the journey
and given the journey plan.
▪ When the Journey Manager is changed within the normal working hours, the driver shall be
informed at the earliest opportunity.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DRIVER

▪ To drive only if authorized and fit to drive, wear seatbelt and to ensure all passengers wear
seatbelts.
▪ For the condition of his vehicle, load and for driving safely and in accordance with the journey
plan.
▪ The driver shall not depart until he has received and understood the Journey Plan together
with the manifest and any relevant SHOC (Safe Handling of Chemical) card (if the load is
hazardous).
▪ To contact the Journey Manager at certain times or places during the journey or at
destination, as agreed with the Journey Manager before departure.
▪ The driver shall contact the Journey Manager if there are any problems or difficulties en-route
and when he returns to home base.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PASSENGER (LAND)

▪ To wear seatbelts
▪ To ensure driver adhere to the journey plan
▪ To ensure that the driver operates within national and company’s speed limits, and in a safe
manner, taking note of prevailing weather conditions.
▪ Passengers shall not pressurize or divert driver to change from the Journey Plan except for
safety reasons.
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE QUARTERMASTER

▪ The Quartermaster is responsible for his vessel/craft. Load and passengers, also for sailing
safety and according to the Journey Plan.
▪ The Quartermaster shall not depart until he has received and understood Journey Plan,
together with the manifest and any relevant SHOC Card (if any load is hazardous)
▪ The Quartermaster shall contact the Journey Manager at certain times or places during the
journey or at destination, as agreed with the Journey Manager before departure.
▪ The Quartermaster shall contact the Journey Manager if there are any problems or difficulties
en-route, and when he returns to base.
▪ The Quartermaster shall operate his vessel/craft in line with Merchant Shipping rules and
regulations.
▪ The Quartermaster shall not sail during the curfew hours unless authorized waiver has been
received in writing.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PASSENGER (MARINE)

▪ Passengers shall not pressurize or divert the Quartermaster to change from Journey plan
and instructions except for safety reasons.
▪ Passengers must abide strictly to departure time.
▪ Passengers must ensure Quartermaster sticks to the Journey Plan.
▪ Passengers must ensure the Quartermaster operated in a safe manner; taking note of
prevailing weather conditions.
▪ Passengers must ensure no unauthorized passengers board the vessel/craft. Authorized
passengers are; company staff, contractor staff working in active site or approved third
parties.
▪ Passengers must possess valid swimming passport.

JOURNEY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

QUALIFYING JOURNEYS
The following journeys shall (as a minimum) be managed according to the provisions of this
standard:
▪ All journeys involving medium and heavy vehicles
▪ All inter-state journeys.
▪ All journey which exceeds 100km round trip.
▪ All journeys at night outside company’s bases.

The general manager, Production of the Duty Manager shall authorize all journey at night.
Journeys are not covered by the above four points still require authorizing, planning, and recording.
However, formal journey management is not required, and it is sufficient that details of the journey
are entered in vehicle logbook.

THE JOURNEY PLAN FOR LAND TRANSPORT


The Journey Plan can be in any format or size, but the following information shall be included:
▪ Purpose of journey
▪ Registration number and type of vehicle
▪ Driver details
▪ Number of passengers/cargoes on manifest
▪ Departure point
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▪ Actual departure date and time
▪ Planned rout with name and telephone number
▪ Estimated duration and distance of journey
▪ Name of Journey Manager and contact telephone number
▪ If part of the journey is to be done at night, the reason why, and attach the written
authorization.
▪ Tick-boxes to show that
o A SHOC Card has been issued if Hazardous Materials are carried
o Vehicle condition has been checked
o Driver’s license/permit checked
o Welfare items required

THE JOURNEY PLAN FOR MARINE TRANSPORT


The Journey Plan can be in any format or size, but the following information shall be included
▪ Name of the Vessel/Fleet number
▪ Name of the quartermaster
▪ Number of passengers on manifest
▪ Departure point
▪ Actual departure date and time
▪ Route with name or time of each rest
▪ Exact arrival point
▪ Estimated arrival date, time and distance of journey
▪ Name of Journey Manager and contact number
▪ If part of the journey is to be done at night, state the reason why and attach the authorization
▪ A tick-box if Hazardous Materials are carried to show that a SHOC card has been given to
the Quartermaster.

JOURNEY MANAGEMENT VIOLATIONS


The following acts by users are deemed violations. Violations which include deviations from a
Journey Plan, will be monitored and defaulters will face the appropriate Line Review Panels or the
Vehicle Accident Review Panel (VARP) for disciplinary action.
▪ Driving or operating company’s vehicle without authority or competence.
▪ Driving or operating company’s vehicle with faulty speedometer.
▪ Driving or operating company’s vehicle without the driver’s recommended prescription
glasses.
▪ Driving under the influence of alcohol or drug.
▪ Operating a vehicle during curfew hours without prior authorization. (The ban on night driving
between the hours of 1830 to 0600 hours without senior management approval except
vehicle attached to the airport when flights are delayed).
▪ Failure to adhere to Expected Time of Arrival/Expected Time of Departure ETA/ETD.
▪ Deviating from an approved route to a destination
▪ Non-reporting or concealment of an accident or incident
▪ Failure to use seatbelt by the Driver and Passenger(s).
▪ Tampering with the In-vehicle Monitoring System (IVMS) to render it ineffective.
▪ Any false entry in the Journey Management Form.
▪ Driving or travelling as a passenger in a company vehicle without an IVMS installed.
▪ Failure to inspect vehicle before use e.g. to ensure vehicle roadworthiness.

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DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING
Defensive Driving is to prevent accidents (collisions) in spite of the incorrect actions of others (other
road users) and the adverse conditions around you the driver and thus save lives, time, money and
property. This is a skill a driver can master through study, training and practice.

The concept of defensive driving requires the driver to avoid all accidents irrespective of whatever
the cause might be. He should not claim right of way nor blame the accident on some factors. He
should defend himself against unsafe actions of others or unsafe conditions around him. This should
be always his frame of mind.

ADVERSE CONDITIONS
There are six conditions present in every driving situation. They are: Light, Weather, Road, Traffic,
and the Driver. These conditions can be favourable, they make driving easier. However, when they
are unfavourable, driving becomes more difficult increasing the chances of getting involved in
accidents. The driver under such circumstances has to adjust (or tailor) his driving to suit the
prevailing conditions, it is only when the driver fails to adjust his driving that these adverse conditions
can cause accidents.

HOW TO DEFEND AGAINST ADVERSE CONDITIONS

LIGHT:
The light from the sun can dazzle the driver when he faces the sun either in the morning or during
sun setting in the evening. The driver should slow down and put on the sun visor. He can also wear
sunglasses. Sometimes, there is too little light during daytime hours such as at dawn or dusk, when
the sky is dark due to rain clouds, when roadway is covered with smoke or dust. In such situations,
turn on your review light and reduce your speed.

At night, light from the on-coming vehicle or the one behind you can dazzle you. When the light is
from the vehicle behind, adjust your review mirror so that the light rays do not strike your eyes
directly.

For lights from on-coming vehicle, communicate twice to the driver by flashing your lights. If the
driver fails to turn his light to low beam, start to defend yourself against being blinded by doing the
following:
▪ Turn your eyes from the bright lights to the right and down a little bit for the road edge
markings to guide you. Never retaliate by giving the other driver full beam.
▪ Reduce speed (slow down)
▪ Increase following distance if there is a vehicle ahead.
▪ Watch for pedestrians, cyclist and obstructions. If you are blinded before you could turn away,
stop and recover. It takes 4-7 seconds to recover sight. Do not drive while blinded by on-
coming vehicle headlights. Do not override your headlights. Always keep the clean and well-
aimed.

WEATHER
The adverse conditions a driver may encounter include rains, dew (harmattan) and high winds.
During rains and heavy dew, do the following:
▪ Reduce speed
▪ Increase following distance
▪ Put on low-beam headlights
▪ Park in open space if the rain is very heavy or when wind is very strong. Put on hazard lights
if you park by the roadside.

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ROAD
Study the characteristics of the road you are driving on.
▪ Shape of road: - Is the road straight, curved, flat or hilly? Road signs will guide you. Look
out for them. Reduce your speed when approaching curves (bends) and hills.
▪ Road surface - Can be concrete, asphalt, gravel, laterite or dirt. It can be dry, wet, smooth or
bumpy. There could be lane and pavement lines or not. Adjust your driving to suit conditions.
▪ Shoulder – Check whether the road has shoulder, and if it is safe to drive on during
emergency. If shoulder has loose gravels or covered with leaves or mud, be careful as such
surface can cause skidding. Watch for road signs and be careful in road construction areas.

TRAFFIC:
Traffic means everything using the road. They have a right to use the road like you though many of
them do not use the road properly. The defensive driver should realize that the greater the amount
of traffic on the road, the more the chances for conflicts and collisions. Hence, take the following
precautions:
▪ Avoid the rush hours and congested routes whenever possible.
▪ Always yield right of way to pedestrians.
▪ Treat motorcycles as equals to full-size vehicle
▪ Be considerate; do not claim right if this is necessary to prevent a collision.

VEHICLE:
The vehicle must be well maintained. All the parts must be in good working order. Every morning,
before starting your vehicle, check all fluid levels, brakes, trafficators, hazard lights, tyres including
spare tyre, horn, headlights and all other indicators. Clean your windshield and mirrors. Observe
these indicators as you drive your vehicle. Use the seatbelt always. Be sure your jack, wheel
spanner and provided tools are in the boot. Be familiar with all the gadgets provided in your vehicle.

DRIVER:
Driver error accounts for more than 70% of all collision. A driver should determine whether he is
physically and emotionally fit before driving. A driver’s fitness to drive is affected by the following
factors:
▪ Age: Young drivers though react very fast, are inexperienced and often react incorrectly.
They speed too much. Middle-aged drivers tend to be over confident because of their
experience. They should stay alert. If stressed or anxious, they should change their state of
mind before getting behind the wheel. Old or mature drivers should change their driving
habits to suit their physical abilities. They should drive shorter distances, stay out of heavy,
fast traffic and drive on familiar road and streets.
▪ Attitude: Aggressive or “me-first” personalities frequently lead to collisions.
▪ Alcohol: Adversely affects judgement, reaction time and coordination. Do not mix driving
with drinking.
▪ Drug: Affects driver as alcohol -------
▪ Drowsiness and fatigue: Do not drive if you are tired. Always “take ten from two”. Take a nap
or let someone else drive. Do not rely on coffee to keep awake.
▪ Physical impairments: Vision and hearing problems, muscle weakness, epilepsy, heart
disease, diabetes etc. increase driving risk. Consult your doctor whether you should drive.
▪ Emotions: Anger, worry, frustration, joy and excitement reduce concentration. Control your
emotions before driving.

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PERFECT TRIP
A defensive driver aims at making perfect trip always. A perfect trip is one completed without any of
the five driving errors:
▪ Collision
▪ Traffic Violations
▪ Vehicle Abuse
▪ Schedule Delay
▪ Discourtesy to other road users

ELEMENTS OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING


Defensive driving requires the following five elements:
1. Knowledge: A driver must know the traffic regulations of the country and any edits, by-laws
and other requirements of various Local Government Areas. He must know the correct
procedures while behind the wheel, hazards and how to avoid them.
2. Alertness: A driver must be attentive, awake and aware of what is happening around him.
He should not be distracted. Driving requires 100% concentration. He is a lone operator. The
pilot, for instance, has a co-pilot, radar and air controllers to help him; a ship’s captain has a
radar, sonar and a well-trained crew to rely upon; the train driver has a fireman, a dead-man
throttle, crossing gates and fixed rails on which to run. The motor vehicle driver however, has
no helper. It all depends on him to spot danger and take appropriate steps to avoid it.
3. Foresight: this is using ability to anticipate immediate and long-term eventualities and plan
for them. The driver predicts the likely actions of other road users and prepares to avoid
collision.
4. Good Judgement: Means our common sense, experience and intuition to choose wisely
from a number of choices in time.
5. Skill: Is needed to handle the vehicle effectively in basic and emergency conditions either
braking, riding off the road, passing, changing lanes, or honing.

WHAT DEFENSIVE DRIVING REQUIRES OF YOU?


Here is what Defensive Driving Requires of You:
▪ You must operate a vehicle in such a manner that you avoid being involved in a preventable
accident or contribute to others being involved in an accident.
▪ You need to know and observe all applicable traffic rules and regulations.
▪ You should maintain a constant alertness for the illegal acts and driving errors of other
drivers. You must be willing to make timely adjustments in your own driving so that such
illegal acts and errors do not affect or involve you.
▪ You must intelligently adjust your driving to the special hazards presented by abnormal,
unusual or changing conditions in:
o The mechanical functioning of your vehicle.
o The road surface.
o The weather
o The light available
o The traffic
o The physical fitness
o Your state of mind,
▪ You need a thorough knowledge of the rules of right-of-way and be willing to yield to other
drivers regardless of these rules whenever necessary to avoid an accident.
▪ You should have an attitude of confidence that you can drive without ever having a
preventable accident.

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HSE INSTRUCTIONS AND PROCEDURES

HSE POLICIES
A policy is defined as a definite course or method selected from alternatives and in light of given
conditions to give and determine present and decisions.
It is a statement from management indicating the principles, guidelines, and standards for action,
which establishes the limits to choices and the rules to be followed by the organisation. When top
management issues a policy, they announce a ‘settled course’ (agreed course) in which they want
to enlist the cooperation of every member of the organisation and all others associated with the
company’s operations. They are giving out a guide for thinking; this guide is to be used by their
members who have been delegated authority to make decisions in keeping the company on a given
course while realizing company purposes.
HSE Policies in SSDC are issued by top management and require actions from each individual staff
or contractor in the organisation. For all to comply with the provisions set out in the policies, copies
of the policies are made available to individuals and also pasted on information boards.

The policies should be thoroughly explained to staff to ensure they are aware of what is expected
of them. HSE advisers and supervisors should ensure strict compliance with the requirements of
these policies.

SPDC HSE POLICIES


1. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT POLICY (AUGUST, 1998).
2. COMMITMENT TO HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (AUGUST,1998)
3. COMMUNITY RELATIONS POLICY(AUGUST, 1998)
4. SPDC HSE AND COMMUNITY STATEMENT (AUGUST, 1988).
5. CASHES POLICY (JULY 1995)
6. IMPLICATION OF THE CASHES POLICY (JULY, 1995)
7. EMERGENCY RESPONSE POLICY (JUNE, 1994)
8. POLICY STATEMENT ON HALONS (JUNE, 1994)
9. SPDC POLICY ON SMOKING (MARCH, 1993)
10. FIRE CONTROL POLICY
11. ROAD TRAFFIC POLICIES
12. WATER BORNE OPERATIONS POLICY
13. OPERATIONAL HSE-MS POLICY

HSE INSTRUCTIONS AND PROCEDURES


HSE rules are meant to ensure that company HSE objectives are realized. As mentioned earlier on,
it is the policy of SPDC to pursue the goal of no harm to people whether staff, contractor or
indigenes, and to protect the environment.

To achieve the objective, there are set rules and procedures that must be adhered to while executing
any task. These rules when compiled with will prevent accidents, which may result in injury to
people, loss of product that may lead to pollution of the environment, and exposure of persons to
health hazards.

Every person who works in SPDC should be well instructed as to the hazards associated with the
tasks he is expected to perform and the precautions to be taken to avoid accidents. The procedures
to be followed when executing any task must be vigorously observed. Appropriate personal
protective equipment needed for task being executed or required on a general basis must be worn.

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Safety in SPDC is as important as any other aspect of the company’s business. No activity is so
important that it cannot be done in a safe manner. In fact, a job should not be started or continued
if the question of safety cannot be answered. Definite sanctions are in place for those who flout
safety rules. Safety should be first and always in all our activities.

BASIC INCIDENT REPORTING AND THE IMPORTANCE

(1) Introduction
Incidents are generally defined as sudden occurrence that cause or have the potential to cause harm and
damage to assets, reputation, and the environment.

When an incident results in actual injury or damage, it is termed an ‘accident’. When there is no injury or
damage, an incident is termed a ‘near miss’. It is important to appreciate the fact that a ‘near-miss’ is indeed
‘an accident that failed to produce either injury or damage or both’. That it did not is circumstantial or factor
of time.
(2) Purpose of incident reporting and investigation
Incidents are said to be unwanted because of the attendant consequences of injury or death to persons, and
damage to health, the environment and reputation. Besides these, there is also the economic impact, which
results in loss of profits to the organisation, as well as loss of income to employees and government. Since
incidents are thus unwanted, they need to be prevented. It is now an accepted principle that ‘all incidents are
preventable’ because it is believed also that ‘Accidents do not just happen; they are caused. To prevent
accidents, remove the causes. They connote an edge of the causes.

The route to knowledge of the causes of incidents is investigation, and investigation can be conducted only
when it is known that an incident has occurred. Therefore, incidents must be prevented, it is important that
they are reported promptly. Incidentally, prompt reporting of accidents is a statutory requirement of the
Factories Act and the mineral oils (safety), Regulations, and is also a requirement by responsible industrial
and commercial organisation, the basic reason being that it enables immediate action being taken to start off
the machinery for investigation for the purpose of ascertaining the true cause or causes of the incident, with
a view to providing measures for the prevention of similar occurrence.

Incident investigation includes efforts made at determining the sequence of the events that could be identified
as the cause or causes of an incident, so that preventive action could be taken in future. It is a key element
of the Health, Safety and Environment system. It is mandatory that every incident/accident is promptly
reported, investigated, and reviewed at a level appropriate to the incident/accident and to put measures in
place to prevent reoccurrence.

The purpose of the investigation is summarized as follows:

(1) The main purpose of incident investigation is to prevent re-occurrence.


(2) Legal requirements make it compulsory for accidents to be investigated so that regulatory bodies like
Directorate of Petroleum Resources, Federal Environment Protection Agency and the Factories
Inspector Directorate can ensure that enough corrective action is taken to mitigate the effect of the
accident on people and environment.
(3) Company needs: the organisation involved in the accident needs to identify certain factors
necessary for speedy recovery from the impact of the accident. This is made possible through
thorough investigation of accidents.
(4) Stakeholders Interest: Any forward-looking organisation ought to publicize very objectively,
facts surrounding major events like an accident, hence the need for thorough accident
investigation. This will assure stakeholders that their interests are protected.
(5) Compensation: It is easier to determine what compensation is necessary after an accident
has occurred if a revealing accident investigation had been carried out.

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Stages in Incident Investigation

The different stages of incident investigation are as follows:


(1) Notification: There is always a strong need to promptly notify the authorities of an organisation in the
event of an accident. This has the advantage of providing opportunity for proper care for the injured
persons and for getting fresh and reliable information about the incident. An effective emergency
response plan will be of immense help here.
(2) Investigation – Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendation: This stage has to do with the
collection and collation of evidence from witnesses and victims, and subjecting these facts
to critical analysis, and coming up with effective recommendation based on conclusion
reached.
(3) Incident Review/Feedback: There is always a need to review an incident in a group (possibly during
CASHES meeting) so that a cross section of the personnel can learn and also help to bring to bear
on the work system and the environment the dividends of an effective investigation.
(4) Implementation of Recommendation: The benefits of a well-investigated accident will reduce accident
rate if the recommendations are effectively implemented. It is therefore important to put in place
effective machinery for the implementation of recommendations.
(5) Follow-up: A follow-up of the implementation of the recommendations will ensure that the
recommendations will not end on the pages of papers.

Immediate Steps to be Taken after an Accident has Occurred


Safety of Work Environment: There is need to ensure that there is no further threat in the accident
environment otherwise site shut down process should be initiated.
Care for Injured Personnel: Injured personnel should promptly attended to medically, if possible,
at the scene of the accident, or evacuated to a better place if necessary.
Call for Help/Inform Others: Leaning on an established system where emergency phone log is
handy, prompt calls for help could be made with hug mitigating benefits. There is also need to
formerly inform your clients in writing.
Initiate Investigation: Formal investigation need to be initiated like taking notes, interviewing all
who have any contribution to make (victim, eyewitnesses) as soon as possible after the accident.
Assurance Measures: There is need to make public the steps being taken by the management of
the given organisation so that room for speculation will not be given.

Proper Attitude to Accident Investigation


Be positive: There is need to show positive attitude towards accident investigation to encourage
others to bring out the best in them.
Play Down on Statistics: There is need to be careful not to make a big show of statistics e.g.
emphasizing the number of accidents that have occurred.
Commend Positive Action: There is need not to turn an eye only to where faults are, but there is
also the need to promptly commend a positive action taken by anybody.

Why People Do Not Report Incidents


Some of the reasons why people do not report accidents include:
Fear of Discipline: Like children who tell lies to evade discipline, some adults fail to report
accidents/incidents for the same reason. This trend is further encouraged by certain organisations
that look for scapegoats after any accident.
To Avoid Bureaucratic Bottle Necks: often times, client’s demand for effective incident
investigation can be burdensome, hence, there is tendency to skip reporting some accidents.
Fear of Medical Treatment: Some people have a mortal fear of medical treatment (e.g. injection
being administered on them). As a result of this, some personnel will refuse to report an accident
involving injuries to avoid medical treatment if possible. Also, medical treatment provides a record
of the fact that one was involved in an accident or that a Department has had an accident.

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Fear of Losing Reputation: The fear of losing reputation that took years to build lead to under-
reporting incidents/ accidents.
Fear of reaction of others: To avoid scornful remarks of the personnel, some accident victims will
simply refuse to report an accident if possible.
To Avoid ‘Destroying’ Records: In an attempt to keep HSE records ‘clean’, deliberate attempts
are made not to report certain things that will ‘destroy’ the records.
Who should Investigate and why
The Line Department: People in the direct line of the task being performed before the accident
occurred should be involved with the accident investigation because of certain advantages
(exceptions are made in some cases when the need arises).
The advantages include:
- Safe Work Place: The departments are interested in having a safe work place, hence, will
spare no efforts in that the accident investigation is successful.
- Technical knowledge/Expertise: The line department’s personnel are familiar with job
process and possibly the work environment.
- Accident to Information: There is easier access to information in the line department because
one can identify who is responsible for what is needed.
- Initiation of Action: In most of the cases, the line department personnel initiates investigation
actions, so involving them will ensure that no important aspect is ignored.
- Benefit More from Effective Investigation: Since the line department personnel will benefit
most from the learning points emanating from properly investigated accident, they will
therefore contribute effectively if the level awareness is right.

Procedure for Incident Reporting and Investigation


Since effective investigation ensures that accidents do not occur, the importance of investigating
all incidents cannot be overemphasized. It should be appreciated that the near-misses are
accidents that failed to cause injuries or damage, but do the potential to cause harm.
Investigating them will have the effect of identifying the hazards and eliminating this potential.
The attached summary of Incident Reporting, Investigation and Review procedure, as applied in
the Shell Petroleum Company of Nigeria Ltd, is a useful guide to adopt for a procedure to follow.

PERMIT TO WORK

1. Permit to work is a document signed by an authorized competent person indication that non-
routine work may be carried out within a restricted area under stated precautions. It is the
principal authorization and clearance document, as well as a communication and control
document.
2. A competent person is a person appointed by the manager, in compliance with regulation 6
of the mineral oils (safety) regulations, 1963, for the purpose of supervising all drilling,
production, transmission, and loading operations. Such a person, according to reg. 40, shall
be responsible for the observance of safety measures at any drilling site or installation
handling petroleum where work is in progress. This implies that he must be knowledgeable
in operations, its hazards and their control. In SPDC, he is defined as staff appointed in
writing by the MD that he is competent to effectively and safely carry out aspects of company
operations which he is to supervise.
3. A restricted area is one in which precautions are necessary by reason of the possible
presence of combustible, toxic or noxious material because of normal activities carried out
there.
4. Non-Routine activities are activities in a restricted area outside of normal operations or likely
to cause ignition source, loss of containment or the release of toxic material.

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OBJECTIVES
Permit to work system are formalized method of giving instructions, and are essential where safety
depends on strict routines being followed.
The main objective therefore is to prevent accidents through the avoidance of misunderstanding
when non-routine or potentially hazardous work is done by:
1. Ensuring that company approved standards are applied to the work.
2. Helping persons to identify possible risks associated with the work and the precautions to
take.
3. Providing basis for monitoring that the specified precautions are taken.
4. Ensuring that the responsible person for the area, facility or operation is aware of and
approves the work to be done.
5. Ensuring that an authorized competent person accepts responsibility for the safety of the
work site.
PROCEDURE
To assure safety in execution of non-routine activities within restricted areas: risks are dealt with
prior to work starting.
1. Analyse the work for inherent hazards.
2. Specify equipment for work, precautions to avert release of hazards and the complementary
certificates necessary.
3. Agree precautions with asset owner (person in control of activities in the facility) before start
of work.
4. Ensure facility is safe to work on and that agreed precautions are adhered to.
5. Ensure all relevant parties are aware of the work.
6. Authorize the work to start by signatures.
7. Check the safety of work in progress, the validity of the permit and certificates, and adherence
to the precautions applied.
8. Check the work has been left in a satisfactory condition on completion, by formal acceptance
of work and closure of the permit.

THE PERMIT TO WORK CERTIFICATE

1. The permit must be signed by designated competent person before work starts.
2. The permit is initiated by the appropriate head of the executing department (e.g. Construction
or maintenance engineer).
3. Operating department will authorize work after ensuring that it is safe to carry on and that
precautions indicated have been fully complied with.
4. The permit certificate clearly indicates:
a. The section or plant/installation or equipment upon which work is to be carried out.
b. The nature of work to be done.
c. Area classification of the location.
d. The validity of the permit (data/time).
e. All precautions that must be taken with regard to the execution of the work to safeguard
personnel and property (including third party property)
f. The name of the direct supervisor on site.
g. Safety equipment on site.
h. The name of the safety supervisor certifying that safety equipment is adequate and
operational.
i. The position held by the issuing authority.

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COMPLEMENTARY CERTIFICATE

These are work-type specific documents signed by appropriate competent persons indicating
precautions to be observed when carrying out the specific work-types:
1. HOT: for work likely to generate ignition source.
2. GAS: for recording result of gas tests during work execution.
3. EXSV: for excavation in the vicinity of buried utilities.
4. CONF: for work requiring entry into confined space.
5. RAD: for work involving use of radiological materials.
6. Diving: for all diving work.
7. HVEC: for work involving high electrical voltages.

RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM


PERMIT APPLICANT
a) Analyses of the non-routine work hazards and specifies precautions necessary to safely
execute work.
b) Fills in the PTW form and relevant complementary certificates.
c) Agrees hazard analysis and safety precautions with asset holder supervisor (competent
person in control of activities in the restricted facility as a representative of the asset
custodian)
d) Instructs permit holder (person designated to supervise the work on site) on safe execution
of the work.

ASSET HOLDER
Analyses the non-routine work for hazards and agrees with the permit applicant on precautions
necessary to safely execute the work.

PERMIT HOLDER
(Person designated to supervise the work on site)
a) Liaises with AHSS on proper isolation, purging and gas testing before work starts.
b) Ensures all necessary safety precautions are in place before asking AHSS to revalidate the
PTW and allowing work to start.
c) Supervise the work and ensures observance of agreed safety precautions throughout work
execution.
d) Ensures the work site is left in a safe state at close of work or change of shift.
e) Ensures that work completion is fully agreed with AHSS.

ASSET HOLDER SITE SUPERVISOR


(Person directly in-charge on site as asset custodian)
a) Check for adequacy of agreed precautions for specific site conditions and agrees with permit
holder.
b) Ensure the facility is properly isolated before handing it over to permit holder.
c) Ensures that all other agreed safety precautions are fully observed before authorizing work
to start.
d) Check daily for continued observance of agreed safety precautions before revalidating PTW.
e) Check that site is made safe before accepting work.

CATEGORIES OF WORK
Any work to be carried out by a supervisor in an area outside his jurisdiction’
Any work which will directly affect the safety or personnel, the operation of safety/emergency
systems, or safety/performance of normal operations.

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Hot work (e.g. Welding, plate cutting, grinding) in hazardous areas, or any work involving or giving
rise to a source of ignition in a hazardous area (e.g. Use of non-intrinsically safe electric or electronic
equipment not explosion proof.
ELECTRICAL WORK OF ANY NATURE
The disconnection of existing, and the installation of pipelines, equipment, etc.
Entry into confined spaces (e.g. Tanks, vessels, cellars, etc.)
Excavation and other earth works
Handling of dangerous substances (explosives, radio-active materials, toxic materials) e.g. during
well-shooting and well-perforation, well logging, oxidizing, etc.
WIRE LINE WORKS
1. Any work which could create an environmental hazard.
2. Interruption of utility services.
CONCLUSION
The essence of the permit to work system is to recognise the hazards involved and put counter
measures in place and monitor to ensure that the counter measures continue to be in place and be
adequate and effective.
The principle has to be adhered to strictly for safety of operations, and it is a legal requirement. E.g.
Regulation 38 of the mineral oils (safety regulation 1963,) states that “no person at any well or in
any other restricted area shall:
a) Smoke or
b) Discharge any fire-arm or explosives, or
c) Use any naked light, or
d) Make any fire.

Except in such places as may be set aside and notified by the manager or any person authorised
by the manager in that behalf as being safe for the purpose.
“Provided that a competent person may at his discretion authorize the welding of casing or
machinery, but the authority shall be in writing giving details of the precautions that shall be taken
for the prevention of fire.
Regulation 6 requires the manager to appoint a competent person for the purpose of supervising all
drilling, production, transmission and loading operations.
Ultimately, the concern is for the assurance of safety and the protection of persons, assets, the
environment, and reputation.

JOB HAZARDS ANALYSIS


(1) JHA: The application of hemp at task level. A process for identifying potential hazards in an
activity and assessing its potential effect on people, assets, and the environment, in the
course of the execution of the job.
(2) PURPOSE: To device a safe procedure for executing the job, controls or eliminate the
possibility of hazard being released.
(3) APPLICATION:
- New/routine jobs with potential for serious incident.
- Routine tasks being carried out in unusual circumstances (welding a burst oil pipe in the field)
- Non-routine or one-off tasks.
- Jobs requiring procedure modification
- Jobs that have high accident rate.
- To verify hazards are being managed in an established work procedure.
(4) WHO BY:
(A) Supervisor
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(B) Team of elected persons

(5) PROCEDURE: Hemp – hazard analysis/risk analysis hence mini hemp


A. Identify the activity
B. Identify the hazards
C. Identify the threats (what could release the hazards-cause)
D. Determine potential consequences/escalation factors
E. Determine probability
F. Document findings

(6) CONTROL MEASURES


Next stop is to provide controls to prevent the release of the hazard or potential consequence
or mitigate the effect, such as: -
- Eliminate the hazard
- Substituting an alternative
- Reduce frequency
- Physical barriers
- Containment
- Additional supervision
- Additional training
- Instructions/information/guides
- Personal protection
- Specialist assistance, etc.
(7) Recovery measures: These include action plans to prevent escalation of the incident and
enable early return to normal operations, which may include:
- Personal protective equipment
- Secondary containment
- Detection and alarm device
- Emergency shutdown
- Emergency response plan/escape and rescue equipment and services.
(8) Use of output: output from JHA can provide input for:

PROCEDURES

Permit To Work (PTW)


Manual of Permitted Operations (MOPO)
Overall planning
Toolbox meetings
Workplace hazard information system
WHAT IT IS
1. The workplace hazard information system (WHIS) database was designed for use as all
worksites where the Shell Permit to Work (PTW) system is in operation.
2. The most critical part of the PTW is the hazard management process which identifies the
essential steps that must be carried out to successfully manage any hazard identified for the
work activity.

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3. The core document that should be used for hazard management at the worksite is WHIS.
This document is based on the set date, which links standard hazard identified for each
activity and the controls required to reduce each hazard to an acceptable level.
4. PURPOSE: The prime purpose of the WHIS database is to provide a convenient tool for the
onsite production of PTW for a single or any combination of activities based on the latest
approved core data set.
APPLICATION (computer based programme)
1. From the print option form select Hazard Review
2. Click on the Print Button and the hazard review form is displayed listing the hazards identified
by the activity (or combined activities) list of hazards associated with activity.
3. Select any hazard not required by clicking on the required list item. Any number of hazards
can be selected or deselected by clicking again. Any selected hazard will be displayed on
the safety checklist, list hazards not required.
4. To add hazard which are not part of the core data but which apply to this particular instance
of the Safety checklist, select the Add Button and the Add Hazard form appears.
5. Enter up to 25 characters to define the Additional Hazard then select the OK Button. The
form is cleared ready for another hazard to be added. Select the cancel to close the form.
HAZARD CONTROL REVIEW
The associated controls for hazards not required will be scored out because of the removed
hazards. Form now displays list of controls identified by the activity (or combined activities on the
safety checklist). Additional control may be added as necessary. Example:
Pp007 rubber gloves rated for the appropriates electrical voltage to be available and used when
required.
Pe005 check equipment is isolated and earthed in accordance with electrical Safety rules.
Pe064 check that an insulating mat is available for persons to stand on.
Pe065 alternative means providing emergency power for lighting to be arranged.
Rc003 residual current earth leakage devices to be in places.
Rc011 check insulated hook available at worksite
Ex009 only insulated tools to be used
Ex038 equipment to be proved discharged and electrically dead before any work may proceed
Preparation and recovery controls
These are listed and additions may be made as necessary. Examples:
Aa001 receptacles for welding rods and used stubs have been provided.
Aa002 welding machines and equipment to be located in non-hazardous area and to be positively
earthed down.
Aa003 earthen arrangements of workplace to be checked in particular, bolted joints of pipe work or
structure shall not be relied upon.
Aa005 check that correct disc for speed of machine and material to be ground is being used.

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Aa006 if working with an electrical portable type grinder, ensure an 110v supply is used.
Aa044 when electrical welding in a vessel with conductive floor and walls. Only low voltage welding
is allowed and the welder is to be protected.
Pe004 check all non-certified electrical equipment is tagged and certified for use by the RPE.
Pe006 check safety guards are fitted to rotating shafts and discs.
Pe009 check flashback arrestor and non-return valve are fitted correctly before opening gas supply
and lighting the flame.
Pe045 gas testing is to be carried out in hazardous areas immediately before start of hot work for
each shift.
Pe047 flammable and combustible material and passive fire protection coating is to be removed
from work surface and surrounding area.
Pe048 drains and gullies in the immediate work area are to be checked clear of all combustible
materials and protected with fire blankets.
Pe049 screens are to be erected to protect personnel.
Pe051 fire and smoke detectors are to be inhibited for given worksite.

EXECUTIVE CONTROLS:
Examples
Ea001 pa announcement to be made when activity is due to commence.
Ea002 the effect of stray electrical currents is to be taken into consideration, particularly when the
equipment is suspended from a crane.
Ea015 when gas welding or cutting in a vessel, torches are to be removed when not in use.
Ex001 machine to be in view when started.
Ex004 check an authorized igniter is available to light torch.
Ex015 PICWS/firewatcher to check other side of wall/work area before starting or restarting and
during execution of work.
Ex025 check that all intakes are protected from gas/fumes/air borne particles, etc.
Ex027 items to be cleaned/blasted in a designated area if possible,
Ex028 only appropriately designed transportation devices are to be used for the movement of gas
cylinders round the platform/plant.
Ex031 during work breaks, gas cylinder and hose valves to be closed and hoses depressurized.
Gas cylinders to be returned to specification.
Ex039 tools to be de-energised/de-pressurized when not in use and before carrying out any
maintenance.
Ex044 hot work tag and gas test certificate to be on site WHF never work is underway.

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Ex051 flammable substance not to be used within 1meter of hot surface.
Ex061 hoses are not to be kinked during operation.
Why Worksite Hazard Identification System (WHIS)? Pre-identified for oil industry activities.
WHIS will facilitate:
Pre-planning of non-routine activities
Identification of hazards and necessary controls
Proper working of the PTW procedure
Easier checklist-based revalidation
Quick mini-audits of worksites.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Permit co-ordination facility
Revision of the PTW system every two years.
WHIS modification & introduction to SPDC
WHIS update and revision from experience

Linkage of WHIS with PTW


PTW system on high speed network
Cold work permits
TASK HAZARD CONTROL SHEET (ALREADY DRAWN)

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OBJECTIVES/AIM
▪ Describe the environment and its component
▪ Describe how Exploration (E) and Production (P) and other activities can cause
environmental damage.
▪ Define sustainable development
▪ Plan your activity in a way in which development/operations does not jeopardize natural
resources.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1. General Environment: Environment is man’s life support consist of air, water, land and all
plants, human beings and animals living therein and the interrelationship which exist among
them. The environment is very important for our well-being and existence. The activities of
man destroy the natural quality of the environment, directly or indirectly, through impact,
pollution or over exploitation.
HOW IS THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECTED BY OUR OPERATIONS?
▪ Operation of equipment
▪ Maintenance of equipment
▪ Waste handling
▪ Environment awareness
YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES IN MINIMIZING IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
▪ Read the HSE policies in SPDC.
▪ Proper waste handling
▪ Report an environmental hazard in operations to appropriate authority.
▪ Cherish the natural environment
▪ Stop environmental unsound activities
SPDC OPERATIONS
SPDC have put in place a system which tends to “minimize the impact of its operations on the
environment” by keeping the following:
▪ Ensuring that environmentally unsound activities will not be started or will be suspended.
▪ Ensuring environmental issues will be an integral part of SPDC’s business.
▪ Ensuring full compliance with Nigerian Environmental Regulations.

LOOKING AT SPDC ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ISSUES


▪ SEISMIC
▪ Exploration and appraisal drilling
▪ Development and production

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▪ SPDC installation/facilities
i. > 1000 producing wells
ii. > 6000 km of pipeline and flow lines
iii. > 87 Flow stations and gas plant
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEFINED
Environmental protection is the protection and conservation of existing resources OR
It is the act of ensuring that air quality, water/groundwater quality, soil quality noise/heat/light,
vibration, vegetation, socio-economic/community impact, wildlife, fisheries etc. are conserved.
HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES
This are conditions which becomes harmful if one is exposed to them over long periods or are
harmful when the dosage is unfavourable
S/N. EXPOSURE RISK EFFECTS
1. EXCESSIVE NOISE Noisy work place from Deafness, annoyance,
(TLV = 90db (a)) generator, flaring of gas, irritations, disturbs sleep
music shops, busy airports, etc.
siren
2. RADIANT People who work close to Heat stress, sweating,
ENERGY/SUNLIGHT furnace, open flames etc. dilation of blood,
EXCESSIVE HEAT (> dehydration, shortness of
37O or 98.4OK breath.
3. LOW TEMPRATURE Cold climatic condition, cold Reduces activity, coma,
(COLD) rooms, frozen water death, reduced
consciousness,
pneumonia, etc.
4. ABNORMAL AIR Mines, tunnelling, flight at Vomiting, dizziness,
PRESSURES high altitudes, tall buildings fainting, death due to lack
of oxygen
5. EXCESSIVE Using pneumatic hammer, Nervous disorder
VIBRATION AND drilling machine
SHOCK
6. RADIATION Radiology, Radiotherapy, x- Damage to cells of living
ray, labs, nuclear weapon tissues, deformities,
testing, x-rays from black sterility, skin cancer, etc.
and white televisions etc.
7. GASES, FUMES AND Construction works, Lung diseases like
DUST chemical, acid fumes, bronchitis, asthma,
generator exhaust fumes respiratory disorders,
irritation of skin, burn,
poisoning, choking
8. LIQUIDS e.g. acids, Battery repairers, rubber Burns, self-poisoning or
poisons, alkali tappers, laboratory workers. intoxication

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
To accomplish environmental protection, a programme of sustainable development will be a central
focus

37
Sustainable development is the development which meets the present needs without compromising
the ability of the future generation from benefiting from the common wealth of resources.
In other words, it is a process whereby human exploitation of natural resources and the system of
achieving development do not jeopardize the potential of meeting the future generation’s needs.
Methods of achieving sustainable development include:
▪ Effective waste management
▪ Afforestation
▪ Pollution control
▪ Conservation of natural resources.
▪ Proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
▪ Due care
▪ Due diligence
▪ Proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
▪ Integrating EMP into project life cycle
▪ Housekeeping (Good House Keeping)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TYPES
▪ EMP Tools
▪ HEMP Tools
▪ Waste Management Plan – 4RS of Waste Management
▪ Abandonment Plan/Remediation

WHAT IS WASTE?
Anything which is no longer of use to the disposer OR
Any unavoidable material resulting from an activity which has no immediate economic demand and
which must be disposed of.
WHY MANAGE WASTE?
To minimize the potential to cause harm to human and the environment.
Three (3) forms of waste
1. Gaseous waste: - e.g. gas flaring, particulate dust, waste gases from stack, cement factories,
stone crushing excavation activities, lime dust, asbestos dust, acid fumes and cigarette
fumes,
2. Liquid wastes: - Waste dissolved in water emanating from industrial processes (known as
industrial effluent), domestic liquid, acids waste, waste oil from workshop.
3. Solid waste: - e.g. broken bricks, refuse, sludge and slag, broken glass and bottles, can,
plastics, paper, battery casing, plantain skin, pure water bag, etc.

38
WASTE CLASSIFICATION
There are three classes of waste
1. Domestic or municipal waste
2. Industrial waste
3. Hazardous waste
Domestic Waste: - Kitchen waste, garden waste, office waste, paper, food, wood, waste water from
toilet and bathrooms, laundry.
Industrial Waste – e.g. scrap metals, cardboard packaging, plastics, organic acid, chemical waste,
oil waste, effluents or gaseous emissions (smoke, fumes and particulate.
Hazardous Waste: - These are waste that are potential hazards to human health and the
environment. They are usually corrosive ignitable/explosive, reactive or toxic, and therefore they
must receive further treatment before disposal. The law requires that they be monitored from ‘cradle
to grave’. These include dangerous waste, infectious wastes, radioactive/nuclear waste, e.g.
inflammable liquids, chemicals, hospital waste, and tank bottom.
PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (5 STEPS)
▪ Waste Inventorisation
▪ Waste Characterisation
▪ Waste Segregation
▪ Waste Minimization
▪ Waste Treatment
Inventorisation
▪ Cataloguing of all waste types, quantities, sources
▪ Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste problem at hand.
Characterization
▪ Checking physio-chemical and toxicological properties.
Segregation
▪ Selective separation of waste
▪ Make for optimization of recovery of waste streams.
Minimization
Involves the 4Rs
▪ Reduce
▪ Reuse
▪ Recycle
▪ Recovery

TREATMENT
This involves physical/biological treatment e.g. septic tank disposal (manually or by truck). Manual
disposal requires treatment by adding kerosene.
39
Waste management principles flow chart

▪ To acknowledge the degree of waste produced daily or


overtimes. It acts as check and balance.

▪ Help to show the type of waste being handled from


various lines describes types and properties

▪ Help to recalculate waste in the categories e.g. plastics,


others. It keeps people in employment

▪ Waste can be burnt in incinerators or compressors by


hydraulic press (paper waste)

WHY CLASSIFY WASTE?


▪ Identification of wastes with hazardous potential
▪ Management of hazardous waste
▪ Waste segregation
▪ Regulatory requirements.

WASTE LIFE CYCLE

40
WASTE SEGREGATION AT SOURCE
▪ GENERAL WASTE: Black Bin, packaging material, rags
▪ FOOD/GARDEN WASTE: Green container
▪ GLASS WASTE: Blue container
▪ PAPER WASTE: Black plastic bags
▪ IT CONSUMABLES: White container-Toner, cartridges
▪ DANGEROUS WASTE: Red container e.g. medical waste
▪ PLASTIC WASTE: Brown container
▪ METAL WASTE: Black metal container
▪ BATTERIES: Grey container

WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS


The following are the various waste disposal options:
▪ Surface discharge (open dump)
▪ Ocean dump
▪ Re-injection
▪ Bio-treatment
▪ Thermal treatment - incineration
▪ Solidification, Encapsulation (compress into solid)
▪ Landfill – Dig the ground, dump the waste and cover it. Preferably, biodegradable waste are
buried in landfill. Hazardous wastes (Nuclear Reactors) are buried deep down the earth
(500m) below.
LANDFILL TYPES
1. CHEMICAL LANDFILL: - Waste requires pre-treatment before disposal – hazardous
industrial waste.
2. SANITARY LANDFILL: - Biodegradable materials, municipal waste/industrial and non-
hazardous waste.
3. INERT LANDFILL: - Non-decomposable, non-water soluble waste e.g. nuclear wastes.
Buried deep in the earth (500m) and monitored.
HAZARDOUS OF POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
▪ Unaesthetic dump site
▪ Foul odours – loss of community pride.
▪ Leachate from dump sites can poison our surface and ground water.
▪ Stagnant pools provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies and other diseases vector.
▪ Provides abundant food for rodents which transmit harmful bacteria and virus leading to
epidemic.
▪ Fire outbreak
SHOC
SHOC = SAFE HANDLING OF CHEMICAL
SUB- TOPIC
▪ What is SHOC
▪ Why SHOC

41
▪ Where can SHOC be found within SPDC
▪ What is contained in a SHOC card
▪ Project Manager’s responsibilities
▪ Benefit of SHOC
WHAT IS SHOC
Safe handling of chemicals
• Safety in terms of Health and Environment
• Purchase, Transportation, Usage and Disposal
WHY SHOC
• Due care
• Due diligence
• Statutory requirements
i. Factory acts
ii. Petroleum Decree
iii. Group/SPDC policy
iv. HSE-MS
WHERE CAN SHOC BE FOUND WITHIN SPDC?
• ISP/EC Safety Data Sheet (SD)
• HSE-MS (EP 950.000) manual
• EGS data System
• SHOC cards (modified for field staffs)
• ERE-ENVW
WHAT IS CONTAINED IN A SHOC CARD/SHEET?
• Product identity
• Product Composition
• Physio-chemical properties
• Toxicology information
• Safety hazards and First Aid
• Environmental hazard and precautions
• Spillage mitigation and disposal option
PROJECT MANAGER’S RESPONSIBILITIES
• Ensure SHOC cards are available on operation sites
• Ensure compliance with SHOC guideline/regulation
• Report presence of new chemicals to SHOC custodians (ERE-ENVW)
BENEFITS OF SHOC
1. Identification of HSE hazards
2. Basic of First Aid measures
• Fire fighting
• Chemical handling and storage
• Exposure controls and PPES
42
• Disposal considerations
• Transport information
• Regulatory and other information
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES/REGULATORY BODIES
• DPR – Department of Petroleum Resources
• FEPA – Federal Environmental Protection Agency
• SEPA – State Environmental Protection Agency
• Local Government
• Group Guidelines/Policies
• International Convention/Agreement
LEGISLATION/DECREES
The purpose of Legislation/Decree is to promote, stimulate and encourage high standard of health,
safety and welfare in industrial establishment.

AIMS OF FACTORIES DECREE/LEGISLATION


• To secure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work
• To protect persons, other than persons at work against risks to health or safety arising out of
or in connection with the activities of persons at work
• To involve everyone, both management and employees and make them all aware of the
importance of safety and health.

ENFORCEMENT OF DECREE/LEGISLATION
• DPR (oil/related industries)
• Factories inspectorate. Has the power to prosecute, conduct and defend before a court any
charge, information, complaint or other proceeding arising under the decree. It also publishes
advisory materials for the education of employers and employees.

FEATURES OF SAFETY POLICIES IN OIL INDUSTRIES


1) Firm belief that an essential part of responsible operation is to reduce to minimum accidental
injury to people and damage to properties.
2) The acceptance by top management that it is an obligation to provide a safe work place for
employees and to foster awareness to safety at all levels in the organisation.
3) The recognition by top management of important of workers involvement in safety matters;
for instance, by the use of joint management/labour safety committee whenever possible.

SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS


• Petroleum Act Decree No. 51 of 1969
• Explosives Act Decree No. 38 of 1967
• Oil and Navigable Waters Decree No. 34 of 1968
• Mineral Oil (safety) Regulations of 1962
• Land use Act Decree No. 6 of 1978
43
• Factories Act Decree No. 16 of 1987
• Harmful Waste Decree No. 42 of 1988
• FEPA Act Decree No. 58 of 1988
• Decree 86 0f 1992 on EIA
• Others
DPR SPECIFIC STANDARD
(As relates to production)
• No Discharge to the Environmental without DPR permission
• Limits set for all Effluent Discharges
• Limits set for Noise, Heat Radiation and smoke for Flared Gases.
Noise = 80 – 100dbA
Heat = 6.31 KW/M2
Smoke = 60% Light Transmission

44
Caring for others who have suffered sudden illness or injury is not just the concern of Doctors,
Nurses, or other medical professionals. It is everybody’s concern. When someone in your
workplace or community etc. has a life-threatening emergency, there may not be time to summon
a professional. You may be the only person available to save another’s life.
So, this programme, HSE FIRST AID ADMINISTRATION, is about simple procedures that any
person can learn to recognise life-threatening situations and give immediate effective assistance
in those circumstances. You do not need any special equipment to carry out the procedures,
only a good head, trained hands, and willing heart.
Though, this is a first aid programme, but it is not a comprehensive course in general first aid,
rather we shall focus on those emergencies that present an immediate threat to life.
These are: -
1. Obstruction in the Airway
2. Cessation of breathing (respiratory Arrest)
3. Cessation of Heart (Cardiac Arrest)
4. Emergency medical evacuation procedure.

DEFINITION
First Aid is the skilled application of accepted principles of treatment on the occurrence of any injury
or sudden illness, using facilities or materials available to you at the time. It is the approved method
of treating a casualty until places, if necessary in the care of a doctor or removed to hospital.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID


1. To save or preserve life.
2. To prevent the condition worsening, that is, to prevent further injuries and complication.
3. To promote recovery.

EXPLANATIONS
TO PRESERVE LIFE: -
- Maintain an open airway by positioning the casualty correctly.
- Begin Artificial Respiration, if the casualty is not breathing and heart in not beating and
continue treatment until skilled medical aid is available.
- Control bleeding
TO PREVENT FURTHER INJURIES: -
- Dress wounds, immobilize any fractures, and place the casualty in the most comfortable
position.
45
TO PROMOTE RECOVERY: -
- Relieve casualty of anxiety and encourage confidence.
- Attempt to relieve the casualty of pain and discomfort.
- Protect the casualty from cold and wet.
SCOPE OF FIRST AID
1. Diagnosis: - The First Aider should be able to identify and say in simple terms what the
problem of the victim is e.g. breathing, broken bones, unconsciousness etc.
2. Treatment: - Treatment here implies all measures taken to preserve the life of the victim, to
prevent the condition from getting worse and to relieve pain. It does not involve the use of
drugs.
3. Evacuation: - The First Aider should institute evacuation procedure as laid down by his
organisation and if communication contact is impossible, make arrangement to transport
victim to the nearest hospital/clinic as quickly as possible.
QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
In order to render skilled assistance to a victim, the First Aider should possess the following qualities:
-
i. Observant: - He must be able to make quick survey of the entire scene of the emergency
and quickly determine next action to take.
He should consider the following: -
- Is the scene safe (to him and the victim)
- What happened, or happening to the victim?
- Are there bystanders that can help?
These should be done in a few seconds
ii. Carefulness: - The First Aider must be careful in handling the victim so as not worsen his
condition or cause his death.
iii. Confidence: - He must be sure of any procedure he is carrying out so as not to be confused
by the bystanders.
iv. Resourceful: - He must be able to improvise
v. Tactful: - He must be able to secure the confidence of the victim and bystanders and assume
control of the situation. The way we show our skill/dexterity.
vi. Sympathetic: -= Re-assuring the casualty is kind, tender to him. He must have the feelings
that will attract him to help the victim. However, during the course of your treatment, show
empathy in order to render the best of treatment.
vii. Perseverance: - He will continue to try in the face of all difficulties. He should not be
discouraged with a little failure but will continue to try until success comes his way.
viii. Explicit: - He should be able to give precise, detailed and accurate information about the
casualty and treatment given, either when calling for help or when handing over to the
medical crew.
ix. Exercise Good Judgement (Priorities): - That is being able to know severity of different cases

46
GENERAL RULES GUIDING FIRST AIDER
1. Stay calm, do not panic, Take charge.
2. Use your common sense. Rules may be broken depending on the prevailing situation
especially where First Aider and the victim may be exposed to further danger as in fire
incidence.
3. Do not attempt to do too much, if you are unsure of what to do. Note that it may be better not
to do anything at all than to do something that will endanger the life of the victim.
4. Re-assure the victim at all times.
5. Do not allow people to crowd around you
6. Do not move victim unless absolutely necessary.
7. Do not leave the victim unattended until doctor takes charge.
8. Loosen any tight restrictive clothing around the neck or waist to allow easy breathing and
blood circulation.
THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
Because of the frequency and serious nature of many accidents, the role of the v is very important.
a. Assess the situation
b. Identify the diseases or condition from which the casualty is suffering (diagnosis)
c. Give immediate appropriate and adequate treatment bearing in mind that a casualty may
have more than one injury and that some casualties will require more urgent attention than
others.
d. Arrange without delay for the disposal of the casualty to a doctor, hospital or home according
to the seriousness of the condition. Your responsibility ends when the casualty is handed
over to the care of a doctor, a nurse or other appropriate person.
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Developing First Aid, common sense is an important part of providing First Aid care. First Aid
properly given can reduce the effect of injuries and medical emergencies can keep a seriously ill or
injured person alive and can mean the difference between life and death; between rapid recovery
and long period of hospitalization; or between temporary disability and permanent injury. Proper
First Aid must be given quickly and effectively or the victim’s condition may become more serious
by the time further help arrives on the scene.
In the excitement of an emergency, it is important to stop for a moment to clear your head and think
before you act. When responding to any emergency situation, remain calm and apply the four
emergency action principle.
1. Survey the scene: in responding to an emergency situation, make a quick survey of the entire
scene. Do not only look at the victim
2. Do a primary survey on the victim
3. Phone the emergency medical service or look for help.
4. Do a secondary survey of the victim when appropriate.

1 Survey the scene: In responding to an emergency situation, make a quick survey of the
entire scene. Do not only look at the victim. Look at the area around the victim. This should
only a few second. Decide what to do next. Consider the following as you do your survey: -
i. Is the scene safe? – You must first decide if the situation is safe for you. You cannot help a
victim by becoming a victim yourself, know your abilities. If you cannot get to the victim
47
because of hazard such as fire, toxic fumes, heavy traffic, electrical wires or deep swift
moving river, call EMS or other services needed to handle the specific life threatening hazard.
ii. What happened? – If the victim is conscious, ask question to determine what happened and
the extent of the victim’s illness or injury. If the victim is unconscious, ask by-standers or look
for clues. The scene itself often gives the answer.
iii. How many people? – Look beyond the victim you see at first glance, there may be other
victims.
iv. Are there by-standers who can help? – If there are by-standers, use them to help you find
out what happened. By-standers though may not be trained in First Aid, but can help you in
other important ways such as calling medical attention, by offering emotional support to the
victims.
v. Identify yourself as a person trained in First Aid. Tell the victim and the by-standers who you
are and that you are trained in First Aid, this may help to reassure the v. it will also help you
to take charge of the situation.
2 Do a primary survey of the victim: The purpose of primary survey is to check the life
threatening conditions and to give urgent first aid care.
When you come to an accident that you did not witness, you may find victim who is moving. You
must determine whether the victim is conscious and responsive or unconscious. You can generally
tell if the person is responsive by gently tapping the person on the shoulder and asking “Are you
ok?”
Some injuries or illness may require assistance in caring for the victim or calling EMS. If this is the
case, you may need to shout several times to get someone’s attention. While you are seeking help,
continue the primary survey by checking for an open Airway, breathing and circulation. This is called
checking the ABC’s of First Aid.
ABC OF FIRST AID
A = Airway
B = Breathing
C = Circulation
For Airway – opening the airway to allow unobstructed passage of fresh air to the lungs.
For Breathing – Artificial ventilation to get air into the lungs of a casualty who has stopped breathing.
For Circulation – External chest compression to apply pressure on the chest to compress the heart
and pump blood through the arteries to the vital organs.
Controlling sever bleeding to prevent or minimize serious blood loss so that a casualty’s circulation
can be maintained.
The recovery position to help maintain an open airway so preventing unconscious victim becoming
asphyxiated.
3 Making a call: You can make a call to the medical unit yourself or give the responsibility to
by-standers. Make sure that adequate and precise information is passed onto the medical.
The information will include: -
i. The location of the emergency (exact address, city/town, location landmark, name of building,
floor apartment or room number).
48
ii. The telephone number being used
iii. The caller’s name
iv. What happened
v. Number of victims
vi. The victim’s condition
vii. The help being given
NOTE: DO NOT DROP FIRST.
4 Do secondary survey: The purpose of this is to check the victim carefully from head to toe in
an orderly manner for injuries or other problems that are not of an immediate threat to life,
but which could cause problems if not corrected, for example, broken bone.
DECIDING TO TRANSPORT THE VICTIM: After completing the emergency action principles, you
might consider transporting the victim to the hospital yourself if the victim’s condition is not severe.
This is an important decision. Do not transport a victim with a threatening condition or one in whom
there is any chance that a life-threatening condition may develop. However, there may be some
situations when an ambulance is not readily available, and you must weigh the risks and consider
taking the victim to the hospital. You must pay close attention to the victim and watch any change
in his/her condition.

RESUSCITATION: If a casualty is not breathing and if the heart is not beating, it is vital that you
take over respiration and circulation so that the flow of oxygen to the brain is maintained. Remember
your ABC’s. First, ensure an open airway, second breath for the casualty by inflating the lungs and
oxygenating the blood and thirdly; circulate the blood by compressing the chest.
The quick and efficient use of artificial ventilation, if necessary with External chest compression,
should prevent further deterioration of the casualty’s condition and preserve life until more skilled
help is available.
Resuscitation should be attempted even if you are in doubt about whether a casualty is capable of
being revived. You should always continue until;
a. Spontaneous breathing and pulse restored.
b. Another qualified person takes over.
c. A doctor assumes responsibility for a casualty.
d. You are exhausted and unable to continue.
CHECKING BREATHING
In order to find out whether a casualty is breathing, place your ear above the casualty’s mouth and
look along the chest and abdomen. If the casualty is breathing, you will hear and feel any breaths
and see movement along the chest and abdomen. A casualty who has stopped breathing will almost
be unconscious.
A. OPENING THE AIRWAY
If a casualty is unconscious, the airway may be narrowed or blocked making breathing difficult or
impossible. This occurs for several reasons: -
- The head may till toward narrowing the airway.
- Muscular control in the throat will be lost which may allow the tongue to slip back and block
the air passage, and because the reflexes are impaired, saliva or vomit may lie in the back
of the throat blocking the airway. Any of these situations can lead to the death of the casualty
49
so it is imperative that you establish a clear airway, a casualty may begin breathing
spontaneously. If the casualty begins breathing, place him in a recovery position. But if the
casualty still does not breathe, you will have to begin resuscitation.
METHOD:-
1. Place the hand under the casualty’s neck and your other hand on the forehead and till the
head backward. This will extend the head and neck and open the airway.
2. Transfer your hand from the neck and push the chin upwards. The jaw will lift the tongue
forward, clear of the airway.

CLEARING THE AIRWAY: -


In the open airway position, any foreign mater such as vomit, loose teeth or dentures, or food that
can be seen or felt should be removed if possible. To achieve this, turn the casualty’s head to the
side; hook your first two fingers and sweep round inside the mouth. But do not spend time searching
for hidden obstructions.

B. BREATHING FOR THE CASUALTY


MOUTH TO MOUTH VENTILATION
The most effective way you can breathe for the casualty is to transfer air from your own lungs into
the casualty’s by blowing into them through the mouth (mouth-to-mouth ventilation. This can be
carried out most effectively when the casualty is lying on the back, but it should be started
immediately whatever position the casualty happens to be in, the first inflation must be given swiftly.
The only occasion on which mouth-to-mouth ventilation must not be used is in some cases of
poisoning where contamination around the casualty’s mouth can affect the rescuer. It may also be
unsuitable if there are serious facial injuries, recurrent vomiting, or if the casualty is pinned faced
down.
If the mouth cannot be used for any reason satisfactorily, ventilation can be achieved through the
nose (mouth-to-nose) or through the mouth and nose in small children and infants (mouth-to-mouth
and nose).
METHOD: -
1. Remove any obvious obstructions over the face or constriction around the neck, open the
airway and remove any debris seen in the mouth or the throat.
2. Open your mouth wide, take a deep breath, pinch the nostrils, together with your fingers and
seal your lips around the mouth (for mouth-to-nose, close the casualty’s mouth with your
thumb and seal your lips around the casualty’s nose).
3. Looking along the chest, blow the casualty’s lung until you can see the chest rise to maximum
expansion.
NB: if the casualty’s chest fails to rise, first assume the airway is fully opened. Adjust the position
of the hand and jaw and try again. If there is still no ventilation, the airway may be blocked, and you
have to treat for choking.
4. Remove your mouth well away from the casualty’s and breathe out any excess air, watch the
chest fall and take in fresh air. Repeat inflation.
50
• Give the first inflation as quickly as possible without waiting for complete lung deflation
between breaths.
5. Check the casualty’s pulse to make sure that the heart is beating.
• If the heart is beating normally, continue to give inflation at normal breathing rate (16-18 times
per minute) until natural breathing is restored, assisting it when necessary and adjusting it to
the casualty’s breathing rate.
• When the casualty starts to breathe normally, place in the recovery position. BUT IF THE
HEART is not beating, you must perform External chest compression/massage immediately.
EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSION (ECC)
If mouth-to-mouth ventilation by itself is unsuccessful and the casualty’s heart stops or has stopped
beating, you must perform External chest compression in conjunction with mouth-to-mouth
ventilation. This is because without the heart to circulate the blood, oxygenated blood cannot reach
the casualty’s brain.
METHOD: -
1. Lay the casualty on the back on a firm surface. Kneel alongside the casualty facing the chest
and in line with the heart. Locate the lower half of the breastbone; find the internal notch at
the top and the intersection of the rib margins at the bottom. Place your thumbs midway
between these two landmarks to find the centre.
2. Place the heel of one on the centre lf lower half of the breastbone, keeping your fingers off
the ribs. Cover this hand and lock your fingers together.
3. Keep your arms straight and rock forwards until your arms are vertical. Please down on the
lower half of the breastbone (about 4-5cm) for average adult.
4. Rock backwards to release pressure. Complete fifteen compressions at the rate of eighty
compression per minute.
5. Move back to the casualty’s head and re-open the airway. Seal the airway and give two
breaths of mouth-to-mouth ventilation.
6. Continue with fifteen compressions followed by two full ventilation, repeating heart check
after the first minute. Therefore, check heartbeat after every twelve cycles or three minutes.
7. As soon as the heartbeat returns, stop compressions immediately. Continue mouth-to-mouth
ventilation until natural breathing is restored, assisting it when necessary, and adjusting it to
the casualty’s rate. Place the casualty in the recovery position.
RESUSCITATION WITH TWO FIRST AIDERS
When two First Aiders are present, one should take charge and maintain the open airway, perform
mouth-to-mouth ventilation and check heartbeat, the other should perform External chest
compression. If resuscitation is prolonged, the First Aider can change places to reduce the strain,
and it may be easier if they work on opposite sides of the body.
METHOD: -
1. One First Aider takes up a position at the casualty’s head, the other kneels alongside the
casualty’s level with the middle of the chest.
2. The First Aider at the head immediately open the airway, gives the first four inflations and
check for heartbeat. If it is absent, the other First Aider should give five (5) chest
compressions.
3. Resuscitation then continues with the First Aider at the head opening the airway and giving
single inflation followed by the other giving five compressions, this is performed continuously
at a rate of sixty (60) compressions per minute until the heartbeat is found.
RESUSCITATION FOR CHILDREN
51
The technique for resuscitating youths and older children are the same as for the adults but they
must be done slightly faster and with lighter pressure. For children and infants, use the techniques
described below and place your hand over the centre of the breastbone for external chest
compression.
1. Perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation by sealing your lips around the child’s mouth and nose
and breathing gently into the lungs at the rate of 20 breaths per minute. Check the heartbeat
after giving the first four inflation.
2. Perform External chest compression with light pressure using one hand only. Press at the
rate of 100 compressions per minute to a depth of 2.5-3cm with five compressions to one
ventilation.
FOR INFANTS AND SMALL CHILDREN
When resuscitating infants, give very gentle puffs and use very light pressure with two fingers only;
apply at the rate of five compressions to one ventilation.
METHOD:
1. Perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation by sealing your lips around the baby’s mouth and nose
and puffing gently into the lungs at the rate of 20 breaths per minute. Check heartbeat after
giving the first four inflations.
2. Perform External chest compression with two fingers passing at a rate of 100 times per
minute to a depth of 1.5-2cm.
CPR = Two (2) artificial ventilations + 30 external chest compressions.
MODIFICATION OF CPR (ONE RESCUER)
TECHNIQUE ADULT CHILD INFANT
A. Opening the Airway Maximum Moderate Minimal backward
backward tilt of the backward tilt of the tilt of the head with
head with chin head with chin chin support
support support
B. Artificial Respiration Mouth-to-mouth or According to size Mouth-to-mouth
mouth to nose 12- of child 15/20 and nose
15minutes minutes
C. Compression Point Lower third of Mid-sternum Mid sternum
sternum
Compress with: Two hands, one on Heel of one hand Two fingers
top of the other
Compression depth 4-5cm (to produce 2.5-3cm (to 1.5-2cm (to
palpable pulse) produce palpable produce palpable
Compression rate 80 times/minute pulse) pulse)
Ration of compression 30:2 80 times/minute 100 times/minute
to ventilation 30:2 30:2

FIRST AID DOCUMENTATION


Documentation on site by the First Aider is very important because information properly collected,
analyses and presented is a management aid.
Documentation can identify: -
a) Accident prone individuals
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b) Need for accident prevention studies
c) Need for training
d) When safety procedures are not effective.
Documentation must be factual, and accurate, as they may be required for evidence or inspection
by authorized persons. The format for this documentation should include the following: -
i. Name
ii. Age
iii. Time of accident
iv. Who are involved
v. Treatment given
vi. Assigned designation etc.

CPR DIAGRAM

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Action at an emergency and medical evacuation procedure
The basic principles of First Aid apply to all injuries or illness regardless of severity. Whatever the
incident, it is the First Aider’s responsibility to act quickly, calmly and correctly in order to preserve
life, prevent deterioration in the casualty’s condition and promote recovery.
These objectives are best achieved by:-
a) A rapid but calm approach.
b) A quick assessment of the situation and the casualty.
c) A correct diagnosis of the condition based on the history of the incident, signs + symptoms.
d) Immediate and appropriate treatment of any conditions.

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e) Proper disposal of the casualty according to the injury or condition.
A. APPROACH:- This should be speedy but calm and controlled. Ensure that you are not
placing yourself in any danger when approaching the casualty. In arrival at the scene, state
that you are a First Aider, and if there are no Doctors/Nurses, calmly take charge.
B. Assessing the situation:- As soon as you have taken control, it is crucial that you make an
accurate assessment of the situation and decide on the priorities of action. The conditions
which affect these are as follows:
i. Safety – Minimize
ii. Getting others to help you – Some bystanders are extremely useful and may be able to assist
with treatment, e.g. controlling severe bleeding or supporting a badly injured limb. Others
may become nuisance so you must keep them occupied to prevent them interfering with your
work. They can be asked to control traffic/crowds, make telephone calls.
iii. Determining the priorities of treatment – This is done by checking
- Airways + Breathing
- Bleeding
- Unconsciousness
iv. Calling for assistance - Once you decide that assistance is required, and this may include
Ambulance, Police, Fire brigade, etc. send for it immediately. SPDC EMS is 122
Make sure that the following information is passed on: -
(a) Your phone number (if for any reason you are cut-off, the officer will then be able to call you)
(b) The exact location of the incident, if you can, point out nearby wad junction or any other
landmarks.
(c) An indication of the type and seriousness of the incident e.g. “Road traffic, two cars involved,
three people trapped”
(d) The number, sex and appropriate age of the casualties involved, and if possible, the nature
of their injuries.
(e) Request special aid if you suspect heart attack or childbirth.
NB: DO NOT REPLACE THE RECEIVER BEFORE THE CONTROL OFFICER
C. DIAGNOSIS: - Having death with the priorities, you should then attempt a further diagnosis.
This concerns taking account of the casualty’s history (and that of the incident), the
symptoms, signs and levels of responsiveness.
D. Treatment:- You should carry out appropriate treatment for each condition found, gently and
quickly, reassuring the casualty. Bear in mind, your aim is to preserve life, prevent the
condition worsening and promote recovery.
E. Disposal of casualty: - After you have carried out your treatment, the casualty should normally
receive attention from a qualified person (Doctor/Nurse) without undue delay. Depending on
the severity of the condition and the availability of skilled help, you should:
i. Arrange transport to hospital by Ambulance (or by car for minor injuries and arm fracture)
ii. Hand over the casualty to the care of a doctor/nurse at the scene
iii. Allow the casualty to go home and advise to seek medical advice, if necessary.
Warning: Never send anyone home who has been unconscious, even for a short time, or who is in
shock.
F. Reporting on the casualty – the casualty should always be accompanied by a brief written
report when he/she leaves your care. If possible, you should accompany the casualty
yourself and make a personal report. The report should include the following information: -
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i. History of the accident/illness
ii. Brief description of the injury
iii. The pulse and any changes
iv. Blood loss sustained
v. Any unusual behaviour by the casualty
vi. Any treatment given and when.
- Never move a severely injured/ill person unless there is immediate danger to life or if skilled
help is not readily available. Leave casualty undisturbed.

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EMERGENCY RESPONSE ON SITE
INTRODUCTION
The Health, Safety and Environment Management System requires that all activities, aspects of the
operations of what can result in accidents that can adversary on the health and safety of people,
and cause damage to assets and reputation of the company and the environment in which the
company operates should be submitted to the hazards and Effect Management Process. The
process will identify the inherent hazards, the threats that would release the hazard, the hazardous
event and effect, assess the risk reduction that need to be put in place.
The system accepts that preventive and mitigating provisions for risk reduction could fail, and the
situation could escalate into the identified potential disastrous consequence. It therefore requires
that recovery measures should include provisions for containing the anticipated ensuing disaster,
which is an emergency.
OBJECTIVE

A DISASTER is a very bad accident that causes great damage or loss of life; and an EMERGENCY
SITUATION is a sudden abnormal or unplanned situation that requires immediate attention. It may
endanger human life or the environment, or have an adverse effect on company or public assets.
And the company’s reputation.
A CRISIS is an event or issue which is not yet under control, and which threatens the reputation or
business of the company.
A SPILL is any unexpected loss to water or land of crude oil, condensate feed stocks, intermediates,
products or process materials.
Common to all these situations is that they can result in very serious adverse consequences to
people assets, environment and reputation, if not put under immediate control effectively.
The objective of an emergency response plan, therefore is to develop, implement and maintain a
management system (MS), including plans and procedures which when activated in the emergency
situation will minimize the harmful effects on human life and health, environment, assets and
reputation, ensure compliance with legislation.
PURPOSE OF PROCEDURE

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The procedure put in place will:
• Provide guidelines for effectively controlling and managing emergencies on site in order to
bring the situation under control.
• Identify strategies to be followed in a site emergency.
• Detail roles and responsibilities of individuals
• Determine equipment to be on site.
Consistent with EP95-0316 (Emerg. Resp.), ISO 14001 & SPDC system Guidelines for managing
emergency.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE ORGANISATION
A special organisation is required to respond to emergencies. Such an organisation will be
developed from existing Personnel and will comprise a leader, assistants and operators from the
various operational discipline of the organisation. The team leader must be one who is in a position
of authority and has full understanding of the plant and its operations. The assistants would be
heads of the various operational units involved in the emergency situations; and the operative would
be personnel from the various operation service units that are relevant to the operation. Examples
of this are shown in the attached diagrams of a CALL OUT SEQUENCE AND A SITE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE ORGANISATION.
DRILLS & EXERCISES
A drill is a supervised instructional session where participants learn to use equipment and
procedures; and an exercise is an unsupervised test of personnel’s’ capability to use equipment
and procedure effectively.
Both drills and exercises are essential to an emergency response plan. They serve to –
• Strengthen staff to confidently and safely control emergency.
• Inspire staff to full awareness of their roles and responsibilities in an emergency for better
coordination and integration when handling real emergencies.
• Unfold shortfall requiring corrective action, procedure validation and review
SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISES
The following precautions are necessary for drills and exercises:
1. Inspect escape routes and clear before starting.
2. Ensure that lives are not endangered by exercise.
3. Give safety briefing before commencement; exclude unfit persons from the exercise.
4. Work site first aiders should be available throughout the exercise
5. Ensure all equipment is in good condition, and of approved type.
6. Do not use smoke bombs; use non-toxic generators.
7. Rescue breathing apparatus should be available onsite if scenario is enclosed space.
DOS AND DON’T FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISES
DO NOT:
1. Carry out surprises exercise
2. Use live fires or toxic smoke
3. Belittle efforts of Personnel

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4. Allow horseplay
DO:
1. Fully brief Personnel and highlight the safety instructions
2. Explain the aims and objectives
3. Check that everyone is in good health
4. Arrange for an observer to witness the exercise
5. Debrief record comments and pass to Emergency Response Department
6. Inform adjacent worksites and area office of the exercise
7. Keep a record of the type of exercise and the participants
8. Thank all Personnel for taking part
9. Involve CLO if necessary.
EXERCISE RESPONSE POLICY
The response to any emergency is directed towards:
• Saving life
• Care for the injured
• Protection of the environment
• Limitation of damage to assets
• Defence of the company’s good corporate image

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60
61
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Our health is constantly affected by our activities and environment. Considering the importance of
good health, we should guide against negative influences on our health by having a closer
assessment of our environment and activities as to know the hazards inherent and consider if we
should take the risk of continuing in that environment or activity.
Each occupation has its health hazard which affects the workers’ health if not adequately protected.
Life has no duplicate; therefore, anything that has no experiment with our life should not be given a
chance. Even at work, we should ensure that our health is protected and promoted by
complimenting the efforts of the management to unveil conditions/situations that have potentials of
causing harm to our health. We should ascertain that our judgement of such situations/conditions
justifies our decision to either get on with the job or not.
In other words, the inevitable presence of hazard in all human endeavour makes most situations
accident prone. Since human beings must function, virtually every action taken by individual is risk.

THE TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAZARD, ACCIDENT AND DISEASES

Accident is an unplanned and unexpected incident which occurs because of exposure to hazardous
conditions/situations. Injury is a condition while death is an event created by accident.
A disease is a condition which occurs as a result of exposing to hazardous conditions/situations. It
represents a hypothetical situation where a worker works within an unguarded mechanic in a poorly
ventilated work place. A person exposed to such a hazardous condition is likely to be involved in
accident (represented by the arrow ‘A’). If the sustained injury from the accident is not treated, it
may be contaminated resulting to a disease (this is represented by the arrow ‘B’). The arrow (C)
indicates a relationship between a hazard and a disease. For example, a patient suffering from
tuberculosis becomes hazardous as a result of the effects and nature of the disease. The patient
might spread disease to other workers. The materials and processes used in the poorly ventilated
environment may release dangerous disease (e.g. silicosis). This is represented by the arrow (D).
The arrow (E) represents a situation in which a person suffering from a disease like epilepsy involves
in an accident as a result of epileptic attach while at work. The arrow (F) represents an accident
scene that becomes hazardous as a result of delay in clearing the scene.

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The relationship between this three is better understood with the following illustration:

A TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAZARD, ACCIDENT AND DISEASE


DEFINITIONS
RISK: - This is the probability of occurrence of an undesirable event together with a measure of its
adverse consequences.
Risk assessment: This is an approach to estimate the likelihood and occurrence of undesirable
events.
Health Risk Assessment: - This is a structured approach to identifying, evaluating and controlling
health hazards in the workplace.
KEY ELEMENTS OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Identify:
a. What is root cause?
b. What could go wrong?
2. Assess:
a. How serious will it be?
b. How probable is it?
3. Control: (Prevent/Eliminate i.e. reduce probability)
a. Is there a better way?
b. How can it be prevented?
4. Recover; (Emergency response)
a. How to limit the consequences
b. How to recover
STEPS IN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Define management role and responsibility
a. Draw Health Risk Assessment programme
b. Ensure management involvement and commitment by appointing a management
representative in the team.
c. Allocate responsibilities to competent persons with roles well defined.

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2. DEFINE STRUCTURE IMPLEMENTATION
a. Break complex sites into Assessment Units for easy management
b. Appoint operational staff and specialists as members of Assessment Team. Each team
should have a competent leader who should report to the management.
c. Personnel in the Assessment Unit should be assigned to common jobs, which have broadly
similar exposure profile.
d. The Assessment Unit should identify the task involved in a job and make inventory of the
hazardous aspects to which staff may be exposed to.
e. For cheap and effective assessment, use similar operations for which hazard to health are
similar (Generic Approach).
3. GATHER INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING
a. Agents and their harmful effects
b. Nature and degree of exposure
c. Screening and performance criteria
i. Exposure limits
ii. Engineering control
iii. Procedural control
iv. For P. P. E.
v. For emergency (recovery)
4. EVALUATE THE RISK TO HEALTH
a. Hazard Rating
i. Slight injury illness
ii. Minor injury illness
iii. Major injury illness
iv. Permanent/total disability/fatality
v. Multiple fatalities
b. Exposure Rating
i. Very low (A)
ii. Low (B)
iii. Medium (C)
iv. High (D)
v. Very high €
c. Risk to Health: Combine the hazard and exposure ratings to judge the risk to health. The
greater the population exposed, the greater the likelihood that the ill-health effects will occur
and hence the risk.
5. DECIDE ON REMEDIAL ACTION:
a. Hierarchy of control (see control of occupational hazards)
b. Additional measures
i. Routine exposure monitoring
ii. Health surveillance
iii. Maintenance of controls i.e. use of control measure. Controls must be regularly inspected,
examined, tested and appraised to ascertain their effectiveness.
6. Record the Health Risk Assessment
a. A record of all Health Risk Assessment should be kept.
i. It should be retrievable
ii. It should meet legal requirements
iii. It should contain sufficient information to ensure future clarity.
b. Record format should include
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i. Job type details
ii. Task details
iii. Recommendations and Reviews
c. Inform the staff
7. Review the Health Risk Assessment
In order to ensure the continuing validity of Health Risk Assessment and on-going control of staff
exposure to hazardous agents, the Health Risk Assessment process should be subject to planned
reviews.
BENEFITS OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Sources of information for HSE-MS case development
2. Enhancement of workers understanding of the relationship between health and work.
3. Monitoring the effectiveness of controls
4. Relevant legislation and standards are in place
5. Effectiveness of health promotion campaign
6. Improvement objectives.
MINIMUM HEALTH MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
INTRODUCTION
The Minimum Health Management Standards set down minimum requirements for the management
of health companies where Shell has operational control
Compliance with national statutory requirements is mandatory for all health management. Currently
accepted scientific knowledge should be applied in interpreting these standards.
The 7 Minimum Health Management Standards
1. Health Risk Assessment
Management programmes are to be in place to assess, control and document those health risks
arising from chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic and psychological hazards associated with
working environment which have been identified as potentially high or medium on the Risk
Assessment Matrix
Health Risk Assessment are to cover all activities, including new projects, acquisition, closure,
divestment and abandonment of facilities.
Health Risk Assessment are to be carried out by competent persons in line with good practice as
described in the Group guide ”Health Risk Assessment”.

Exposure monitoring and health surveillance programmes are to be implemented where


the need is identified by Company of Government requirements. Results of mandatory
Company or Government exposure monitoring and Health surveillance are to be recorded

For Health Risk


# need Management
is identified to be effective it must meet certain known standards-referred to as
by Company
the seven Minimum Health Management Standards (MHMS).
The Health Risk Assessment (HRA) must ensure the Contractors and employee managers have
records of how all HRA are done and risks managed to a level as low as reasonably practicable
(ALARP). This should include health surveillance and monitoring plans since this has the advantage
of helping the managers to be at alert in monitoring the health conditions of their workers and nipping
at the bud any risks of hazardous effects on a worker, early enough before its devastating effects
manifest.
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2. Monitoring of health performance and incident reporting and investigation

Annual TROIF data are to be reported for company employees with break down into the 10
illness categories in line with the guidance contained in the “Group HSE Performance
Monitoring and Reporting” guide. All health incidents with significant impact, including non-
accidental death cases, as defined in the Group guide on “Incident Classification and Reporting”
are to be reported and investigated

There must be adequate guidelines for monitoring of health performance and incident Reporting
and investigation in the work environment. Documents that state which activities should be
continued or discontinued must be publicised and made available to contractor’s supervisors. The
supervisors or managers in this regard should be able to report real or suspected occupational
illness, whether medical advice or attention is sought or not, and the aftermath of such occurrence.
Awareness and cause of occupational illness should form part of a supervisor’s daily briefing to
workers.
3. Health Impact Assessment
A Health Impact assessment is to be made in conjunction with any Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment that are required for all new projects. Major modifications and prior to
abandonment of existing projects where there is the potential to impact on the health of the
local community and/or company and contract workers and their families.

Health Impact Assessment is an important measure of ensuring good and successful Health Risk
Management at work. It focuses on health issues raised by stakeholders as they affect their health
and work, and the findings that are made therein are linked to strategic health management plan
and directed towards improving the lot of workers and contractors
4. Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
Human factors engineering principles are to be considered and applied during the early
design stage of new facilities projects where design can have a critical impact on
equipment usability and user safety or health.

Human factors engineering in new projects ensures that all new facilities or projects are screened
for minimum human factors provisions and requirements before they are embarked upon.
5. Product Stewardship
The hazards relating to manufacturing, storage, transportation, use and disposal of
existing, new, reformulated and re-branded products are to be assessed prior to
marketing or supply. The necessary information and advice to minimize risks are to be
provided to employees, contractors and customers.

Product stewardship ensures that material safety data sheet on a product is made available to the
employee, contractors and customers. All stakeholders should be familiar with their roles in control
and recovery procedures and records of such made available to show that procedures are in place.

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6. Fitness to Work

Minimum fitness for duty standards is to be established and applied for specific work
and working conditions where there are critical occupational health or safety
requirements approaching health-related policies are to be in place encompassing, as
minimum, the use of alcohol and drug and other substances that may impair
performance.

Fitness to work standards ensure that anybody who is to work in a location or business outfit
satisfies the minimum fitness for duty standard before he or she is permitted to work. This will be
meaningful if there is regular re-examination or review of the health of workers in relation to the job
that they do.
7. Local Health Facilities and Medical Emergency Response

Plans are to be in place to provide company employees access to medical services, which
meet acceptable standards in relation to risk posed by the special nature or location of
their employment. Plans are to be in place to respond to medical emergencies, which
meet the requirements, set out in the Group guide “Medical Emergency Guidelines for
Management”

Local Health facilities and Medical Emergency Response Procedures ensure that the medical
service and facilities available to workers or employees to address work-related injuries or illnesses
are reviewed from time to time by the local or regional health advisers against known standards that
are appropriate to such environments and risks found in such places.

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BASIC COMMUNITY AFFAIRS ISSUES
In Nigeria, just like other parts of the world, industries are established for specific purposes. In most
cases to produce special products that will yield income for the operations (owner of Company) and
at the same time provide employment opportunities for members of their host communities.
For those industries to meet their primary objectives of generating income, meet their obligations to
their stakeholders and at the same time engage in some employers and employees in the
communities in which they operate, employers and employees must ensure continuous and
uninterrupted production of their products. Bearing in mind the fact that most, if not all of the
industries operate in different communities and the company is most cordial and mutually beneficial.
The principal actors in making this within the community and interact with the community members.
The primary objectives of the course in question is to critically and objectively examine the
relationship between Oil industry community based workers and their host communities with the
view to identify areas of function, areas of mutual agreement and consequently educate them on
the fact of their responsibilities, loyalty and obligations are primarily to their employers and not vice-
versa.
Constant education and enlightenment to ensure industrial harmony and minimize areas of function
cannot be over emphasized. It also increases the community based workers’ awareness and their
own role in the Company’s goals as well as their own role in the continuous strive towards progress
for the all growth of the Company.
Enlightenment brings peace and harmony as each worker becomes aware of the importance of his
actions and contributions to the success of the company, the community in which they work and the
national economy at large.
COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN THE NIGERIAN OIL INDUSTRY
Oil is Nigeria’s most important economic resources for the moment. It contributes nearly 90% of
government revenue. It is found only in the Niger Delta region or swamps, mangrove forest –
populated area of Nigeria.
In a way, exploring activities in several ways touch on the lives of the inhabitants of the host
communities. It involves for instance, the construction of roads and canals, breaking up of virgin or
mangrove and in the process the destruction of fauna (wild life) and flora (vegetation) as well as the
pollution of the environment and the introduction of entirely new cultural pattern and value systems.
Thus oil companies seriously affect the people of the host communities and thud shape a
relationship which effect has be characteristically hostile, cordial or friendly.

VISION FOR THE NIGER DELTA PEOPLE


1. We must transform Niger Delta to a Major Industrial belt or World Class Standard that will be
proud of rich culture, full of maturity, a tourism attraction cherished by its standard.
2. Assurance of gainful employment for qualified indigenes of the Niger Delta origin into both
Oil and non-oil sectors in Local and Foreign Companies operating in the Niger Delta Regions.
3. Youths: Able-bodied men and the Working Class knowing the roles towards the meaning of
development and contributing their quota to achieve a suitable Economic Growth and
Development for both the country and themselves.
4. Freedom from oppression. Freedom from marginalization.
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5. Niger Delta has been breast-feeding the Nation for over 39 years, but that the problem could
only be solved through dialogue and joint negotiation.
6. Joint investigation of Oil, Government, Company, Communities (shareholding).

APPRECIATION OF BASIC COMMUNITY AFFAIRS ISSUES


WHAT IS COMMUNITY AFFAIRS?
The term community refers to people inhabiting a certain locality, having some degree of political
autonomy, a sense of fellowship, a uniform set of religious beliefs, ethnic homogeneity and often a
particular dominant occupation function.
Ogbebor (1992) expressed that Community is a group of people located in a given geographical
area with common goals and aspiration
But as it may, Community affairs could be referred to as the process by which the efforts of the
people themselves are united with those of government authorities, SPDC Contractors and Oil
industries or other establishment apart from Oil industries to improve the economic, social and
cultural conditions of the communities, to integrate these communities in the life of the nation and
to enable them contribute fully to national progress.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY (AIMS AND OBJECTIVES)


To improve the quality of life in the community in its operating area, SPDC Contractors, Oil industries
and other establishment shall aim at:
• Establishing a Community development programme which applies World Standards of
practice to serve its host communities.
• Facilitating work in partnership with the host communities and where appropriate with
government, donors, non-governmental organisation, community groups and other
stakeholders.
• Encouraging the full participation of host communities in project implementation and
monitoring.
• Maintaining communication with social segments of the host communities in order to address
their needs.
• Focusing community development assistance on activities having high impact and broad
benefits for the host population.
• Paying special attention to the most economically disadvantaged social group.
OBJECTIVES OF THE REPRESENTATION OF OIL INDUSTRIES & OTHER COMPANIES IN
THE COMMUNITIES
The objectives of the representation of the Oil industries in various communities include:
• To enable the company be seen by communities as a partner in the socio-cultural
development of their areas.
• To foster goodwill for the Company in the area of operation.
• To provide guide for the control of representations to traditional rulers and opinion/
community leaders in the communities where SPDC and other Oil Companies operate.
• To create a transparent basis for the treatment of all expenditure in the communities by
various staff of the Oil Companies/other establishments.

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COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
It simply means bringing together of the community for a particular purpose; it is very essential in
any community project and is the key to community participation. Willingness to participate in an Oil
establishment project is a necessary ingredient for the success of that project.
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
1. To encourage communities’ participation
2. To create awareness among the community members about the project to be carried out.
3. To inform and educate the community members on service available to them with a view of
helping them on how to use necessary facilities e.g. Health School, Pipe-borne water,
electricity etc.
4. To motivate and enlist the support of the community members in planning and implementing
programmes in the loyalty for the improvement of living conditions.
5. It helps to inform the company about the problem(s) in that particular community.
ADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
1. More of the company’s project will be accomplished.
2. Service can be provided at lower cost.
3. It helps to solve the problem of insecurity
4. It helps to reduce the destruction of Company’s equipment and maintain good rapport
between Company’s personnel and the indigenes
5. It helps to inform the company about the problem(s) in that particular community.
6. It can be a catalyst for further developmental efforts.
7. It leads to a sense of response of responsibility for a project.
8. It ensures that things are done in the right way within a given community where a project is
to be carried out.
9. It uses indigenous knowledge and expertise.
10. It frees population from dependence on professionals; that is the company will not only
depend on professionals but also make do with the local people who may be unskilled
labourers.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION/PARTICIPATION
1. The members of a particular Community may like to impose rules and regulations or ideal on
a particular company in terms of employment, wages, social amenities, etc.
2. Some of the members of a Community may want to assume unnecessary ownership of the
land where the Company’s project is being located and as such they would not want to
humble themselves to do the job according to the taste of the company.
3. They can use their personal clashes to affect the growth and development of the Company
in the Communities.
4. The Company/Contractor concerned may spend more money, time and personnel in
providing their needs.

TABOOS/TOTEMS IN VARIOUS COMMUNITIES


Taboos could be defined as things or places members of a particular Community avoid, because
they think they are offensive or embarrassing to the smooth governance of that particular

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Community. It could be a social custom which members must be avoided or a religious that forbid
a particular activity because it may offend God.
While totems on the other hand, are animals, plants, foods, etc. these are thought to have a special
spiritual connection with a particular tribe and Community.
Be that as it may, it is instructive to notice that taboos, totems and laws in a given Community where
a project is to be carried out is being learnt or taught to the Company’s personnel by those who are
conversant with the customs and traditions of that particular Community. This will enable the
Company’s staff to understand the implications if they violate the Community’s laws either positively
or negatively. Positive in the sense that, understanding the laws can serve the Company and staff
from establishment, arrest, fines and compensations as the case may be; and negatively the other
way round. All companies working in different Communities have to be briefed concerning the
various taboos and totems so that the Companies staff will be the safe side.

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PHYSICAL SECURITY MEASURES
Physical security is that aspect of security concerned with the physical measures designed to
safeguard personnel, to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials and
documents, and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security measures, therefore, is the situation whereby a security operative is posted to a
particular place or definite place for the purpose of ensuring that the security objectives are achieved
at any given times; this can be achieved using other measures and methods like deterrent
measures, buying time and electronics measures.
SOME SECURITY METHODS USED IN SPDC OPERATIONS: -
1. Security survey
2. Risk assessment
3. Security plan
4. Personal screening
5. Access control
6. Physical security
7. Environmental security design
8. Crime prevention and loss control
9. Security control
10. Intelligence/surveillance
11. Investigation
EXTERNAL SECURITY AGENCIES
It is part of SPDC security policy to establish an effective liaison with outside/government security
agencies such as police, custom, immigration, fire service, ambulance, water works, electricity
(IBEDEC) etc.
PERSONAL AND OFFICE SECURITY CONCERNS
SECURITY HINTS IN THE OFFICE
1. All doors leading to offices must be properly locked and keys handed down in designated
place when closing or leaving office.
2. All appliances must be properly switched off before leaving the office.
3. In a computer network, access to strategic information should only be granted to authorized
users e.g. production data.
4. Sensitive information should not be published on SPDC website to avoid information tapping.
5. Computer usage in a network system must be pass-worded to restrict log-in.
6. Unwanted documents should be well destroyed, if possible through shredding.
7. Restrict company’s discussions to limited areas.
8. Faulty doors and windows should be reported promptly and followed up immediately.
9. Avoid leaving your visitor alone in the office especially when there is money in your drawer.
10. Do not leave workmen, cleaners, hawkers etc. alone in the office.
11. Avoid keeping shared keys under foot mat or other known places.
12. Avoid monetary transactions, especially cash payment in the office.
SECURITY HINTS AT HOME
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1. Do not live alone
2. If you must need house help, ensure that you demand for his/her photograph (full length and
passport size), written application with both signature and finger prints and must provide
guarantors. He/she must not harbour strangers or friends in the house.
3. Ensure that security lights can be switched on and off from inside the house. It is also
important to switch on the lights outside and switch off the ones inside the house. These
arrangements give you an edge over intruder.
4. Remove any object such as trees, stick, ladder, drum etc. close to the fence of your house
that can assist an intruder gaining entrance into your house.
5. Help to raise an alarm if your neighbour is in distress, as this gives a general feeling of
security among neighbours.
6. Demand for identification cards from anybody claiming to be from water works, IBEDEC or
NITEL. Often armed robber and tricksters usually impersonate as officials to commit crime.
HINTS ON SECURITY OUTSIDE HOME (PUBLIC)
1. It is advisable not to travel at night alone.
2. Avoid giving lifts to strange faces including uniformed security personnel, except you know
him.
3. Endeavour not to count your money openly or spraying at public functions, such as
marriages, burials, naming ceremony etc. it could be reason why armed robbers trail you
home.
4. Do not patronize strange women/men. They could be agents of armed robbers or those
dealing in human parts. Besides, AIDS is real.
5. Avoid going out alone if possible.
6. Try to vary the timing and your route home. Do not create a regular pattern of going and
coming home as this enables an attacker to know your movements and plan an attack.
7. If you suspect that you are being followed, enter any busy public place such as restaurant,
library, market etc. and call for assistance.
8. When travelling, ensure that your valuables are close by; as a matter of fact, within reach. In
short, sleep with only one eye closed.
9. Dump the habit of eating from people you do not know, especially when traveling, you could
be drugged.
10. It is very important you seriously observe the looks and movements of the occupants of a
taxi or bus before entering. Often people recount tales of how they lost valuables to hoodlums
or thrown out of moving taxi or bus.
11. Immediately you come out of a bank. Make sure you do not board any waiting motorcycle or
taxi; most are known to be agents of armed robbers.
12. While in the bank, make sure you do not use your residential/home address at the back of
your cheque, instead, use your office address, especially when cashing large sum of money.
Most times, armed robbers trail the owner home.
SITE SECURITY PLAN
Security plan is a comprehensive and feasible analysis of methods of assets protection put together
into a compact form for protecting the organization’s assets.
A site security plan shall be developed for every project and shall address the following:
- Security threat survey
- Fencing
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- Lighting
- ID Cards
- Access control
- Gate pass
- Movement of equipment across SPDC facilities to contractor site.
- Housekeeping
- Security patrol and static guarding at project site.
- Emergency response/evacuation plans.
- Key telephone numbers.
- Incident reporting
- Site liaison with host community.
SITE SECURITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURE
It is expected that all employees and contractor employees should be conversant with the SPDC
laid down site security emergency response procedures and follow it diligently in cases of security
breach at the site. Particularly, they should know what to do within the authority given to them and
should also know whom to report to in cases beyond their powers; that is, they should understand
the chain of command within the SPDC operations.
They should also know all the security telephone numbers within the SPDC, including those of EMS,
Fire service, etc.

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Fire is a friend. As one of the elements that sustain life, (air, water and fire, heat), it is used in homes
and in industry. It provides the heat for cooking, warming and production. However, the same
invaluable friend, fire could be dangerous and devastating, if not handled with care. Fire has, in
recent times, cost countries around the world trillions of Naira, or whatever is the currency of the
country; it has claimed lives and valuable assets; industries and businesses have been wiped out.
The nature of fire needs to be understood; such measures can be put in place to prevent it occurring
in the undesirable manner, or reduce the consequence should that happen.
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF FIRE
DEFINITION
Fire is variously defined as:
1. A rapid combination of two or more combustible substance with oxygen, resulting in the
production of heat and light.
2. A chemical reaction between combustible materials and oxygen in which energy is evolved
in the form of heat and light.
3. A chemical reaction known as combustion. It is the rapid oxidation of combustible materials
accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light.
4. The interaction between a fuel, oxygen and heat at appropriate temperature, resulting in the
production of flame.
These definitions show that three elements fuel, heat and oxygen must be present for a fire to occur;
they are termed Elements of Combustion, and represented diagrammatically as the Triangle of
Combustion.

TRIANGLE OF COMBUSTION (FIRE TRIANGLE)


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CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
For fire to occur, the three elements, fuel, heat and oxygen must combine in their right
concentrations as follows:
i. Oxygen must be at least 21% in concentration
ii. Fuel must be to critical temperature. The critical temperature of fuel differs according to the
type of material.
iii. Heat must be rapid i.e. fuel must be heated rapidly.
THE ELEMENTS OF COMBUSTION
1. Oxygen: Oxygen constitutes 21 percent of air and supports combustion. It is unlikely to
have fire in an atmosphere that has less than 16 percent oxygen.
2. Fuel: Fuel is any combustible substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form,
CLASS PROPERTIES
A. SOLIDS
Free burning materials usually of organic nature e.g. wood, paper, textile,
furniture, cloths, sawdust etc. usually such fire leaves residue.
B. LIQUIDS
All flammable liquids or liquefiable solids e.g. petrol, kerosene, cooking oil,
fat, wax, paints, petrochemical production etc. no residue left.
C. Gases
all free or liquefied combustible gases e.g. cooking gas (LPG), acetylene,
hydrogen sulphide, methane, propane, butane, aerosols etc.
D. METALS
All fires involving metals e.g. potassium, magnesium, copper, aluminium,
sodium, calcium, zinc, etc.
3. Heat: Heat is a form of energy. It is the attainment of certain minimum temperature (measure
of how hot)
All substance require a great amount of heat to burn, heat is produced by any of the following
means:
• Activities of microorganisms or organic substances in confined poorly ventilated places e.g.
grains in a flourmill.
• Chemical reaction, e.g. mixture of glycerine and potassium permanganate.
• Mechanical: friction
• Electrical: flow of current through a conductor
• Other: matches, naked light, radiation from the sun
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE AND METHODS OF EXTINCTION
Class Commodities Methods
“A” Fire involving burning materials, Cooling by application of water
usually of organic nature.
Examples are wood, paper,
textile, thatches, grasses,
furniture, etc.
“B” Fire involving highly flammable Starvation by cutting off fuel
liquids or liquefied solids. supply. Smothering by application
Examples; petrol, kerosene,
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cooking oil, wax, paints, spirits, of suitable cover e.g. lid, foam, and
vanish etc. proper application of CO2.
“C” Fire involving gases. Examples: Starvation by cutting off fuel
Cooking gas (LPG). Acetylene, supply, application of CO2, fire
Hydrogen, Sulphide, Butane, extinguisher. Or allow it to burn out.
Propane, Methane,
Oxyacetylene etc.
“D” Fire involving metals. Examples: Smothering by the use of special
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, fire fighting Dry Chemical Powder
Copper, Zinc, Lead, Bronze, e.g. Ternary Eutectic-Chloride
Aluminium (TEC). Sodium Bicarbonate (ABC)
Alternatively use dry sand

Fires are classified into four groups according to the type of fuel.
Fire classification and extinction method

CLASS FUEL EXTINCTION METHOD APPROPRIATE


EXTINGUISHER
A. Solid carbonaceous Cooling – Application of water to Water
material remove heat
B. Flammable liquids Smothering: Application of blanketing CO2, DCP, Foam
medium to remove oxygen Fm-200
C. Flammable gases Starvation: Achieved by removing fuel Water spray, DCP
from the fire CO2
D. Metals Smothering Eutectic Chloride

ELECTRICAL FIRES
Electrical fires no longer constitute a class. Fires started by an electrical source would normally
involve elements with class A, B, C or D properties, and would therefore be classified appropriately
according to cut off of the electricity supply and use an extinguishing medium appropriate to what
is burning. When it is not possible, then cut of the electricity, special extinguishing agents, which
are non-conductor of electricity and non-damaging to equipment, should be used. Such
extinguishing agents include vaporising liquids, dry chemical powder, and carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide is recommended for electrical equipment because it is a non-conductor, non-corrosive, and
non-destructive. Dry chemical powder has some residual effect on electrical equipment.

PRINCIPLES OF EXTINCTION
The method of fire extinction is based on three principles, in accord with the three elements of
combustion, as depicted in the diagram

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The method used to cut-off the elements in the triangle of combustion are
(i) Cooling (ii) Starvation and (iii) Smothering

(i) Cooling: Cooling is the reduction of heat below ignition temperature by the application of
water or cooling agent onto a burning substance. The water is applied either in bulk, jet
or spray. This method removes heat from the triangle of combustion or triangle of fire.
(ii) Smothering: This is the cutting off or reducing the supply of oxygen to the fire. This
method may be ineffective on fire involving oxidizing agents as they have their own
oxygen required for combustion.
EXAMPLE:
• Covering burning cooking oil with non-combustible cover/lid.
• Use of fire blanket
• Use of Dry Chemical Powder (DCP).
• Use of foam
• Use of Dry sand

(iii) Starvation: This is the removal or limitation of fuel supply to a fire e.g. shutting off a gas
supply, draining of fuel from oil tanks, throwing away combustible materials from a
houseboat. This method is used to reduce the amount of combustible substances within
the vicinity of fire.

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER: TYPES AND METHOD OF USE
S/N TYPE USE PRACTICAL
DEMOSTRATION
a) Carbon (IV) Oxide CO2 A flame inhibitor: for gas, 1) Pull out safety pin clip
sizes available – 5kg, flammable liquid and electrical as it may be
10kg (15kg – 30kg are on equipment fires 2) Direct horn at flame
wheel trolley) 3) Squeeze lever,
discharge at base of
fire
b) Dry Chemical Powder A smothering agent: for all 1) Remove safety clip or
(DC) sizes 1kg, 2kg, 9kg fires except gas fires having cap
and (75kg on wheeled explosion risk 2) Press knobs
trolley) 3) Squeeze nozzle lever
4) Direct at base of fire in
a sweeping manner
c) Water/CO2 – 9litres size A cooling agent that absorbs 1) Remove safety pin
heat from fire, but not to be 2) Strike the knob and
used on electrical direct jet at base of fire
equipment
d) Foam Extinguisher – sizes Is a smothering agent but also 1) Remove safety pin
available 9liters, 50liters has a cooling effect. It must 2) Strike lever
and 75liters not be used on electrical 3) Direct ON TOP burning
equipment due to its substance
conductivity nature

It is important to report the use of fire extinguishers after a fire, and send them immediately to the
fire service unit for refilling.
Portable fire extinguisher and colour codes
TYPES COLOUR CODE
Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) Blue
Water Red
Foam Extinguisher Cream white
Carbon (IV) Oxide Black
Halon (BCF) Extinguisher Green-phased out
FIRE PREVENTION HINTS
The best and most effective way of controlling fire is to prevent it from occurring. Fire prevention,
therefore, is the primary responsibility of every worker.
The following guidelines are useful for fire control and prevention
1. GOOD HOUSEKEEPING: One effective way of preventing fire is good housekeeping,
ensuring that all accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials in the work area is
cleared at all times. The workplace must always be kept tidy. Unused combustible
materials should be removed to designated safe storage area at the end of each working
day.

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2. Flammable liquid: These should be stored in designated locations. Smoking or any source
of ignition should be prohibited in such locations. All flammable liquids should be kept in
covered metal receptacles.
3. Delivery pipes: Pipes containing gases or flammable liquids should be airtight and must
have no leaks. Any spills must be immediately cleared or reported.
4. Welding work: Any welding work must be done in a clean environment free from
combustible materials, such as oil, petrol, papers, rug, fluff, sawdust etc.
5. Rubbish: All rubbish should be properly kept in wastebaskets or rubbish bins. At the end of
each day, if there is no central clearing, they should be burnt 30cm (100ft) away from
combustible stores or warehouse.
6. Smoking: “No Smoking” signs should be obeyed; smoking should be done, where
necessary, in the office, using a metal base ashtray. Smoking while working is a bad habit;
you may drop the stub on a combustible material without knowing it.
7. Work Permit: Obtain a work Permit before carrying out any welding of fireworks,
8. Access to fire Extinguishers: accesses to fire extinguishers and fire hoses must be kept
free of obstructions. Fire doors should be closed and should be free from obstructions.
9. Installation of Fire Extinguishers: fire extinguishers should be installed in fire hazard
areas, and all staff must be trained to know their name, use and operation.
10. SPARK ARRESTORS: Spark arrestors should be installed in vehicles entering areas with
highly flammable substances.
Apart from the above fire prevention hints, fire prevention or loss of control requires an
organisation, well-trained Personnel, and maximum utilization of information, education and
manpower resources. Company Safety policy must include laws, inspections by Safety
Department and the enforcement of such laws.
Fire prevention is necessary and important in every workplace. It is our first line of defence.
“Prevention is better than cure”, is an adage that should always be remembered.
EVACUATION PROCEDURE IN CASE OF FIRE OR OTHER EMERGENCY
1. In the event of a fire or any other emergency requiring the evacuation of Personnel, the fire
alarm bells will ring continuously. Other forms of warning, including sirens may also be
used to alert staff.
2. When the alarm, bells are heard, the following actions should be taken –
• Be alert, but do not panic
• Head for the next exit
• Do not use ant lift, or central staircase
• Do not stampede for it may prove more dangerous than the fire.
• Assemble outside the building, or the area of fire
• You are a specially trained staff, so it is your responsibility to help at the “Fire Exit”. And in
the use of fire extinguishers.
3. A Senior Staff or the Most Senior Supervisor or foreman should have a quick roll call to
ensure that all staff are out of the building on fire.
4. If in a lift, on hearing the alarm signal, stop at the nearest floor, come out and use the
nearest fire exit.
5. Sound the alarm to alert other.
6. Use the appropriate fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire.
7. Telephone the Fire Service or Safety Department.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
William Handley (1977): Industrial Safety Handbook. 2nd Edition
Shell (2001): HSE-MS Training Manuals & Materials
National Safety Council (USA): Supervisors Safety Manual (4th Edition)
National Safety Council (USA): Accident Prevention Manual (6th Edition)
Simonde & Grimaldi 1963: Safety Management (Revised Edition)
National Fire Protection Association (USA): Fire Protection Handbook (14th Edition, 1976)
Peterson 1971: Techniques of Safety Management
File & Machin: Redgraves factories Act (21st Edition)
James Tye: Management Introduction to Total Loss Control
Giglioti & Jason1984: Security Design for Maximum Protection
Sennewald 1978: Effective Security Management (First Edition)
SPDC: Security Management Manual
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1993): Emergency Care and Transportation. Fifth
Edition
Osanyingbemi B. A, 1987: Basic Occupational Health
Ndukwe O. I.: Environmental Agencies and Legislations

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