Hazard Identification & Risk

Assessment.

N.VARADHARAJAN
Asstt.Director(Safety)
CLI, Mumbai
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Mobile: 09962695659
2
CONTENTS

 Purpose of HIRA
 Definition of Hazard.
 Identify the Hazard.
 Definition of Risk.
 Why conduct a Risk Assessment ?
 When to conduct a Risk Assessment?
 Who Does It?
 Factors involved in Risk Assessment.
 Types of Risk Assessment.
- Quantitative.
- Qualitative.
 Quantitative Risk Assessment.
- Event Tree Analysis.
 Qualitative Risk Assessment.
- Risk Ratings.
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment

 PURPOSE

• To identify hazard linked to various activities and associated

risks.
• To evaluate the risk of all activities & services throughout their
Life Cycle.
• to make certain that risks to employees, the public, or the
environment are consistently controlled,
-within the organization’s risk tolerance and
• To keep information up to date.
Definition

 Hazard
 Is a physical entity (i.e. an energy or an environmental
agent) which could produce injury or disease in people
(or environmental damage, damage to property, etc.).

 Something that has the potential to cause harm!

HAZARDS CAN BE…

 To identify hazards we need to understand that hazards

can be:

 Obvious.
 Hidden.
Obvious Hazard

 unguarded machinery
 poor housekeeping
 dust
 noise
 vibration
 working at heights
 load shifting equipment
 chemicals
Hidden Hazards

 Potential energies such as thermal, mechanical and electrical.

 Psychological hazards such as stress, fatigue, lack of training,

bullying and harassment.

 Biological hazards such as communicable diseases (blood

borne viruses)
Identify the hazard

 Observation –
walk around the workplace, use checklists as a guide, incident
and injury reporting mechanisms in place and most
importantly ensure staff are instructed on how to formally
document hazards.
 Consultation –
talk to shop floor staff, seek assistance from specialists and
other companies who complete similar tasks or who work in
the same industry.
Observation

 Workplace Inspections
Workplace Inspections are a key process for identifying
hazards in the workplace and eliminating them before they
cause an accident or injury.

 Types of inspection
 Continuous (Hazard reports)

 Periodic (Recurring audits /checklists)

Inspection checklists
 A formal inspection checklist (s) that is specifically tailored to
operations and maintenance requirements of the organization
should be developed as follows:

 Housekeeping
 Plant, equipment and machinery
 Work processes
 Work arrangement (including shift work, overtime, stress
factors)
 The physical environment (e.g. temperature, lighting, space,
noise)
 Management systems (policies and procedures)
Consultation

 Involves –

 Sharing information
 Exchange of views between employers and their
representatives
 Genuine opportunity
 Contribute effectively to any decision-making process
 Eliminate or control risks to health and safety
Consultation should occur when

 Identifying hazards.
 Assessing the risks.
 Developing control measures.
 Reviewing the effectiveness of control measures.
 Planning changes to the work environment, plant, equipment,
work processes, work organization, work systems or
chemicals in use.
Definitions

 RISK
 The probability (likelihood) of harm or damage occurring from
exposure to a hazard, and the likely consequences of that harm
or damage.

 A chance of something happening that will impact on your

objective.
Why conduct a risk assessment ?

 Human factors– save life, stop workplace injures,

illnesses and increase staff morale.

 Legal factors– meet legislative requirement and Work

Cover.

 Financial factors– decrease the risk of prosecution

and fines incurred, reduce absenteeism, increase
potential for gaining shareholders and increase
productivity.
To reduce any significant risk.

 Responsibilities of Employer

 Provide a safe working environment.

 Provide safe systems of work.
 Provide plant and substances in a safe condition.
 Provide adequate facilities for the welfare of employees.
 Provide information, instruction, training and supervision to
ensure employees are safe from injury .
 Responsibilities of Employees.

 Implement company policies and procedures.

 Investigate accidents and incidents.

 Ensure effective consultation.

 Respond to occupational health, safety and welfare issues.

 Maintain plant, equipment and housekeeping.

 Ensure correct personal protective equipment is used and

maintained.
 Where/When to conduct a Risk
 HIRA reviews may beAssessment?
performed at any stage in a project’s life
cycle
 -conceptual design,

 preliminary design,

 detailed design,

 construction,

 ongoing operation,

 decommissioning, or demolition.

In general, the earlier that a hazard is identified (e.g., during

conceptual design), the more cost-effectively it can be
eliminated or managed.
Studies performed during the early design stages are typically done
at corporate or engineering offices.
Studies performed once a process is near startup, during
operation, or before decommissioning are typically done in a
plant environment.
 Who Does It?
 HIRA study typically performed by team of qualified
experts on the process, the materials, and the
work activities.
 Personnel who have formal training on risk analysis
methods usually lead these teams, applying the selected
analysis technique(s) with subject matter experts from
engineering, operations, maintenance, and other disciplines
as needed.
 A simple early-in-life hazard identification study may be
performed by a single expert; however, a
multidisciplined team typically conducts more hazardous or
complex process risk studies, especially during later
life cycle stages.
 Who Does It?
 Involving operating and maintenance
personnel early in the review process will
help identify hazards when they can be
eliminated or controlled most cost effectively.
 When the study is complete, management
must then decide whether to implement any
recommended risk reduction measures to
achieve its risk goals.
Factors involved in Risk Assessment.
 Typically address three main risk questions to a
level of detail commensurate with
analysis objectives, life cycle stage, available
information, and resources.
 In Assessing the risk there are three factors that are
important:

 1. Likelihood-What is the probability of it happening.

 2. Degree of Exposure-How often would be exposed.

 3. Consequence-If it happens, what will happen.

Assessing the risks
 Gather as much information as possible about each identified
hazard.

 Consider frequency and duration of exposure for all persons

affected.

 Use the information to assess the likelihood and

consequences of each hazard.

 Use a risk assessment tool to calculate a risk score and

priorities against other hazards.
Types of Risk Assessment.

 Quantitative.
– Assigns real numbers to costs of safeguards and damage.
– Based on probabilities of event occurring.
– Can be unreliable/inaccurate.

• Qualitative.
 Generally used in Information Security.
– Hard to make meaningful valuations and meaningful
probabilities.
– Relative ordering is faster and more important.

 Many approaches to performing qualitative risk analysis.

 Same basic steps as quantitative analysis.
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

 In summary, the methodology is:

 1.Set the Context

Define the particular operational area.

 2. Identify the risks.

 3. Determine how serious the risks are.

Ask and write down what are the consequences if the
identified risks take place. For example, could a fault in our
operations lead to deaths ?
Cont…

 4. Determine how likely the risks are.

Use facts and previous experience. Has it ever happened in
this site ? In this industry ? How often ? What were the relevant
causal factors ? Do these factors apply in our situation ?

 5. Classify the risks.

Risk = C x L x E…
i.e. consequence x likelihood x exposure
A risk ranking index is useful.
Cont…

 6. Highlight the high priority risks.

The high priority risks are those with the highest CLE score
and any identified high consequence risk.

 7. Analyze the high priority risks.

How can they occur ? What can we do to prevent the event
from happening, or if it happens how can we reduce the
consequences ?

 8. Write the action plan.

Cont…

 9. Write the communication plan

-Who needs to know about the risk profile ?
-Who needs to know about our plans to reduce risk ?
-How will we keep them informed ?

 10. Review the action plan

Are the risks being managed as planned ? status of
improvements ?
 Methodology
Process Study
 The first step is to gain a detailed knowledge about the
process in which the HIRA is to be carried out.
 The detailed study includes individual activity carried out
in the factory.
 A detailed study is made on the individual equipment or
process that is studied.
 This study includes:
 the working principle of the equipment,
 the working condition and
 the standards to be followed,
 the safety precautions taken, etc.
Listing and Ranking
 The technique used for evaluating the risk level by
calculating the Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each
hazard.
 An RPN is the quantitative estimate of the risk
associated with each hazards.
 RPN is assigned to each hazard based on three factors:
 • Probability of occurrence
 • Severity rate
 • Hierarchy of controls

 Risk Score = Probability Rate X Severity Rate

Type/Conditions of the Job
 During the risk assessment following type of
jobs/situations/conditions to be considered:
 • Routine: Done by Usual / Regular method of
procedure.
 • Non Routine: Unusual / Non-Regular of procedure.
 • Normal Condition: Risks converted to tolerable
conditions by way of engineering control or by using
PPE.
 • Abnormal Condition: Deviation from normal
condition, which requires immediate attention.
 • Emergency Condition: Hazards and Risks, which
are contained or mitigated by invoking emergency
procedures.
 4. Probability of Occurrence
Table 1: Probability of Occurrence
Rating Description Examples of Description

5 Almost certain Event occurs often and constant exposure to hazard. Very high probability
of damage.
4 Likely Event might probably occur and known history of occurrence. Frequent
exposure to hazard. High probability of damage.

3 Possible Event could occur at some time and history of single occurrence. Regular
or occasional exposure to hazard. Moderate probability of damage.

2 Unlikely Event is not likely to occur and known occurrence. Infrequent exposure to
hazard. Low probability of damage.

1 Rare Event may occur occasionally and no reported occurrence. Rare exposure
to hazard. Very low probability of damage.

The probability of occurrence is an estimate of how often a hazard event occurs. It is defined as
the proportion of favorable outcomes to the total no. of possibilities if these are indifferent or the
proportion observed. A review of historic events assists with this determination. Each hazard of
concern is rated in accordance with the numerical ratings and definitions.
 5. Severity Rate
Table 2: Severity Rate
Rating Injury/Ergonomics Noise Temperature/ Fumes / Dust
Issues Heat Vapour&
Gases

1 First Aid causes 51 to 74 dBA Frequent Perspiration at Odour, itching Sneezing, Cough
work
2 Minor injury/ Cuts, Return 75 to 84 dBA Heat stroke (Mental or Suffocation, Prolonged exposure/
back to work within 24 hours psychological strain or Respiratory tract Temporary
transient Heat Fatigue) damage, Eye Headache, eye or
irritation, sneezing, Respiratory Tract
Temporary irritation
Headache
3 Crush/Severe injury, Fracture, 85 to 94 dBA Heat Exhaustion Unconsciousness, Unconsciousness,
Back/ Lumbar pain, Exceed (Unconsciousness or Faint or collapse, Faint, Eye disorder,
More than 24 hours Back to Fainting, Eye disorder, Vomiting Vomiting
work Nausea & Vomiting)
4 Laceration, Permanent 95 to 104 Heat Cramps, Throbbing, Prolonged exposure, Major Health impact
Damage, Burn injury dBA Headache, Sweating/ Chronic Respiratory which leads to
Perspiration) failure or other chronic Respiratory
occupational
diseases
5 Fatal or Death >=105 dBA Heat Stroke/ Exhaustion Over exposure Over exposure
lead to death or permanent which may lead to which may lead to
damage immediate death immediate death
Event Tree Analysis

It starts with the event and considers

different scenarios.

An event tree is a visual representation of all the

events which can occur in a system. As the
number of events increases, the picture fans out
like the branches of a tree.
 Event tree development procedure

Step 1: Identification of the initiating event.

Step 2: Identification of safety function.

Step 3: Construction of the event tree.

Step 4: Classification of outcomes.

Step 5: Estimation of the conditional probability of each branch.

Step 6: Quantification of outcomes.

Step 7: Evaluation.
Example- Event Tree
Fault Tree Analysis
Event Tree Analysis
Qualitative Risk Assessment

 Qualitative risk analysis methods are used to set

priority for various purposes including further
analysis. They are useful when reliable data for
more quantitative approaches is not available.
Risk Rating
Letter Risk Level Risk Control Measures

E Extreme Risk  Immediate action required.

 Highest level corporate management needs to be involved.

H High Risk  Immediate action required.

 Senior site management needs to be involved.

M Moderate Risk  Complete risk assessment.

 Identify hazard and implement control to reduce risk.

 Management responsibility must be defined.

L Low Risk  Identify hazard and implement control as required.

 Manage by routine process.
Strengths of using this method

 Provides a ranking of risk.

 Encourages the team to understand the hazard in order

to rank the significance of the risk.
Responsibilities of Safety officer.

 Never hurry while doing risk assessment.

 Must be done several time.
 Must give 1 to 2 solutions for each reason of Risk given.
 Short, long, management solutions are three types of solution.
- short term– 1. immediate action.
2. implement slowly.
3. Human behavior.
- Management--
1. Enforcement of safety precaution.
Thank you…..