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    Gaseous Exchange

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    A brief Summary of gaseous exchange including all the basic and important concepts. Hafsa Raja Yasir.

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    Gaseous Exchange

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    hafsa.r.yasir
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    A brief Summary of gaseous exchange including all the basic and important concepts. Hafsa Raja Yasir.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    A brief Summary of gaseous exchange including all the basic and important concepts. Hafsa Raja Yasir.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views5 pages

    Gaseous Exchange

    Uploaded by

    hafsa.r.yasir
    A brief Summary of gaseous exchange including all the basic and important concepts. Hafsa Raja Yasir.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Biology Chapter 1: Gaseous Exchange

    Chapter Concept Summary

    Brief Introduction:
    Definition:
    Gaseous exchange refers to the process by which Oxygen (O2) is taken inside the body and
    carbon dioxide (CO2) is expelled. This process is vital for respiration at cellular level.

    In Plants:
    Stomata: Tiny openings on the surface of the leaves. O2 and CO2 diffuse in and out through
    these pores.
    Photosynthesis: Plants take in CO2 and give out O2 during the day through this process.

    In Animals:
    Lungs: The primary sites for gaseous exchange. Air enters the lungs via the trachea, which
    branches into bronchi and into even smaller tubes, bronchioles, ending in tiny air sacs called
    alveoli.
    Alveoli: Those are surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
    to be exhaled.

    1.1: Introduction:
    In addition to respiration, photoautotrophs like plants do carry out gaseous exchange for the
    process of Photosynthesis.
    Aquatic animals exchange gases with water while terrestrial ones with air.

    1.2: Gaseous Exchange in Plants:


    1. Plants exchange gases for the process of photosynthesis and respiration,
    2. Photosynthesis is the process in which simple molecules like CO2 and H2O are
    utilized to produce complex food molecules.
    3. Respiration takes place in all living cells. It is the process in which food is oxidized to
    release energy.
    4. Gaseous Exchange takes place through tiny openings called stomata.
    5. Roots and stems do also carry out gaseous exchange.

    Stomata: (singular opening means mouth):


    1. Microscopic openings in the epidermis of leaves.
    2. Slit like openings those are formed by guard cells.
    3. Guard cells are chlorophyll containing cells with thicker inner while thinner and
    elastic outer cell wall.
    4. Opening and closing of stomata depend upon the turgidity of guard cells.
    5. Turgidity is increased or decreased by accumulation or deaccumulation of
    photosynthetic solutes in guard cells.

    1.3: Gaseous Exchange in Animals:


    1. Process of gaseous exchange is ultimately linked with respiration because, animals
    take in O2 to oxidize food and give off CO2 after the energy has been released by
    breaking down food molecules.
    2. Respiratory medium for aquatic animals is water and for terrestrial animals it is land.
    3. Amount of Molecular oxygen present in water is 5%.
    4. Amount of molecular oxygen present in air is 21%.
    5. To exchange gases animals have a respiratory surface.
    Unicellular Organisms: The cell membrane or the plasma membrane serves as the
    respiratory surface.
    Multicellular Organisms: Their body surface or some internal surface can serve as the
    respiratory surface.

    Properties of Respiratory Surface:


    Thin: Helps gases diffuse easily.
    Wet: Helps in providing moisture.
    Permeable: Helps in diffusion of gases.
    Large Volume: To help diffuse enough gas for all body cells (somatic or non-somatic).

    Proportion of Respiratory Surface:


    The total surface area of respiratory surface in human body is about 20 times the size of the
    body. This feature helps exchanging enough gases for all the cells in our body.This allows a
    faster rate of diffusion and also compensates the small surface area for volume ratio of the
    human body.

    1.4: Gaseous Exchange in Humans:


    1. In human; process of respiration requires three stages:
    a. Breathing
    b. Gaseous Exchange
    c. Cellular Respiration
    2. Respiratory surface in terrestrial vertebrates is located inside the body.

    1.4.1: Human Respiratory System:


    Human Respiratory System Consists of:
    - Paired Lungs
    - Thoraic Cavity
    - Air passage ways

    Lungs:
    1. Each lung is soft and spongy.
    2. Wrapped in 2 pleural membranes.
    space between them is filled with fluid which acts as lubricant.
    3. Enclosed in a cage made up of a flat sternum in front, 12 pairs of ribs from front to
    back where vertebral column is present.
    4. Ribs are attached with intercostal muscles.
    5. Diphragm is a muscle sheet located in the thorax, it separates thorax from the
    abdominal cavity.
    6. The respiratory surface is located inside lungs
    7. Each alveolus is the respiratory surface.
    It is a pouch like microscopic structure, made up of only 1 layer of cells.
    Enclosed by a dense cappillary network.
    In each alveolus exchange of gases takes place between air and blood (from
    cappilaries).
    8. The air passage ways consist of:
    a. Nostrils
    b. Trachea
    c. Bronchi
    d. Bronchioles
    9. Air enters the nasal sacs through external nostrils.
    This passage is lined by mucus secreting ciliated cells.
    10. Internal surface of nasal sacs have rich blood cappilaries which turns the incoming
    air slightly hot.
    11. The clean air approach to the respiratory surface is ensured by the hair in the nasal
    sacs, the ciliated linings and the mucus.

    Trachea:
    1. Trachea is a long tube where the internal opening of nasal sacs open.
    2. At the beginning of trachea , there is a box called larynx which is also called sound
    box.
    - it contains vocal chords to produce sounds.
    - the opening of larynx is called glottis.
    - glottis has a lid like cover called epiglottis.
    3. During swallowing food or drink, the epiglottis covers the glottis to prevent food from
    entering the trachea.
    4. Trachea has cartilaginous rings which prevent it from collapsing.

    Bronchi:
    1. Trachea bifurcates into two smaller ducts called BRONCHI.
    - all this is at the center of the thorax.
    2. Bronchus do posses cartilaginous rings [c-shaped].
    3. Bronchus of each side enters the lungs.
    4. Then each bronchus break up into many smaller ducts or bronchioles.

    Bronchiole:
    1. very thin tube that opens into alveoli [air sacs].

    1.4.2: The process of breathing:

    1. In order to perform exchange of gases, the air must be brought inside the lungs
    through atmosphere.
    2. It requires a process called breathing or ventilation.
    - consists of two phases: inspiration & expiration
    3. Lung Capacity:
    - Lungs can be filled with 5 liters of air [max]
    - We normally use about 1/2 liter of the air coming into the lungs.
    Inspiration:
    1. Process through which atmospheric air is directed through the air passage ways up to
    the alveoli in the lungs.
    2. Involes contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphagram.
    3. The volume of thorax is increased.
    4. This decreases the air pressure in the lungs.
    5. This causes the externaal air to rush inside [i.e. from high pressure to low pressure].
    - causing the lungs to expand.

    Expiration:
    1. Process in which air moves out of the lungs.
    2. Both intercostal muscles and diaphagram are relaxed.
    3. Moves the ribs inside.
    4. Diaphagram becomes flat.
    5. Both the activities depress the chest inside.
    6. Volume of thoracic cavity is decreased.
    7. This cause an increase upon the pressure on lungs.
    8. This forces the air in the lungs to get outside the body.

    1.5: Gaseous Exchange in Alveoli:


    1. Gaseous exchange takes place at the level of alveoli.
    2. O2 bought in by the air is taken up by the hamoglobin of RBCs of blood.
    3. CO2 bought by the blood is given to the air present in the alveoli.
    4. Involves diffusion
    - that's the reason it occurs at this level, because alveolus and blood capillaries
    are both only one cell layered.

    1.5.1: Composition of Inspired and Expired Air:

    1. If CO2 is passed through lime water, it turns it milky.


    2. If atmospheric air is passed through lime water, it remains unchanged.

    1.5.2: Rate of Breathing at Rest and During Exercise:


    1. Largely involuntary process.
    2. Regulated by hypothalamus of our brain.
    3. Rate of breathing can automatically change depending on internal or external
    conditions.
    4. During exercise rate of breathing would increase.
    - This would happen due to increased consumption of oxygen by his muscles.
    - If exercise is continued, the body cells will change to anaerobic respiration.
    - This causes lactic acid production in muscles, in place of CO2.
    - Causes pain and cramps in muscles.
    5. Breakdown of lactic acid will require additional amount of O2.
    6. The condition is called "oxygen debt".
    7. Extra amount of oxygen is obtained through deep breathes.
    Artificial Ventilator:
    1. Machine that acts like lungs when patient's natural breathing becomes difficult.
    2. This machines helps providing oxygen rich air directly to the trachea through a tube.
    3. The tube is inserted from the mouth upto the windpipe.

    Topic in Book: Respiratory disorders

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