Cardiovascular L1

The cardiovascular development:
Before the 3rd week of development, the embryo has its nutrition by
diffusion, later on blood & blood vessels develop in the visceral layer of lateral
plate of mesoderm in the form of angiogenetic clusters that are derivatives
of_the migrating epiblast cells at the lateral borders of the primitive streak.
These clusters then are canalized forming blood vessels; & form primitive
blood cells that undergo gradual programmed cell death to be replaced by fetal
blood cells .
The fetal blood cell are derived from the yolk sac & the dorsal mesentery, &
then migrate to form major haemopoitic system of the embryo inside the liver
& then the adult haemopoitic system in the bone marrow.
The angiogenetic clusters are canalized also to form the horse shoe
shaped plexus as a primordium of the U-shaped. endocardial heart tube. The
anterior central portion of this tube is called the cardiogenic field that is located
anterior to buccopharangeal membrane & neural tube.
The intra embryonic cavity near this field is the primordium of the pericardial
cavity. The heart beating begins in the 4th week of development.
Formation and position of the endocadiac heart tube:

The cardiogenic field deviated ventrally & caudally by the passive effect of
the cephalocaudal folding of the embryo, thus , the cardiac field become ventral
& caudal to the buccopharyngeal membrane after 180 degree ventral deviation
reaching the cervical region of the embryo and then the thoracic region. Also,
the transverse folding of the embryo results in approximation of the lateral limb
of the U shaped heart tube & then fusion of these limbs forming the single
heart tube. This tube grows and is temporarily attached to the wa1l of the
pericardial cavity by a dorsal mesocardium that disappears later on forming the
transverse pericardial sinus.
Formation of the heart loop:
The heart tube has four parts from anterior to posterior:
l.the bulbus cordis.
2.the ventricle.
3.the atrium.
4.the sinus venosus.
These four parts bend forming the heart loop.
The bulboventricular part is located inside the pericardial cavity, the

initially paired atrial and sinus parts are located inside the mesenchyme of the
septum transversarium, after bending the four parts of the heart loop become
completely inside the pericardial cavity.
While the cardiac loop is forming, local expansions become visible
throughout the length of the tube.
The atrial portion, initially a paired structure outside the pericardial cavity,
forms a common atrium and is incorporated into the pericardial cavity.
The atrioventricular junction remains narrow and forms the
atrioventricular canal, which connects the common atrium and the early
embryonic ventricle.
Derivatives of heart tube:
1. The bulbus cordis:
It is narrow except for its proximal third which will form the trabeculated
part of the right ventricle. The midportion (the conus codis) will form
the out flow of both ventricle.
The distal portion (truncus arteriosus) forms the root of the aorta & the
pulmonary artery.
2. The ventricle :
It forms the trabeculated left ventricle. The sulcus between the bulbus
cordis & the ventricle, forms the primary interventricular foramen.the sulcus
between the ventricle & the atrium forms the atrioventricular canal.
3. the atrium:
forms the common atrium, which forms the trabeculated part of the Rt. & L.
atria.
4. Sinus venosus:
It consists of transverse part with Rt &L sinus horns,each has 3 tributaries:
1- vitelline vein.
2- umbilical vein.
3- common cardinal.
Septation of the heart:
Septation in-the common atrium:
In the 4th week a sickle shaped septum primum projects from the roof of the
common atrium. This septum grows toward the atrioventricular canal that has
thickenings in its walls called the endocardial cushions. These cushions grow
toward the septum primum to close the opening between them ( the ostium
primum). Just before closure of the ostium primum perforations appear in the
septum primum to form the ostium secondum that keeps the Rt to Lt flow of
blood between the atria Then after, the septum secondum is formed on the Rt
side of the septum primum . This septum fuses with the left valve of Rt sinus
horn and with the septum spurium. The development of the septum secondum
stops resulting in an incomplete covering over the ostium secondum the
opening remained is called oval foramen.
The floor of this foramen is the eminence of the septum primum that act as a
valve for the oval foramen. After birth the increased pressure inside the left
atrium accompanied by beginning of the pulmonary circulating result in the
closure of the oval foramen.
Notes: During cardiac septation the bud of the pulmonary vein project from
the Lt atrium and grow toward the developing lungs. This bud incorporates
into the Lt atrial wall forming the smooth part of the Lt atrium.

Cardiovascular L1

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Cardiovascular L1

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The cardiovascular development:

Formation and position of the endocadiac heart tube:

The bulboventricular part is located inside the pericardial cavity, the

Septation in-the common atrium:

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