Development of Cardiovascular System: Dr. Ali Ismail

Development of
Cardiovascular System
Dr. Ali Ismail

Gross Anatomy of Heart
The vascular system appears in the middle of the third week,
when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional
requirements by diffusion alone
Formation of Heart Tube
Cardiogenic field
endothelial lined tube
surrounded by myoblasts is
formed in the splanchnic
mesoderm in front to the
oropharyngeal membrane and
neural fold.
The intra embryonic cavity
over it later develops into the
pericardial cavity
LATERAL FOLDING
By the 22nd day of
development, the two tubes
fuses and form a single, heart
tube consisting of an
1) Inner endocardial tube
2) Outer myocardial mantle
3) Heart Beats At Day 22
Cephalocaudal Folding
As a result of cephalocaudal folding of the embryo,
the heart and pericardial cavity moves to the thorax.
A. Five dilations soon become apparent
along the length of the tube, namely
the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis,
primitive ventricle, primitive atrium,
and sinus venosus.
B. These five dilation undergo dextral
looping and develop into the adult
structures of the heart.
What does looping achieve?
➢Primordium of right ventricle
closest to outflow tract.
➢Primordium of left ventricle
closest to inflow tract.
➢Atrium dorsal to bulbus cordis,
i.e. inflow is dorsal to outflow.
➢The junction between the
ventricle (L.V.)and the bulbus
cordis(R.V.), remains narrow It is
called the primary interventricular
foramen.
1) The crescent shaped septum primum forms in the roof of the primitive
atrium and grows toward the atrioventricular ( cushions in the AV canal.
2) The foramen primum forms between the free edge of the septum primum
and the AV cushions it is closed when the septum primum fuses with the
AV cushions.
3) The foramen secundum forms in the center of the septum primum.
4) The crescent shaped septum secundum forms to the right of the septum
primum.
5) The foramen ovale is the opening between the upper and lower limbs of
the septum secundum.
6) During embryonic life, blood is shunted from the right atrium to the left
atrium via the foramen ovale.
7) Immediately after birth, functional closure of the foramen ovale is facilitated
both by a decrease in right atrial pressure from occlusion of placental
circulation and by an increase in left atrial pressure due to increased
pulmonary venous return.
8) Later in life, the septum primum and septum secundum anatomically fuse
to complete the formation of the atrial septum.
1. Complete absence of the atrial septum or inadequate
development of the septum secundum.
2. Failure of closure of ostium primum or secundum.
Two mesenchymal cushions the atrioventricular endocardial cushions
appear at the anterior and posterior borders of the atrioventricular canal
as well as other 2 lateral. The superior or anterior (ventral) and inferior
or posterior (dorsal) fuse, resulting in a complete division of the canal
into right and left atrioventricular orifices
1. Divide the atrioventricular canal into a right and left
orifice.
2. Close the ostium primum.
3. Form the membranous portion of the interventricular
septum.
4. Form the normal mitral and tricuspid valves.
1. Persistent atrioventricular
canal
2. Atrial septal defect
3. Ventricular septal defect
4. Abnormal valve leaflets in
the single atrioventricular
orifice
1. During the fifth week, right superior and left inferior
truncus swellings appear (derived from neural crest cells).
2. The swellings grow and twist around each other,
foreshadowing the spiral course of the future septum.
3. The aorticopulmonary
septum, dividing the
truncus into an aortic and
a pulmonary channel
4. Other two swellings, the
conus swellings divides
the conus into an
anterolateral portion (the
outflow tract of the right
ventricle and a
posteromedial portion
(the outflow tract of the
left ventricle.
1. Contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both the
conus cordis and truncus arteriosus.
2. Abnormal migration, proliferation, or differentiation of these
cells results in congenital malformations in this region
conotruncal region.
3. Since neural crest cells also contribute to craniofacial
development, it is not uncommon to see facial and cardiac
abnormalities in the same individual.
1. Tetralogy of Fallot due to an unequal division of the conus
resulting from anterior displacement of the conotruncal
septum.
2. Persistent truncus arteriosus due to failure of the conotruncal
ridges to fuse and to descend toward the ventricles.
3. Transposition of the great vessels due to failure of the
conotruncal septum to follow its normal spiral course and runs
straight down.
 By the end of the fourth
week, the two primitive
ventricles begin to expand.
 This is accomplished by
continuous growth of the
myocardium on the outside
and continuous
diverticulation and trabecula
formation on the inside.
1. The muscular IV septum develops in
the midline on the floor of the
primitive ventricle and grows toward
the fused AV cushions.
2. The IV foramen is located between
the free edge of the muscular IV
septum and the fused AV cushions.
3. The IV foramen is closed by the
membranous IV septum.
4. The membranous IV septum forms
by the proliferation and fusion of
tissue from three sources the right
bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, and AV
cushions.
FO (oval foramen)
DA (ductus arteriosus)
The following changes occur in the
vascular system after birth:
 Closure of the umbilical arteries form
medial umbilical ligaments.
 Closure of the umbilical vein and
ductus venosus form (ligamentum
teres hepatis, ligamentum venosum).
 Closure of the ductus arteriosus
forms (ligamentum arteriosum).
 Closure of the oval foramen forms
(fossa ovalis).
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