CVS S2L2 NB

Cheat Sheet: Heart Development
Early Stages: Mid 3rd week Vasicular system appears when diffusion is not enough.
Cardiogenic field: Endothelial-lined tube surrounded by myoblasts formed in

splanchnic mesoderm. Located anterior to the oropharyngeal membrane and neural
folds. Intra-embryonic cavity around it later develops into the pericardial cavity.
Day 22: Two endothelial tubes fuse, forming a single heart tube Consists of: inner
endocardial tube, outer myocardial mantle, and cardiac jelly. The heart beats.
Cephalocaudal folding: Repositions the heart , and pericardial cavity towards the
thorax.
Primitive heart tube Dilations: Truncus Arteriosus, Bulbus Cordis, Primitive

Ventricle, Primitive Atrium, and Sinus Venosus. These undergoes dextral looping
and give rise to the adult heart structures.
Dilation Adult Structure

TA Aorta & Pulmonary trunk
BC Smooth part of R&L Venctricles
PV Trabeculated part of R&L Venctricles
PA Trabeculated part of R&L Atria
SV Smooth part of R Atrium & Cornary Sinus &
Oblique vein of L Atrium
The Smooth part of left atrium is formed by incorportation of pulmonary veins

parts into the atrial wall.
Day 23-28: Tube Cephalic portion bends ventrocaudally to the right, and the
Caudal portion bends dorsocranially to the left. This bending may be due to cell
shape changes. It creates The Cardiac Loop. Completes by day 28.
1
Looping achievements:
Right ventricle Primordium closest to outflow tract.
Left Ventricle Primordium closest to inflow tract.
Atrium dorsal to the bulbus cordis (inflow dorsal to outflow).
Primary Interventricular Foramen: Left Ventricle-Bulbus Cordis (Right

Ventricle) Junction which remains narrow.
Septation: interatrial, interventricular, and the septation of outflow tract.
Atrial Septum:
Septum Primium (Crescent shaped) is formed in the primitive atria roof and
grows towards AV cushions.
Foramen Primum is formed between the free edge of the septum primum and the
AV cushions. It is closed when septum primum fuses with the AV cushions.
Foramen Secundum is formed an the center of septum primum.
Septum Secundum (Crescent shaped) is formed to the right of septum primum.
Foramen Ovale is an opening between upper & lower limbs of septum secundum.
Foramen Ovale shunts blood from R to L atrium.
Foramen Ovale functional closure after birth by a decrease in the right atrial
pressure from occlusion of placental circulation & by an increase in left atrial
pressure due to increased pulmonary venous return.
Later in life, Septum Primum & Septum Secundum anatomically fuse to

complete the formation of the atrial septum. Absence of atrial septum or
inadequate development of the septum secundum or Failure of closure of ostium
primum or secundum causes Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).
2
Septum Fomration in AV Canal: 2 mesenchymal cushions, the AV endocardial
cushions appear at the anterior & posterior borders of the canal also other 2 lateral.
The anterior & posterior fuseto divide the canal into R&L AV Orifices.
Endocardial Cushions:
Divide the AV canal into a R&L Orifices.
Close the Ostium Primum.
Form the membranous portion of the interventricular septum.
Form mitral and tricuspid valves.
Endocardial Cushions Fuse Failure Cause:
Persistent AV canal.
Atrial septal defect.
Ventricular septal defect.
Abnormal valve leaflets in the single atrioventricular orifice.
Septum formation in Truncus Arteriosus and Cordis Conus:
During 5th week, R superior and L inferior Truncus Swellings appear (derived
from neural crest cells).
The Swellings grow & twist around each other, foreshadowing the spiral course
of the future septum.
The AorticoPulmonary septum divides the truncus into an aortic and a pulmonary
channel.
Two Conus Swellings divides conus into an anterolateral portion (R ventricle

outflow tract) & a posteromedial portion (L ventricles outflow).
3
Neural Crest cells:
Contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both conus cordis & truncus

arteriosus.
Abnormal migration, proliferation, or differentiation of these cells results in

congenital malformations in ConoTruncal region.
Since they also contribute to craniofacial development; it is not uncommon to see

facial and cardiac abnormalities in the same individual.
ConoTruncal Region Abnormality:
Tetralogy of Fallot due to an unequal division of the conus resulting from anterior
displacement of the ConoTruncal septum.
Persistent truncus arteriosus due to failure of the conotruncal ridges to fuse and to
descend toward the ventricles.
Transposition of the great vessels due to failure of the conotruncal septum to

follow its normal spiral course and runs straight down.
Sptum Formation in Ventricles:
By 4th week end, the 2 primitive ventricles begin to expand.
This is accomplished by continuous growth of the myocardium on the outside,

continuous diverticulation and trabecula formation on the inside.
4
IV Sptum:
The muscular IV septum develops in the midline on the floor of the primitive
ventricle and grows toward the fused AV cushions.
IV foramen is located between the free edge of the muscular IV septum and the
fused AV cushions.
IV foramen is closed by the membranous IV septum.
Membranous IV septum is formed by the proliferation and fusion of tissue from 3

sources the right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, and AV cushions.
Fetal Circulation:
Lungs are non-functional.

Receives oxygenated blood from mother via Placenta & Umbilical vein.
Bypasses the lungs.
Returns to the placenta via Umbilical Arteries.
Change in the circulation must happen immediately.
Changes occur in the Vasicular System After Birth:
Closure of the Umbilical Arteries form Medial Umbilical Ligaments.
Closure of the Umbilical Vein & Ductus Venosus form (ligamentum teres hepatis,
ligamentum venosum).
Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus forms (ligamentum arteriosum).
Closure of the Oval Foramen forms (fossa ovalis).

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Cheat Sheet: Heart Development

Cardiogenic field: Endothelial-lined tube surrounded by myoblasts formed in

Primitive heart tube Dilations: Truncus Arteriosus, Bulbus Cordis, Primitive

Dilation Adult Structure

The Smooth part of left atrium is formed by incorportation of pulmonary veins

Right ventricle Primordium closest to outflow tract.

Left Ventricle Primordium closest to inflow tract.

Atrium dorsal to the bulbus cordis (inflow dorsal to outflow).

Primary Interventricular Foramen: Left Ventricle-Bulbus Cordis (Right

Septation: interatrial, interventricular, and the septation of outflow tract.

Foramen Secundum is formed an the center of septum primum.

Septum Secundum (Crescent shaped) is formed to the right of septum primum.

Foramen Ovale shunts blood from R to L atrium.

Later in life, Septum Primum & Septum Secundum anatomically fuse to

Divide the AV canal into a R&L Orifices.

Close the Ostium Primum.

Form the membranous portion of the interventricular septum.

Form mitral and tricuspid valves.

Endocardial Cushions Fuse Failure Cause:

Atrial septal defect.

Ventricular septal defect.

Abnormal valve leaflets in the single atrioventricular orifice.

Septum formation in Truncus Arteriosus and Cordis Conus:

Two Conus Swellings divides conus into an anterolateral portion (R ventricle

Contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both conus cordis & truncus

Abnormal migration, proliferation, or differentiation of these cells results in

Since they also contribute to craniofacial development; it is not uncommon to see

ConoTruncal Region Abnormality:

Transposition of the great vessels due to failure of the conotruncal septum to

Sptum Formation in Ventricles:

By 4th week end, the 2 primitive ventricles begin to expand.

This is accomplished by continuous growth of the myocardium on the outside,

IV foramen is closed by the membranous IV septum.

Membranous IV septum is formed by the proliferation and fusion of tissue from 3

Lungs are non-functional.

Changes occur in the Vasicular System After Birth:

Closure of the Umbilical Arteries form Medial Umbilical Ligaments.

Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus forms (ligamentum arteriosum).

Closure of the Oval Foramen forms (fossa ovalis).

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