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    Maxwellian

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    burkesenturk07

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Maxwellian

    Uploaded by

    burkesenturk07
    17 views2 pages

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    Maxwellian

    Uploaded by

    burkesenturk07

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    MAXWELLIAN VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

    Burke Şentürk

    090220123

    March 19, 2024

    Abstract
    The purpose of this experiment is to examine the velocity distribution
    of particles by using Model gas theory and to compare the experimental
    results with the theory of Maxwellian velocity distribution.

    1 Introduction & Theory


    If we have gas molecules in a container, assuming the temperature remains con-
    stant without fluctuation over time, the average kinetic energy and the average
    square of velocity remain constant as well. According to analysis by Maxwell,
    the movements of these molecules were considered random and unpredictable.
    Maxwell conducted studies to understand the behavior of gas molecules at var-
    ious temperatures, aiming to determine the quantity of molecules moving at
    specific speeds at any given moment. The Maxwell velocity distribution curves,
    corresponding to a particular temperature, offer insights into the distribution
    of particles based on their velocities. Obtaining the velocity probability distri-
    bution of a monatomic ideal gas, the equation is:
     
    E(⃗p, ⃗q)
    p, ⃗q) = A exp −
    ρ(⃗ (1)
    kT
    ρ(⃗
    p, ⃗q) is the probability distribution function (statistical weight), p and q
    are generalized momentum and coordinate in phase space, E(⃗ p, ⃗q) is the total
    energy of the particle system, k is the Boltzmann constant which is 1.386×10−23
    J/K, T is the absolute temperature, and A is the normalization constant. The
    probability is:

    1
    The kinetic energies of particles are only the function of momentum and
    velocities and the probability distribution of velocities determines the dw(v).
    Like in this equation:

    dω(⃗v ) = a exp −m(vx2 + vy2 + vz2 ) dvx dvy dvz


    
    (2)
    If we use coefficients in spherical coordinates and if the number of particles
    in unit volume V is N, the distribution of number of particles dN(v) in the range
    of (v + dv) with respect to velocities is given by following equation:

    mv 2
       
    N m 3/2 2
    dN (v) = 4π v exp − dv (3)
    V 2πkT 2kT

    2 Experimental Setup
    The devices we need in order to perform this experiment are a 24-zone quarter
    circle for holding balls, a power supply, test tubes, cables, a digital stroboscope,
    and a stopwatch. First, set the oscillator frequency to 50 cycles per second.
    Load 400 glass balls into the oscillating apparatus. Run the oscillator for 60
    seconds to determine how many glass balls are expelled from the apparatus
    during this time. Repeat this process 8 times and collect the balls in 8 separate
    tubes. Calculate the average number of balls expelled from the apparatus in
    60 seconds. Distribute the average number of glass balls evenly among the
    8 test tubes. Ensure that there are exactly 400 glass balls in the oscillating
    apparatus before starting the experiment. Adjust the height of the upper piston
    to 60 millimeters. Once the oscillator frequency stabilizes, open the hole on the
    apparatus to allow the balls to exit. Place the balls from each of the 8 tubes
    into storage at 60-second intervals. (The total duration of the experiment is 9
    minutes). After all the balls have been expelled from the apparatus, they will
    be distributed among 24 compartments of the receiver. Determine the number
    of glass balls in each compartment by weighing them. (The average mass of a
    glass ball is 10.72 milligrams). Alternatively, manually count the balls in each
    of the 24 compartments one by one, and record the counts.

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