GateWay Classes

UNIT-4 : Electrical machines

Subject : Basic Electrical Engineering
B.Tech First Year

Sub. Code : KEE-101T /201T

 UNIT- 4 Syllabus
Electrical machines
DC machines: Principle & Construction, Types, EMF equation of
generator and torque equation of motor, applications of DC
motors (simple numerical problems) Three Phase Induction
Motor: Principle & Construction, Types, Slip torque
characteristics, Applications (Numerical problems related to slip
only)
Single Phase Induction motor: Principle of operation and
introduction to methods of starting, applications.
Three Phase Synchronous Machines: Principle of operation of
alternator and synchronous motor and their applications.
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Electrical machines are broadly categorized into
two types
1. Generator
2. Motor

The process of converting mechanical energy into electrical

energy or electrical energy into mechanical energy is known as
Electro-Mechanical Energy Conversion.
CONSTRUCTION

Fig.1
 The main parts used in the construction of DC machine are the yoke,
poles, field winding , armature, commutator, carbon brushes, etc.
A brief description of the various parts is as follows:

 Yoke

 The yoke acts as the outer cover of a DC motor and it is also known as
the frame. The yoke is an iron body, made up of low reluctance
magnetic material such as cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, etc.

 Yoke serves two purposes, firstly it provides mechanical protection to

the outer parts of the machine secondly it provides a low reluctance

path for the magnetic flux.
Pole core and Pole Shoe
 The pole and pole shoe are fixed on the yoke by bolts.

 These are made of thin cast steel or wrought iron laminations that are
riveted together.

 Poles produce the magnetic flux when the field winding is excited.

 A Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole.

 Due to its shape, the pole area is enlarged and more flux can pass through

the air gap to the armature.

Field Winding
 The coils around the poles are known as field (or exciting) coils and are
connected in series to form the field winding.
 Copper wire is used for the construction of field coils.
 When the DC is passed through the field windings, it magnetizes poles
that produce magnetic flux.
Armature Core
 It is a cylindrical drum and keyed to the rotating shaft. A large number of
slots are made all over its periphery, which accommodates the armature
winding.
 Low reluctance, high permeability material such as silicon steel is used for
armature core.
Armature Winding
 The armature winding plays a very important role in the construction of a

DC machine because the conversion of power takes place in the armature

winding.

 Based on connections, there are two types of armature windings named:

1. Wave Winding

2. Lap Winding
 Wave Winding: In wave winding, all the armature coils are
connected in series through commutator segments in such a
way that the whole armature winding is divided into two parallel
paths.

 If there are Z conductors in the armature then there will be 2

parallel paths each containing Z/2 conductors in series. The
wave winding is useful for high voltage low current motors.
Lap Winding:
 In lap winding the armature conductors are divided into
the groups equal to the number of poles of the machine.
 All the conductors in each group are connected in series
and all such groups are connected in parallel.

 Therefore, in lap winding the number of parallel paths (A)

is equal to the number of poles (P).
 If there are Z conductors in the armature and 4 poles then there
will be 4 parallel paths each containing Z/4 conductors in
series.
 Due to the existence of a large number of parallel paths, the
lap wound armature is capable of supplying larger load
currents. Therefore, lap winding is used for low voltage high
current DC motors.
Commutator
 It is mounted on the shaft. It is made up of a
large number of wedge-shaped segments of
hard drawn copper, insulated from each other
by a thin layer of mica.
 The commutator connects the rotating
armature conductor to the stationary external
circuit through carbon brushes.
 It converts AC emf into DC in case of
generator and bidirectional torque into
unidirectional torque in case of motor.
 Let us take a single turn generator with conductors 1
and 2 as shown in fig.7
 At this instant current in conductor 1 is downward
which is under N pole and in conductor 2 it is upwards
which is under S pole.
 .
So at this instant brush P behaves as positive and brush
Q will be negative and current in the resistance R will
flow from left to right Fig-7

 Now after next half revolution, direction of emf in the

individual conductors reverses. Hence current in
conductor 1 is now upward and it will be under S pole.
 Similarly conductor 2 will carry current downward, and
will be under N pole as shown in fig 8.

Fig.8
 Now as split rings are mounted on shaft. So when conductor reverse
their position, split ring section also reverses their positions. But
brushes P and Q are stationary tapping the current from the
commutator segments .which are I contact with them.
 So at instant 2 segment B will be in contact with P and segment A will
be in contact with Q.
 Due to this the output current i.e current through resistor will maintain
its direction from left to right.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq2zjmS8UMI
Carbon Brushes
 The current is conducted from the voltage source to the armature by the

carbon brushes which are held against the surface of the commutator by
springs. .

 They are made of high-grade Graphite Carbon Brushes and are

rectangular in shape.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 All the generators works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.
 According to Faraday’s laws, whenever a conductor is placed in a
varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a stationary
magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the
conductor.
 So, we need three basic things to perform the generator operation
1. Magnetic field
2. Conductor
3. Relative motion between them
 So, to produce required magnetic field we have field winding which is
wounded on core.
 When we excite the field winding with dc supply, it will magnetize the
magnetic core. So it acts like magnetic poles.
 And for conductors we have armature winding conductors.

 It may be wound either in lap or wave fashion depending upon the voltage and
current rating.
 For relative motion either conductors (armature winding) are rotating and field will
be stationary or vice versa.
 But in case of DC generator field winding is kept stationary and armature windings
rotates.
 This is the major difference between ac and dc generator.

 So now when armature conductors rotates, it cuts the field flux and due to this flux
linkage with armature conductor changes. Hence e.m.f. get induced in armature
conductors.
 The basic nature of induced emf in armature is DC.
 Commutator is also present in case of dc generator which
convert the naturally induced ac emf into DC.
 DC generator without generator is nothing but AC generator
(Alternator)
E.M.F EQUATION OF DC GENERATOR
Let
P = Number of Poles of the Generator
Ø = Flux produced by each poles webers (wb)
N = Speed of armature in RPM
Z = Total number of armature conductors
A = Number of parallel paths

For lap winding- A=P

For wave winding- A=2
Now e.m.f. gets induced in the conductor according to Faraday’s
Law of electromagnetic induction. Hence average value of
e.m.f. induced in each armature conductor is,
e = rate of cutting the flux = dØ/dt
Now
Consider one revolution of conductor.
In one revolution, conductor will cuts total flux produced by all
the poles i.e. Ø*P.
While time required to complete one revolution is 60/N seconds
as speed is N rpm.
PN
e = ØP/(60/N) = (1)
60
This is the e.m.f. induced in one conductor.
Now the conductors in one parallel path are always in series. There are total Z
conductors with A parallel paths, hence Z/A number of conductors are always
in series and e.m.f. remains same across all the parallel paths.
Total e.m.f. can be expressed as

or (Volt)

This is the e.m.f. equation of DC Generator. Where Eg is generated e.m.f.

Q- A 4-pole, lap wound D.C generator has useful flux of 0.07 Wb per pole.
Calculate the generated e.m.f when it is rotated at a speed of 900 r.p.m. with
the help of prime mover. Armature consists of 440 number of conductors.
Also calculate the generated e.m.f when lap wound armature is replaced by
wave wound armature.
Solution : Given

P=4, Փ= 0.07 Wb, N= 900 r.p.m, Z= 440,

Now we know that

For Lap Wound A=P=4

0.07 * 440 * 900 * 4
 Eg   462V
60 A
For Wave Wound A=2
0.07 * 440 * 900 * 4
 Eg   924V
60 * 2

Ans
Q- Derive the EMF equation of D.C. Generator. An 8 pole lap wound dc
generator has 450 armature turns. It operates at 0.02 wb flux per pole and
runs at 1000 rpm at no load. Find the emf induced by it.
Solution: Given
P=8, A=8, No of turns = 450 , ɸ= 0.02 Wb/pole and N= 1000 rpm.
Now, Total no of armature conductor= 2 * no of turns = 2*450= 900
And  ZNP
Eg 
60 A

0.02  900  1000  8

 Eg   300V
60  8
Types of DC Generator
 Types of DC generator depends upon the excitation of field
winding like as

1. Separately Excited

2. Self Excited

a) DC Series

b) DC Shunt
 Separately Excited- As the name suggests, in case of a separately
excited DC generator the supply is given separately to the field
winding.

 The main distinguishing fact in these types of DC machine is that, the

armature current does not flow through the field windings, as the field
winding is energized from a separate external source of DC current as
shown in the figure.
Self Excited- In case of self excited DC machine, the field winding is
connected either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly in
parallel to the armature winding.
 DC Series Generator-
(Ia = IL= Ise) & (E = Eg, Generated EMF)

Voltage equation
Eg  V  Ia  Ra  Rse   2Vb

Where Vb is the voltage drop across each brush

Power delivered to the load

PL = V Ia (Watt)

Power developed by the armature

Pa = Eg Ia (Watt) (3)
ZN P
Eg  Eg  NФ
60 A
DC Shunt Generator-
By KCL
I a  I L  I sh
VL
I sh 
Rsh

Voltage equation
Eg  VL  I a Ra  2Vb
Where Ra is armature resistance.

Power delivered to the load

PL = V * IL (Watt)
Power developed in armature
Pa  Eg * Ia Watt 
Applications:-
Separately Excited- It is used for Electro-Plating & Electro
refining of materials.
Shunt Generator- Commonly used for battery charging and
ordinary lightning purpose.
Series Generator- It is used as a constant current generator for
welding generator and Arc Lamp.
Question:-
A 20 KW, 200 V shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05 ohm
and a shunt field resistance of 200 ohm. Calculate the power developed in
the armature when it delivers rated output.
Solution:-
Given Data
PL = 20KW, VL = 200 Volt, Ra = 0.05Ω, Rsh = 200Ω
PL=20kW
 V 200
Field Current, I sh    1A
Rsh 200
And PL  V * I L
PL 20 * 1000
 IL    100 A
VL 200
PL=20kW
Armature current-
Ia = IL + Ish = 100 + 1 = 101 Amp.
So, Eg =V + Ia Ra
Eg = 200 + 101*0.05 = 205.05 Volt.
Now
Power developed by armature
Pa = Eg * Ia = 205.05 * 101 = 20.71 kW
Ans
Question:-
A 200 V, 8 Pole lap connected DC shunt generator supplies
Sixty 40 W, 200V lamps. It has armature and field circuit
resistances of 0.2 ohm & 200 ohm respectively. Calculate
the generated emf, armature current and current in each
armature conductor.
Given Data

No. of Poles, P = 8
Total Lamp Load = 60*40 = 2400 W

Terminal Voltage, VL = 200 Volt

Shunt Field Resistance, Rsh = 200Ω

Armature Resistance, Ra = 0.2Ω

So Load Current, PL 2400

IL    12V
VL 200
& Shunt Field current, V 200
I sh    1A
Rsh 200

Now Armature Current,. I a  I L  I sh  12  1 =13Amp

= 13 Amp.
Now Generated emf, Eg = V + Ia*Ra
Eg = 200 + 13 * 0.2
Eg = 202.6 Volt

Now Current in each armature conductor = I a

(Since lap winding A = P = 8) P
13
= = 1.625 Amp.
8
Ans.
Q- A 4-pole shunt generator with lap-connected armature has field and
armature resistance of 50 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. If supplying power to
100W lamp load for 100 V. Calculate the armature current and the generated
emf. Consider a contact drop of 1V per brush. (2018-19 odd)
Solution : Given P=4, A= 4 Ra =0.1Ω, Rsh= 50Ω, PL= 100 W, VL=100V and
Vb= 1 V/brush
 V 100
Now I sh    2A
Rsh 50

P 100
And IL    1A
V 100
 I a  I L  I sh  1+2 = 3A

Now E g  V  I a Ra  2Vb

 100  3 * 0.1  2 * 1
E g  102.3V Ans
 DC MOTOR

Working Principle of A DC Motor

 An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

 The basic working principle of a DC motor is: "whenever a

current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it

experiences a force".

 The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule and its
magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I =
current and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
 When armature winding is connected to a DC supply, an electric

current sets up in the winding.

 Magnetic field may be provided by field winding

(electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnets.

 In this case, current carrying armature conductors experience a force

due to the magnetic field, and the whole armature experiences a
torque.
  Consider a two pole DC motor, in which armature conductor is placed. For

simplicity permanent magnet and single armature conductor has been shown.

 The direction of main flux (field flux ) is also shown in fig.13 (a).

 Now supply has been given to the armature conductor. Therefore a current starts
flowing in it. Let the direction of this current is such as it is going into the paper
(Shown by cross).

Magnet Direction of
Current in

Cancellation
Force
Main Conductor
Conductor Addition
Flux Conductor
Flux

Fig. 13 (a) Conductor Fig. 13 (b) Flux produced Fig. 14(a) Interaction of two fluxes Fig. 14 (b) Force experienced
in magnetic field by the conductor
by the conductor
 Now we know that every current carrying conductor will produce its own
magnetic flux, therefore armature conductor will also produces its magnetic
flux. The direction of this flux can be determined by using right hand thumb
rule, clockwise direction in this case as shown in fig.13 (b).
 Now there are two fluxes (field flux and armature flux) which interact with
each other, which is necessary for the motoring operation.
 On the left side these two fluxes are in opposite direction therefore cancelling
each other. While on the right side they are added up as shown in fig 14 (a).
 Due to this the flux distribution will be non-uniform and it will look like a
stretched rubber as shown in fig. 14 (b).
 Therefore a force will be exerted on the conductor from high flux density
area to low flux density area (from Right to Left).
 Therefore each conductor experiences a force F which tends to rotate the
armature in anticlockwise direction.
 By applying Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the direction of force can be found.

 These forces collectively produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating.
 It should be noted that the function of commutator in the motor is same
as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it passes
from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and
unidirectional torque.
 BACK EMF OF DC MOTOR

Back EMF:- When the armature starts rotating, it cuts the main flux
so an emf is induced in armature which oppose the supply voltage
(Lenz’s Law). This induced emf is known as Back EMF or counter
emf.
 ZNP
Eb 
60 A

Significance of Back emf:- Due to the back emf, DC motor becomes a

self regulating machine i.e. how much current it has to draw from
supply to develop necessary sufficient torque.
Explanation:-
When mechanical load is added to the shaft at any instance, the
speed (N) automatically reduces. This decrease in back emf (Eb),
increases the net voltage (V – Eb), and consequently the series
field current (Ise = Ia) increases. So it becomes a self regulating
machine.

V = Eb + IaRa
V  Eb Amp.
Ia 
Ra
Direction of Rotation:-
The direction of the torque and the speed
can be reversed by changing the direction of
either the field current or armature current
by changing the polarity of the field winding
or armature winding terminals
 Torque Equation
Torque is the turning or twisting force about an axis.
Let a wheel having radius R meter.
Circumferential force = F Newton
Speed of rotation of wheel = N rpm
So angular speed of wheel is –
Therefore , d 2 2N
  
dt 60 60 (1)
N
So work done in one revolution is given by –
W  F * Distance travel in one revolution  F * 2 R ( Joule)
Now Power Developed,
P  work done / time
(Time  Time for one revolution  60 / N )
 F * 2 R  2 N  ….(2)
P   F * R*   Ta .
60 / N  60 

Let
Ta – Gross torque developed by the armature of the motor.
So gross mechanical power developed by the armature is –
Pa  Eb * I--------
a
(3) { from power equation}
Now From equations (2) & (3).
2 N
Eb * I a  Ta *
60
  ZNP 2 N   ZNP 
* I a  Ta *  Eb  
60 A 60  60 A 
1  ZPI a  ZPI a
Ta   0.159
2 A A
 Ta   * Ia

Ta  Tf  Tsh (Tsh  Ta )

Ta = Armature torque
Tf = Lost torque ( To overcome stray losses i.e. Friction loss,
windage loss )
Tsh = Load torque OR Shaft torque ( available at the shaft for
doing useful work )
 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
1. DC Series Motor-
 I a  I L  I se  & E  Eb , back EMF 
Voltage equation
V  Eb  I a ( Ra  Rse )  2Vb
or Eb  V  I a R
a
 Rse   2Vb

And Torque of DC series Motor

Ta   * I a
But
  Ia
Ta  ( Ia ) 2

So this type of motor is used for High Starting Torque.

DC Shunt Motor-
By KCL I  I Ia L sh

V
I sh   Cons tan t
Rsh

Voltage equation
V  Eb  I a Ra  2Vb
Where Ra is armature resistance and Vb is the voltage drop across each brush.
Power delivered to Motor
P  V * IL (Watt)
Power developed by armature
Pa  Eb * I a (Watt)
  ZNP  Eb  N 
And Eb 
60 A
Eb V  I a Ra
So Speed N  
 
But   Ish  Constant
So N  V  Ia Ra  Constant Speed 
Torque of DC shunt Motor
Ta   * I a
  I sh  Constant
 Ta  I a
So this type of motor is used for Medium Starting Torque.
I abb250
E  V40
246
IV 0.1 41-1 = 40A
I*250
VIaRa
I sh  L  sh  1A
Eb  VRsh IaRa 250
 250  40 * 0.1
Q- A 250V dc shunt motor takes 41A at full load. Resistances of motor
Eb  246V
armature and shunt field winding are 0.1 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. Find the
back emf on full load. What will be generated emf, if working as generator
and supplying 41A to a load at terminal voltage of 250V?
(2018-19 even)
Solution: Given VL= 250V, IL=41 A, Ra= 0.1Ω, Rsh=25O Ω
I abb250
E  V40
246
IV 0.1 41-1 = 40A
I*250
VIaRa
I sh  L  sh  1A
Eb  VRsh IaRa 250
 250  40 * 0.1
Eb  246V

As a Shunt Motor:
V 250
I sh    1A
Rsh 250

I a  I L  I sh  41-1 = 40A
Eb  V  IaRa
 250  40 * 0.1
Eb  246V
Now Eb  V  IaRa
 250  40 * 0.1
Eb  246V
I ag250
E  V
254 2V
I.V 42II*250
R0.1 41+1 = 42A
I sh  L ash a  1A
Rsh 250

As a Shunt Generator

V 250
I sh    1A
Rsh 250

I a  I L  I sh  41+1 = 42A

E g  V  I a Ra

 250  42 * 0.1

 254.2V

Ans
Question:-
A DC Shunt Generator running at 1200 rpm supplies a load of
60 KW at 250 Volts. Find the speed at which it runs as a shunt
motor when taking 60 KW from supply (250 V). Take armature
resistance at 0.1 ohm and field winding resistance as 50 ohm.
Neglect Brush drop.
Solution:-Given Data
As a Generator:- PL = 60 kW, VL = 250 V, Ng = 1200 rpm
Now PL = VL*IL
PL 60*1000
IL    240 A
VL 250

And I  V  250  5 A
sh
Rsh 50

Now
 I a  I L  I sh  240  5  245 Amp

E g  VL  I a * Ra  250  245 * 0.1  274.5V

As a Motor:-
Pin = 60kW, V= 250 Volt
Now
Pin 60 * 1000
 IL    240 A
V 250
& V 250
I sh    5A
Rsh 50
I L  I sh  I a
So I a  I L – I sh  240 – 5  235 Amp
Now
Eb  V – I a * Ra  250 – 235 * 0.1  226.5 Volt
 Eb
N   Eb (   Constant)

 N g Eg 
  
 N m Eb 
226.5 *1200
Nm   990.164 r . p.m
274.5
Ans.
Q-A 25kW, 250V, dc shunt generator has armature and field resistances of
0.06ohm and100ohm respectively. Determine the total armature power
developed. (2017-18 ODD)
Solution:
Given PL  25kW ,VL  250V , Ra  0.06 , Rsh  100
VL 250
Now sh Rsh  100  2.5 A
I 

P 25 * 1000
And IL    100 A
V 250
 I a  I L  I sh  100+2.5 = 102.5A
Now E g  V  I a Ra  250  102.5 * 0.06
 E g  256.15V
And Pa  E g * I a  256.15 * 102.5  26.25 kW Ans
Q- A dc shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 V when running at 500 rpm.
The armature and field resistances are 0.05 Ω and 125 Ω respectively.
Calculate the speed of the same machine and developed torque when running
as a shunt motor and taking 50 kW at 250 V.
Solution: PL  50kW ,VL  250V , Ra  0.05, Rsh  125, N g  500rpm
For Generator: V 250
Ish    2A
Rsh 125
PL 50 * 1000
And IL    200 A
V 250
Now I a  I L  I sh  200  2  202 A
 E g  V  I a Ra  250  202 * 0.05
E g  260.1V
Now For Motor
I a  I L  I sh  200  2  198 A
And  Eb  V  I a Ra  250  198 * 0.05
E g  240.1V
Eb
Now we know that N    Eb { I sh  ConstantforShunt Motor

N m Eb Eb 240.1
  or N m  * Ng  * 500
N g Eg Eg 260.1
 N m  461.55 RPM
Q-A 120 V dc shunt motor having an armature resistance of 0.2 Ω and field
resistance of 60 Ω, draw a line current 0f 40 A at full load. The brush voltage
drop is 3V and rated full load speed is 1800 rpm. Calculate: (i) The speed
at half load (ii) The speed at 125% of full load.
Solution: Given
V= 120V, Ra= 0.2Ω, Rsh=60Ω, IL=40A at full load, total brush drop =3V,
NF.L=1800 rpm
Now I  V  120  2 A
sh
Rsh 60
 ( I a ) f . l  ( I L ) f . l  I sh  40  2  38 A

 Eb  V  I a Ra  VBRUSH  120  38 * 0.2  3

Eb  109.4V
At half load:
At half load the torque demand will be half
And for shunt motor T  I a
1
 ( I a )h. l  ( I a ) f . l  19 A
2
 ( Eb )h. l  V  ( I a )h. l Ra  VBRUSH  120  19 * 0.2  3
( Eb )h. l  113.2V

N H . L ( Eb )h . l
NE  
N F . L ( Eb ) F . l

113.2
N H .L  * 1800  1862.52 RPM
109.4
At 125% load
( I a )125%  1.25( I a ) f . l  38 * 1.25  47.5 A
 ( Eb )125%  V  ( I a )125% Ra  VBRUSH  120  47.5 * 0.2  3
 ( Eb )125%  107.5V
N125% ( Eb )125%
 
NF .L ( Eb ) F . l
107.5
N125%  * 1800  1768.73 RPM
109.4
 Q-A 6-pole lap wound dc shunt motor has 250 armature conductors, a flux of

0.04 wb/pole and at 1200 rpm. The armature and field winding resistances are
1Ω and 220Ω respectively. It is connected to a 220 V DC supply. Determine:
(i) Induced emf in the motor (ii) Armature current (iii) Input supply current
(iv) Mechanical power developed in the motor (v) Torque developed.
SOLUTION:
Given P=6, A=6 ,Z= 250 conductors, ɸ=0.04 Wb/pole, N=1200
rpm, Ra=1Ω, Rsh=220Ω and V= 220 V
(i) Induced e.m.f in the motor

(ii) Armature current

(ii) Input supply current

Now,
(iv) Mechanical power developed

(v) Torque developed

We know that,
Q-A dc shunt motor develops an open-ckt emf of 250 V at 1500
rpm. Find its developed torque for an armature current of 20 A.
Solution:
Given Eb=250 V, N =1500 rpm and Ia=20A.
Now ,

Pa Pa
And Ta  
  2 N 
 
 60 
A 230 V dc series motor is taking 50 A. Resistance of armature and series
field winding is 0.2 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. Calculate :a) Brush voltage
b) Back emf.

Solution:

Given V=230 V, IL=50A, Ra=0.2Ω, Rse=0.1 Ω

Now Voltage across the brush (i.e brush voltage) is given as

And Back emf

 Q-A 4-pole DC generator with wave connected armature has 41 slots and
12 conductors /slots. Armature resistance and shunt field resistance are
0.5Ω and 200 Ω respectively. Flux/pole is 125 mWb. Speed N= 1000 rpm.
Calculate the voltage drop across terminals. The load resistance is 10 Ω.
Solution :
Given P=4, A=2, Armature slots = 41, Conductors/slot=12,
Rsh=200Ω, ɸ=125mWb=0.125 Wb/pole and N=1000 rpm
 No of conductors  conductors / slot * no of slots
 41*12  492

Now apply KVL in 1st mesh

0.5Ia  ( Ia  I L )200  2050............(1)
Apply KVL in 2nd mesh
0.5Ia  10 I L  2050........( 2)

On solving equation (1) and (2)

I a  204.5 A I L  194.77 A

Now
Question:-
A DC Shunt Motor runs at 600 rpm taking 60A from a 230V Supply. Armature resistance
is 0.2 ohm and field resistance is 115 ohm. Find the speed when the current through the
armature is 30A.
Solution:-Given Data
Ra = 0.2Ω, Rf = Rsh = 115Ω, V = 230 Volt., IL = 60A
Now
V = Ish x Rsh
230 = Ish x 115
So Ish = 2A
 I L  I a  I sh
 I L  I a  I sh
Armature Current,
I a  I L  I sh   60  2   58 A  I a1
Now Back emf ,
Eb1  V – I a1 x Ra   230 – {58 x 0.2}  218.4 Volt
Now if Armature Current,
I a 2  30 A
Than Back emf ,
Eb 2  V – I a 2 x Ra   230 – {30 x 0.2}  244 Volt
Now
Eb2 600 * 224
N 2  N1   615 rpm
Eb1 218.4
Ans.
Q- The armature resistance of a 200V, DC shunt motor is 0.12Ω. It runs at 600rpm
at constant load torque and draws a armature current of 21Amp. Calculate its new
speed if the field current of the motor is reduced by 10%.
Solution:- Given Data

V = 200 Volt, Ra = 0.12Ω, N1 = 600 rpm, Ia1 = 21 Amp.

Now
Eb1  V – I a1 * Ra  200 –  21 * 0.12   197.48 Vol

Now
Ta   * Ia , torque is constant
1 I a1
2 Ia 2 ………….(1)
 Field current is reduced by 10%
 I sh
 2  1 – 0.1 * 1  0.9 1
1 1
 
 2 0.9
Now
1 21
 1 (From equation 1)
0.9  I a 2

Ia2 = 23.33 Amp.

Now
Eb 2  V – I a 2 * Ra  200 –  23.33 x 0.12   197.2 Volt
And
Eb N 1 Eb1 2 600 197.48
N   * Therefore,   0.9  N 2  665.72  666 rpm
 N 2 Eb 2 1 N2 197.2
Question:-A series motor runs at 600 rpm when taking 110 A from a 250 V
supply. The resistance of armature circuit is 0.12Ω and that of series
winding is 0.03Ω. The useful flux per pole is 0.024Wb for 110 A and
0.0155Wb for 50 A. Calculate the speed when current is fallen to 50A.

Solution:- Given

N1 = 600 rpm, Ia1 =110A, V = 250 Volt Ra = 0.12Ω, Rse = 0.03Ω, Ia1 = 110A,
Φ1= 0.024Wb, Ia2 = 50A, Φ2= 0.0155Wb
Now
Eb1  V – Ia1  Ra  Rse   250 – 110  0.12  0.03  233.5V
Eb 2  V – Ia2  Ra  Rse   250 – 50  0.12  0.03  242.5V
Now
Eb N 1 E b 2 2 600 233.5 0.0155
N  *     N 2  964.84 rpm  965 rpm
 N 2 Eb 2 1 N 2 242.5 0.024
Question:- What will be change in emf induced if flux is reduced by 20%
and the speed is increased by 20% in DC generator?
(UPTU 2005)
Solution:- Given  N 2  N1  0.2 N1  1.2 N1
And  2  1  0.2 1  0.8 1

E g1 N1 1
As Eg  N *    
Eg2 N 2 2
So
E g 2  0.96 E g1
E g 2  E g1
% decrease in emf  *100  4%
E g1
 In three phase induction motor, we first discuss about the types
and constructional features of 3-phase induction motors,
principle of operation, derivation of torque expression and
Torque-slip characteristic.
 Induction motors are considered to be the work horse of
industries and widely used. Unlike other motors, it works on
single excitation (only stator winding is to be excited from a 3-
phase source). By induction, voltage is induced in the rotor coils
which produce current in the rotor conductors as the rotor
terminal are kept short circuited.
CONSTRUCTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

 Like any other type of electrical motor induction motor, a 3

phase induction motor is constructed from two main parts,
namely the rotor and stator
STATOR
FRAME
STATOR
STATOR
CORE
STATOR
WINDING
STATOR FRAME

 It is the outer part of the three

phase induction motor.
 Its main function is to support the
stator core and the field winding.
 It acts as a covering, and it
provides protection and
mechanical strength to all the
inner parts of the induction
motor.
STATOR CORE

 The main function of the stator core

is to carry the alternating flux.
 In order to reduce the eddy current
loss, the stator core is laminated.
 These laminated types of structure
are made up of stamping which is
about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick.
 All the stamping are stamped
together to form stator core, which is
then housed in stator frame.
 The stamping is made up of silicon
steel, which helps to reduce the
hysteresis loss occurring in the
motor.
STATOR WINDING
 The slots on the inner periphery of the
stator core of the three-phase induction
motor carry three phase windings.
 We apply three phase ac supply to this
three-phase winding.
 The winding wound on the stator of three
phase induction motor is called stator
winding, and when this winding is excited
by three phase ac supply, it produces a
rotating magnetic field.
ROTOR
 The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor
is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.
 The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further
classified as
1. Squirrel cage rotor
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor
 Depending upon the type of rotor construction used,
three phase induction motors are classified as slip ring
or wound rotor induction motor and squirrel cage
induction motor.
Wound rotor
or slip ring  In case of slip ring type, rotor houses a
rotor balanced 3-phase distributed winding
similar to that of the stator and the rotor
terminals are brought out through slip
ring and brush arrangements as shown
in the figure .
 The rotor consists of numbers of slots
and rotor winding are placed inside
these slots. The three end terminals are
connected together to form a star
connection. As its name indicates, three
phase slip ring induction motor consists
of slip rings connected on the same
shaft as that of the rotor.
 The three ends of three-phase
windings are permanently
connected to these three slip
rings.
 The external resistance can be
easily connected through the
brushes and slip rings and
hence used for speed
controlling and improving the
starting torque of three phase
induction motor
Squirrel Cage
Rotor  In cage induction motor a number
of conductor bars are placed in
rotor slots.
 Bar ends are kept permanently
short circuited at both the ends
with the help conducting end
rings.
 Imagine that rotor iron has been
removed, then the rotor will look
like a cage as shown in figure.
 So for obvious reason no rotor
terminals in case of cage
induction motor are available.
CONCEPT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD (R.M.F)
 Simplest way to develop a rotating magnetic field is to physically
rotate a permanent bar magnet about its axis. In this unit, some elegant
methods of producing a rotating magnetic field is discussed which do
not require any thing to be physically rotated.
 It was Nicolus Tesla who for the first time invented that the rotating
field can also be created without using any kind of mechanical
rotation.
 He explained that a 3-phase distributed stationary coil as shown in
the previous slide, energised from a three phase balanced power
supply, produces a rotating magnetic field.
 The speed of which is given by Ns =120f/P rpm with respect to the
structure which houses 3-phase distributed coil , f being the supply
frequency and P being the number of poles of the machine.
 So, When we apply a three-phase supply to a three-phase
distributed winding of a rotating machine, a rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates in synchronous
speed.
 Let us consider one stator of an electric motor where three-
phase winding is physically distributed in the stator core in
such a manner that winding of each phase is separated from
other by 120o in space.
 Let φR, φY and φB are the instantaneous
flux of corresponding to Red, Yellow and
Blue phase winding, φm amplitude of the Fig.1: Assumed
directions of three fluxes.
flux wave. The flux wave in the space can
be represented as shown in fig.1
 Now, on the graphical representation of flux
waves, we will first consider the point 0,
where ωt=0˚.
 Here, the value of φR is
Fig.2: Waveform of three
fluxes
 The value of φY is

 And

 The resultant of these fluxes at that

instant (φr) is 1.5φm which is shown in
the figure 3 (a). Fig.3 (a) Vector diagram for
 Now, on the above graphical ωt =0
representation of flux waves, we will
consider the point 1, where ωt = π / 6
or 30o.
 Now,

 And
Fig.3 (b) Vector diagram for
ωt =30°
 The resultant of these fluxes at
that instant (φr) is 1.5φm which
is shown in the figure 3 (b). Here
it is clear that the resultant flux
vector is rotated 30o further
clockwise without changing its
value.
 Now, on the graphical
representation of flux waves, we Fig.3 (c) Vector diagram
will consider the point 2, where for ωt =30°
ωt = π / 3 or 60o  The resultant of these
fluxes at that instant (φr) is
1.5φm which is shown in
the figure3. here it is clear
that the resultant flux
vector is rotated 30°
further clockwise without
changing its value.
 Now, on the graphical
representation of flux waves,
we will consider the point 3,
where ωt = π / 2 or 90o.
 Now,

 The resultant of these fluxes at Fig:3(d) Vector diagram for ωt

that instant (φr) is 1.5φm which =90°
is shown in the figure. Here it  In this way we can prove that
is clear that the resultant flux the due to balanced supply
vector is rotated 30o further applied to the three phase stator
clockwise without changing its winding a rotating or revolving
value. magnetic field is established in
the space.
 Working Principle

 Induction motor works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

 When a three phase supply is given to three phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic
field (R.M.F) is produced . The speed of rotating magnetic field is synchronous
speed, Ns.

 The rotating magnetic field produce an effect of rotating poles around the rotor.
 At this instant rotor is stationary and stator flux (R.M.F.) is rotating. So it is obvious
that there exists relative motion between the R.M.F and stationary rotor conductors.
 Whenever rotor conductors cut the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in it. So e.m.f.

gets induced in the rotor conductors called rotor induced e.m.f.

 As rotor forms a closed circuit, induced e.m.f circulates current through the
rotor called rotor current.

 Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor produces its
flux called rotor flux.

 The two fluxes, stator flux and rotor flux interact with each other such that

on one side of rotor conductor, two fluxes are in same direction hence add
up to get high flux area while on other side, two fluxes cancel each other to
produce low flux area.
 The flux line acts as a stretched rubber as shown in figure. So due to this
rotor conductor experiences a force.

 As all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor experience
a torque and start rotating.

 According to Lenz’s law the direction of induced e.m.f. is such that to

oppose the cause producing it.

 Here the cause is relative motion between R.M.F. and rotor conductor. So

rotor start rotating in the same direction as that of R.M.F and tries to catch
up the speed of rotating magnetic field .
 Q- How to reverse the direction of rotation of 3 phase
induction motor.
Ans
 By interchanging the any two terminals of 3 phase supply,
which is given to stator.
 By doing this the direction of R.M.F reversed.
 Hence the direction of rotor also reversed.
Q- Why induction motor can't run at synchronous speed?

Can Ns= Nr? Explain it.

Ans

 If Ns= Nr Then there will be no relative motion between RMF

and rotor conductors hence no EMF will be induced .Therefore
there will be no rotor current hence no rotor flux and therefore
no torque.
 Slip-Speed And Slip
 The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed the speed at
which it rotates is sub synchronous speed hence it is called
asynchronous motor (Nr<Ns)
 So it can be said that rotor slips behind the RMF produced by the
stator. The difference between these two is called slip speed of the
motor.
 Slip speed of motor =Ns-Nr (in r.p.m )
 Remembering that Ns is constant and Nr depends upon load present on
the shaft another term called slip is defined as
“Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the
synchronous speed Ns and actual speed Nr of the Rotor expressed as
the fraction of synchronous speed Ns’’.
 Slip is often expressed in percentage as
*100
 Knowledge of slip indirectly give us rotor speed as
Effect of Slip on Rotor Parameters
 At starting the rotor is stand still hence 𝑁𝑟=0, therefore s =1
 While s=0 gives us 𝑁𝑟=𝑁𝑠 which is not possible for an induction
motor.
 So slip of induction motor lies between 0 to 1 .
 Practically operates in the slip range of 1 % to 5%

 Effect of slip on rotor frequency

 As we know that , the speed of rotating magnetic field is,

…..(1)
 Now for rotor the input to the rotor will be slip speed
i.e
Now let fr is the rotor frequency
120 f r
 Ns  Nr 
P ……(2)
Divide equation (2) by (1) we will get
Rotor Induced E.M.F in Running Condition
 We know that induced emf
 Eα f
 At stand still Nr=0 and fr= f
 Therefore rotor emf at standstill, E2 α f
 At running condition, Rotor speed = Nr and rotor frequency
=fr
 Let the induced emf at running condition is E2r
E2r  f r
 Or E2 r / E2  f r / f

E2r = s E2
Effect on rotor leakage reactance and
impedance
 Let x2= rotor leakage reactance at standstill
 Now X2 = ωL2= 2πfL2, whre L2 is leakage inductance of rotor
 But at running condition the frequency of rotor will be fr
 X 2 r  2 f r L2
X 2 r  sX 2
 Where X2r= rotor leakage reactance at running condition
 Now the impedance at running condition will be given as
Z 2 r  R   sX 2 
2 2
2
 Therefore rotor current
E2 r
I2r 
Z2r
Important Note

With respect to stationary observer :

1) Speed of stator or stator frame =0

2) Speed of rotor (Rotor Structure)= Nr

3) Speed of stator flux (R.M.F)= Ns

4) Speed of rotor flux = Ns

Q-What is the relation between frequencies of stator & rotor currents? A
3-phase, 50Hz induction motor has 6 poles and operates with a slip of 5%
at a certain load. Determine (i) The speed of rotor with respect to the
stator. (ii) The frequency of the rotor current. (iii) The speed of the rotor
magnetic field with respect to the stator. (2018-19 odd)
Solution:Given P=6, S=5%=0.05, f=50Hz
Relation between frequency of stator and rotor current

Now synchronous speed

120 f 120 * 50
Ns    1000r . p.m
(i) And rotor speed, P 6

 Nr  (1  s ) Ns  (1  0.05)* 1000  950r . p.m

(ii) f r  sf  0.05 * 50  2.5 Hz
(iii) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to the stator

 Ns  0  1000r . p.m
Ans..
 Torque Equation of Induction Motor

 Let ϕ= stator flux

E2= induced e.m.f in rotor at stand still
E2r= induced e.m.f in rotor at running condition
R2 = rotor resistance
X2= rotor leakage reactance at stand still
X2r= rotor leakage reactance at running condition
I2r= rotor current at running condition
And cosϕ2r= rotor circuit power factor at running condition
Now the torque developed in the rotor is
T   I 2 r cos  2 r
 But the stator flux   V  E1  E2
 And R2 R2 R2
cos  2 r   
Z2r R2 2  X 2 r 2 R2 2  ( sX 2 )2
E2 r sE2
I 2r  
Z2r R2 2  ( sX 2 )2
sE2 R2
T  E2 * *
R2 2  ( sX 2 )2 R2 2  ( sX 2 )2
sE2 2 R2
T k 2
R2  ( sX 2 )2

Where k is proportionality constant

3
k
2 ns
Condition for Maximum Torque
 When load change the rotor speed Nr and hence slip changes.
 Therefore for maximum torque, dT  0
ds
d  sE 2 2 R2 
k 0
ds  R2 2  ( sX 2 )2 
 On solving above equation we will get
R2
s  sm 
X2
 So this is the value of slip at which the torque will be
maximum.
 And if we need maximum torque at starting (at starting s=1)
then R2  X 2
Q-A 6.6 kV, 20-poles, 50Hz, 3 phase star connected induction motor has rotor
resistance of 0.12 Ω and a stand still reactance of 1.12Ω. The motor has speed of
292.5 rpm at full load. Calculate the slip at maximum torque. (2014-15 odd)
Solution: Given R2 = 0.12Ω, X2=1.12Ω
Slip at maximum torque

R2 0.12
sm    0.107  10.7%
X 2 1.12
Ans
Q-A 3-phase 4 pole induction motor is supplied from 3-phase 50 Hz supply.
Calculate: (a) Ns (b) Rotor speed when slip is 4 % (c) Rotor
frequency when rotor runs at 60 rpm.
(2013-14 Even)
Solution: P=4, f=50Hz
(1) Ns 
120 f 120 * 50
  1500r . p.m
P 4

(2) Rotor speed when s= 4%=0.04

 Nr  (1  s ) Ns  (1  0.04)* 1500  1440r . p.m
(3) Rotor frequency when Nr= 60 r.pm
Ns  Nr 1500  60
s * 100  * 100  96%
Ns 1500
 f r  sf  0.96 * 50  48 Hz
Power Flow in Induction Motor
Q-A 4-Pole , 3 phase induction motor runs at 1440 rpm. Supply voltage is 500 V at 50
Hz. Mechanical power output is 20.3 Hp and mechanical loss is 2.23 Hp. Calculate:
(i) Mechanical Power Developed (ii) Rotor Cu Loss (iii) Efficiency
(2020-21 ODD)
SOLUTION: Given P=4, Nr =1440 rpm, VL= 500V, Pout= 20.3 H.P, mechanical
loss= 2.23 HP
(1) Mechanical power developed

Pm  Pout  mech.losss  20.3  2.23  22.53H . P

(2) We know that
P2 : Pcu : Pm  1 : s : (1  s )
Pcu s
 
Pm 1  s
 120 f 120 * 50
Now Ns    1500r . p.m
P 4
And Ns  Nr 1500  1440
s * 100  * 100  4%
Ns 1500
s 0.04
Pcu  Pm *  22.53 *  0.938H . P
1 s 1  0.04
(3) Now Rotor input power
P2 1

Pcu s
1 0.938
 P2  Pcu *   23.45 H . P
s 0.04

Now rotor input power is equal to input to stator (neglecting

stator loss)  P  P  23.45 H . P
in 2
Now P 20.3
%  out
* 100  * 100  86.56%
Pin 23.45
Ans
Torque-Slip Characteristics
Torque- Slip Characteristics
 The graph obtained by plotting the torque developed against the slip values from s=1
(at start) to s=0 (at synchronous speed) is called torque slip characteristics of
induction motor.
 For constant supply voltage, E2 is also constant.
sR2
T  2
R2  ( sX 2 )2

 Now the whole slip region is divide into two regions

1) Low slip region: In low slip region, ‘s’ is very small. Therefore ( sX 2 )2 is also
very small and it can be neglected.

sR2
 Hence T 2
s as R2 is constant.
R2
 Hence in low slip region torque is directly proportional to slip. Hence the
graph is straight line. This is called stable region of operation.
2. High slip region: In this region, slip is high (approaching to 1). So
here it can be assumed that the term R2 2 is very small as compared to ( sX 2 )2
. Hence R2 2can be neglected.
sR2 1
T  
( sX 2 )2 s
 So in high slip region torque is inversely proportional to the slip. Hence
its nature is like rectangular hyperbola. This region is called unstable
region of operation.
Regions of torque - slip characteristics
of three phase induction motor :-
Motoring Region:-
 When the slip lies in the region 0 and 1 i.e. when 0 ≤s ≤1, the
machine runs as a motor which is the normal operation.
 The rotation of rotor is in the direction of rotating field which
is developed by stator currents.
 In this region it takes electrical power from supply lines and
supplies mechanical power output. The rotor speed and
corresponding torque are in same direction.
Braking Region:-
 When the slip is greater than 1, the machine works in the
braking mode. The motor is rotated in opposite direction
to that of rotating field.
 In practice two of the stator terminals are interchanged
which changes the phase sequence which in turn
reverses the direction of rotation of magnetic field.
 The motor comes to quick stop under the influence of
counter torque which produces braking action.
 This method by which the motor comes to rest is known as
plugging.
 Only care is taken that the stator must be disconnected from
the supply to avoid the rotor to rotate in other direction
Generating Region:-
 To run the induction machine as a generator, its slip must be
less than zero i.e. negative.
 The negative slip indicates that the rotor is running at a
speed above the synchronous speed. When running as a
generator it takes mechanical energy and supplies electrical
energy from the stator.
 Thus the negative slip, generation action takes place and
nature of torque - slip characteristics reverses in this
generating region.
 The Figure shows the complete torque - slip characteristics
showing motoring, generating and the braking region.
 Q-With the help of double revolving field theory explain
that single phase induction motor is not self starting. List
its various methods of starting.
DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY:-

 According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be

resolved into two rotating components which rotate in
opposite directions and each having magnitude as half of the
maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
 In case of single phase induction motors, the stator winding
produces an alternating magnetic field having maximum
magnitude of Φ1m.
 According to double revolving field theory, consider the two
components of the stator flux, each having magnitude half of
maximum magnitude of stator flux i.e. (Φ1m/2).
 Both these components are rotating in opposite directions at
the synchronous speed Ns which is dependent on frequency
and stator poles.
 Let Φf is forward component rotating in anticlockwise
direction while Φb is the backward component rotating in
clockwise direction.
 The resultant of these two components at any instant gives the
instantaneous value of the stator flux at the instant. So
resultant of these two is the original stator flux.
 Fig. 22 Stator flux and its two components
 The Fig. 22 shows the stator flux and its two components
Φf and Φb.
 At start both the components are opposite to each other so
the resultant ΦR = 0. At 90o the two components pointing
in the same direction.
 Hence the resultant ΦR = (Φ1m/2) + (Φ1m/2) =Φ1m. This is
nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux
at θ = 90o. Thus continuous rotation of the two
components gives the original alternating stator flux.
 Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the motor
conductors.
 Due to cutting of flux, an e.m.f. gets induced in rotor which circulates
rotor current.
 The rotor current produces rotor flux.
 This flux interacts with forward component Φf to produce a torque in
one particular direction say anticlockwise direction.
 While rotor flux interacts with backward component Φb to produce a
torque in the clockwise direction.
 So if anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is
negative.
 At start these two torque are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

 Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction.

 Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start.

 And hence the single phase induction motors are not self
starting.
Torque slip characteristics:-
 The two oppositely directed torques and the resultant torque can be
shown effectively with the help of torque-speed characteristics. It is
shown in the Fig.
 TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS OR
METHODS OF STARTING:-

 Split phase induction motor

 Capacitor start induction motor

 Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

 Shaded pole induction motor

 To produce starting torque, it is necessary to have
minimum two alternating fluxes having a phase
difference between the two.

 The expression for starting torque is given as above.

Where r2’ = rotor resistance referred to stator side
IA= Ist= current in auxiliary (starting) winding
IM= current in main winding
Sinα= angle between IM and IA
 So an attempt is made in all the single phase induction motors to
produce an additional flux other than stator flux, which has a
certain phase difference with respect to stator flux (main flux)
 So depending upon what method has been used to produce this
additional flux, induction motor are categorized into following
types:
I. Split phase induction motor
II. Capacitor start induction motor
III. Permanent Capacitor Run Induction Motor
IV. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
V. Shaded pole induction motor
 To have maximum starting torque IA Sinα must be maximum.
SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:-
 It has two winding one is main winding which is more
inductive and other is auxiliary/starting winding which is
less inductive.
 The current Im lags the voltage by angle Φm starting
current Ist lags the voltage by angle Φst.
 Hence there exists a phase difference between the two
currents.
 The starting torque is proportional to ‘IASinα 'and hence such
motors produce average starting torque.
 When speed approaches to 75 to 80% of the rated speed, the
starting winding gets disconnected due to operation of the
centrifugal switch.
CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTORS:-
 The construction of this type of motors is similar to the
resistance split phase type.
 The difference is that in series with the auxiliary winding
the capacitor is connected.
 The capacitive circuit draws a leading current, this feature
used in this type to increase the split phase angle α between
the two currents Im and Ist.
 The connection of capacitor start motor is shown in the
Figure.
 The current Im lags the voltage by angle Φm while due to
capacitor the current Ist leads the voltage by angle Φst.
 Hence there exists a large phase difference between the two
currents.
 The starting torque is proportional to ‘IASinα 'and hence such
motors produce very high starting torque .
 When speed approaches to 75 to 80% of the rated speed, the
starting winding gets disconnected due to operation of the
centrifugal switch.
 The capacitor remains in the circuit only at start hence it is
called capacitor start motors.
 CAPACITOR START CAPACITOR RUN INDUCTION
MOTOR :-
 In case of capacitor start capacitor run motor, capacitor
remain permanently in the circuit.
 This improves the power factor.
 The performance not only at start but in running condition
also depends on the capacitor C.
 Therefore two different capacitors can be used, one for
starting which is disconnected from the circuit with the help
of centrifugal switch. While other capacitor remain in the
circuit during running condition.
 The schematic representation of such motor is shown in the
Figure.
Applications
 Fans
 grinders
 Blowers
 Refrigerators
 Air conditions etc.
 The capacitor start capacitor run motors are used in ceiling
fans, blowers and air-circulations.
Introduction
 Its construction is almost similar to that of a 3 phase induction
motor, except the fact that here we supply DC to the rotor, the
reason of which we shall explain later.
 From the picture, it is clear that how do we design this type of
machine.
 We apply three phase supply to the stator and DC supply to the
rotor.
 It works on the principle of magnetic locking.
 It is a doubly excited motor.
 Unlike induction motor here both stator and rotor needs
supply.
 Stator of synchronous motor has three phase stator winding
which is connected to three phase supply.
 It always runs at fixed speed which is synchronous speed. That
is why it is known as synchronous motor.

 synchronous motor is not self starting.

 Working Principle
 Synchronous motor works on the principle of the magnetic locking. When two
unlike poles attract each other, the magnets are magnetically locked.
 If now one of the two magnets is rotated, the other also rotates in the same
direction, with the same speed.
 The two magnets are produced in the synchronous motor by exciting both the
windings, i.e stator with three phase a.c supply and rotor with d.c. supply .
 When three phase winding is excited by a balance three phase a.c.
supply the flux produced by the three phase winding is always of rotating
type, and rotates with synchronous speed.

 Let us assume that the stator poles are N1 and S1 which are rotating at a speed of
Ns.
 When the field winding on rotor is excited by a d.c. supply, it also produces
two poles N2 and S2.
 Now one magnet is rotating at Ns speed having poles N1 and S1 while at start
rotor is stationary i.e. second magnet is stationary having poles N2 and S2.
 If somehow the unlike poles N1 and S2 or S1 and N2 are brought near each
other, the magnetic locking may get established between stator and rotor
poles.
 Now rotor will also rotates in the same direction, with the same speed
Why Synchronous Motor is Not Self
Starting?
 Consider an instant when two poles are at such a position
where stator magnetic axis is vertical, along A-B. At this instant,
rotor is stationary and unlike poles will try to attract each other.
Due to this rotor will be subjected to an instantaneous torque in
anticlockwise direction as shown in the Fig.21(a)
 As stator poles are rotating very fast i.e. at a speed Ns r.p.m. Due
to inertia, before rotor hardly rotates in the direction
of anticlockwise torque, the stator poles change their positions as
shown in fig. 21(b)
 Again at this instant the opposite poles try to attract each
other and due to this rotor will experience a torque in
clockwise direction
 Now as rotor will experience clockwise torque. Therefore net
torque will be zero
 Due to this rotor is unable to rotate. So synchronous
motor is not self starting.
Methods of starting
A. Using pony motors
B. Using damper winding
C. As a slip ring induction motor
Using pony motors
 Give a three a.c. supply to a three phase winding. This will
produce rotating magnetic field rotating at synchronous
speed Ns r.p.m.
 Then drive the rotor by other motor (pony motor) in the
direction of rotating magnetic field, at a speed very near or
equal to synchronous speed.
 Switch on the d.c. supply given to the rotor which will
produce rotor poles. now there are two fields one is rotating
magnetic field produced by stator while the other is
produced by rotor which is physically rotated almost at the
same speed as that of rotating magnetic field.
 At a particular instant, both the fields get magnetically locked.
 The stator field pulls rotor field into synchronism. Then the
pony motor used to rotate rotor can be removed.
 But rotor will continue to rotate at the same speed as that of
rotating magnetic field i.e. Ns due to magnetic locking.

2. Damper Winding:
 Except field winding it is a additional winding consisting of copper
bars placed in the slots in the pole faces. The bars are short circuited
with the help of end rings. This winding as short circuited, acts as a
squirrel cage rotor winding of an induction motor. Once the stator is
excited by a three phase supply, the motors starts rotating as an
induction motor at sub synchronous speed.
 Then d.c. supply is given to the field winding. At a particular instant
motor gets pulled into synchronism and starts rotating at a
synchronous speed. As rotor rotates at synchronous speed, the relative
motion between damper winding and the rotating magnetic field is
zero. Hence when motor is running as synchronous motor, there can
not be any induced e.m.f. in the damper winding. So damper winding
is active only at start, to run the motor as an induction motor at start.
Afterwards it is out of the circuit.
Applications:-
 Power factor improvement(As a synchronous condenser ,
An over excited synchronous motor works on leading pf) .
 machine tools
 motor generator sets.
 synchronous clocks .
 centrifugal pumps.
 vacuum pumps, textile mills, paper mills, rolling mills,
cement mills etc.
Thank You

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