Lecture-8DC Machines
Lecture-8DC Machines
Lecture-8DC Machines
DC MACHINES
Out lines
Introduction
Construction
Principle operation of DC machines
Armature reaction
Commutation
Characteristics of D.C. motors
DC MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
DC machines are one part of electrical machines used for energy conversions systems.
I. DC GENERATOR
Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
diesel engine
AC motor
Presently all the land based electrical power networks are AC systems of generation,
II. DC Motors
Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
Used in :
Rolling mills, overhead cranes & for traction purposes, like forklift trucks,
electric vehicles and electric trains.
Cont..
devices ( taco generators for speed sensing and servomotors for positioning
traction systems).
ADVANTAGES
It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque
High accelerating and decelerating torque
Arcing and sparking due to comutater segments that reduces the reliability
of the machine.
CONSTRUCTION
The basic parts of DC machines are:
i. Stator (stationary part)
ii. Rotor (Rotating part )
1. shaft
2. end-bearings
3. Commutator
4. brushes
5. armature
6. main-pole
7. main-pole field winding
8. frame
9. end-shield
10. ventilator
11. basement
12. bearings
Parts of a stator
Stator Frame (name plate, terminal box, basement):
• provides support for the machines, provides for the pole flux & carries half of
it.
Stator pole
Putting the fore finger, the thumb & the middle fingers of the right hand
mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger show the direction of flux and
the thumb shows the direction of speed then the middle finger will point at
in the direction of the induced voltage. The magnitude of induced voltage is
proportional to B, V & l (e=BlVsinø)
The nature of emf induced in the DC machine is AC
To change the AC to DC in DC machines , we must provide many coils
segment in the armature i.e. commutator segment.
The emf equation of a generator is
Eg =
Ø= flux /pole
Z= total number of armature conductor
P= number of poles
a= number of parallel paths in armature
N=armature rotation in revolution, rpm
Eg=emf generated
The positive brush always collects the positive current, and the negative
brush also collect negative current. As a result of this a pulsating DC
voltage is supplied to the external load.
Example
A lap wound DC shunt generator having 80 slots with 10 conductors per slot
generates at no load an emf of 400 volt, when running at 1000 RPM. At what
speed should be rotated to generate a voltage of 220 volt on open circuit.
Putting the thumb, the fore-finger and the middle finger of our left hand to be
mutually perpendicular and if the fore-finger shows the direction of flux and
the middle finger show the direction of current in the conductor, then the
thumb will point out in the direction of induced force.
The magnitude of the induced force in the conductor is proportional to
Magnetic flux density, conductor current, effective length of conductor
F= BlI sinø
B= Magnetic flux
I= conductor current
Torque equation:
2. Shunt generator. In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the
3. Series generator. In a series generator, the field flux is produced by connecting the
both a shunt and a series field are present, and their effects are additive.
both a shunt and a series field are present, but their effects are subtractive .
Equivalent circuit of DC machines
2. Shunt DC Generator
• supplies its own field current by having its field connected directly across the terminals of the machine. the
armature current of the machine supplies both the field circuit and the load attached to the machine:
•
•
•
•
3. Series DC generator
• A generator whose field is connected in series with its armature. Since the armature
has a much higher current than a shunt field, the series field in a generator of this sort
will have only a very few turns of wire, and the wire used will be much thicker
than the wire in a shunt field.
mmf I f N f
f
Rm Rm
For EA I A R
Vt armature circuit
A
N ZP
EA
60a
(b)
fig(b) A simplified equivalent circuit eliminating the brush voltage drop and combining Radj, with the field
resistance. IA
Induced torque:
and
ind ka I A Tools for analyzing the behavior
performance of DC motor
Zp
Ka = machine constant
60.a
Their field and the armature windings are connected, according to the
field arrangement.
There are three types DC motors:
1. Series Wound
2. Shunt Wound
3. Compound Wound : - differentially /cumulatively compounded
• Long shunt
• Short shunt
Series DC motor
• A series motor is one in which the field winding is connected in series with
the armature so that the whole current drawn by the motor passes through
the field winding as well as armature.
elevator motors
tractor motors
Shunt DC motor
• A shunt wound motor is one in which the field winding is connected
in parallel with armature.
• The current supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one
through the shunt field winding and second through the armature.
Compound wound motor
(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
Solution
the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
Tconductor Fconductor r
Fconductor = conductor force
• r = Armature distance( radius perpendicular)
Cont…
Fconductor I cond L
Tcond Fcond r LI cond r
Te Z LI cond r
Ia
I cond Ap
a Ap
Ia Ap= surface area of cylinder over the pole face/pole
Te Z L r
a
p
Ia 2 rL 2 rL
Te Zp r K a I a p
2 a
Example
A 220 V separately excited dc machine has an armature resistance of
0.5 Ω. If the full load armature current is 20 A. find the induced
armature emf when the machine is operated as a:
i. generator ii. motor
Solution
i. Ea= Vt+IaRa ii. Ea = Vt -IaRa
= 220+20x0.5 = 220 -20x 0.5
Ea = 230V Ea= 210V
Armature Reaction
For generator,
, Ea , Vt , Po
For motor ,
Tc Po ,
Cont…
Cross magnetizing effect :- it cross magnetizes (distorts)the distribution
of the main field flux (øf). This leads to the load commutation process.
The commutation process will takes place with sparking ( flash over) the
so called rotational fire.
So the armature reaction strengthens the main field flux at one pole and
weakness on the other pole end.
Compensating winding
1. High reluctance pole tips
The reluctance pole tips can be increased by increasing the length of the air
gap which can be accomplished by using the so called chambered pole tips .
Lpoletips
R poletips R poletip a A.R
A
2. During the design of the machine
It could be seen in the design stage that the field mmf is sufficiently stronger
than in comparison with the armature mmf at full load condition.
this leads to less armature reaction.
mmf field mmf armature , I f N f I a N a
If Nf
1
Ia Na
3. Inter poles
The effect of armature reaction in the inter polar zone (commutating zone)
can be minimized by using inter poles which are placed exactly mid way
between the main poles.
Inter poles are narrow poles not to affect the main field flux.to avoid
saturation of the inter poles the air gap distance under them is made to be
large.
In order to achieve automatic regulation of the armature reaction in the inter
polar zone, the inter pole winding must be connecting in series with the
armature winding.
4. Compensating winding
The inter pole winding mmf is effective only in the commutating zone
in other words the armature effect in the inter polar zone over come.
This means the flux will be weakening still there. To overcome this
problem compensating winding is applied located in the slots in the
pole faces.
To achieve automatic regulation with loading condition, the
compensating winding also connected in series with armature
winding.
Armature effect in the inter-polar zone improves the commutation
process.
Commutation
When conductors come under the influence of south pole, from the influence
of north pole the direction of current flow in them is reversed. This reversal of
current in a coil will take place when the two comutater segment to which the
coil is connected are being short circuited by brush. The process of reversal
current in a coil is known as commutation. The main cause of sparking in
DC machine is the self induced emf in the coli which under goes in the
process of current reversal.
Methods of Improving Commutation
The two methods are,
1. Resistance Commutation:- Replacing low resistance copper
brush comparatively high
resistance carbon brush's
2. Emf commutation (reversing emf):-most effective by inter poles.
Commutation
Armature Reaction are undesired effects in DC machines
DC Motor Characteristics
The three Important characteristic curves of dc motors are:
1. Torque-Armature Current Characteristic:-
This characteristic curve gives relation between mechanical torque T
and armature current Ia. This is known as electrical characteristic.
2. Speed-Armature Current Characteristic:-
This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and armature
current Ia
3. Speed-Torque Characteristic:-
This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and
mechanical torque T. This is also known as mechanical characteristics.
This curve can be derived from the above two curves.
Characteristics of DC Series Motors
a. Magnetic characteristic
In case of DC series motors, the flux varies with the variation in line or
armature current as the field is in series with the armature. The flux
increases following a linear relationship with the increase in load
current. It becomes maximum at saturation point and finally become
constant.
b. Torque-Armature Current Characteristics
Torque equation
For DC series motor, the flux per pole is directly proportional to Ia hence the torque developed is directly
If the applied voltage remains constant, speed is inversely proportional to flux per
pole. So, if a curve is drawn between reciprocal of flux and current I, the speed
current characteristic is obtained which is a rectangular hyperbola in shape as
Speed-Torque Characteristic
a)
load is increased and in some cases the speed will increase even. The decrease in flux with
the increase in load causes the torque to be less than that of a shunt motor. The characteristics
are similar to those of a shunt motor. Since the shunt motor develops a good torque and
almost constant speed, therefore differential compound motor is seldom used. The