NMJ31103

ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES

DC GENERATOR

FACULTY OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
 In this lecture we consider various forms of
rotating electrical machines
 These can be divided into:
 generators – which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy
 motors – which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy
 Both types operate through the interaction
between a magnetic field and a set of windings
 Rating : 1W to 10,000 hp
 Applications :
 in electric vehicles to extend their range and
reduce vehicle weight,
 in steel and aluminum rolling mills,
 traction motors,
 electric trains,
 overhead cranes,
 control devices, etc.
 Generator

Mechanical Electrical
Generator
Energy Energy

 Motor

Electrical Mechanical
Motor
Energy Energy
 A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy by using the principle of magnetic
induction. The principle is explained as follows:
 Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic field
in such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic
line of flux, voltage is generated in the conductor
 Magnetic filed poles – To produce magnetic
flux or field lines
 Armature conductors
 Relative motion between magnetic field
poles and armature conductors
 We noted earlier that Faraday’s law dictates
that if a coil of N turns experiences a change in
magnetic flux, then the induced voltage V is
given by
dΦ
V  N
dt
 Ifa coil of area A rotates with respect to a field
B, and if at a particular time it is at an angle 
to the field, then the flux linking the coil is
BASin, and the rate of change of flux is given
by
dΦ d  sin   d
 BA  cos  cos
dt dt dt
 Thus for the arrangement shown below
it turn
numbermagnetic held
dsin 
-
/ dΦ
V N  NBA  NBA
cos dt dt
 Therefore this arrangement produces a
sinusoidal output as shown below
 " "
Wires connected to 7h! working

the rotating coil Had -14%1 , Yang paraph
would get twisted ☆
Therefore we use
circular slip rings
with sliding contacts
called brushes
 Use of a commutator
A simple generator with two coils
Parts of a DC Generator/Motor (Construction of both
machines are same; the only difference is how the power is generated
nor absorbed by the machine):
 Yoke
 Magnetic Poles
a)Pole core
b)Pole Shoe
 Field Winding
 Armature Core
 Armature winding
 Commutator
 Brushes and Bearings
1. It serves the purpose of
outermost cover of the dc
machine so that the Insulating
materials get protected from
harmful atmospheric elements
like moisture, dust and
various gases like SO2, acidic
fumes etc.
2. It provides mechanical support
to the poles.
3. It forms a part of the magnetic
circuit. It provides a path of
low reluctance for magnetic
flux.
It is the fixed part of the DC machine.

Each pole is divided into two parts

a) pole core b) pole shoe
 Pole core basically carries a field
winding which is necessary to produce
the flux.
 It directs the flux produced through air
gap to armature core to the next pole.
 Pole shoe enlarges the area of
armature core to come across the flux,
which is necessary to produce larger
induced emf.
1. The field winding is wound on the
pole core with a definite direction
2. To carry current due to which pole
core on which the winding is placed
behaves as an electromagnet,
producing necessary flux.
3. As it helps in producing the magnetic
field i.e. exciting the pole as
electromagnet it is called ‘Field
winding’ or ‘Exciting winding’.
It is the rotating part of the DC
machine.
It is further divided into two parts
namely,
(1) Armature core
(2) Armature winding
Armature core: Armature
core is cylindrical in shape
mounted on the shaft. It consists of
slots on its periphery and the air
ducts to permit the air flow
through armature which serves
cooling purpose.
 Armature winding is nothing but the inter connection of
the armature conductors, placed in the slots provided on
the armature core.
 Each winding completely surrounds the core so that the
entire length of the conductor cuts the magnetic field
 When the armature is rotated, in case of generator
magnetic flux gets cut by armature conductors and emf
gets induced in them.
 Drum type armature are wound with either of two types
of windings:
(a) LAP WINDING (b) WAVE WINDING
 Parallel path -2
Parallel path -1

Lap winding
 For high-current applications
 The windings are connected to provide several parallel paths for
current in the armature
 For this reason, lap-wound armatures used in dc generators require
several pairs of poles and brushes
No of parallel paths (A) = No of Poles (P)
 aka series winding

* given
late
Rudy
Wave winding
identity which
 For high-voltage applications
winching to be
 Notice that the two ends of each coil are connected to Wfld .

commutator segments separated by the distance between

poles
 Only requires one pair of brushes
No of parallel paths (A) = 2
The rectification in case of dc
generator is done by device
called as commutator.
1. To facilitate the collection of
current from the armature
conductors.
2. To convert internally developed
alternating emf to in directional
(dc) emf
3. To produce unidirectional torque in
case of motor.
4. adding additional coils produces a
more constant output
Commutator mounted on armature
1)To collect current from
commutator and make it
available to the stationary
external circuit.
2)Brushes are stationary and
rest on the surface of the
commutator.
3)Brushes are rectangular in
shape. They are housed in
brush holders, which are
usually of box type.
Ex: Carbon, Graphite
A four-pole DC generator

turn over different

Polet to generate
electrical energy
 Electromotive Force

 Let
Φ = flux/pole in weber ;
Z = total number of armature conductors = No.of slots x No.of
conductors/slot
P = No.of generator poles ;
A = No.of parallel paths in armature
N = armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m)
E = e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:

Average e.m.f geneRated /conductor = dΦ/dt volt (n=1) - - - (1)
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution dΦ = ΦP Wb - - - (2)
No.of revolutions/second = N/60
Time for one revolution, dt = 60/N second - - - - - - - - - - - - (3)
 no derivation of equation .

 Hence, according to Faraday's Laws of Electroagnetic Induction,

E.M.F generated/conductor is

(Sub Eqn 3 and 2 in Eqn 1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (4)

For a simplex wave-wound generator

No.of parallel paths = 2
No.of conductors (in series) in one path = Z/2
E.M.F. generated/path is

- - - - - - - - - - - - - (5)
For a simplex lap-wound generator
No.of parallel paths = P
No.of conductors (in series) in one path = Z/P
E.M.F.generated/path

In general generated e.m.f - - - - - - - - - - - - - (6)

where A = 2 - for simplex wave-winding ; A= P - for simplex lap-winding

 question
.

Exam

Eg

 Induced EMF =>Eg- Ia Ra-V=0 => Eg=V+ Ia Ra Volts

(or) E  V  I a Ra Vbrush
 Armature Resistance Drop => Ia Ra =Eg-V Volts

 Armature Current => Ia=(Eg-V)/Ra Ampere

 Power Output => V Ia
 Field Excitation: When a dc voltage is applied to
the field windings of a dc generator, current flows
through the windings and sets up a steady magnetic
field
 Generators are generally classified according to
their methods of field excitation. On this basis,
d.c. generators are divided into the following two
classes:
 Separately excited d.c. Generators

Series-wound generator
Shunt-wound generator
 Self-excited d.c. generators
Compound-wound generator
 If the excitation voltage is produced by the generator
itself means, we called those generators as Self Excited
Generators.
 If the excitation voltage is produced by some external
sources such as separate DC power supply or Batteries
means, we called those generators as Separately Excited
DC Generators.
 Self-excitation is possible only if the field pole pieces
have retained a slight amount of permanent magnetism,
called RESIDUAL MAGNETISM.
 When the generator starts rotating, the weak residual
magnetism causes a small voltage to be generated in the
armature. This small voltage applied to the field coils
causes a small field current.
 Although small, this field current strengthens the
magnetic field and allows the armature to generate
a higher voltage. The higher voltage increases the
field strength, and so on. This process continues
until the output voltage reaches the rated output of
the generator.
 IL
Ia
E  V  I a Ra Vbrush
Ish
I a  I L  Ish
V
V I sh 
Rsh
P  VI a
ZN  P 
E  
60  A 
•In this generator, the field coil is connected in PARALLEL to the armature
Winding.
•Very less amount of current will flow through the field winding to produce
the flux.
•In general, the resistance of this winding is usually high... (200 Ohm, 300 Ohm)
and has more number of turns of coil.
 E  V  I a Ra Vbrush
I a  I L Ise
P  VI a
ZN  P 
E  
60  A 

•In this generator, the field coil is connected in SERIES to the armature winding.
•Maximum amount of current will flow through the field winding to produce the flux.
•In general, the resistance of this winding is usually very small.. (0.2 Ohm, 0.3 Ohm)
• It has lesser number of turns in Field Coil.
•In this generator, the field coil is connected in both PARALLEL as well as
SERIES to the armature winding.
•The flux produced by two field windings can be either added together
(cumulative)
or subtracted to produce the differential flux (differential)
•This generator usually behaves as combination of both shunt and series
generator
 to
it
got loading ,
need
Kat Mahon
include bad into

 Open Circuit characteristics (No-load)

 This characteristics used to identify the relation between
the filed current and generated voltage.
 Residual magnetism is important for instant EMF built up
inside the self excited generator.
 Max value of residual voltage is lie between 10 V – 30 V and
max field current is 1-5% of full load current of the
generator to produce the max voltage.
 Load characteristics
 Used to understand the behaviour of generator under various
types of load (Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive).
 Most common type of real load is Inductive.
 This test is used to determine the efficiency of the
generator.
 Armature reaction effect, Armature resistance drop can be
easily determined from its characteristics.
OA: Residual magnetism
AB: Linear Region
Reasons for voltage drop:

1.Armature resistance drop

2. Armature reaction drop
3. Brush drop
 question
.

FE
like
Similar
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DC Generators - Revision
Introduction
• an understanding of dc generators is important because it represents a
logical introduction to the behaviour of dc motors.
• Commercial dc generators and motors are built the same way;
consequently, any dc generator can operate as a motor and vice versa
• Learn on
• Basic principles (at no load)
• Generation of induced voltage, determine its magnitudes
• Behaviour of dc generator under load
• Mechanical torque, direction of current flow, armature reaction
• Voltage-regulation characteristics
Generating ac voltage
• The study of a direct current (dc) generator has to begin with a
knowledge of the alternating-current (ac) generator.
• The reason is that the voltage generated in any dc generator is
inherently alternating and only becomes dc after it has been rectified
by the commutator.
Schematic diagram of an elementary ac
generator turning at 1 revolution per second
•  Composed of a coil revolves at 60rpm between N,S poles of a
permanent magnet
•  Rotation is due to external driving force, such as motor (not
shown)
•  Coil is connected to two slip rings mounted on the shaft. The
slip rings are connected to an external load by means of two
stationary brushes x and y.
•  As the coil rotates. a voltage is induced (E=BIV) between its
terminals A and D.
•  This voltage appears between the brushes and, therefore.
across the load
•  The voltage is generated because the conductors of the coil
cut across the flux produced by the N. S poles.
•  The induced voltage is maximum
when the coil is momentarily in the
horizontal position.
•  No flux is cut when the coil is
momentarily in the vertical
position; consequently the voltage
at these instants is zero.
•  polarity changes
every time the coil makes half a
turn.

Direct current generator
•  A commutator in its simplest form is composed or a
slip ring that is cut in half. with each segment
insulated from the other as well as from the shaft.
•  One segment is connected to coil-end A and the other
to coil-end D.
•  The commutator revolves with the coil and the
voltage between the segments is picked up by two
stationary brushes x and y.
•  The voltage between brushes x and y pulsates
but never changes polarity.
•  The alternating voltage in the coil is rectified by the
commutator. which acts as a mechanical reversing
switch.

•  The voltage between brushes x and y pulsates
but never changes polarity.
•  The alternating voltage in the coil is rectified by
the commutator. which acts as a mechanical
reversing
switch.
•  Due to the constant polarity between the
brushes, the current in the external load always
flows in the same direction.
•  The machine represented in Fig. 4.4
is called a direct-current generator or dynamo.
 Difference between ac and dc generators
•  The elementary ac and de generators in Figs.
4.1
and 4.4 are essentially built the same way.
•  In each case, a coil rotates between the poles
of a magnet and an ac voltage is induced in the
coil.
•  The machines only differ in the way the coils
are connected to the external circuit (Fig. 4.6):
•  ac generators carry slip rings Fig 4.6b)
•  Dc generators require a commutator (Fig. 4.6a).
Figure 4.6 •  We sometimes build small machines which carry
Three armaturesThe three armatures both slip rings and a commutator Fig 4.6c). Such
(a), (b), and (c) have identical windings. machines can function simultaneously as ac and dc
Depending upon how they are connected (to slip generators.
rings or a commutator), an ac or de voltage is obtained.
Improving waveshape
•  we can improve the pulsating de voltage by using four coils
and four segments, as shown in Fig. 4. 7. The resulting
waveshape is given in Fig. 4.8.
•  The voltage still pulsates but it never falls to zero: it is much
closer to a steady
dc voltage.
•  By increasing the number of coils and segments, we can
obtain a dc voltage that is very smooth.
•  The coils are lodged in the slots of a laminated iron cylinder.
The coils and the cylinder constitute the armature of the
machine.
•  Modern dc generators produce voltages having a ripple of
less than 5 percent.
•  The percent ripple is the ratio of the RMS value of the ac
component of voltage to the dc component expressed in
percent.

Induced voltage
•  When the armature rotates. the voltage E induced in each conductor
depends upon the flux density which it cuts.
•  E = Blv
•  E = induced voltage [V]
•  B = flux density [T]
•  L = active length of a conductor in the magnetic field [m]
•  v = relative speed of the conductor [m/s]

Example
•  The stationary conductors of a large generator
have an active length of 2 m and are cut by a
field of 0.6 teslas, moving at a speed of I00 m/s
2.29). Calculate the voltage induced in each
conductor.
E = Blv
= 0.6 x 2 x 100
= 120 V
Value of the induced voltage
•  The voltage induced in a dc generator having a lap winding is given by the equation
E0 = ZnΦ/60
where
E0 = voltage between the brushes [V]
Z = total number of conductors on the armature
n = speed of rotation [r/min]
Φ = flux per pole [Wb]
•  This important equation shows that for a given generator the voltage is directly proportional to
the flux per pole and to the speed of rotation.
•  The equation only holds true if the brushes are on the neutral position. The brushes are
said to be in the neutral position when they are positioned on the commutator so as to short-
circuit those coils in which the induced voltage is momentarily zero.
•  If the brushes are shifted off neutral, the effect is equivalent to reducing the number of
conductors Z.
Example
•  The armature of a 6-pole. 600 r/min generator has 90 slots. Each coil
has 4 turns and the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. Calculate the value of
the induced voltage.

Conductor: It is just a wire or a part of wire carrying current.

Turn: A turn basically consists of two conductors connected end to end by a wire called end conductor.

Coil: A coil basically consists of many such turns connected in series.

Winding: It is basically the series connection of many coils in series
Example
•  The armature of a 6-pole. 600 r/min generator. has 90 slots. Each coil has 4
turns and the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. Calculate the value of the induced
voltage.
•  Each turn corresponds to two conductors on the armature. and 90 coil are
required to fill the 90 slots.
•  The total number of armature conductors is
Z = 90 coils X 4 turns/coil X 2 conductors/turn = 720
•  The speed is n = 600 r/min

•  E0 = ZnΦ/60 = 720 X 600 X 0.04/60 = 288 V
•  The voltage between the brushes at no-load is therefore 288 V. Provided
the brushes are on neutral.

Types of generator
•  Separately excited generator
•  Shunt generator
•  Compound generator
•  Differential compound generator
Separately excited generator
•  instead of using permanent magnets to create the
magnetic field, we can use a pair of electromagnets,
called field poles, as shown
in Fig. 4.17.
•  When the dc field current in such a generator is
supplied by an independent source (such as a
storage battery or another generator,
called an exciter), the generator is said to be
separate excited.
•  Thus, in Fig. 4.17 the dc source connected to
terminals a and b causes an exciting current Ix to
flow.
•  If the armature is driven by a motor or a diesel
engine, a voltage E0 appears between
brush terminals x and y.

No load operation and saturation curve

flux emf

current
current

flux it
dirtily proportional to emt
 •  A shunt-excited generator is a
Shunt Generator machine whose shunt-field winding is
connected in parallel with the
armature terminals, so that the
generator can be self-excited (Fig.
4.19).
•  The principal advantage of this
connection is that it eliminates the
need for an external source of
excitation.

Figure 4.19 •  How is self-excitation achieved'?
a. Self-excited shunt generator.
b. Schematic diagram of a shunt generator. When a shunt generator is started up
A shunt field is one designed to be connected in shunt
(alternate term for parallel) with the armature winding.
a small voltage is induced in the
armature. due to the remanent flux in
the poles.
 Shunt Generator •  This voltage produces a small exciting
current Ix, in the shunt field. The
resulting small mmf acts in the same
direction as the remanent flux.
causing the flux per pole to increase.
•  The increased flux increases E0 which
increases Ix. which increases the flux
still more, which increases E0 even
more, and so forth.
Figure 4.19 •  This progressive buildup continues
a. Self-excited shunt generator.
b. Schematic diagram of a shunt generator. until E0 reaches a maximum value
A shunt field is one designed to be connected in shunt determined by the field resistance
(alternate term for parallel) with the armature winding.
and the degree of saturation.
Types of DC Generators

fenn lsnnntlsn Parallel ↳ million with

load
Separately Excited Shunt Held Genie field

fhunt
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l
Error:
230 V x 2.5 A = 575 W
Midwinter
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