Be 3251 Beee Cse

BE 3251-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
1.Define current?
Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electrons in a conductor. The SI Unit of electric
current is the Ampere.
2.Define Kirchhoff’s Laws for electric circuits
Kirchhoff's Current Law:

The sum of the currents flowing towards any junction in an electric circuit equal to the sum of
currents flowing away from the junction.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law:
In any closed circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of all the electromotive forces and the voltage
drops is equal to zero.
3.An electric heater draws 8A from 250V supply , What is the power rating and resistance of
the heater.
Sol: Power P=VI
thus, P=8 x 250
P=2000 W or 2kW
V=IR R=V/I =250/8 =31.2 Ohm

4.What is meant by power factor?
Power factor is the cosine of angle between voltage and current.
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Cos Ф =𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (or)Cos Ф =𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
5.What are the major parts of a DC generator?
• Stator.
• Rotor.
• Field & Armature Windings. ...
• Yoke. ...
• Poles. ...
• Commutator. ...
6.Define Back EMF?
When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the
armature conductors move through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in
a generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V and in known
as back e.m.f.
7.What is meant by excitation of DC machine?
The magnetic flux in a d.c machine is produced by field coils carrying current. The production of
magnetic flux in the device by circulating current in the field winding is called excitation.
8.State faraday law of electromagnetic induction?
9.Define peak inverse voltage?
The maximum value of the reverse voltage that a PN junction or diode can withstand
without damaging itself is known as its Peak Inverse Voltage.
10.What is meant by rectifier?

A rectifier is an electronic device that converts an alternating current into a direct current.
11. Determine the three mesh currents in the circuit?
12. Determine the power dissipation in the 4 ohm resistor of the circuit?
13. Briefly explain about the principle of operation of DC generator
An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may
be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other
source of mechanical energy.
The energy conversion in generator is based on the principle of the production of
dynamically induced e.m.f. whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically
induced e.m.f is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic induction.
This e.m.f causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, two basic
essential parts of an electrical generator are (i) a magnetic field and (ii) a conductor or
conductors which can so move as to cut the flux.
DC Generator Construction
Fig Construction of a generator
Components of a generator:
1. Yoke: Yoke is a outer frame. It serves two purposes.
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover.
(ii) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Rotor: In its simplest form, the rotor consists of a single loop of wire made to rotate
within a magnetic field. In practice, the rotor usually consists of several coils of wire wound
on an armature.
2. Armature: The armature is a cylinder of laminated iron mounted on an axle. The axle is
carried in bearings mounted in the external structure of the generator. Torque is
applied to the axle to make the rotor spin.
3. Coil: Each coil usually consists of many turns of copper wire wound on the armature.
The two ends of each coil are connected either to two slip rings (AC) or two opposite
bars of a split-ring commutator (DC).
4. Stator: The stator is the fixed part of the generator that supplies the magnetic field in
which the coils rotate. It may consist of two permanent magnets with opposite poles
facing and shaped to fit around the rotor. Alternatively, the magnetic field may be
provided by two electromagnets.
5. Field electromagnets: Each electromagnet consists of a coil of many turns of copper
wire wound on a soft iron core. The electromagnets are wound, mounted and shaped
in such a way that opposite poles face each other and wrap around the rotor.
6. Brushes: The brushes are carbon blocks that maintain contact with the ends of the coils
via the slip rings (AC) or the split-ring commutator (DC), and conduct electric current
from the coils to the external circuit.
7. Coil: Each coil usually consists of many turns of copper wire wound on the armature.
The two ends of each coil are connected either to two slip rings (AC) or two opposite
bars of a split-ring commutator (DC).
8. Stator: The stator is the fixed part of the generator that supplies the magnetic field in
which the coils rotate. It may consist of two permanent magnets with opposite poles
facing and shaped to fit around the rotor. Alternatively, the magnetic field may be
provided by two electromagnets.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. when a conductor move in a
magnetic field in such a way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and emf produces in
a generator and it is defined by faradays law of electromagnetic induction emf causes current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
The pole pieces (marked N and S) provide the magnetic field. The pole pieces are shaped and
positioned as shown to concentrate the magnetic field as close as possible to the wire loop. The
loop of wire that rotates through the field is called the ARMATURE. The ends of the rmature loop
are connected to rings called SLIP RINGS. They rotate with the armature. The brushes, usually
made of carbon, with wires attached to them, ride against the rings. The generated voltage
appears across these brushes. The elementary generator produces a voltage in the following
manner (fig. 1-3). The armature loop is rotated in a clockwise direction. The initial or starting
point is shown at position A. (This will be considered the zero-degree position.) At 0º_ the
armature loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The black and white conductors of the loop
are moving parallel to the field. The instant the conductors are moving parallel to the magnetic
field, they do not cut any lines of flux. Therefore, no emf is induced in the conductors, and the
meter at position A indicates zero. This position is called the NEUTRAL PLANE. As the armature
loop rotates from position A (0º) to position B (90º), the conductors cut through more and more
lines of flux, at a continually increasing angle. At 90º they are cutting through a maximum number
of lines of flux and at maximum angle. The result is that between 0º and 90º , the induced emf in
the conductors builds up from zero to a maximum value. Observe that from 0º_ to 90º_, the black
conductor cuts DOWN through the field. At the same time the white conductor cuts UP through
the field.
14. Explain the types and characteristics of Motor?
15.Explain the operation of PN junction diode in detail?

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BE 3251-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Kirchhoff's Current Law:

thus, P=8 x 250

V=IR R=V/I =250/8 =31.2 Ohm

9.Define peak inverse voltage?

10.What is meant by rectifier?

Fig Construction of a generator

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