Trignometry Complete Assignment

CHAPTER-9 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry:
The branch of Mathematics, which deals with the study of measurements of triangles is
called trigonometry.
Types of Trigonometry:
There are two types of trigonometry.
(i) Plane Trigonometry
(ii) Spherical Trigonometry
(i) Plane Trigonometry
In this type we are concerned with angles, triangles and other figures, which lie in a
plane.
(ii) Spherical Trigonometry
It is the branch of trigonometry concerned with the measurement of the angles and sides
of spherical triangles. Spherical triangles are the triangles which lie on a sphere and sides
of these triangles are circular arcs.
Angle:
Two rays with a common starting point (vertex) form an angle.
One of the rays of angle is called initial side and the other as
terminal side. Showing the direction of rotation from the
initial side to the terminal side identifies the angle.
From figure, m∠AOB = θ
OR
In elementary geometry an angle is defined as the union of two non-collinear rays, which
have a common end point.
• An angle is said to be positive/negative if the rotation is anti-clock wise/clock wise.
Systems of Measures of Angles:
There are two commonly used systems of units for measurement of angles in trigonometry.
(i) Sexagesimal System (English System)
(ii) Circular System
(i) Sexagesimal System
In this system of measurement of angles, the angles are measured in degrees, minutes and
seconds.
Degree:
If the circumference of a circle is divided into 360 congruent (equal in length) parts, the
angle subtended by one part at the center of the circle is called a degree.
STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 132

Important Results to Remember:

 1 °
One degree = 1° = 60′ One minute= 1′=  
 60 
One minute= 1′= 60′′  1 ′

One second= 1′′=  
 60 
 1 °
One degree = 1° = 3600′′ One second = 1′′=  
 3600 
• As this system of measurement of angles
owes its origin to the English and because Remember that:
90, 60 are multiples of 6 and 10, so it is • one rotation = 360
known as English system or Sexagesimal 1
system. • rotations = 180 (Straight Angle)
2
(ii) Circular System 1
There is another system of angular • rotations = 90 (Right Angle)
4
measurement, called the circular system. In
this system, the unit of measurement of angles is the ‘‘radian’’.
Radian:
Radian is the measure of the angle subtended at the center of the circle by an arc, whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle.
From figure, m∠AOB = 1 radian
Relation between the Length of an Arc of a Circle and the Circular Measure of its Central
Angle
Let r be the radius, l is the length of arc and θ is the circular measure of the central angle of the
circle. Then,
l
• l = rθ or θ = ,if θ is in radians
r
π
• l=r θ ,If θ is in degree
180
Note:
Remember that ‘r’ and ‘ℓ’ are measured in terms of the same unit and the angle θ is
always measured in radians.

Relationship between Degree and Radians:

180°
(i) 1 radian = ≈ 57.296°
π
π
(ii)
= 1° radian ≈ 0.0175radian
180
Area of sector:
1
• Area of a Sector: A = r 2θ where r = Radius of circle, θ = Central angle in radian
2
1
• Area of a Sector: A = rl where r = Radius of circle, l = Arc length of circle
2
Clock Problems:
Hour Hand Minute Hand
 1 °
In one minute =   One minute = 6°
2
In one hour= 30° One hour
= 360°
Some Standard Interconvertions between Degrees and Radians:
ANGLE IN Y ANGLE IN ANGLE IN ANGLE IN
DEGREES RADIANS DEGREES RADIANS
7π
0° 0 210°
6
π 5π
30° 225°
6 4
π 4π
45° 240°
4 3
π 3π
60° 270°
3 2
π 5π
90° 300°
2 3
2π 7π
120° 315°
3 4
3π 11π
135° 330°
4 6
5π
150° 360° 2π
6
180° π
General Angles (Co-Terminal Angles):
The angles having same initial and terminal sides are known as co-terminal angles.
General angle = θ + 2kπ ; k ∈ Z all are co-terminal with θ .

Angle in the Standard Position:

An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin of a rectangular
coordinate system and its initial side along the positive x − axis .
Quadrantal Angles:
An angle θ whose terminal side lies on x − axis or y − axis is called Quadrantal angle.
nπ
For example, 0°,90°,180°,..... all are Quadrantal angles. In general
= θ ;n∈ Z
2
Trigonometric Ratios For a Right Triangle:
Consider a right triangle ABC with m∠C = 90° and sides a, b, c as shown in figure.
Let m∠A = θ radians
a Opposite side
(i) sin θ= =
c Hypotenuse
b Adjacent side
(ii) cos θ= =
c Hypotenuse
a Opposite side
(iii) tan θ= =
b Adjacent side
b Adjacent side
(iv) cot θ= =
a Opposite side
c Hypotenuse
(v) sec θ= =
b Adjacent side
c Hypotenuse
(vi) cos ecθ= =
a Opposite side
Relationship Among Trigonometric Ratios
sin θ
(i) tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ 1
(ii) cot
= θ =
sin θ tan θ
1
(iii) sec θ =
cos θ
Fundamental Identities
(i) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =
1
(ii) 1 + tan 2 θ =
sec 2 θ
(iii) cos ec 2θ − cot 2 θ =
1

Signs of the Trigonometric Ratios:
Functions of Negative Angles:

(i) sin(−θ ) =− sin θ
(ii) cos(−θ ) = cos θ
(iii) tan(−θ ) = − tan θ
(iv) cot(−θ ) = − cot θ
(v) sec(−θ ) = sec θ
(vi) cos ec(−θ ) = − cos ecθ
Trigonometric Ratios in Terms of other Trigonometric Ratios:
tan θ 1 sec 2 θ − 1 1
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1 + tan θ2
1 + cot θ 2
sec θ cos ecθ
1 cot θ 1 co sec 2 θ − 1
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + cot 2 θ s ecθ co sec θ
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ 1 1
tan θ sec 2 θ − 1
1 − sin 2 θ cos θ cot θ cos ec 2θ − 1
1 − sin 2 θ cos θ 1 1
cot θ cos ec 2θ − 1
sin θ 1 − cos θ2
tan θ sec 2 θ − 1
1 1 1 + cot 2 θ cos ecθ
sec θ 1 − tan θ 2
1 − sin θ2
cos θ cot θ cos ec 2θ − 1
1 1 1 + tan 2 θ sec θ
cos ecθ 1 + cot 2 θ
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ tan θ sec 2 θ − 1

EXERCISE
(1) For what value of x , the expression 2 x − 50º shows one-fourth rotation?
(a) 70º (b) 40º
(c) 50º (d) 45º
(2) 4.005º in D ºM ′S ′′ form is;
(a) 4º 3′0′′ (b) 4º 0′18′′
(c) 4º 30′0′′ (d) 4º 0′2′′
th
(3) The 3600 part of a degree is called
(a) Degree (b) Minute
(c) Second (d) None of these
(4) The ratio between the area of the sector to the length of arc of a circle is
(a) 2r:1 (b) 2 : r
(c) 1:2r (d) r:2
(5) A circle is intercepted by an arc with central angle of measure 1 radian, such that
length of major arc is 52.8cm , radius of the circle is;
(a) 5cm (b) 10cm
(c) 5.5cm (d) 15.5cm
(6) 1 radian = ________Degree.
(a) 5717′45′′ (b) 5718′48′′
(c) 5718′32′′ (d) 5719′43′′
(7) 1° = ………. radians
(a) 0.1745 (b) 0.01745
(c) 0.001745 (d) 0.0001745
(8) ( 0.3333...) π radian =?
(a) 0.3º (b) 30º
(c) 60º (d) None of these
(9) Angle between minute hand and hour hand at 10 : 55 is;
(a) 2.5º (b) 5º
(c) 1º (d) 15º
(10) Through how many radians does the minute hand of a clock turn in 20 minutes?
π π
(a) (b)
3 2
2π
(c) 2π (d)
3
(11) The radian measure of the angle at center of a circle, of radius 8cm which cuts off
an arc 21cm long is
(a) 2.625 (b) 1.625
(c) 4.15 (d) 2.5
(12) The length of the arc cut off on a circle of radius 11cm by a central angle of 6π
radians is
6π
(a) cm (b) 66π cm
11
11π
(c) cm (d) 23π cm
6

(13) Figure shows that there are 20 concentric circles such that length of radius of each
outer circle is double the radius of interior circle, if radius of most interior circle is
1 π
cm and m∠AOB = radian then arc length of 8th circle cut off by central angle is;
16 4
π
(a) 2π cm (b) cm
2
π
(c) 4π cm (d) cm
8
(14) If θ = −45º , then which of the following angle is not co-terminal with θ ?
(a) 315º (b) –405º
(c) –315º (d) –765º
(15) The terminal side of –1710 lies along
 
(a) OX (b) OY
 
(c) OX ′ (d) OY ′
 π
(16) cos  −150  = ?
 2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) None of these
15
(17)=If cot θ , then cos= ecθ × cos θ ?
8
15 15
(a) − (b)
8 8
8 −8
(c) (d)
15 15
(18) Area of sector of unit circle centered at origin intercepted by x − axis and y − axis in
first quadrant is;
π
(a) π sq. units (b) sq. units
2
π
(c) sq. units (d) 2 π sq. units
4
(19) For what value of x,5 x + 60º shows a quadrantal angle;
(a) 10º (b) 42º
(c) 24º (d) Both (b) and (c)
(20) tan ( 2 x + 90º ) =∞ if x = ?
(a) 0º (b) 45º
(c) 180º (d) Both (a) and (c)
−1
(21) If sin θ = and the terminal arm of the angle is not in 3rd quadrant, then cot θ = ?
2
(a) –1 (b) 1
−1
(c) 3 (d)
3

13π
(22) The trigonometric ratio of are same as that of
3
π
(a) (b) π
3
π 11π
(c) (d)
6 3
(23) sin 30o + sin 2 60o + tan 2 45o =
2
?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
2
(24) If tan θ = and the terminal arm of the angle is in the 1st quadrant, then value of
5
4cos θ + 3sin θ
sin θ − cos θ
26 −26
(a) (b)
3 3
3 −3
(c) (d)
26 26
 −7π 
(25) sec  =?
 4 
1
(a) (b) 2
2
−1
(c) (d) − 2
2
(26) How many degrees, hour hand of a clock moves in 11 minutes?
(a) 22° (b) 66°
(c) 5.5° (d) None of these
(27) cot θ − cos θ =
2 2
?
(a) cot θ sin θ
2 2
(b) cot 2 θ cos 2 θ
(c) sin 2 θ − tan 2 θ (d) sec 2 θ − cos ec 2θ
(28) A wire of length L can be shaped into circle or square. The ratio of the area of the
square to the area of circle is:
πL π
(a) (b)
4 4
π 2
4
(c) 2 (d) 2
L π
1
(29) If 2sin 45o + cos ec 45o = 3 x then x = ?
2
(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 2
2

(30) tan ( 2280° ) =?

1
(a) 3 (b) −
3
1
(c) (d) − 3
3
(31) If tan θ and sin θ are the roots of equation 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0 then equation whose roots
are cot θ and cos ecθ is;
(a) 2 x 2 + 3 x − 1 =0 (b) x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0
(c) x − 3 x + 2 =
2
0 (d) 2 x − 3 x − 1 =0
2
π
(32) 1 − cos θ + cos 2 θ − cos3 θ + ... is equivalent to, where 0 < θ <
2
1 1
(a) (b)
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
(c) cosecθ ( cosecθ − cot θ ) (d) Both (b) and (c)
7π
(33) =?
12
(a) 95o (b) 105o
(c) 115o (d) 125o
(34) sec ( −216o ) .cos ec ( −15o ) __________
(a) > 0 (b) < 0
(c) < 1 (d) = 1
2 tan θ
(35) =;
1 + tan 2 θ
(a) cos θ − cot θ (b) 2sin θ cos θ
(c) cosecθ − secθ (d) secθ tan θ
ANSWER KEY
1 A 11 A 21 A 31 C
2 B 12 B 22 A 32 D
3 C 13 A 23 B 33 B
4 D 14 C 24 B 34 A
5 B 15 B 25 B 35 B
6 A 16 C 26 C
7 B 17 B 27 B
8 C 18 C 28 B
9 A 19 D 29 C
10 D 20 D 30 D

CHAPTER-10 f x α β ωπ Ω λ δ ∑ µ TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES, SUM & DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES
Distance Formula:
Let P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) be two points then the distance “d” between them is defined as
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
d = PQ =
( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
=
Fundamental Law of Trigonometry:
For any two angles α and β (real numbers)
cos(α
= − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
Which is called fundamental law of trigonometry.
Deductions from Fundamental Law of Trigonometry:
(i) cos(α
= + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
(ii) sin(α=
− β ) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
(iii) sin(α=
+ β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β
tan α + tan β
(iv) tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
(v) tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β
Remember:
cot α cot β − 1
(i) cot(α + β ) =
cot β + cot α
cot α cot β + 1
(ii) cot (α − β ) =
cot β − cot α
Results:
If α , β , γ are the angles of ∆ABC , then
(i) tan α + tan β + tan γ =
tan α tan β tan γ
α β β γ γ α
(ii) tan tan + tan tan =1 + tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) cot α cot β + cot β cot γ + cot γ cot α =1
α β γ α β γ
(iv) cot + cot + cot cot cot cot
=
2 2 2 2 2 2

Allied Angles:
The angles associated with basic angles of measure θ to a right angle or its multiple are called
allied angles. e.g. 90° ± θ , 180° ± θ , 270° ± θ , 360° ± θ and In-general ( n × 90 ) ° ± θ or
nπ
± θ ; n ∈  all are called allied angles.
2
Sine Cosine Tangent
π  π  π 
sin  − θ  =
cos θ cos  − θ  =
sin θ tan  − θ  = cot θ
2  2  2 
π  π  π 
sin  + θ  = cos θ cos  + θ  = − sin θ tan  + θ  = − cot θ
2  2  2 
sin (π − θ ) =sin θ cos (π − θ ) =− cos θ tan (π − θ ) =− tan θ
sin (π + θ ) =
− sin θ cos (π + θ ) =
− cos θ tan (π + θ ) =
tan θ
 3π   3π   3π 
sin  −θ  = − cos θ cos  −θ  = − sin θ tan  −θ  = cot θ
 2   2   2 
 3π   3π   3π 
sin  +θ  = − cos θ cos  +θ  = sin θ tan  +θ  = − cot θ
 2   2   2 
sin ( 2π − θ ) =− sin θ cos ( 2π − θ ) =cos θ tan ( 2π − θ ) =− tan θ
sin ( 2π + θ ) =
sin θ cos ( 2π + θ ) =
cos θ tan ( 2π + θ ) =
tan θ
Solving Techniques:
π
(i) If θ is added to or subtracted from odd multiple of right angle (i.e. ( 2n + 1) ± θ ) then
2
trigonometric ratios change into co-ratios and vice versa.
i.e sin θ  cos θ , tan θ  cot θ , sec θ  cosec θ
π  π 
 − θ  cos θ ,cos =
e.g. sin =  − θ  sin θ ,
2  2 
π
(ii) If θ is added to or subtracted from even multiple of (multiple of π ) then trigonometric
2
ratios shall remain the same.
e.g. sec (π + θ ) = − secθ
(iii) The sign of the results is concerned with respect to the quadrant in which the terminal arm of
the angle lies.
Results: Moreover
 π  cos θ + sin θ (i) tan= α tan β cot = α cot β 1
(i) tan  + θ  =
4  cos θ − sin θ tan α cot α
 π  cos θ − sin θ (ii) = = 1
(ii) tan  − θ  = cot β tan β
4  cos θ + sin θ
(iii) sin 2 α + sin 2 β = cos 2 α + cos 2 β = 1

Properties of Complementary Angles

π
Let α and β be the complementary angles that is α + β = then
2
π 
sin α
= sin  − β=
 cos β
2 
So that
sin α = cos β
tan α = cot β
sec α = cosec β
Important Ratios to Remember:
3 −1
(i) sin15
= ° cos=
75°
2 2
3 +1
(ii) cos15
= ° sin=
75°
2 2
3 −1
(iii) tan15
= ° cot=
75°
3 +1
3 +1
(iv) cot15
= ° tan=
75°
3 −1
2 2
(v) sec15
= ° cosec
= 75°
3 +1
2 2
(vi) cosec15
= ° sec=
75°
3 −1
Important Identities
Double Angle Half Angle Triple Angle
α 1 − cos α
sin 2α = 2sin α cos α sin = ± sin
= 3α 3sin α − 4sin 3 α
2 2
cos 2 α − sin 2 α
 α 1 + cos α
cos 2α= 1 − 2sin 2 α cos = ± cos 3α 4 cos3 α − 3cos α
=
2 cos 2 α − 1 2 2

2 tan α α 1 − cos α 3 tan α − tan 3 α
tan 2α = tan = ± tan 3α =
1 − tan 2 α 2 1 + cos α 1 − 3 tan 2 α
Note:
2 tan θ
sin 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
cos 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ

Expression of Higher Power of Trigonometric Functions

1 − cos 2α
(i) sin 2 α =
2
1 + cos 2α
(ii) cos 2 α =
2
3 1
(iii) sin
= 3
α sin α − sin 3α
4 4
3 1
(iv) cos
= 3
α cos α + cos 3α
4 4
3 1 1
(v) sin 4 α = − cos 2α + cos 4α
8 2 8
3 1 1
(vi) cos 4 α = + cos 2α + cos 4α
8 2 8
Sum/Differences to Products Formulas
α + β  α − β 
(i) sin α + sin β = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
(ii) sin α − sin β =
2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
(iii) cos α + cos β =
2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
(iv) cos α − cos β =−2sin   sin  
 2   2 
Products to Sum/Differences Formulas
(i) 2sin α cos β= sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )
(ii) 2cos α sin β= sin (α + β ) − sin (α − β )
(iii) = cos (α + β ) + cos (α − β )
2cos α cos β
(iv) = cos (α + β ) − cos (α − β )
−2sin α sin β

EXERCISE
(1) The distance of the point ( a, b ) from the origin is given by:
(a) a 2 + b 2 (b) ± a 2 + b 2
(c) a 2 + b2 (d) a 2 − b 2
 3π 
(2) tan  θ − =
 2 
(a) tan θ (b) − tan θ
(c) cot θ (d) − cot θ
(3) cos 240 =
1 1
(a) (b) −
2 2
3 3
(c) (d) −
2 2
(4) cos ec 218 =
(a) cos ec38 (b) − cos ec38
(c) − s ec52 (d) Both (b) and (c)
(5) If α , β , γ are the angles of a ∆ABC , then tan (α + β ) =
(a) tan γ (b) − tan γ
(c) cot γ (d) − cot γ
(6) π 
cos  + (α − β )  =
2 
(a) cos α cos β + sin α sin β (b) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
(c) cos α sin β − sin α cos β (d) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
(7) tan 75 =
3 +1 3 −1
(a) (b)
3 3
3 −1 3 +1
(c) (d)
3 +1 3 −1
π 
(8) sec  + α  =
4 
sin α − cos α sin α + cos α

(a) (b)
2 2
2 2
(c) (d)
cos α + sin α cos α − sin α

(9) If sin 37 = 0.6 , then cos 74 =

(a) 0.36 (b) 0.28
(c) 0.12 (d) 0.64
cos θ − sin θ
(10) =
cos θ + sin θ
π  π 
(a) tan  − θ  (b) tan  + θ 
4  4 
π   π
(c) cot  − θ  (d) cot  θ − 
4   4
1 + tan 2 θ
(11) If θ = 60 , then the value of =
2 tan θ
1
(a) (b) 3
3
2 3
(c) (d)
3 2
(12) sin x + 3 cos x is maximum if x =
π π
(a) (b)
3 6
π
(c) (d) 0
4
π
(13) If α + β = , then (1 + tan α )(1 + tan β ) =
4
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 2 (d) −2
(14) If sin α + sin β = 0 , then cos (α − β ) =
2 and cos α + cos β =
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) –1 (d)
2
(15) In ∆ABC , if α = 90 then cos 2 β + cos 2 γ =
(a) −2 (b) −1
(c) 1 (d) 0
If y 4sin 2 θ − cos 2θ , then maximum value of y =
(16) =
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5

(17) The value of cot 5.cot10.cot15........cot 85 =

1
(a) 1 (b)
2
1
(c) (d) 0
2
(18) The value of tan 56 − tan11 − tan 56 tan11 =
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) 2
1
(19) Minimum value of is
3sin θ − 4 cos θ + 7
1 5
(a) (b)
12 12
7 1
(c) (d)
12 6
(20) Which of the following is a rational number?
(a) sin15 (b) cos15
(c) sin15 cos15 (d) tan 30
1
(21) If sin θ − cos θ = , then the value of sin 2θ =
2
1 1
(a) (b)
4 2
3 5
(c) (d)
4 4
3 π α
(22) If sin α = − , where π < α < 3 , then cos =
5 2 2
1 1
(a) − (b)
10 10
3 3
(c) (d) −
10 10
(23) cos15 =
1 + cos 30o 1 − cos 30o

(a) ± (b) ±
2 2
1 + cos 30o 1 + cos 30o
(c) (d) −
2 2

(24) cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ =

(a) cos ec 2θ (b) sec 2θ
(c) cos 2θ (d) sin 2θ
sin α
(25) =
1 − cos α
(a) tan α (b) cot α
α  α 
(c) tan   (d) cot  
2 2
1 + tan 2 10
(26) =
1 − tan 2 10
(a) sin 20 (b) cos 20
(c) cos ec 20 (d) s ec 20
(27) cos (α + β ) cos (α − β ) =
(a) cos 2 α − sin 2 β (b) sin 2 α − cos 2 β
(c) cos 2 α − cos 2 β (d) sin 2 α − sin 2 β
sin 35 sin 55

(28) =
cos55 cos35
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) 2
(29) If cos θ + sec θ =2 , then cos3 θ + sec3 θ =
(a) 2 (b) − 2
(c) 3 2 (d) −3 2
π  π 
(30) cos 2  + x  − sin 2  + x  =
4  4 
(a) sin 2x (b) − sin 2x
(c) cos 2x (d) − cos 2x
(31) 4cos3 15 − 3cos15 =
1
(a) (b) 1
2
(c) −1 (d) 2

sin α + sin 2α
(32) =
1 + cos α + cos 2α
(a) sin α (b) cos α
(c) tan α (d) cot α
(33) 12sin θ + 5cos θ =
(a) 13sin (θ + φ ) (b) 12sin (θ + φ )
(c) 5sin (θ + φ ) (d) 3sin (θ + φ )
(34) cos 72 =

(a) cos18 (b) sin18
(c) cos ec18 (d) sec18
(35) If sin θ − cos θ = r sin (θ + φ ) , then φ =
π π
(a) (b) −
2 2
π π
(c) (d) −
4 4
(36) In a right angled triangle ABC, if γ = 90 then sin (α + β ) =
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) −1 (d)
2
(37) If sin 2θ = 1 , then tan θ =
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) −1 (d) ∞
(38) Which one is allied angle for an acute angle θ ?
(a) 240 + θ (b) 340 + θ
(c) 440 + θ (d) 540 + θ
(39) If α , β , γ are the angles of ∆ABC , then cot α cot β + cot β cot γ + cot γ cot α =
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) −1 (d) 2
(40) cos 62 sin 58 + cos 28 sin 32 =
   
3 1
(a) (b)
2 2
1
(c) (d) 1
2

(41) Which allied angle lies in 3rd quadrant for an acute angle θ ?
3π 7π
(a) +θ (b) −θ
2 2
5π 9π
(c) +θ (d) −θ
2 2
cos (α − β )
(42) =
cos α sin β
(a) tan α + cot β (b) tan β + cot α
(c) tan α − cot β (d) tan β − cot α
(43) When cos 5θ sin 3θ is expressed as sum or difference, we get
1 1
(a) [sin 8θ + sin 2θ ] (b) [sin 8θ − sin 2θ ]
2 2
1 1
(c) [ cos8θ + cos 2θ ] (d) [ cos8θ − cos 2θ ]
2 2
π 2π π 4π
(44) sin sin sin sin =
9 9 3 9
1 3
(a) (b)
16 16
5 9
(c) (d)
16 16
(45) sin 75 + cos 75 =
 
3 3
(a) (b)
2 2
1 1
(c) (d)
2 2
ANSWER KEY
1 C 11 C 21 C 31 A 41 B
2 D 12 B 22 A 32 C 42 A
3 B 13 C 23 C 33 A 43 B
4 D 14 B 24 C 34 B 44 B
5 B 15 C 25 D 35 D 45 B
6 C 16 D 26 D 36 B
7 D 17 A 27 A 37 B
8 D 18 A 28 A 38 D
9 B 19 A 29 B 39 B
10 A 20 C 30 B 40 A

CHAPTER-12 f x α β ω π Ω λ δ ∑ µ APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
Elements of the Triangle ABC:

• For a given triangle ABC, we shall use a, b, c to denote the measure of sides and A, B, C
to denote the measures of angles.
• The quantities a, b, c, A, B and C are called the elements of the triangle ABC.
Types of Triangles
Name of triangle Sides Angles
Scalene 3 sides are different 3 angles are different
Isosceles 2 sides are same 2 angles are same
Equilateral 3 sides are same 3 angles are same (i.e. of 60°)
May be scalene, isosceles
Acute 3 angles are acute (less than 90°)
or equilateral
May be scalene or
1 angle is obtuse (greater than 90°
Obtuse isosceles but not
equilateral but less than 180°)
May be scalene or
Right isosceles but not 1 angle is of 90°
equilateral
May be scalene, isosceles
Oblique No angle is of 90°
or equilateral
Solution of Triangles:
• If any three out of six elements (with at least one side) are given the remaining three
elements can be determined. This process of finding the unknown elements is called the
solution of the triangle.
Solution of Right Triangle Triangle cannot be solved if
• In order to solve a right triangle there are two cases only three angles are given.
Case – I
When measures of one side and acute angle is given.
Case – II
When measure of two sides are given.
• Any right triangle can be solved by using trigonometric ratios or Pythagoras theorem.
Heights and Distances
One of the chief advantages of trigonometry lies in finding heights and distances of
inaccessible objects:
In order to solve such problems, the following procedure is adopted:
(i) Construct a clear labelled diagram, showing the known measurements.
(ii) Establish the relationship between the quantities in the diagram to form equations
containing trigonometric ratios.
(iii) Unless stated otherwise, the height of the observer is ignored.

Angles of Elevation and Depression:


If OA is the horizontal ray through the eye of the observer at point O, and there are two

objects B and C such that B is above and C is below the horizontal ray OA , then
(i) For looking at B above the horizontal ray, we
have to raise our eye and ∠AOB is called the
Angle of Elevation and Angle of elevation and depression
(ii) For looking at C below the horizontal ray we are always acute angles.
have to lower our eye and ∠AOC is called the
Angle of Depression.
Solution of Oblique Triangles
One side and two Two sides and included angle is
Three sides are given
angles are given given
(i) First law of cosine and then law (i) The law of cosine
Law of sines of sines (ii) The half angle formulas.
(ii) First law of tangents and then
law of sines
The law of sines The law of cosine The law of tangents

 A− B   B −C 
2 2 2 tan   tan  
a = b + c − 2bc cos A a −b  2  , b−c  2 ,
= =
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B a+b  A+ B  b+c  B+C 
tan   tan  
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C or  2   2 
a b a b2 + c2 − a 2 C − A
cos A = tan  
= = 2bc c−a  2 
sin A sin B sin C =
a + c2 − b2
2
c+a C + A
cos B = tan  
2ac  2 
a + b2 − c2
2
cos C =
2ab
If ∆ABC is right triangle then law of cosine reduces to Pythagoras theorem.
Half Angles Formulas

Sine Cosine Tangent
sin
A
=
( s − b )( s − c ) cos
A
=
s (s − a)
tan
A
=
( s − b )( s − c )
2 bc 2 bc 2 s (s − a)
sin
B
=
( s − a )( s − c ) cos
B
=
s ( s − b) B ( s − a )( s − c )
2 ac 2 ac tan =
2 s ( s − b)
C ( s − a )( s − b ) C s ( s − c)
sin = cos =
tan
C
=
( s − a )( s − b )
2 ab 2 ab
2 s ( s − c)

Area of Triangles:
Two sides & their One side and two Three sides are given
included angle is given angles are given
1 a 2 sin B sin C =
∆ s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
∆ = bc sin A ∆=
2 2sin A This formula is called Hero’s formula.
1 b 2 sin A sin C
∆ = ac sin B ∆=
2 2sin B
1 2
c sin A sin B
∆ = ab sin C
2 ∆=
2sin C
• Usually the area of the triangle is denoted by ∆

a+b+c
• In all above cases s = , which is half of the perimeter of triangle.
2
Circles Connected To Triangles
CIRCUM CIRCLE IN CIRCLE EX-CIRCLE
• The circle passing • The circle drawn inside a • A circle, which touches
through the vertices of a triangle touching its one side of the triangle
triangle is called a three sides is called its externally and the other
circum circle. inscribed circle or in two produced sides, is
circle. called an escribed circle
• The centre of circum
or ex-circle or e-circle.
circle is called circum • The centre of in-circle is
• Three such circles can be
centre. It is the point of called in-centre. It is the drawn.
intersection of the right point of intersection of • The centers of these
bisectors of the sides of the bisectors of angles of circles (are called ex-
the triangle. the triangle. centers) are the points
• The radius of circum • Its radius is called in- where the internal
circle is called circum radius bisector of one and the
radius • It is denoted by “r” external bisectors of the
• It is denoted by “R” ∆ other two angles of the
r= triangle meet.
abc s
R= • The radii of ex-circles
4∆ opposite to the vertex A,
a B and C are denoted by
R=
2sin A r1, r2 and r3 respectively.
b ∆
R= r1 =
2sin B s−a
c ∆
R= r2 =
2sin C s −b
∆
r3 =
s−c

Relations Between r, R, r1, r2, r3, s and ∆
(i) s2
r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 =
(ii) rr1r2 r3 = ∆ 2
3
( side )
2
(iii) r1 + r2 + r3 = 4 R + r Area of an equilateral triangle =
4
(iv) r1r2 r3 = rs 2
1 1 1 1
(v) = + +
r r1 r2 r3
Following two relations are only for equilateral triangle.
(i) r : R : r1 = 1: 2 : 3
(ii) r : R : r1 : r2 : r3 = 1: 2 : 3 : 3 : 3
Formation of Triangles:
If the lengths of two sides of a triangle and the angle opposite to one of those sides are
given, it is possible that two triangles, one triangle, or no triangle can be constructed with
the data. This is called an ambiguous case. If the length of sides a and b and the value
of ∠A are given, the length of side b determines the number of triangles that can be
constructed.
Case – I
(i) If m∠A > 90 and a ≤ b then no triangle can be formed.
(ii) If m∠A > 90 and a > b then only one obtuse triangle can be formed.
Case – II
(i) If m∠A < 90 and a < b.sin A then no triangle can be formed.
(ii) If m∠A < 90 and a > b then only one triangle can be formed.
(iii) If m∠A < 90 and a = b.sin A then only one triangle can be formed.
(iv) If m∠A < 90 and b.sin A < a < b then two triangles can be formed.

EXERCISE
3
(1) In a triangle ABC, if cos α = − then α =
2
(a) 30º (b) –30º
(c) 150º (d) 60º
(2) If θ increases from 0º to 90º then sin θ cosecθ
(a) Decreases (b) Increases
(c) Is undefined (d) Remains constant
(3) Two air-crafts leave an air-field at the same time. One travels towards north at an
average speed of 3km/h and other towards west at an average speed of 2km/h. Their
distance apart after 4 hours is
(a) 5 km (b) 20 km
(c) 4 13 km (d) 5 km
(4) if α 30º
In a right triangle ABC= = , γ 90º
= , a 5 then c =
10
(a) 10 (b)
3
1
(c) (d) 5 3
10
(5) The top of two poles of height 20m and 14m are connected with a wire. If wire
makes an angle of 30º with horizontal, then length of wire is
(a) 6 m (b) 2 3 m
(c) 10 m (d) 12 m
(6) A flag pole 6m high casts a shadow of 6 3 m long. The angle of elevation of sun at
that moment is
(a) 60º (b) 30º
(c) 45º (d) 75º
(7) In an equilateral triangle ABC, cos γ =
c2 − a 2 − b2 b2 + c2 − a 2
(a) (b)
2ab 2bc
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2

(8) If roots of x 2 − 7 x + 12 =
0 represents two sides of a triangle and angle between them
π
is . Then perimeter of triangle is
3
(a) 7 13 (
(b) 2 7 + 13 )
(c) 7 + 13 (d) 13
a −b
(9) In a triangle ABC, =
a+b
α +β β−α
cot tan
(a) 2 (b) 2
α −β β+α 
cot tan  
2  2 
 α −β 
cot  
tan ( α − β )  2 
(c) (d)
tan ( α + β )  α +β
cot  
 2 
sin β − sin γ
(10) In a triangle ABC, =
sin β + sin γ
β+ γ b−c
(a) (b)
β−γ b+c
b+c b
(c) (d)
b−c c
(11) In a triangle ABC, if a= 2, b= 2, γ= 120º , then c =
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 2 3 (d) 8+ 4 3
(12) In a triangle ABC, if a = 10, α = 45º , γ = 60º , then c =
5 6
(a) 5 6 (b)
2
5 2 1 3
(c) (d)
2 20 2
α
(13) If α is the measure of an angle of ∆ABC , then sin ;
2
(a) Is always negative (b) May be positive or negative
(c) Is equal to
( s − b )( s − a ) (d) Is always positive
ab

s ( s − c)
(14) For any triangle ABC, =
( s − a )( s − b )
γ α
(a) tan (b) tan
2 2
γ γ
(c) cot (d) sec
2 2
(15) Area of circle inscribed in a square of area 2 is
π
(a) π (b)
2
π
(c) (d) Not possible
2
(16) The greatest angle of a triangle with sides 5,7,3 is;
(a) 120º (b) 150º
(c) 90º (d) 135º
(17) Which of the following is not the formula for the area of triangle ABC
1 1
(a) ∆ = ac sin β (b) ∆ = ab sin α
2 2
a 2 sin β sin γ
(c) ∆ = (d)=
∆ s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
2sin α
(18) Which of the following is an oblique triangle?
(a) Acute triangle (b) Obtuse triangle
(c) Equilateral triangle (d) All of these
(19) The angles of a triangle are in ratio 1: 2 : 3 . The ratio of the longest side to the
shortest side is;
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1: 2
(c) 3 :1 (d) 1: 3
(20) α 30º=
In ∆ABC , = a 2 2 . Angle β could be equal to
, b 4,=
(a) 45º (b) 135º
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) 60º
(21) Area of ∆ABC with= c 5 and α = 60º is
b 8,=
(a) 20 (b) 10
(c) 10 3 (d) 20 3

(22) Area of triangle ABC , having sides

= a 5; b
= 3; c
= 2 is
3
(a) (b) 2
2
6
(c) 3 (d)
2
(23) The point of intersection of the right bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
(a) In-centre (b) Circum-centre
(c) Ex-centre (d) Centroid
(24) In ∆ABC , with usual notations, rr1r2 r3 =
(a) ∆ 2 (b) s∆ 2
R
(c) 4R (d)
∆
(25) Sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is
(a) 90º (b) 270º
(c) 180º (d) 135º
(26) In a triangle ABC , sin γ =
b ∆
(a) (b)
c sin β ab
a sin α c
(c) (d)
c 2R
(27) If the measures of the sides of a triangle ABC are 3, 4,5 then R =
(a) 6 (b) 2.5
(c) 1 (d) 2
(28) In an equilateral triangle, R : r : r1 =
(a) 2 :1: 3 (b) 1: 2 : 3
(c) 3 : 2 :1 (d) 1: 3 : 2
γ
(29) In ∆ABC , s tan =
2
(a) r3 (b) R
(c) c (d) s
(30) How many triangles can be formed = if a 18,
= b 30 and α = 120º
(a) One (b) Zero
(c) Infinite (d) Two
(31) Area of an equilateral triangle with side 2 is;
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

(32) Two men are on the opposite sides of a 100 3 m high tower. If the measures of the
angles of elevation of the top of the tower are 30º and 60º respectively then distance
between them is
(a) 100 m (b) 300 m
(c) 400 m (d) 200 m
β
(33) If s ( s − b ) =
m cos 2 then m =
2
(a) b (b) s
(c) ac (d) ∆
(34) In a triangle ABC , If b= 2, β= 30°, then area of the circum-circle of the
triangle ABC in square units is
(a) π (b) 2π
(c) 4π (d) 6π
(35) In the given triangle ABC , c =
(a) 6 (b) 5.82
(c) 6.1 (d) 4.99
(36) if α 30º
In ∆ABC= = , γ 120º and a = 4 then area of the triangle is
(a) 8 3 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 4 3
α −β
(37) In ∆ABC , a : b = 3 : 2 and γ = 60º . The value of tan is
2
3
(a) (b) 0
5
5
(c) 5 3 (d)
3
(38) In ∆ABC , sin α + sin β + sin γ =
(a) 4∆s (b) 0
s
(c) a + b + c (d)
R
(39) In ∆ABC , if c=
2
a 2 + b 2 then s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) =
1 a 2b 2
(a) ab (b)
2 4
b 2c 2
(c) c 2 a 2 (d)
4

a b c
(40) In triangle ABC, if = = then β =
cos α cos β cos γ
(a) 30º (b) 45º
(c) 60º (d) All of these
(41) In an equilateral triangle of side 2 3 cm, then circum-radius is
(a) 1cm (b) 3 cm
(c) 2cm (d) 2 3 cm
(42) If in a triangle ABC=
, a 4;
= b 2 and γ= 60° than α − β =
(a) 30º (b) 45º
(c) 60º (d) 90º
1 1 1
(43) + + =
r1 r2 r3
1 1
(a) (b)
r1 r2
1 1
(c) (d)
r3 r
(44) If Hypotenuse of a right angle triangle is 5cm, then value of circum radius is
(a) 10 cm (b) 2.5 cm
(c) 5 cm (d) Cannot be determined
(45) Area of a triangular plot whose corner angle is 60° with length of its adjacent sides
are 20 and 12 is
(a) 20 3 (b) 60 3
(c) 10 3 (d) 40 3
ANSWER KEY
1 C 11 C 21 C 31 D 41 C
2 D 12 A 22 D 32 C 42 C
3 C 13 D 23 B 33 C 43 D
4 A 14 C 24 A 34 C 44 B
5 D 15 C 25 C 35 B 45 B
6 B 16 A 26 D 36 D
7 D 17 B 27 B 37 A
8 C 18 D 28 A 38 D
9 A 19 A 29 A 39 B
10 B 20 C 30 B 40 C

CHAPTER-13 f x α β ω π Ω λ δ ∑ µ INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION:
• We have already learned that only a bijective (one-to-one and onto) function will have an
inverse function.
• If a function is not bijective, it may be possible to restrict its domain to make it bijective.
Note:
In General, no trigonometric functions are bijective due to their periodic behavior.
Principal Trigonometric Function
If we restrict the domain of a trigonometric function in a specific interval to make it a
bijective function, than it is called Principal trigonometric function.
Now it becomes possible to find inverse of a trigonometric function.
Domains and Ranges of Principal Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric function Domain Range
π π
y = sin x − ≤x≤ −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
2 2
y = cos x 0≤ x ≤π −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
π π
y = tan x − <x< y ∈  or ( −∞, ∞ )
2 2
y = cot x 0< x <π y ∈  or ( −∞, ∞ )
π
y = sec x [0, π ] , x ≠ y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1
2
y = cos ecx  π π
 − 2 , 2  , x ≠ 0 y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1
Domains and Ranges of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse trigonometric function Domain Range
π π
y = sin −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤ y≤
2 2
−1
y = cos x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤ y ≤π
π π
y = tan −1 x x ∈  or (−∞, ∞) − < y<
2 2
−1
y = cot x x ∈  or (−∞, ∞) 0< y <π
π
y = sec −1 x x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1 [0, π ] , y ≠
2
 π π
y = cos ec −1 x x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1  − 2 , 2  , y ≠ 0

Note:
• Principal trigonometric functions have no period. Do You know?
sin −1 x ≠ ( sin x )
−1
(i)
• The graph of a function and its inverse always
(ii) cos −1 x ≠ ( cos x )
−1
reflect about the line y = x.

(iii) tan −1 x ≠ ( tan x )
−1
• Inverse trigonometric function is also read as “arc

(iv) sec −1 x ≠ ( secx )
−1
function”. Why?
(v) cos ec −1 x ≠ ( cos ecx )
−1
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

(vi) cot −1 x ≠ ( cot x )
−1
1
(i) cos ec −1 x = sin −1   , x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
x
1
(ii) sec −1 x = cos −1   , x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
x
1
(iii) cot −1 x = tan −1   , x > 0
x
π
(iv) sin −1 x + cos −1 x = , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
π
(v) cos ec −1 x + sec −1 x = , x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
2
π
(vi) tan −1 x + cot −1 x = , x∈
2
(vii) 2sin
= −1
x cos −1 (1 − 2 x 2 )
(viii) = (
2cos −1 x sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 )
 2x 
(ix) 2 tan −1 x = tan −1  2 
 1− x 
Some Important Results:
(i) sin −1 (− x) =− sin −1 x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(ii) cos −1 (− x) = π − cos −1 x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(iii) tan −1 (− x) = − tan −1 x , x∈
(iv) cos ec −1 ( − x ) =− cos ec −1 x , x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
(v) sec −1 ( − x ) = π − sec −1 x , x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
(vi) cot −1 ( − x ) = π − cot −1 x , x∈
π π
(vii) sin −1 ( sin x )= x ; − ≤x≤
2 2
(viii) cos ( cos x=
−1
) x ; 0≤ x ≤π
π π
(ix) tan −1 ( tan x )= x ; − <x<
2 2

(x) cot −1 ( cot x=

) x ; 0< x <π
π
(xi) sec −1 ( sec x=
) x ; 0≤ x ≤π , x ≠
2
π π
(xii) cosec −1 ( cosec x )= x ; − ≤x≤ , x≠0
2 2
(xiii) sin ( sin −1 x )= x ; − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(xiv) cos ( cos −1 x )= x ; − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(xv) tan ( tan −=

1
x) x ; x ∈ 
(xvi) cot ( cot −=

1
x) x ; x ∈ 
(xvii) sec ( sec −1=

x ) x ; x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
(xviii) cosec ( cosec −=

1
x ) x ; x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions in Terms of other Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
x 1 − x2 1 1
sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 tan −1 cot −1 sec −1 cos ec −1
1− x 2
x 1− x 2
x
1 − x2 x 1 1
cos −1 x = sin −1
1− x 2
tan −1 cot −1 sec −1 cos ec −1
x 1− x 2
x 1 − x2
x 1 1 1 + x2
tan −1 x = sin −1 cos −1 cot −1 sec −1 1 + x 2 cos ec −1
1 + x2 1 + x2 x x
1 x 1 1 + x2
cot −1 x = sin −1 cos −1 tan −1 sec −1 cos ec −1 1 + x 2
1 + x2 1 + x2 x x
x2 −1 1 1 x
−1
sec x = sin −1 cos −1 tan −1 x 2 − 1 cot −1 cos ec −1
x x 2
x −1 x −12
1 x2 −1 1 x
cos ec −1 x = sin −1 cos −1 tan −1 cot −1 x 2 − 1 sec −1
x x x2 −1 x2 −1

Addition and Subtraction Formulae:
(i) sin −1 A + sin

= −1
(
B sin −1 A 1 − B 2 + B 1 − A2 )
(ii) sin −1 A − sin
= −1
B sin −1 ( A 1− B 2
− B 1− A ) 2
(iii) cos −1 A + cos=

−1
(
B cos −1 AB − (1 − A )(1 − B ) )
2 2
(iv) cos −1 A − cos=

−1
B cos −1 ( AB + (1 − A )(1 − B ) )
2 2
 −1  A + B 
 tan  1 − AB  , ( where A ≥ 0, B ≥ 0; AB < 1)
  
(v) tan −1 A + tan −1 B =

π + tan −1  A + B  , ( where A ≥ 0, B ≥ 0; AB > 1)
  
 1 − AB 
 A− B 
(vi) tan −1 A − tan −1 B =
tan −1  
 1 + AB  Do you know?
π
• sin −1 A + sin −=
1
B if A2 +=
B2 1
2
π
• cos −1 A + cos −=
1
B if A2 +=
B2 1
2
π
• tan −1 A + tan −1 B = if AB = 1 and A, B > 0
2

EXERCISE
π
(1) If cos −1 x = then tan −1 ( 2x ) =
6
π π
(a) (b)
6 3
(c) 0 (d) Not defined
(2) Range of y = tan −1 x is:
 π π
(a)  (b)  − , 
 2 2
 π π
(c)  − ,  (d) [ 0, π ]
 2 2
(3) Range of y = cosec −1 sin ( sin −1 x )  is:
 π π π
(a) x ∈ ( 0, π ) , x ≠ 0 (b) x ∈  − ,  , x ≠
 2 2 2
 π π
(c) x ∈ [ 0, π ] , x ≠ 0 (d) x ∈  − ,  , x ≠ 0
 2 2
 −2 
(4) cos ec −1  =?
 2
π π
(a) − (b) −
4 3
π π
(c) − (d)
2 4
  3 
(5) tan  cos −1  −   =

  2 
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
  3 
(6) The value of sin cos −1    =
  4 
7 7
(a) (b)
4 4
4 5
(c) (d)
7 4
π
(7) Domain of y= − cosec −1 x is:
2
 π π
(a)  − ,  ; x ≠ 0 (b) x ∈ 
 2 2
π
(c) [ 0, π ] ; x ≠ (d) x ≤ −1or x ≥ 1
2

(8) Inverse of y = cot x exists if:

(a) x ∈  (b) x ∈ ( 0, π )
 π π
(c) x ∈ [ 0, π ] (d) x ∈  − , 
 2 2
(9) The principal value of cot −1 (−1) is:
3π π
(a) (b)
4 4
π 5π
(c) − (d)
4 4
(10) Find the angles x and y if sin ( x + y ) =
1 and sin ( x − y ) =
0.5
(a) 45°,60° (b) 30°, 45°
(c) 30°,60° (d) 60°,30°
−1  1  −1  1 
(11)
= If x tan
=   , y tan   ,then x + y =
?
2 3
π π
(a) (b)
2 3
π π
(c) (d)
6 4
  1 
(12) tan  sin −1    = ?
  2 
1 1
(a) (b)
3 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
(13) cos ( tan −1 ∞ ) =?
(a) 0 (b) ∞
π π
(c) (d)
2 3
5 1
(14) If x + y = , xy = then tan −1 ( x ) + tan −1 ( y ) =
6 6
π
(a) 1 (b)
4
π π
(c) (d)
2 6
1   1 
(15) sin  cosec −1    = ?
x   x 
1
(a) x (b)
x
(c) 1 (d) –1

(16) If x = cos θ , then sin θ =

(a) 1 − x 2 (b) 1 − x
(c) 1 − x 2 (d) None of these
(17) If 4sin −1 ( x ) + cos −1 ( x ) =
π then x =
1
(a) 1 (b)
2
1 3
(c) (d)
3 2
 6π 
(18) cos −1  cos =?
 7 
π 6π
(a) (b)
7 7
8π 11π
(c) (d)
7 7
2
(19) If θ = sin −1   then sin 2θ = ? if θ is in 2nd quadrant.
5
4 21 4 21
(a) (b) −
25 25
21 21
(c) (d) −
25 25
(20) tan ( cos ( x ) ) = ?
−1
1 − x2 x
(a) (b)
x 1 + x2
1 + x2 x
(c) (d)
x 1 − x2
(21) sin  2sin −1 ( 0.8 )  = ?
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.6
(c) 0.48 (d) 0.96
1 1
(22) 2 tan −1   + tan −1   =
?
3 7
49 π
(a) (b)
29 2
π
(c) 0 (d)
4

1 1
(23) cot −1   + cot −1   =
2 3
3π π
(a) (b)
4 4
π 3π
(c) − (d) −
4 4
π
(24) cos −1 A + cosec −1 ( −2 ) = then value of A is:
4
3 +1 3 −1
(a) (b)
2 2 2 2
3 +1 1
(c) (d)
3 −1 2
π  1 
(25) Value of sin  − sin −1  −   is:
3  2 
(a) –1 (b) 0
1
(c) 1 (d)
2
 1  −1  1 
(26) tan −1   + 2cot   is :
 3  3
π 2π
(a) (b)
6 3
5π 3π
(c) (d)
6 2
(27) Graph of inverse tangent function is obtained by reflecting the portion of the graph
of y = tan x about the line:
(a) x = 0 (b) y = 0
(c) x + y = 0 (d) x − y =0
(28) sec x in terms of sin x is:
−1 −1
1−1 −1 x2 −1
(a) sin   (b) sin
x x
x2 + 1
(c) sin −1 (d) None of these
x
 5 2
(29) Value of cot  cos ec −1 + tan −1  is:
 3 3
6 3
(a) (b)
17 17
4 5
(c) (d)
17 17

(30) The value (s) of x satisfying sin −1 x + sin −1 (1 − x ) =

cos −1 x is/are:
1
(a) 0 (b)
2
(c) 1 (d) Both (a) and (b)
1  4x 
(31) tan −1  2 
=:
2  1− 4x 
(a) 2 tan −1 x (b) 2 tan −1 2x
(c) tan −1 x (d) tan −1 2x
1 1
(32) sec −1   + cosce −1   =
:
2 2
π
(a) (b) π
2
(c) 0 (d) Not possible
2
  3 
(33) The value of sin  tan −1   is:
  4 
3 9
(a) (b)
5 25
16 9
(c) (d)
25 16
  5 
(34) tan −1 cos  sin −1   =
  3 
5 3
(a) (b)
3 5
4
5
 π
(35) sin −1  cos ec  =
 6
π
(a) (b) 30°
6
1
2
(36) tan ( cot −1 x ) = ?
2
1
(a) (b) x 2
x
1
(c) x (d)
x2

1
(37) Tan −1 ( x ) + Tan −1   =
x
(a) 0 (b) 1
π
(c) (d) None
2
 12π 
(38) sin −1  sin =
 5 
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(39) sin −1 ( 0.2 ) =
π π
(a) (b)
6 3
π π
(c) (d)
2 4
3
(40) 2sin −1   = ?
5
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
ANSWER KEY
1 B 11 D 21 D 31 D
2 C 12 A 22 D 32 D
3 D 13 A 23 A 33 B
4 A 14 B 24 B 34
5 15 C 25 C 35
6 B 16 26 C 36
7 D 17 B 27 D 37
8 B 18 B 28 B 38
9 A 19 29 A 39
10 20 A 30 D 40

CHAPTER-14 f x α β ω π Ω λ δ ∑ µ SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Trigonometric Equations:
An equation involving at least one trigonometric ratio of unknown angle is called
1
trigonometric equation. e.g,=2sin x 1= ; cos 2 x
4
Reference Angle:
The reference angle is the smallest positive angle between the terminal side and x-axis.
Solution of a Trigonometric Equation:
The values of the variables which satisfy the given trigonometric equation are called the
solution of a trigonometric equation.
• Solution of a trigonometric equation is of two types:
(i) Principal solution
(ii) General solution
Principal Solution:
Every trigonometric equation has a principal solution which is defined as the principal
value of the inverse trigonometric function.
General Solution:
A solution of a trigonometric equation generalized by means of periodicity is known as
the general solution.
Trigonometric functions Principal value General values

 π π
sin θ θ ∈ − ,  {θ + 2nπ } ∪ {(π − θ ) + 2nπ }
 2 2
cos θ θ ∈ [ 0, π ] {θ + 2nπ } ∪ {( 2π − θ ) + 2nπ }
 π π
tan θ θ ∈ − ,  {θ + nπ } ∪ {(π + θ ) + nπ }
 2 2 
Some Important Results:
Trigonometric equation Principal solution General solutions
sin x = 0 x=0 x = nπ , n ∈ 
π π
cos x = 0 x= x=
(2n + 1) ,n∈
2 2
tan x = 0 x=0 =x nπ , n ∈ 
Important Points to Remember:
• Avoid cancellation of the common factors from both sides of the equation.
• If square on both sides of the equation is taken, then check for non-extraneous roots.

EXERCISE
(1) Which of the following can be the solution set of sin 2 x = cos x ?
 π 3π  π π 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
4 4  3 4
 2π 3π   π 3π 
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
 3 4  2 2 
1
(2) Which of the following is a solution of cos 3 x = ?
2
5π
(a) 60º (b)
3
1 1 1
(c) arccos (d) arccos
6 3 2
3
(3) The solution of sin 2 x = is:
4
π 2π 4π π
(a) , (b) ,
3 3 3 4
π 2π π 2π
(c) − , (d) − ,
4 3 4 5
(4) Solution of cos4 x = cos2 x is:
π π
(a) (b)
3 6
π π
(c) (d)
12 4
(5) Number of solutions of tan x + sec=x 2 cos x, x ∈ [ 0, 2π ] are:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(6) The smallest positive value of x satisfying log cos x sin x + log sin x cos x =
2 is:
π π
(a) (b)
6 4
π π
(c) (d)
3 2
2π
(7) For what value of λ , is the solution of the trigonometric equation
3
cosec x= λ + cot x :
1
(a) 3 (b)
3
(c) 3 (d) 2
x
(8) How many times graph of y = tan crosses the x-axis in the interval [ −2π , 2π ] :
2
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) Infinite

(9) Which of the following equation has an empty solution set:

(a) sin x + cos x = 2 (b) x = cos x
(c) x = sin x (d) Both (a) and (b)
3
(10) General solution of the equation sin x.cos x = is:
4
π  π  π  π 
(a)  + 2nπ  ∪  + 2nπ  (b)  + nπ  ∪  + nπ 
6  3  6  3 
 5π   5π   π   π 
(c)  + 2nπ  ∪  + 2nπ  (d) − + 2nπ  ∪ − + 2nπ 
 6   3   6   3 
(11) If x ∈ [ 0°,360°] , then for what values of x , =
sin x 3cos x + 4sin x :
2 2
(a) 30°, 150° (b) 210°,330°

(c) 60°, 210° (d) 180°, 240°
(12) 5cosecθ then cos θ = ?
If 3tan θ + cot θ =
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
1
(13) The angles in the range −3600 to 1800 where sin x = − are,
2
(a) 300 , −1500 (b) −300 , −1500
(c) 300 ,1500 (d) −300 ,1500
1
(14) lution of sin x cos x = where 0 ≤ x ≤ 360° is
4
π π
(a) x = (b) x =
6 12
π π
(c) 2 x = (d) x =
12 3
1
(15) If sin x = − and x ∈ 0,3600  then the values are
2
(a) 2100 ,3300 (b) 300 ,1500
(c) 2100 ,300 (d) 1500 ,3300
(16) If 2sin x tan x = 3 for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o . Then x =
(a) 45o or 315o (b) 60o or 300o
(c) 30o or 330o (d) None of these
(17) The acute angle x radians is such that tan x = k , where k is a positive constant and ,
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(18) If 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° then the solution(s) of =sin x 3cos 2 x + 4sin x is (are)
2
(a) 240° (b) 300°

(c) 210° or 330° (d) None of the above

(19) f ( x ) x sin 2 x + c is defined for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° where c is a positive integer and

If =
peak value of f ( x ) is 2. The value of constant c is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(20) For what value of x , = 2 2
sin x 3cos x + 4sin x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 360° )
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(21) The solution of 1 + cos x = 0 is
(a) π + 2kπ , k ∈  (b) 2kπ
(c) π − 2kπ , k ∈  (d) None
sec 2 2 x
(22) 2 − sec 2 x = at x =
2
2
(a) 30° (b) 15°
(c) 60° (d) 45°
(23) The value of x in sin 2 x = sin x is which of the following?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(24) cos
= 2
θ cos θ − sin θ is true when
2 2
(a) θ > 0 (b) θ ≥ 0

(c) All real values (d) 0 < θ < 1
(25) The solution of sin x + sin 3 x =0 is
π π
(a) x = (b) x =
4 6
π
(c) x = (d) x = 0
3
(26) The value of x satisfying the equation sin 2 x − sin x =
1 is
π π
(a) x = (b) x =
4 2
(c) x = 0 (d) None
(27) The equation π sin x = 2 x does not satisfy for x =
π
(a) 0 (b)
2
(c) (d)
(28)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(29)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(30)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

ANSWER KEY
1 D 11 21
2 D 12 22
3 A 13 23
4 A 14 24
5 C 15 25
6 B 16 26
7 C 17 27
8 C 18 28
9 D 19 29
10 B 20 30

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CHAPTER-9 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 132

Important Results to Remember:

One minute= 1′= 60′′  1 ′

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 133

Relationship between Degree and Radians:

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 134

Angle in the Standard Position:

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 135

Signs of the Trigonometric Ratios:

Functions of Negative Angles:

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 136

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 137

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 138

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 139

(30) tan ( 2280° ) =?

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 140

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 141

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 142

Properties of Complementary Angles

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 143

Expression of Higher Power of Trigonometric Functions

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 144

sin α − cos α sin α + cos α

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 145

(9) If sin 37 = 0.6 , then cos 74 =

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 146

(17) The value of cot 5.cot10.cot15........cot 85 =

1 + cos 30o 1 − cos 30o

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 147

(24) cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ =

(a) cos 2 α − sin 2 β (b) sin 2 α − cos 2 β

(c) cos 2 α − cos 2 β (d) sin 2 α − sin 2 β

sin 35 sin 55

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 148

(c) 5sin (θ + φ ) (d) 3sin (θ + φ )

(34) cos 72 =

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 149

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 150

Elements of the Triangle ABC:

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 162

Angles of Elevation and Depression:

The law of sines The law of cosine The law of tangents

If ∆ABC is right triangle then law of cosine reduces to Pythagoras theorem.

Half Angles Formulas

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 163

• Usually the area of the triangle is denoted by ∆

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 164

Relations Between r, R, r1, r2, r3, s and ∆

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 165

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 166

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 167

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 168

(22) Area of triangle ABC , having sides

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 169

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 170

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 171

Domains and Ranges of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

STEM FUNG ENTRY TEST SERIES 172

reflect about the line y = x.