LESSON 1 Basic Concepts and Angles

WEEK
1

KNOWLEDGE
ENRICHMENT

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Distinguish the different kinds of angles, and locate their position in the
Cartesian Plane
 Convert angles from degree measure to radian and vice versa
 Find the positive and negative Coterminal angles, and reference angles

B. INTRODUCTION
The word “Trigonometry” is a combination of three Greek words tri which
means three, gonia which means angle, and metria which means measurement.
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with the relation between
the sides and angles of triangle. It also deals with measurements based on these
sides and angles. Trigonometry is used to solve problems of astronomy,
geometry, navigation, physics and other branches of mathematics. In this
module you will learn about the measurement of the parts, sides and angles of a
triangle lying in a plane. Also the study of the properties and relations among
the trigonometric functions and its early application in surveying, navigation
and engineering.

C. LESSON PROPER

A ray consists of point O on a line and extends indefinitely in one direction. The
point O is called the end point (or vertex).

This point extends indefinitely

ANGLES O (vertex)

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An angle is a plane figure formed by two rays which have a common endpoint.
The two rays are called sides of the angle and the common endpoint is called the
vertex.

More often, a plane angle is regarded as the figure formed by rotating a given
half line from the initial position OA to a terminal position OB. The endpoint O is
called the vertex, while OA is called the initial side and OB is called the terminal
side of the angle.

The terminal side may be rotated

clockwise or counterclockwise. The
angle is positive if it is rotated in
counterclockwise direction and
negative if the direction of rotation
is clockwise.

Note: 1. The initial side is always the initial position of the ray.
2. If the angle is already drawn, you can determine the initial side by
looking at the direction of the arrow representing the angle. The side
where the arrow started is the initial side.

Positive

Rotation

Negative

Rotation

2
Angles can be denoted by Greek letters such as α (alpha), β (beta), ф (phi), ϒ
(gamma), θ (theta). An angle may be measured by a protractor or by a transit (for
surveying).
An angle can be drawn in the XY – plane. An angle with its vertex at the origin
and its initial side along the positive x-axis is said to be in standard position
(Figure 1 & Figure 2)

The location of an angle in standard

position can be determined by finding
the quadrant (Figure 3) containing its
terminal side. The angle in Figure 1 is
located in the first quadrant, while
the angle in Figure 2 is in the third
quadrant. If its terminal side lies on
one of the coordinate axes, it will be
called quadrantal angle.

The following table describes the boundaries of the four quadrants.

Quadrant Measure of ϴ
I 0° < ϴ < 90° or -270° < ϴ < -360°
II 90° < ϴ < 180° or -180° < ϴ < -270°
III 180° < ϴ < 270° or -90° < ϴ < -180°
IV 270° < ϴ < 360° or 0° < ϴ < -90°

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Kinds of Angles
1. Acute angle – an angle whose measurement is between
0° and 90°.

2. Obtuse angle – an angle whose measurement is

between 90° and 180°.

3. Right angle – an angle whose measurement is exactly

90°.

4. Straight angle – an angle whose measurement is exactly

180°.
5. Reflex angle – an angle whose measurement is between
180° and 360°.
6. Complementary angles - two angles whose sum is 90°.

7. Supplementary angles – angles whose sum is 180°.

Coterminal angles – they are two or more angles in standard position having
the same terminal side. Coterminal angles are not equal, however their terminal
sides coincide, refer to Figure 1 & Figure 2

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 Given an angle ϴ, we obtain its Coterminal angle by adding or subtracting 360°.
If ϴ is positive, subtract 360° to get a Negative Coterminal angle. If we want a
Positive Coterminal angle add 360°, though the resulting angle will exceed one
rotation.
If ϴ is negative add 360° to get a positive coterminal angle. If we subtract 360°,
we get another negative coterminal angle exceeding one rotation.

Example: 1. Find the positive and negative coterminal of 30°.

Positive coterminal: Add 360

30° + 360° = 390° (counter-clockwise rotation)
Negative coterminal: Subtract 360
30° - 360° = -330° (clockwise rotation)

Example: 2. Find the positive and negative coterminal of 55°.

Positive coterminal: Add 360
55° + 360° = 415° (counter-clockwise rotation)
Negative coterminal: Subtract 360
55° - 360° = -305° (clockwise rotation)

The Reference Angle ᾳ of a given angle ϴ in

standard position is the smallest positive
acute angle determined by the x-axis and
the terminal side
of ϴ.

Let “ϴ” or “X” be a positive angle within

one rotation. The following table shows
how to obtain ᾳ.
Given Angle (ϴ / X) Quadrant Reference angle (ᾳ)
ϴ or X I ᾳ = ϴ or α = X
ϴ or X II ᾳ = 180° - ϴ or 180°-X
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 ᾳ = ϴ - 180° or X - 180°

ϴ or X III

ᾳ = 360° - ϴ or 360° - X

ϴ or X IV

The reference angle of any other angle ϴ can be obtained by first finding a
positive coterminal angle of ϴ, within one rotation, then by using the procedure
in the table above.
Example 1. What is the reference angle of 91°?

Solution: since 91° is in the second quadrant, from the Table

above; α = 180° - 91° = 89°

Example 2. What is the reference angle of 210°?

Solution: since 210° is in the third quadrant, from the Table
above; α = 210° - 180° = 30°

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Example 3. What is the reference angle of 250°?
Solution: since 250° is in the third quadrant, from the Table above; α = 250° -
180° = 70°

Example 4. What is the reference angle of 300°?

Solution: since 300° is in the fourth quadrant, from the
Table above; α = 360° - 300° = 60°

SYSTEM OF MEASURING ANGLES

The units most commonly used in measuring an angle are those of the
degree and radian measure.
 Degree measure ( ° ) – is defined as the measure of a central angle that
subtends an arc equal to 1/360 of the circumference of a circle. A degree
measure can be subdivided to minutes ( ‘ ) and seconds ( “ )
Conversion:
1° = 60’ 1’ = 60 “ 1° = 3600”
 Radian measure (rad) – is defined as the measure of a central angle that
1
subtends an arc equal to π of the circumference of a circle.
2
Conversion:
π 180°
1° = 1 rad= π radians=180 °
180° π
2 π radians=360 °
Frequently used angles:
π π π
90 °= radians 60 °= radians 45 ° = radians
2 3 4

π π π
30 °= radians 15 °= radians 10 °= radians
6 12 18

Example 1: convert 135° to radian

π
Solution: 135 ° × =2.356 rad
180 °

Example 2: convert 20°35’11’’ to radians

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Solution: 20 ° +35 min ( 601°min )+11 sec ( 36001°sec )=20.5864 °
π
∴ 20.5864 ° × =0.3592 rad
180 °
7π
Example 3: convert ¿ degrees
8
7 π 180°
Solution: × =157.5 °
8 π

Example 4: convert 300° to revolution

1 rev
Solution: 300 ° × =0.83 rev
360 °

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: All answers for the Activities, Application,
Assessment and Character Enhancement are to be written in the CSTC green
booklet and NOT on the module itself 😃

ACTIVITY 1.1: Multiple Choice (10 pts.)

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answe.

1. What do you call an angle rotated counter clockwise direction?

a. Acute b. Angle c. Negative d. Positive
2. What do you call an angle rotated clockwise direction?
a. Acute b. Angle c. Negative d. Positive
3. Which angle has a sum of 90°?
a. Acute c. Coterminal
b. Complementary d. Supplementary

4. Which angle has a sum of 180°?

a. Acute c. Coterminal
c. Complementary d. Supplementary
5. What angle is formed by two perpendicular rays and measures 90°?
a. Reference c. Right
b. Reflex d. Straight
6. What angle is formed by two rays extending opposite direction?
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 a. Reference c. Right
b. Reflex d. Straight
7. What do you call two or more angles in standard position having the
same terminal side?
a. Coterminal b. Reflex c. Right d. Straight
8. What is the smallest positive acute angle determined by the x-axis and the
terminal side of Ɵ?
a. Obtuse b. Reference c. Standard d. Straight
9. What do you call an angle with its vertex at the origin and its initial side
along the positive x-axis?
a. Obtuse b. Reference c. Standard d. Straight
10. What do you call a geometric figure formed by rotating a half line about
its endpoint from its initial position to its terminal position?
a. Acute b. Angle c. Reference d. Reflex
ACTIVITY 1.2: (25 pts.)

Instruction: Sketch the angle in standard position with the given measure.
Indicate in which quadrant the angle lies.

1. 110° 3. 760° 5. 1100°

2. -300° 4. -420°

APPLICATION: (5 pts. per angle)

Instruction: Perform the activity below, downloaded figures / images is not

accepted.

Locate and identify the different angles in your home. Take a picture of each
angle that you will find, this will serve as your output. Place your output in a
long size bond paper with the following format.
Margins: Top – 0.7, Bottom – 0.5, Left – 0.7, Right – 0.7

Sample Heading of your bond paper:

Angle Image / Picture Type of Angle
1 Acute angle

ASSESSMENT: (50 pts.)

Instruction: Answer the questions below, show your illustration and solution.

9
A. Positive and Negative coterminal
Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle of each of the following
angles. Draw also the given angle and its coterminal angles in the XY – plane.
1. 80° 2. -165° 3. 375° 4. -580° 5. -1200
B. Reference angle
Find the reference angle of each of the following angles. Draw the given angle
and its reference angle in the XY – plane.
1. 40° 2. -155° 3. -215° 4. -620 5. 1320

CHARACTER
ENHANCEMENT

REFLECTION: (10 pts.)

Based from what you’ve learned in this lesson, give the importance of angles
in your life or daily activities. Give examples to support your answer.

Trigonometric Functions and

LESSON 2 Triangles
WEEK 2

KNOWLEDGE
ENRICHMENT

10
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Enumerate the different cases of oblique triangle
 Solve right and oblique triangles using sine law and cosine law
 Apply trigonometric functions in solving right triangles

B. INTRODUCTION
A Triangle is a polygon having only three sides. Three sides and three corners
are required to form a polygon. In geometry it is one of the basic shapes. A
triangle with vertices A, B and C is being dented by ΔABC.
The basic problems involving triangles are centered on their sides and angles,
including their perimeters and areas. Solutions to these problems require basic
trigonometry and the use or application of theorems and axioms or postulates. In
order to handle any problem about triangles, a student should be knowledgeable
to all theories and axioms. Also, familiarity with the parts and properties of a
triangle is necessary in connecting theorems and axioms to one another.
C. LESSON PROPER

There are basically six different types of triangles with respect to the

length and measure of the lines and angles of a triangle, respectively. To recall, a
triangle is a specific type of polygon having only three sides and three angles.
Based on these specifications and design the properties of triangles are defined
for all its different types.
As the name suggests, a “triangle” is a three-sided polygon having three
angles. The sum of all interior angles of a triangle will always add up to 180
degrees. This is called the angle sum property of triangle. Also, a triangle has
many properties.

Properties of a Triangle:
1. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
2. The length of the edge of a triangle is proportional to its interior opposite
angle.
3. Any two of three sides are equal if their adjacent angles are equal.

Classification of Triangles
A. Triangles based on the length of their sides:
1. Equilateral Triangle – In an equilateral triangle, all the
lengths of the sides are equal. In such a case, each of the
interior angles will have a measure of 60 degrees. Since the
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 angles of an equilateral triangle are same, it is also known as
an equiangular triangle. The figure at the right illustrates an equilateral
triangle.

2. Isosceles Triangle –In an isosceles triangle, the lengths of two of the three
sides are equal. So, the angles opposite the equal sides are equal to each
other. In other words, an isosceles triangle has two equal sides and two
equal angles.  The figure at the right illustrates an isosceles triangle.

3. Scalene Triangle – A scalene triangle has all side lengths

of different measures. No side will be equal in length to
any of the other sides in such a triangle. In a scalene
triangle, all the interior angles are also different. The
figure at the right illustrates a scalene triangle. You can
see how none of the sides is equal in length.

B. Triangles based on their interior angles:

1. Right Triangle – A right triangle is a triangle in which one
of the angles is 90 degrees. In a right-angled triangle, the
side opposite to the right angle (90-degree angle) will be the
longest side and is called the hypotenuse. You may come
across triangle types with combined names like right
isosceles triangle and such, but this only implies that the
triangle has two equal sides with one of the interior angles being 90
degrees. The figure at the right illustrates a right triangle.

2. Oblique Triangle – is a triangle that does not have an angle of 90°.

a. Acute Triangle – An acute triangle is a triangle whose all the three
interior angles are acute. In other words, if all interior angles are less
than 90 degrees, then it is an acute-angled triangle. The figure at the
right illustrates an acute triangle.
b.Obtuse Triangle – Obtuse triangles are those in
which one of the three interior angles has a
measure greater than 90 degrees. In other words, if
one of the angles in a triangle is an obtuse angle,
then the triangle is called an obtuse-angled
triangle. The figure at the right illustrates an obtuse
triangle.
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 3. Similar Triangles – are triangles with the angles of one equal to the
corresponding angles of the other.

 The
corresponding sides of a similar triangle are opposite equal angles. In
the figure above c and c’ are corresponding sides since they are
opposite and equal right angles.
 Corresponding sides of similar triangle are proportional.
c a b * **It should be noted that the numerators are from one triangle, and the
= =
c ' a' b' denominators from the other triangle.

The ratio of any two sides of one similar triangle is equal to the ratio
of the corresponding sides of the other.
a a' b b' a a'
= = =
b b' c c' c c'

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND RIGHT TRIANGLE

Definition of terms:
1. A right triangle is a triangle having one of its angles measuring exactly
90° or right angle.
2. An angle is the figure formed by the two sides of the triangle.
3. A side of a triangle is the measurement of the distance between the two
vertices of the triangle.
4. The vertex of a triangle is the intersection of the two sides of the triangle.

Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle

When dealing with right triangles (triangles that have one 90 degree angle) in
trigonometry, the biggest things to realize is that no matter what size the triangle
is, the ratios of the lengths of the sides stay the same. So, it is very natural to give
these ratios names – and that’s where the right triangle definitions of the
trigonometric functions come from.
In the triangle below, the right angle is marked with a small blue square. The
other two angles are acute angles (have measures less than 90 degrees). Either
one of these could be the angle we are interested in since the trigonometric

13
functions will be in terms of which side is next to (adjacent) to our angle and
which side is opposite of our angle. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to
which angle is of interest anytime you work with these definitions.

NOTE: Angles are represented by capital letters while the sides are represented
by small letters.

Sample illustration of getting the trigonometric functions of a triangle.

Consider Angle A:

Consider Angle B:

14
Sample problem 1. Find the six trigonometric functions of angle A and B with
the following given values.
a = 12 c = 28
Solution:
Step 1. solve for the unknown side “b”
By Pythagorean Theorem c 2=a2+ b2
A
Where: a = 12, c = 28, b = ?
Solving for b: by transposing a2 to the left side
of the equation
b 2=c 2−a 2 ¿ 282−122
b=√ 784−144
b=25
Step 2. Solving for the trigonometric function of angle A (from figure 1)
12 28
sin A= csc A=
28 12
25 28
cos A= sec A=
28 25
12 25
tan A= cot A=
25 12
Step 3. Solving for the trigonometric function of angle B (from figure 2)
25 28
sin B= csc B=
28 25

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 12 28
cos B= sec B=
28 12
25 12
tan B= cot B=
12 25
Sample problem 2. Find the six trigonometric functions of angle A and B, given
7
sin A= .
24
a
∴ ¿ figure 1sin A=
c
a=7 c = 24
Solution:
Step 1. solve for the unknown side “b”
By Pythagorean Theorem c 2=a2+ b2
Where: a = 7, c = 24, b = ? A
Solving for b:
b 2=c 2−a 2 ¿ 24 2−72
b=√ 576−49
b=22.96
Step 2. Solving for the trigo function of angle A (from figure 1)
7 24
sin A= csc A=
24 7
22.96 24
cos A= sec A=
24 22.96
7 22.96
tan A= cot A=
22.96 7
Step 3. Solving for the trigo function of angle B (from figure 2)
22.96 24
sin B= csc B=
24 22.96
7 24
cos B= sec B=
24 7
22.96 7
tan B= cot B=
7 22.96

SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

Solution of Right Triangles

In a right triangle, one part is already known, the right angle which is at
C and is opposite the hypotenuse. To solve a right triangle, at least one
16
 side and another part must be given. Always use the known parts in
solving for the other parts to minimize the risk of getting a wrong
answer.

Formulas:
1. A + B = 90° (Complementary Angles are two acute angles whose
sum is 90°)
2. c 2=a2+ b2 Pythagorean theorem
3. Trigonometric functions of an acute angle.

Steps in Solving Right Triangles:

1. Write down the given and the required parts.
2. Draw the required figure.
3. Indicate the formulas needed.
4. Perform the computation.
5. Check the results.

Sample problem 1. Solve the right triangle ABC if angle A = 36°, and side c = 10
cm.
Solution:
Step 1. Solving for side “a”.
a
sin A= since the value of A = 36° 10 cm
10
Hence: a=10 sinA =10 sin 36 °
a=5.878 cm
Step 2. Solving for “b”, by Pythagorean theorem
b=? A
c 2=a2+ b2
b 2=c 2−a 2
b=√ 102−5.8782
b=√ 65.449
b=8.09 cm

Sample problem 2. If a 40 feet tree

casts a 20 feet shadow, at what angle
from the vertical is the sun shining?
Solution:
Using Tangent function since the
given values are opposite and
17
 adjacent the unknown angle
20
tanθ= =0.5
40
θ=tan −1 0.5
20 ft θ=26.56 °

Sample problem 3. Two trees stand opposite one another, at points A and B, on
opposite banks of a river. Distance AC along one bank is perpendicular to AB,
and is measured to be 100feet. Angle C is measured to be 79°. How far apart are
the trees? what is the width “W” of the river?

Solution:

U s i n g
Tangent function
w
tan79 °=
100
w=100 tan79 °
w=514.45 feet

SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

Definition:
An oblique triangle is a triangle that does not contain a right angle. Solving an
oblique triangle simply means three parts are given (at least one of the given
parts is a side), we find the three remaining parts of the triangle by applying
either Sine Law or Cosine Law.

Note: To solve an oblique triangle, we must know the measure of one side and
any two other measures. Thus, any triangle problem may fall under any one
of the following cases.

The Four Cases in Solving Oblique Triangle

CASE I. Given one side and two angles (SAA).
CASE II. Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them (SSA).
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 CASE III. Given the three sides (SSS)

LAW OF SINE – is defined as any side of a triangle divided by the sine of its
opposite angle, equals any other side of the triangle divided
by the sine of its opposite angle.

LAW OF COSINE – is defined as, the square of any side of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the square of the other two sides minus twice
the product of those sides & the cosine of their included
angle.

Sample Problem CASE I:

Given: A = 25°16’, B = 54°47’, a = 75.58
Solve for: b, c, C
Step 1. Solving for Angle C
From supplementary angle
A + B + C = 180°
C=180− A−B=180−25 ° 1 6' −54 ° 4 7' =99 ° 57 '
Step 2. Solving for b, using Sine Law
b a a SinB 75.58 sin 54 ° 47 '
= ; b= = =144.96
sinB sinA SinA sin 25° 16 '
Step 3. Solving for c using Sine Law
b c b SinC 144.96 sin 99 ° 57'
= ; c= = =174.76
sinB sinC SinB sin 54 ° 47 '

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Sample problem CASE II
Given: A = 43°17’, b = 27, c = 32
Solve for: B, C, a
Step 1. Solving for “a” using cosine law
2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bcCosA
a=√ 272 +322−2 ( 27 ) ( 32 ) cos 43 ° 17 '
a = 22.25
step 2. Solving for C using cosine law
a2 +b 2−c 2
−1
C=cos
2 ab
22.252 +272−322
C=cos−1
2(22.25)(27)
C=80 ° 24 '
Step 3. Solving for B using supplementary angle
A + B + C = 180°
B = 180 – C – A = 180 - 80°24’ – 43°17’ = 56°19’

Sample problem CASE III

Given: a = 10m, b = 14m, c = 16m
Solve for: A, B, C
Step 1. Solving for angle A using cosine law
b2 +c 2−a 2
−1
A=cos
2 bc
14 +162−10 2
2
A=cos−1
2( 14)(16)
−1
¿ cos 0.7857
A=38° 1 2' 52.32' '
Step 2. Solving for angle B using cosine law
−1 a 2+ c 2−b2
B=cos
2 ac
10 +162−14 2
2
¿ cos−1
2(10)(16)
B=60 °
Step 3. Solving for angle C using supplementary angle
A + B + C = 180°
C = 180°- A – B
= 180° - 38°12’52.32’’ - 60°
C = 81.78° or 81°47’7.68’’
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 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: All answers for the Activities, Application,
Assessment and Character Enhancement are to be written in the CSTC green
booklet and NOT on the module itself 😃
ACTIVITY 2.1 (30 pts.)
Instruction: Answer the following questions, write your answers on your CSTC
green booklet.

1. Briefly explain each type of triangle:

 scalene:
 isosceles:
 equilateral
2. What is special about a right triangle?

Use the image at the right to complete the next

questions.

3. Draw a diagonal line across the square to

connect the dots shown.

4. Circle the kind of triangle that is now shown

above.
 isosceles triangle
 equilateral triangle
 equiangular triangle

5. If the length of the bottom line of the triangle is 2 inches, then what is the
length of the opposite side?
6. If the length of the bottom line of the triangle is 2 inches, then will the length of
the hypotenuse be greater or smaller than 2 inches?
7. If every angle between the sides of a square is 90 degrees, then what is the
angle formed by drawing a line half-way through the 90-degree angle?

APPLICATION: (15 pts.)

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Instruction: Answer the question below.

“Based on the lesson learned, sight an application of oblique triangles in the field
of engineering, explain your answer.”

ASSESSMENT: (60 pts.)

Instruction: Solve the following problems. Show your solution and place your
answers in your CSTC green booklet.

1. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of acute angle A and B of
right triangle ABC given that a = 10in and c = 15in. Draw the triangle and
label the parts based on the given values. (20 pts.)
2. Find the remaining parts of a right triangle having a hypotenuse of 25 cm and
angle A = 60° respectively. Draw the figure and label the parts based on the
given values. (10 pts.)

Using Oblique triangle formulas, solve the following cases, draw the figure and show
your solution. (10 pts. each)
3. Solve for A, B, c
Given: a = 20m, b = 26m, C = 62°
4. Solve for C, c, b
Given: A = 40°, B = 70°, a = 20cm
5. Solve for A, B, C
Given: a = 7m, b = 10m, c = 13m

CHARACTER
ENHANCEMENT

REFLECTION: (10 pts.)

Based on the information you have learned in this lesson; how can you use
triangles to estimate the height of objects?

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23
 Circular Functions and
LESSON 3 Reference Angle
WEEK 3

KNOWLEDGE
ENRICHMENT

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 define and be familiar with the six (6) circular functions
 determine the signs (+ or -) of the circular functions on the different
quadrants
 differentiate and express functions of different angles
 apply the knowledge of special and quadrantal angles in finding the
exact values of the circular functions

B. INTRODUCTION
You may have initially learned about the sine, cosine and tangent of an angle as
the ratio of the sides of a right triangle. The sides that form the right angle are
called legs, and the third side is called the hypotenuse. Given angle A, the three
ratios are as follows:

 sinA = (length of side opposite angle A) / length of hypotenuse)

 cosA = (length of side adjacent to angle A) / (length of hypotenuse)
 tanA = (length of side opposite angle A) / (length of side adjacent to
angle A) = sinA / cosA
Circular functions are radian measures of angles determined by the lengths of
arcs of circles. In particular, trigonometric functions defined using the unit circle
lead directly to these circular functions. The range of these circular functions, like
their analogous trigonometric functions, are sets of real numbers.

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C. LESSON PROPER

The circular functions may be thought of as a way to extend these extremely

useful mathematical relationships to any triangle. To visualize circular functions,
we first start with a unit circle.
A unit circle is a circle with a radius of one (a unit radius). The unit circle is
center at the origin (figure 1). For the point (x,y) in Quadrant I (figure 2), the
lengths x and y become the legs of a right triangle whose hypotenuse is one (1).
By Pythagorean Theorem (from figure 2) x 2+ y 2=1

Examine angle Ɵ (in standard position) in the unit

circle at the right, which show that in a unit circle Sine
is represented by the vertical leg, Cosine is
represented by the horizontal leg.
Thus:
cos θ=x∧sinθ=¿ y ¿
Also creating:
( x , y ) =(cosθ , sinθ)
Since x 2+ y 2=1 , when we use trigo function
this becomes cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ=1

Suppose the terminal side of angle Ɵ, in standard

position, intersect the unit circle at point (x,y), as
shown in Figure 3.
Because the radius of the unit circle is 1, the
distance from the origin to the point (x,y) is 1.
By the first definition of trigonometric function we
have,
25
 x x y y
cosθ= = =1 and sinθ= = = y
r 1 r 1
The length of the arc from (1,0) to (x,y) is exactly the same as the radian measure
of angle Ɵ. Therefore, we can write
cosθ=cost=x and sinθ=sint = y
These results give rise to a third definition for the
trigonometric functions.
If (x,y) is any point on the unit circle, and “t” is the distance
from (1,0) to (x,y) along the circumference of the unit circle
(figure 4), then,
y
cos t=x , sin t= y , tant= (x ≠ 0)
x
1 1 x
sec t= (x ≠ 0) , csc t= ( y ≠ 0) , cot t= ( y ≠ 0)
x y y
As we travel around the unit circle starting at (1,0), the points we come across all
have coordinates (cos t, sin t), where “t” is the distance we have travelled. (Note
that “t” will be positive if we travel in the counterclockwise direction but negative if we
travel in the clockwise direction.)
When we define the trigonometric functions this way, we call them circular
functions because of their relationship to the unit circle.

26
Each angle is given in both degrees and radians. The radian measure of each
angle is the same as the distance from (1,0) to the point on the terminal side of
the angle, as measured along the circumference of the circle in a
counterclockwise direction.
The “x-coordinate” and “y-coordinate” of each point shown are the cosine and
sine, respectively, of the associated angle or distance.

5π
Sample problem 1. Find the six trigonometric function of .
6
Solution: we obtain Sine and Cosine directly from figure 5. The other
trigonometric functions are found by using the ratio and reciprocal
identities.
5π 1 1
5π 1 csc = = =2
sin =y= , 6 5π 1
6 2 sin
6 2

5π − 3
cos = x= √ ,
6 2
5π 1 1 −2 −2 √ 3
sec = = = =
6 5 π − √3 √3 3
cos
6 2
5π 1
sin
5π 6 2 −1 − √3
tan = = = =
6 5 π −√3 √3 3
cos
6 2
5π 1 1
cot = = =−√ 3
6 5 π −1
tan
6 √3
Sample problem 2. Find tan “t” if t corresponds to the
point (-0.737, 0.675) on the unit
circle. Figure on the right.
Solution:
y
tant=
x
27
 0.675
¿
−0.737
tant =−0.916

9π
Sample problem 3. Evaluate ¿ . Identify the function,
4
the argument of the function, and the value
of the function. Figure on the right.
Solution:
9π π 8 π
= + = +2 π
4 4 4 4
9π
Because the point on the unit circle corresponding to
4
π
will be the same as the point corresponding to .
4
9π π 2
Therefore: sin =sin = √
4 4 2
9π π
In terms of angles, we know this is true because and are coterminal. The
4 4
9π 2
function is the sine function, is the argument, √ is the value of the function.
4 2
Reduction to Function of an Acute Angle
The function of any angle Ɵ is equal to plus (+) or minus (-) the same function of
its reference angle α .
That is,
sinθ=± sinα , cosθ=± cosα , tan θ=± tanα
cscθ=± cscα , secθ=± secα , cot θ=± cotα

NOTE: the appropriate sign of the function depends on the quadrant where the
terminal point of the given angle is located.

Sample problem 1. Express the circular functions of 420° as a function of a

positive acute angle.
Solution: Since the reference angle of 420° is 60°, and 420° is in the first
quadrant, then
sin420°=±sin60°=sin60° csc420°=±csc60°=csc60°
cos420°=±cos60°=cos60° sec420°=±sec60°=sec60°
tan 420°=±tan60°=tan60° cot 420°=±cot60°=cot60°

28
 sin ⁡(−135 °)=± sin 45 ° =−sin 45 ° csc (−135 ° )=± csc 45 °=−csc 45°

Sample problem 2. Express the circular functions of -135° as a function of a

positive acute angle.
Solution: Since the reference angle of -135° is 45° and -135° is in the third
quadrant, then
sin ⁡(−135 °)=± sin 45 ° =−sin 45 ° csc (−135 ° )=± csc 45 °=−csc 45°
cos (−135 ° )=± cos 45 °=−cos 45 ° sec (−135 ° )=± sec 45° =−sec 45°
tan(−135 °)=± tan 45 °=tan 45 ° cot (−135° )=± cot 45 °=cot 45 °

Sample problem 3. Reduce sec(-240°15’) to the same function of a positive acute

angle.
Solution: since both cosine and secant are even functions then
sec (−240 ° 15' )=± sec 240 ° 15 '
Step 1. Find a positive coterminal angle. 360°-240°15’ = 119°45’ = Quadrant II
Step 2. Calculate the reference angle. 180°-119°45’ = 60°15’
Therefore: sec (-240°15’) = -sec60°15’

SKILL DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: All answers for the Activities, Application,
Assessment and Character Enhancement are to be written in the CSTC green
booklet and NOT on the module itself 😃

ACTIVITY 3.1: (20 pts.)

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in
your CSTC green booklet.
1. Which is not equal to sin (-200°)?
a. –sin 200° c. sin 20°
b. sin 70° d. sin 160°
2. If α is∈QI ,where does α +π terminate?
a. QI c. QIII
b. QII d. QIV
3. Which angle terminates on the third quadrant?
π 5π
a. c.
4 4

29
 9π 13 π
b. d.
4 4
4. Which equation is always true?
a. cos(-Ɵ) = sin Ɵ c. sin(-Ɵ) = cos Ɵ
b. cos(-Ɵ) = cos Ɵ d. sin(-Ɵ) = -sin Ɵ
3
5. If inθ= √ ∧θis∈QII , which is false?
2
−1 −√ 3
a. cosθ= c. cotθ=
2 3
−2 √3
b. cscθ= d. tanθ=√ 3
3
6. What is the exact value of cos π + sec π ?
a. -2 c. -1
b. 1 d. 2
7. Which function is positive in the fourth quadrant?
a. cos Ɵ c. csc Ɵ
b. sin Ɵ d. tan Ɵ
8. What is the value of cos 60°cos 30° - sin 60°sin30°?
a. -1 c. 0
b. 1 d. 2

2 π π
9. What is the value of sec −tan 2 ?
4 4
a. -2 c. -1
b. 0 d. 1

3
10. If cos θ= , θ is∈QIV , what is the value of cot Ɵ?
5
−4 −3
a. c.
3 4
4 5
b. d.
5 4

APPLICATION: (10 pts.)

Instruction: Answer the question below.

30
“Give 1 application of circular function in real life. Explain why did you choose
that application?”

ASSESSMENT: (20 pts.)

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write only the letter of
your answer on your CSTC green booklet.
1. Which is not a special angle?
π π
a. c.
3 4
π π
b. d.
6 12
2 π π
2. What is the value of cos +sin 2 ?
4 4
a. -2 c. -1
b. 0 d. 1
3. Which function is undefined at 180°?
a. cos Ɵ c. csc Ɵ
b. sec Ɵ d. sin Ɵ
4. In what quadrant is tanθ >0∧sinθ<0 ?
a. QI c. QIII
b. QII d. QIV
5. Which angle does not terminate on the first quadrant?
a. -330° c. -60°
b. 30° d. 390°
6. Which is the equivalent of sin 100°?
a. 0.65 c. 0.98
b. 0.80 d. 1

7. If the terminal side of Ɵ passes through (5, -12), what is the value of cos Ɵ?
−12 −5
a. c.
5 12
5 12
b. d.
13 13
8. Which statement is FALSE?
π π π 3π
a. cos =sin c. tan =cot
3 6 4 4
31
 π π π 5π
b. sin =cos d. co t =tan
3 6 4 4
9. Which statement is FALSE?
2 π π π 2π
a. cos +sin 2 =1 c. sin +cos =0
3 3 6 3
π 5π π 3π
b. tan −cot =0 d. cot −tan =0
4 4 4 4
10. Which statement is TRUE?
π π
sin cos
4 3
a. =1 c. =√ 3
π π
cos sin
4 3
π π
cot sec
6 6
b. =3 d. =4
π π
tan cos
6 6

CHARACTER
ENHANCEMENT

REFLECTION: (10 pts.)

Based on what you have learned, in not less than 10 sentences write in your
CSTC green booklet the importance of circular functions in today’s modern
technology.

32
 Domain and Range of Circular
LESSON 4 Functions
WEEK 4

KNOWLEDGE
ENRICHMENT

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 differentiate and express functions of different angles
 determine the domain and range of relations and functions
 find the domain and range of a graph
 sketch the graph of circular functions

B. INTRODUCTION
Functions are a correspondence between two sets, called the domain and the
range. When defining a function, you usually state what kind of numbers the
domain(x) and range (f(x)) values can be. It also does not mean that all real
numbers can be function values, f(x). There may be restrictions on the domain
and range.
Another way to identify the domain and range of functions is by using graphs.
Because the domain refers to the set of possible values, the domain of a graph
consists of all the input values shown on the x-axis. The range is the set of
possible output values, which are shown on the y-axis.

C. LESSON PROPER

We have known that function is a rule that pairs each element of the domain
with exactly one element from the range.
When we see the statement y = sinx, it is identical to the notation y = f(x).
In fact if we want to be precise, we would write y = sin(x).
Because any value of “t” determines a point (x, y) on the unit circle, the sine and
cosine functions are always defined and therefore have a domain of all real
numbers.

33
 y 1
Because tant= and sec t= , the tangent and secant functions will be undefined
x x
when x = 0, which will occur at the points (0, 1) and (0, -1). In a similar manner,
the cotangent and cosecant functions will be undefined when y = 0,
corresponding to the points (1, 0) or (-1, 0).

Summarizing the results will give:

Domains of the Circular Functions
Sin t, Cos t All real numbers, or (-∞, ∞)
Tan t, Sec t π
All real numbers except t= +kπ for any integer k
2
Cot t, Csc t All real numbers except t=kπ for any integer k
Ranges of the Circular functions
Sin t, Cos t (-1, 1)
Tan t, Cot t All real numbers, or (-∞, ∞)
Sec t, Csc t (-∞, -1) , (1, ∞)

Graphs of Circular Functions

Studying the graphs of circular functions will help us determine their properties.
In this previous chapter, we denote our coordinate axes as the x – axis and the y –
axis. But in sketching the graph of the circular functions, we are going to name
the horizontal axis as the Ɵ-axis.
The values of the circular functions of angles are important in solving problems
involving angle measurement. By plotting the measure of the angle Ɵ (in
radians) in the x – axis and the value of a circular function of angle Ɵ, we can
investigate the behavior of the function.
A. The Graphs of Sine Functions
The graphs of sine functions are continuous and periodic. They are smooth
“wave-like” curves without breaks.

34
 General Form: y=a sin bx
Properties:

a. Function is periodic P= |2bπ|

b. Amplitude (α ) is equal to |α |
P
c. Maximum points:
[ 4 ]
+nP , α , n ∈ Z

3P
d. Minimum points:
[ 4 ]
+ nP ,−α , n ∈ Z
P nP
e. x – intercepts are 0 , , P , … … . where n isaninteger .
2 2
B. The Graphs of Cosine Functions

Similar to sine, the graphs of cosine functions are continuous and periodic.

General Form: y=a cos bx

Properties:

a. Function is periodic P= |2bπ|

b. Amplitude (α ) is equal to |α |
c. Maximum points: [ P+nP , α ] , n ∈ Z
P
d. Minimum points:
[ 2 ]
+nP ,−α , n ∈ Z
e. x – intercepts are
P 3 P 5 P (2 n−1)P
, , , where nis an integer .
4 4 4 4
35
C. The Graphs of Tangent Functions
The graphs of tangent functions have no amplitude.

General Form: y=a tan bx

Properties:

a. Function is periodic P= | πb |
b. There is no amplitude
P
c. Asymptotes are x=(2 n−1) ,n∈Z
2
d. x – intercepts are 0, P, 2P, 3P, …nP where n is an integer

4π
Sample problem 1. Sketch the graph of y=5 sin 3 θ for− ≤θ ≤ 2 π
3
Solution:
The amplitude =
5
2π
The period ¿
3

36
 The θ−axis intercepts can also be found by solving the equation.
5 sin 3 θ=0
sin 3 θ=0
3 θ=−4 π ,−3 π ,−2 π ,−π , 0 , π , 2 π , 3 π , 4 π , 5 π , 6 π
−4 π 2π π π 2π 4π 5π
θ= ,−π ,− ,− , 0 , , ,π, , ,2π
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Sample problem 2. Sketch the graph of f ( θ )=−3 cos 2 θ for 0≤ θ ≤2 π

Solution: Period = π Amplitude = 3

Sample problem 3. Sketch the graph of g ( θ )=5 sin ⁡(−3 θ)for 0 ≤θ ≤ 2 π

2π
Solution: Period = Amplitude = |−5| = 5
3

37
Sample problem 4. Translation in the direction of y – axis, sketch the graph of
y=sinx+1
solution: The graph of y=sin x +1 is
obtained from the graph of y=sin x by a
translation of 1 unit in the positive direction
of the y-axis.
Period = 2 π
Range = [ 0 , 2 ]
Amplitude = 1

Sample problem 5. Translation in the direction of y–axis, sketch the graph of

y=cos2x-2
Solution: The graph of y=cos 2 x−2 is
obtained from the graph of y=cos 2 x by
a translation of 2 units in the negative
direction of the y – axis.

Sample problem 6. Translation in the direction of x–axis, sketch the graph of

π
(
y=sin x−
3 )
π
Solution: The graph of y=sin x−
3 ( )
is obtained from the graph of y=sin x
π
by a translation of units in the
3
positive direction of the x-axis.

Sample problem 7. Translation in the direction of x–axis, sketch the graph of

y=cos 2 x + ( π3 )

38
Solution: The graph of y=cos 2 x + ( π3 ) is obtained from the graph of y=cos 2 x
π
by a translation of units in the negative direction of the x-axis.
3

SKILL DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: All answers for the Activities, Application,
Assessment and Character Enhancement are to be written in the CSTC green
booklet and NOT on the module itself 😃

ACTIVITY 4.1: (20 pts.)

Instruction: Solve the following questions. Show your solution and write your
answers on your CSTC green booklet.

Write the range of each function for the given domain.

1. f ( x )=3+ 2 x ; Domain = (-13, 3, 6, 10, 13)
x
2. f ( x )= −38 ; Domain = (-20, -12, 0, 8, 16)
4
3. f ( x )=−5 x +1; Domain = (-15, -11, -4, -2)
4. f ( x )=−85−7 x ; Domain = (-19, -14, 2)
3
5. f ( x )=5− x ; Domain = (-7, 0, 14)
7

APPLICATION: (10 pts.)

Instruction: Answer the question below.

Give 1 real life application of a graph with circular function, explain how
it is applied to circular functions.

39
ASSESSMENT: (30 pts.)

MATCHING TYPE: Match the function in column A to the graph in column B.

CHARACTER
ENHANCEMENT

REFLECTION: (10 pts.)

Based on what you have learned, in not less than 10 sentences write the
importance of knowing the graph of circular functions in today’s modern
technology

40
41