Ch # 4: Introduction to Analytical Geometry

Coordinate System

The system of coordinates use in analytic geometry is defined by the familiar

Cartesian plane used in algebra and trigonometry. As shown in the figure the plane
is divided into four quadrants by the two perpendicular lines ( X  axis and Y  axis
) intersecting at the origin O.

They are defined as;

Quadrant I All points  x, y  with x  0, y  0

Quadrant II All points  x, y  with x  0, y  0

Quadrant III All points  x, y  with x  0, y  0

Quadrant IV All points  x, y  with x  0, y  0

Y
II I

x
p  x, y 
y

O x X

III IV

Some Terms Related To Cartesian plane

Abscissa The distance of a point from Y  axis is called x-coordinate or abscissa.

Ordinate The distance of a point from X  axis is called y-coordinate or ordinate.

Cartesian /
The two distances taken together and enclosed in parentheses (x, y) are
Rectangular
called Cartesian or rectangular coordinates.
Coordinates
Definitions and Formulae
The length or the distance of the line segment joining the points A  x1 , y1 
The
Distance & B  x2 , y2  is given by;
Formula
d  AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

Let A  x1 , y1  be any point then its distance from the origin O  0,0 is given
Distance of
a Point by;
from Origin OA  x12  y12
The point of intersection of medians of a triangle is called centroid.
Centroid of Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  are the vertices of a triangle then ,
a Triangle  x  x  x y  y2  y3 
centroid of triangle =  1 2 3 , 1 
 3 3 
The point of intersection of angle bisectors of a triangle is called in-
centre.
In-centre of Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  are the vertices of a triangle and a,b
a Triangle and c are the lengths of the sides opposite to the vertices A ,B and C
 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
respectively ,then in-centre of the triangle =  1 , 
 abc abc 

Remember:

Centroid and in-center of a triangle always lies

within triangle.

The Ratio formula

Internal Let A  x1 , y1  & B  x2 , y2  be the two points in a plane. The coordinates of
Division
the point dividing the line segment AB in the ratio k1 : k2 internally are
 k1 x2  k2 x1 k1 y2  k2 y1 
 , 
 1 2k  k k1  k2 
External Let A  x1 , y1  & B  x2 , y2  be the two points in a plane. The coordinates of
Division
the point dividing the line segment AB in the ratio k1 : k2 externally are
 k1 x2  k2 x1 k1 y2  k2 y1 
 , .
 1 2k  k k1  k 2 
The If k1 : k2  1:1 ,then the point of division becomes the mid-point of A  x1 , y1 
Midpoint
 x  x y  y2 
and B  x2 , y2  ,so the coordinates of the point are  1 2 , 1 .
 2 2 
Theorems
(i) The centroid of a triangle is a point that divides each median in the ratio 2:1.
(ii) The medians of a triangle are concurrent.
(iii) The angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
(iv) The ratio formula is valid in which ever quadrants the points lie.
(v) The angle bisector divides the opposite side in the same ratio as the other two sides
have.
Transformations
Changing the position of the reference axis in a coordinate system by translation,
rotation or both, usually to simplify the equation of a curve, is called
transformation.
TRANSLATION OF AXIS ROTATION OF AXIS

Let p  x, y  be a point in xy-coordinate The xy-coordinate axes are rotated about


system. If the origin O  0,0 is translated the origin through an angle   0     .
 2
to a new point O  h, k  , then point
Then point p  x, y  are transformed to
p  x, y  are translated to p  X , Y  , where
p  X , Y  , where
X  xh
.
Y  yk X  x cos   y sin 
.
Y  y cos   x sin 
 Remember that in translation of axis
,origin is shifted to another point but  In rotation of axes, origin remains at its
the axes remain parallel to the old axes. position, while the axes are shifted to new
axes.

Some Terms Related To a Line

Inclination is the angle   , 0o    180o measured anti clockwise,
Inclination
that a line makes with the positive X  axis .

Inclinations of
some standard (a)Inclination of X  axis or any line parallel to X  axis is 0 .
straight lines (b) Inclination of Y  axis or any line parallel to Y  axis is 90 .

The tangent of inclination of a line is called slope, denoted by m. i.e.

Slope/Gradient
slope  m  tan  .

If A  x1 , y1  & B  x2 , y2  are any two points on a line ,then the slope of

Slope of a line
y2  y1
segment the line segment is defined as; m 
x2  x1

Slopes of some
standard (a) The slope of X  axis or any line parallel to X  axis is 0.
straight lines (b) The slope of Y  axis or any line parallel to Y  axis is undefined.

Let m1 & m2 be the slopes of two straight lines l1 & l2 respectively,

then;
Theorems
related to (i) l1 l2 iff m1  m2 .
slope (ii) l1  l2 iff m1.m2  1 .
(iii) If slope of AB = slope of BC
Then the points A,B and C are collinear.

Equations of Straight Lines Under Different Conditions

Equation of X – axis y0

Equation of Y – axis x0


The proofs of all the theorems are beyond the scope of this book.
 Equation of a line parallel to X – axis y  k , k is any constant not equal to zero.

Equation of line parallel to Y – axis x  h , h is any constant not equal to zero.

Let m be the slope and c be the y-intercept of a
Slope –Intercept form non-vertical line then the equation of the line is
y  mx  c

Equation of Line having slope m and y  mx

passing through Origin
Equation of a non-vertical line having slope m
Point-Slope Form and passing through a point P  x1 , y1  is
y  y1  m  x  x1  .

Equation of a line passing through two points

A  x1 , y1  & B  x2 , y2  is.

y  y1 x  x1
Two Points Form (i) 
y2  y1 x2  x1
x y 1
(ii) x1 y1 1  0
x2 y2 1
Equation of line making intercepts a,b on X-and
Intercepts Form x y
Y-axes respectively is   1
a b

Equation of line with perpendicular length p

Normal/Perpendicular Form from origin and perpendicular making an angle
 with positive X-axis is x cos   y sin   p .

General Form of a Straight Line

ax  by  c  0 is the general form of a straight line, where a,b,c are any real numbers
and a,b cannot zero simultaneously.
Different parameters of different forms of the straight line can be expressed in
terms of a, b, c of the general form of a line as follow;
a
 Slope , m  
b
c
 x-intercept = 
a
c
 y-intercept = 
b
c
 Distance from origin = p =
a 2  b2

Position of a Point with Respect to a Line

(a) The point P  x1, y1  lies above, on or below the line ax  by  c  0 , according as

ax1  by1  c  0 (b  0) .

(b) The point P  x1, y1  is above or below the line ax  by  c  0 if ax1  by1  c and b
have the same or opposite signs.
(c) The P  x1, y1  and the origin are
(i) On the same side of the line according as ax1  by1  c and c have same signs.
(ii) On the opposite side of the line according as ax1  by1  c and c have opposite signs.
Two and Three Straight Lines
 Two lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 & a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are said to be;

a1 b1
(i) Parallel iff  .
a2 b2
(ii) Perpendicular iff a1a2  b1b2  0 .
a1 b1 c1
(iii) Identical iff   .
a2 b2 c2
(iv) Intersects each other iff a1b2  a2b1  0
The Point of Intersection of Two Straight Lines

Let a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 & a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 be two non-parallel and coplanar lines then

their point of intersection is;

 b1c2  b2c1 a2c1  a1c2 

 ,  , a1b2  a2b1  0
 a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 

Condition of Concurrency of Three Lines

Three non-parallel lines

l1 : a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 a1 b1 c1
l2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are concurrent if a2 b2 c2  0
l3 : a3 x  b3 y  c3  0 a3 b3 c3

This is necessary and sufficient condition of concurrency.

Distance of a Point P  x1, y1  From a Line

The distance d from the point P  x1, y1  to the line l : ax  by  c  0 is given by;
ax1  by1  c
d
a 2  b2

Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

l1 : ax  by  c  0 c  c
The distance between two parallel lines is given as; d 
l2 : ax  by  c  0 a 2  b2

Area of a Triangular Region

Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  be the vertices of a triangular region ABC
x1 y1 1
1
then the area of the triangular region is given as;  x2 y2 1 .
2
x3 y3 1
Trapezium
A quadrilateral having two parallel sides and two non parallel sides is called
Trapezium.
1
Area of Trapezium = (sum of parallel sides) (distance between parallel sides)
2
Angle Between Two Lines
Let l1 and l2 be two non-vertical lines such that they are not perpendicular to each
other. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of l1 and l2 respectively, then the angle from l1 to l2
m  m1 m  m1
is given by; tan   2 or   tan 1 2 ,
1  m1m2 1  m1m2
Acute Angle Between Two Straight Lines
 l1 : a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 a1b2  a2b1
The acute angle between two lines is given tan  
l2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 a1a2  b1b2
Key Fact:
Orthocenter and circumcenter change their positions with respect to shape of
triangle.
The point of concurrency of altitudes of a triangle is called
Orthocenter
orthocentre.
The point of concurrency of perpendicular bisectors of a triangle is
Circumcenter
called circumcentre.
Theorem: Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Theorem: Right bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
Theorem: If the points A, B, C are collinear then   0
Family of Lines
Let 1 : a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and 2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 for non zero real h, the equation
(a1 x  b1 y  c1 )  h(a2 x  b2 y  c2 )  0 represents family of lines.
Pair of Straight Lines
An equation of the type f  x, y   0 is called homogeneous
Homogeneous
equation of degree n (n is positive integer) if
Equation
f  kx, ky   k n f  x, y 
General
Homogeneous
Equation of Second ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 , where a, h and b are not simultaneously zero.
Degree in Two
Variables
Theorem: every homogeneous second degree equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0
represents a pair of lines through the origin. The lines are ;
(i) Real and distinct, if h 2  ab .
(ii) Real and coincident, if h 2  ab .
(iii) Imaginary, if h 2  ab .
Angle between the pair of lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is given as;

2 h2  ab
tan   .
ab
(i)   0 if h 2  ab  0 . (Lines are coincident)

(ii)   if a  b  0 . (Lines are perpendicular/orthogonal)
2

(1) If A  2,1 and B  3, 4  are adjacent vertices of a square then length of diagonal of square is;

(a) 10 (b) 2 5

(c) 4 5 (d) 5 2
(2) Which of the following point is at unit distance from origin?
(a) 1,1 (b)  sec , tan  

(c)  cosec ,cot   (d)  sin  ,cos  

(3) The set of points of the form   x,  y  | x  0, y  0 lie in;

(a) 1st Quadrant (b) 2nd Quadrant
(c) 3rd Quadrant (d) 4th Quadrant
(4) A point that divides the joining of  5,2  and  2,5 in 2 :1is;

(a)  3,4  (b)  3,5

(c)  4,3 (d)  2,3

(5) In which ratio, y  axis divides the join of  1,3 and  2, 4  ?

(a) 1: 2 (b) 4: 3

(c) 2 :1 (d) 3: 4

(6) If  2,3 , 1, 4  and  2,3 are consecutive vertices of a parallelogram then the fourth vertex is;
(a)  2,8 (b) 1,9 

(c)  1,10  (d)  3, 4 

(7) After translation of coordinate axes through O  4,1 , coordinates of point  x, y  referred to the
translated axes are 1,8  then;
 x9 x5
(a) (b)
y5 y9

x3 x7
(c) (d)
y7 y3

(8) If axes are rotated through an angle of 60º, new coordinates of  2,2  are;


(a) 1, 3  
(b) 1  3,1  3 

(c) 1  3,1  3  
(d) 1  3, 1  3 
(9) In-center of triangle formed by joining  0,0  ,  0,1 and 1,0  is;

1 1  1 1 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 2  2 2
 1 1   1 1 
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2
(10) A person went 2km in east and then 3 km in north and came back from shortest path, what is
slope of shortest path?
2
(a) 1 (b)
3
3
(c) (d) 0
2
(11) For what value of  , lines 3x  4 y  2  0 and  x  6 y  9  0 are parallel?
9 2
(a) (b) 
2 9
9 2
(c) (d)
2 9
(12) Slope of a line that is perpendicular to y  axis is;
(a) 1 (b) 0

(c) 2 (d) Undefined

(13) Equation of a vertical line passing through origin;

(a) y  c; c  0 (b) y  0

(c) x  0 (d) x  c, c  0

(14) Equation of a line passing through  2, 3 is;

(a) x  2 y  8  0 (b) 2 x  y  7  0

(c) 3 x  4 y  2  0 (d) Cannot be determine

(15) An equation of line passing through set of points represented by  a, b | a  b; a, b   is;

(a) x  y  c  0 (b) x  y  c  0

(c) x  y  0 (d) x  y  0

(16) Two intercept form of equation of straight line is;

y2  y1
(a) y  y1   x  x1  (b) y  y1  m  x  x1 
x2  x1

x y
(c)   1 ; a  0, b  0 (d) y  mx  c
a b
(17) Equation of a line whose x-intercept is –2 and perpendicular to the line 2 x  y  3  0 ;
(a) x  2 y  2  0 (b) x  3 y  2  0
(c) 2 x  y  2  0 (d) 3x  y  9  0

(18) Equation of a line passing through 1, 3 and parallel to x  3 y  8  0 is;

(a) x  3 y  2  0 (b) x  3 y  8  0
(c) 2 x  y  1  0 (d) x  3 y  10  0
(19) Normal form of 4 x  3 y  10  0 is;
4 4 3
(a) y   x  10 (b) x y 2
3 5 5
x y
(c)  0 (d) None of these
5 2 10
3
(20) For what value of  , 4 x  3 y  2  0 and 8 x  6 y    0 are at unit distance from each other;
(a) 10 (b) 4

(c) 14 (d) 2  5

(21) Point  2, 3 lies _____ the line 4 x  3 y  8  0 ;

(a) Above (b) Below

(c) On (d) None of these
(22) Area of triangle formed by the points 1,4  ,  3, 2  and  5, 1 is;
(a) 32 (b) 46
(c) 23 (d) 19
(23) The points  a,1 ,  b,2 and  c,3 are collinear then which of the following is true;

(a) c  b  c  a (b) c  b  b  a
(c) c  a  a  b (d) c  a  b  a
(24) Which of the following is the point of intersection of x  2 y  8  0 and x  y  1  0 ?

(a) 1,2  (b)  2,3

(c)  3, 1 (d)  3, 2 

(25) Sum of distances of a point  3, 2  from coordinate axes is;

(a) 1 (b) –1

(c) 5 (d) 13
(26) Angle from l1  l2 , If l1 : x  2 y  4  0 and l2 : 3 y  x  5  0 is;

 1 1
(a)  tan 1   (b)   tan 1  
2 7 7
1
(c) 2  tan 1   (d) None of these
7
(27) If line  x  5 y  1  0 ,  x  5 y  3  0 and x  2  0 and concurrent then average between
 and  is;
(a) 1 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.2 (d) 0
(28) Which of the following is homogeneous equation?
(a) x 2  2hxy  y 3  0 (b) xy 2  x 2 y  y 3  0

(c) x 2  2hx 2 y 2  y 2  0 (d) x 2  2hxy  y 2  1

(29) An equation x 2  8 xy  5 y 2  0 represents;

 (a) Real and distinct lines (b) Real and coincident lines
(c) Imaginary lines (d) A circle

(30) Angle between pair of straight lines represented by ax 2  2 xy  by 2  0 is, where a and b are
additive inverse of each other;
(a) 0º (b) 45º
(c) 90º (d) –45º
(31) Joint equation of the lines through origin and perpendicular to the lines x 2  4 xy  2 y 2  0 is;

(a) x 2  2 xy  y 2  0 (b) x 2  2 xy  4 y 2  0

(c) 2 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0 (d) 4 x 2  xy  2 y 2  0

(32) A homogeneous equation x 2  2hxy  y 2  0 represents pair of straight lines then mean
between their slopes is;
h 2h
(a) (b) 
b b
h a
(c)  (d)
b b
(33) Area bounded by the lines y  0, x  y and x  1 is;
1
(a) 1 (b)
2
1
(c) (d) 2
2
(34) Which of the following is point of intersection of pair of straight lines represented by
2 x 2  xy  3 y 2  0 ?
(a) 1,1 (b)  0, 1

(c)  1,0 (d)  0,0 

(35) If lines 5 x 2  kxy  3 y 2  0 are real and distinct then which of the following is true;


(a) k  ,  60  
(b) k   60, 60 
(c) k   60,   (d) Both (a) and (c)

(36) A line at a distance of 5 units from origin making an angle of 120º with positive x  axis
represented by;
(a) x  3 y  10  0 (b) x  3 y  10  0

(c) 3 y  x  10  0 (d) 3 x  y  10  0
x y
(37) If the coordinates given in the table represents a line  1
a b
x 0 1 2 3 –1

10 8 14
y 4 2
3 3 3

then values of a and b are;

a4 a6
(a) (b)
b6 b4
a2 a3
(c) (d)
b3 b2

(38) Points P  –1,2 , Q  7,5 and R  2, –6  are the vertices of a _______ triangle.

(a) Isosceles (b) Right

 (c) Equilateral (d) Both (a) and (b)

(39) Inclination of a line perpendicular to y – axis = ______

(a) 90º (b) 180º

(c) 0º (d) both (b) and (c)

(40) Point of intersection of a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 does not exist if;

(a) a1a2  b1b2  0 (b) a1a2  b1b2  0

(c) a1b2  a2b1  0 (d) a1b2  a2 b1  0

(41) Centroid of triangle formed by the points 1,3 ,  5,9  and  x, y  is  4, 4  . Values of x and y
are;
(a)  6,0  (b)  2,3

(c)  6,3 (d)  0,6 

th
4
(42) A point that is   of the way along the line segment from A  1,4  to B  8, 2  is;
7
 22 4   29 4 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
 7 7  7 7

1 4
(c)  ,  (d)  0,0 
7 7

(43) If line segment AB and CD are parallel where A 1, 2  , B  2, 3 , C  4, t  and D  1,0  then
value of t is;
(a) t  5 (b) t  3

(c) t  3 (d) t  5

(44) Symmetric form of an equation of straight line is;

x y x  x1 y  y1
(a)  (b) 
cos  sin  cos  sin 

x  x1 y  y1
(c) x cos   y sin   p (d) 
cos  sin 

(45) If  0, 0  is the Circumcentre of the triangle with vertices  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  and  x3 , y3  then

Circumradius will be

(a) x12  y12 (b) x22  y22

(c) x32  y32 (d) All of these

(46) Distance of a point 1, 1 from line 4 x  7 y  2  0 is;

13 13
(a) (b)
5 5

1 5
(c) (d)
5 13

(47) Which of the following pair of points are on the same side of the line x  y  1  0 ?
(a)  1,1 and  0,0  (b) 1,1 ,  1,0 

(c)  2,1 and  0,0  (d)  3,4 ,  0,0

(48) Equation of a line passing through point of intersection of x  2 y  1  0 and x  y  0 is;

(a) 2 x  3 y  4  0 (b) 3 x  2 y  1  0

(c) x  y  1  0 (d) x  y  0

(49) System of linear equations x  11y  14  0,3 x  y  8  0 and 3x  2 y  5  0 can be written

in matrix form as:

1 11 14   x  0 1 11 14   x  0


(a) 3 1 8  y   0 
(b) 3 1 8  y   0
 
3 2 5   1  0  3 2 5   z  0

 1 11 14   x  0   1 11 14   x  0 

(c) 3 5 2   y   0  
(d) 3 5 2   y   0 
 
 8 3 1   1  0   8 3 1   z  0

(50) Equation of a line lying midway between two parallel lines given by 2 x  5 y  2  0 and

6 x  15 y  4  0 ;

(a) 2 x  5 y  1  0 (b) 6 x  15 y  1  0

(c) 2 x  5 y  3  0 (d) 2 x  5 y  2  0

1 b 11 c 21 b 31 c 41 a

2 d 12 b 22 c 32 c 42 b

3 a 13 c 23 b 33 b 43 a

4 a 14 a 24 b 34 d 44 b

5 a 15 d 25 c 35 d 45 d

6 c 16 c 26 b 36 d 46 b

7 b 17 a 27 b 37 b 47 c

8 c 18 d 28 b 38 d 48 b

9 c 19 b 29 a 39 c 49 a

10 c 20 c 30 c 40 d 50 b

(1)

AB  3  2  1  9  10
2

By Pythagorean Theorem D   AB    BC   10  10
2 2 2

 D 2  20  D  2 5
(2)

As OP   sin   0   cos  0  sin 2   cos2   1  1

2 2

So,  sin  ,cos   is at unit distance from origin.

(3)
For   x,  y  x  0, y  0   x  0,  y  0 . 1st quadrant.

(4)
k2 x1  k1 x2 1 5    2  2  9 k y k y 1 2    2  5  12  4
x    3, y  2 1 1 2 
k1  k2 2 1 3 k1  k2 2 1 3

So, the required point is  3,4  .

(5)
y  axis Divides the join of A  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  in ratio  x1 : x2

(6)
As AD  BC

 x  2   y  3   2 1  3  4
2 2 2 2

 x  2    y  3  1  49  50
2 2

Use plug in method.

x  1, y  10

 1  2   10  3  50  1  49  50  50  50
2 2

(7)
O  h, k   O  4,1 P  X,Y   P 1,8 x  X h , y Y k
h  4, k  1 X  1, Y  8 x  1  4  5, y  8  1  9

 P  x, y   P  5,9 

(8)

1  3
X  x cos  y sin    2  cos60  2sin 60  2    2    1  3
 2   2 

 3 1
Y   x sin   y cos   2sin 60  2cos60  2    2    3  1
 2  2

(9)
In ABC a  BC  2, b  CA  1, c  AB  1 .

In center is

 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3  

  2   0  11  1 0 ,  2   0   1 0   11 
 , 
 abc abc   2 11 2 11 
 
  1 1 
 , 
 2 2 2 2 

(10)
P 3
As m  tan   
B 2
(11)
As l1 : 3x  4 y  2  0

l2 :  x  6 y  9  0

3  9
Are || then m1  m2     
4 6 2

(12)
Line perpendicular to y  axis is x  axis and slope of x  axis is '0'

(13)

Equation of vertical line passing through  a, b  is x  a.

So, equation of vertical line through  0,0  is x  0

(14)

As  2, 3 lie on x  2 y  8  0

(15)

Equation of line through set of points represented by  a, b | a  b ; a, b   is a line bisecting

Ist and IIIrd quadrant. So its equation is x  y

(16)
x y
Two intercept form of equation of straight line is   1 where “a” is x–intercept and “b” is
a b
y–intercept.

(17)
As equation of line perpendicular to 2 x  y  3  0 is x  2 y  k  0 . For x–intercept

Let y  0  x  k  2  k  2

So, the required line is x  2 y  2  0 .

(18)
As equation of line parallel to x  3 y  8  0 is x  3 y  k  0

As 1, 3 lie on this line, so 1  9  k  0  k  10

So, the required line is x  3 y  10  0 .

(19)
ax  by c
Normal form of equation of line ax  by  c  0 is 
a b
2 2
 a 2  b2

4x  3y 10 4 x  3 y 10 4 3
So, normal form of 4 x  3 y  10 is     x y 2
16  9 16  9 5 5 5 5

(20)
 l1 : 8 x  6 y  4  0

l2 : 8 x  6 y    0

d 1
  4  64  36
c2  c1  4
 1   4  10    14
a 2  b2 a 2  b2

(21)
As b  3  0

ax1  by1  c  4  2  3 3  8  8  9  8  9  0

 2, 3 lies below the given line.

(22)
1 4 1
1 1 1 1
  3 2 1  1 2  1  4  3  5   1 3  10     1  32  13   46 
2 2 2 2
5 1 1

  23 area can never be negative so,   23 sq. Units

 As A a,1 b,2 and  c,3 are collinear

2 1 3  2 1 1
So, slope of AB  slop of BC      cb  ba
ba cb ba cb

(24)
As  2,3 lie on x  2 y  8  0 and x  y  1  0 so,  2,3 is their point of intersection.

(25)
Point  3, 2  is at a distances of 3 units from y  axis and 2 unit, from x  axis so sum of
distances from coordinate axis is 3  2  5

(26)
1 1

m2  m1 2  3 1
l1 : x  2 y  4  0, l2 : 3 y  x  5  0 tan    3 2  
1  m1m2 1  1 . 1 6  1 7
1 1   1 1 2 3
 m1   , m2  
2 2 3 3 1 1
   tan 1   and         tan 1  
7 7

(27)
As l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent, so

 5 1
 5 3  0   10  0  5  2  3 1 0  5  0  10  10  15  5  0
1 0 2

  1
 10  10  10      1    0.5
2 2

(28)
Let x  tx, y  ty

   
Then xy 2  x2 y  y3   tx  ty    tx   ty    ty    tx  t 2 y 2  t 2 x 2  ty   t 3 y 3
2 2 3

 t 3 xy 2  t 3 x 2 y  t 3 y 3  t 3  xy 2  x 2 y  y 3 

So, xy 2  x 2 y  y 3  0 is a homogeneous equation of degree 3.

(29)
In x 2  8 xy  5 y 2  0

a  1, 2hxy  8 xy  h  4, b  5

h2  ab  16  1 5  16  5  11  0

So liens are real and distinct.

(30)
As a and b are additive inverse of each other so, a  b  0;

2 b2  ab 2 h2  ab
 tan         90
ab 0

(31)
 Joint equation of the lines through origin and perpendicular to the lines. ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0

is bx 2  2hxy  ay 2  0 . So, required equation is 2 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0

(32)
2h
As m1  m2 
b

m1  m2  h
 
2 b

(33)
1 1 1
Area   base  height  11 
2 2 2

(34)

Second degree homogenous equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 always represent equation of two

straight lines passing through origin i.e.  0, 0 

(35)

As the lines 5 x 2  kxy  3 y 2  0 are real and distinct so, h 2  ab  0

2
k k2
     5  3  0   15  k 2  60  k  60  k   60, k  60
2 4

(36)

In 3 x  y  10  0

 3
m  tan     3    120 and distance of line 3 x  y  10  0 from origin is
1

c 10 10
d   5
a 2  b2 3 1 2

(37)

As  0, 4  lie on
x y
  1
a 4
x y
 1 Now  3, 2  lie on this line
a b
3 2 3 1 3 1
4
 0  1 b  4   1   1    a  6
b a 4 a 2 a 2

(38)

As PQ   7  1   5  2  64  9  73,
2 2

QR   2  7    6  5  25  121  146
2 2

RP   2  1   6  2  9  64  73
2 2

So, it is Isosceles and right angle triangle.

(39)
 As line  to y  axis is x  axis so, its inclination is 0 .

(40)
Point of intersection of l1 and l2 does not exist if l1 || l2
 a1  a2
 m1  m2    a1b2  a2b1  0
b1 b2

(41)
 1 5  x 3  9  y 
As centroid is  , 
 3 3 

1 5  x
  4  x  6  12  x  6
3
39 y
  4  12  y  12  y  0
3

(42)
th
4
  of the way means it divide the join of A  1, 4  and B 8, 2  in the ratio 4 : 3
7

x
k2 x1  k1x2  3 1   4  8  29

k y k y
 ,y 2 1 1 2 
 3 4    4  2   4
k1  k2 43 7 k1  k2 43 7

(43)
3  2 0  t 1 t
AB || CD  m1  m2      t  5
2  1 1  4 1 5
 x  x1 y  y1
Symmetric form of equation of straight line is   r (say).
cos  sin 

(45)
If O  0,0  is the circumcenter of the ABC then

OA  OB  OC  x12  y12  x22  y22  x32  y32

(46)
ax1  by1  c 4 1  7  1  2 472 13 13 13
As d      
a 2  b2 42   7 
2
16  49 65 5 5

(47)
For  2,1 2  1  1  2  0

For  0,0  0  0  1  1  0

So,  2,1 and  0,0  are on the same side of the given line.

(48)
Intersection of x  2 y  1  0 and x  y  0 is  1,1 and  1,1 lie on the line 3 x  2 y  1  0 .

(49)
1 11 14   x  0   x  11y  14 0 x  11y  14  0
3 1 8  y   0   3 x  y  8   0  3x  y  8  0
        
3 2 5   1  0  3 x  2 y  5  0  3x  2 y  5  0

(50)
Equation of line || to l1 : ax  by  c1  0 and l2 : ax  by  c2  0 lying midway between them
is

c1  c2
ax  b` y   0 , so the required line is
2

4
2 
2x  5 y  3  0  2 x  5 y  6  4  0  12 x  30 y  2  0  6 x  15 y  1  0
2 6

Past Paper Questions

(1) The slope-intercept form of 2 y  3 x  7 is: PIEAS
2019
3 7 3 7
(a) y   x  (b) y   x 
2 2 2 2
3 7 3 7
(c) y  x  (d) y  x 
2 3 2 2
(2) The lines y  2 x  3 and y  2 x  4 are: PIEAS 2019
(a) Parallel (b) Intersecting
(c) Perpendicular (d) None of the above
(3) Perpendicular distance of  1,0 from the line 3 x  4 y  22 is: PIEAS
2019
(a) 5 (b) 7
(c) 10 (d) 9
(4) Which of the following is intercepts form of a straight line? PIEAS 2019
b a a b
(a)   1 (b)   1
x x x y
x y
(c)   1 (d) None of the above
a b
(5) Solutions of system 2 x  y  4 and 4 x  2 y  8 are: PIEAS 2018
(a) 0 (b) Infinitely many
(c) 100 (d) 2
1
(6) Two straight lines are given as M : y  3 x  1 and N : y   x  2 then which of
3
the following statements is true? ECAT 2015
(a) M and N are parallel (b) M and N are perpendicular
(c) M and N do not intersect (d) M and N intersect at multiple points

(7) The equation of the line passing through  3, 4  and is parallel to x  2 y  6  0

is PIEAS 2017
(a) x  2 y  11  0 (b) x  3 y  6  0
(c) 2 x  3 y  6  0 (d) None of these
(8) In what ratio does the point C  2, 4  divide the join of A  7,9  and B  1,1 ?
PIEAS 2016
(a) 2:3 (b) 5:1
(c) 5:4 (d) 5:3

ANSWER KEY

1 D 11 21 31 41 51

2 A 12 22 32 42 52

3 A 13 23 33 43 53

4 C 14 24 34 44 54

5 B 15 25 35 45 55

6 B 16 26 36 46

7 A 17 27 37 47

8 D 18 28 38 48

9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50