Whereas in English less is used for singular and uncountable nouns and fewer is

used for plural and countable nouns.

Mis alumnos aprenden tanto como tus alumnos.

My students learn as much as your students.
Rosario bebe tanto como Carmen.
Rosario drinks as much as Carmen.
Las naranjas cuestan tanto como las manzanas.
Oranges cost as much as apples.
Note that tanto como never changes with verbs.
Unlike in English, you don't repeat the verb at the end:
Él tiene tanta paciencia como ella tiene.
He has as much patience as she does.
-----------------------------------------
When you are talking about relationship statuses in Spanish, you need to use the
verb estar and not ser.

Read and listen to these examples:

Yo estoy casada con un chico millonario.
I am married to a millionaire guy.
Joaquín va a estar soltero toda la vida.
Joaquín is going to be single all his life long.
Mis padres están divorciados desde 2007.
My parents are divorced since 2007.
Nosotros estábamos separados antes.
We were separated before.
Tu novia y tú habéis estado comprometidos hasta este año.
Your girlfriend and you have been engaged until this year.
Mi abuela Sagrario está viuda.
My grandmother Sagrario is a widow.
-------------------------
PRODUCIR (to produce)
-----------------------------
The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) have identical conjugations in El Pretérito
Indefinido (the simple past):
You can tell which verb is meant by the presence of the preposition a after the
verb. Ser is never followed by a, but ir always is!
-------------------------------------
Poco, poca, pocos, pocas + [noun] = little / not much / few / not many + [noun]
María come poco pan.
Maria doesn't eat much bread.
En esta casa entra muy poca luz.
In this house there's very little light.
Tengo pocos caramelos.
I have few candies.
Tengo pocas cosas que llevar.
I have few things to carry.
Poco and poca are used with a singular noun to express little/not much (of), while
pocos and pocas are used with a plural noun to express few/not many (of).

Quantitative Adjective

Masculine Feminine
Singular

poco little/not much

poca little/not much
Plural
pocos few/not many

pocas few/not many

Mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas + [noun] = much / a lot of / many + [noun]

Alberto come mucho queso, ¡le encanta!
Alberto eats a lot of cheese, he loves it!
Nosotros tenemos mucha energía.
We have a lot of energy.
Ellos poseen muchos coches.
They own many cars.
Ella visita muchas veces a sus padres.
She visits her parents often [lit: many times].
Mucho and mucha are used with a singular noun to express much/a lot of, while
muchos and muchas are used with a plural noun to express many/a lot of.

Here's a recapitulative table:

Quantitative Adjective

Masculine Feminine
Singular

mucho
much/a lot of mucha
much/a lot of
Plural

muchos
many/a lot of

muchas
many/a lot of

Demasiado, demasiada, demasiados, demasiadas + [noun] = too much / too many +

[noun]
Tenemos demasiado dinero.
We have too much money.
Hay demasiada fruta en la nevera.
There is too much fruit in the fridge.
En Londres hay demasiados días grises.
There are too many grey days in London.
Tengo que esperar demasiadas horas para que me vea un médico.
I have to wait too many hours for a doctor to see me.
Demasiado and demasiada are used with a singular noun to express too much (of),
while demasiados and demasiadas are used with a plural noun to express too many
(of).

Here's a recapitulative table:

Quantitative Adjective

Masculine Feminine
Singular

demasiado
too much (of) demasiada
too much (of)
Plural
demasiados
too many (of)

demasiadas
too many (of)

Tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas + [noun] = so much / so many + [noun]

Tanto dinero no da la felicidad.
So much money doesn't bring happiness.
Tanta luz no es buena para sacar fotos.
So much light is not good for taking photos.
Después de tantos años mantenemos el contacto.
After so many years we keep in touch.
Con tantas explicaciones no entiendo bien el problema.
With so many explanations I don't really understand the problem.
Tanto and tanta are used with a singular noun to express so much (of), while tantos
and tantas are used with a plural noun to express so many (of).

Here's a recapitulative table:

Quantitative Adjective

Masculine Feminine
Singular

tanto
so much
tanta
so much
Plural

tantos
so many

tantas
so many

Bastante, bastantes + [noun] = enough (of) + [noun]

Tenemos bastante pan para cenar.
We have enough bread for dinner.
Hay bastantes clientes en la tienda.
There are enough customers in the shop.
Bastante is used with a singular noun to express enough (of), while bastantes is
used with a plural noun to express enough (of).
Bastante / bastantes do not agree in gender: they keep the same form in masculine
and feminine!

Suficiente, suficientes + [noun] = enough (of), sufficient + [noun]

Juan tiene suficiente dinero para ir al cine.
Juan has enough money to go to the cinema.
Elisa vio suficientes museos en Londres.
Elisa saw enough museums in London.
Suficiente is used with a singular noun to express enough (of) or sufficient while
suficientes is used with a plural noun to express enough (of) or sufficient.
Suficiente / suficientes do not agree in gender: they keep the same form in
masculine and feminine!
----------------------------
HUIR to run away
proveer (provide)
----------------------
In Spanish we use hubo to say there was or there were. Read and listen to these
examples:

Hubo una tormenta muy fuerte. There was a big storm.

Hubo muchos problemas con los turistas. There were many problems with the
tourists.
----------------------------
We use the preposition para (not por) in Spanish to express the time limit/deadline
of something.

Here are some examples:

Quiero el informe para mañana a primera hora, por favor.

I want the report by first thing tomorrow, please.
Tengo que preparar el discurso para el jueves.
I have to prepare the speech by Thursday.
Debemos terminar el proyecto para principios de mayo.
We must finish the project by early May.
Note that when para is used in this context, the English equivalent is the
preposition by.
----------------------------
Verbs ending in -car, like acercar (to move something closer), embarcar (to
board), equivocar[se] (to make a mistake), tocar (to touch, to play), explicar (to
explain), are irregular in El Pretérito Indefinido because the spelling changes for
pronunciation reasons in the first person singular (yo).

Verbs ending in -gar like: pagar (to pay), llegar (to arrive), apagar (to turn off)
are irregular in El Pretérito Indefinido because the spelling changes for
pronunciation reasons only in the first person singular (yo).

Verbs ending in-zar like: organizar (to organise), analizar (to analyse), cazar (to
hunt) are irregular in El Pretérito Indefinido because the spelling changes for
pronunciation reasons in the first person singular (yo).

Poner and its derivatives componer, disponer, and proponer are irregular verbs in
El Pretérito Indefinido that all follow the same pattern:
poner (to put)
componer (to form / to compose)
disponer (to get/ to arrange)
proponer (to suggest/ to propose))

COMPETIR to compete SERVIR to serve

Verbs that follow this pattern are:

competir (to compete)

conseguir (to achieve)
pedir (to ask for)
preferir (to prefer)
repetir (to repeat/rehearse)
seguir (to follow)
sentir (to feel)
servir (to serve/to be good at something/ be useful)
---------------------------------
The verb andar (to walk) is irregular in El Pretérito
-------------------------------
There are some time phrases that will generally trigger the use of El Pretérito
Indefinido
Here are some:

El año pasado
El otro día
Ayer
Anoche
El mes pasado
Hace 3 días
El verano pasado
----------------------------------
Decir and its derivatives predecir, bendecir, maldecir are irregular in El
Pretérito Indefinido
decir (to say/tell)
predecir (to predict)
bendecir (to bless)
maldecir (to curse)
--------------------------
One use of the preposition para (not por) in Spanish is to indicate a destination.
El tren del andén 2 va para Barcelona.
The train on plattform 2 is going to/towards Barcelona.
Vamos para la playa porque hay una fiesta.
We are heading to/towards the beach because there is a party.
Esto está roto así que va para la basura.
This is broken so it's going in the bin.
Note that in this specific use of para, the preposition a is also acceptable.

Necesitamos llevar los paquetes para el almacén.

We need to take the parcels to the store room.
Necesitamos llevar los paquetes al almacén.
We need to take the parcels to the store room.
------------------------------------------
producir (to produce)
introducir (to introduce)
traducir (to translate)
conducir (to drive)
reducir (to reduce)
reproducir (to reproduce)
seducir (to seduce)
---------------------------------------
The Spanish tense El Pretérito Imperfecto is used to talk about habits in the past
(used to) and to describe actions which were repeated in the past.
saber (to know) caber (to fit)
La maleta no cupo en el coche.
The suitcase did not fit in the car.
---------------------------
In Spanish we use the impersonal pronoun se as "one" in order to explain general
statements. The verb is conjugated in the 3rd person singular.

Have a look at these examples:

Se vive bien en Mérida. One lives well in Merida.

Se come bien en la playa. One eats well at the beach.
Se duerme mejor con la conciencia tranquila. One sleeps better with a clear
conscience.
Se está a gusto aqui. One is comfortable here.
--------------------------------------
We use El Pretérito Imperfecto to describe situations in the past, i.e to explain
what "was happening". Some of these situations are:
Talking about what the weather was like
Talking about who one was with
Describing qualities
Talking about age
To say what the time was
To describe a situation/setting

En los años sesenta había muchos hippies. In the sixties there were many hippies.
El hotel tenía muy buenas instalaciones. The hotel had very good facilities.
En Madrid hacía sol y calor. It was sunny and hot in Madrid.
El paisaje en el campo era muy bonito. The landscape in the countryside was very
beautiful.
Ella tenía el pelo rubio y rizado. She had blond curly hair.
Los niños jugaban en los columpios. The children were playing on the swings.
Eran las tres de la tarde. It was three in the afternoon.
Luis estaba con su novia en el bar. Luis was with his girlfriend at the bar.
-------------------------------------
Using esto, este, esta, estos, estas to say "this", "this one" and "these ones"
(demonstrative pronouns)
----------------------------------
Referring to an idea
When the pronoun is refering to an idea, then we use the neutral pronoun esto, and
there is only one form. It could be translated as "this thing".

Esto es muy útil. This is very useful.

Esto es muy desagradable. This is very unpleasant.
Esto no es lo que yo dije. This is not what I said.
---------------------------
When the pronoun is referring to an idea, then we use the neutral pronoun eso, and
there is only one form. You could translate it as "that/that thing".

Eso me parece una tontería. That strikes me as being nonsense.

Eso no es una excusa para llegar tarde. That is not an excuse for being late.
--------------------------------------
Referring to an idea
When the pronoun is referring to an idea, then we use the neutral pronoun aquello,
and there is only one form. You could translate it as "it" or "that".
Aquello no es plato de buen gusto. It's not everyone's cup of tea.
Aquello me tiene un poco preocupado. It's got me a bit worried.
-----------------------------------
Unlike in English there are 2 adverbs to express the notion of there. The
difference can be tricky to understand for learners, but basically AHÍ is used to
express a "nearer" there than ALLÍ which is even further away. Let's look at each
in turn.
AHÍ is used to talk about a middle distance (between the speaker/s and the object
or person they are talking about) or to talk about an object or person that is near
the listener.
Ahí está Fernando, vamos a saludarle. Fernando is there, let's say hello to
him.
Ahí está tu bolígrafo, al lado de tu libro. Your pen is there, near your book.
In the first example, the speakers are together and are talking about another
person (Fernando) who is a bit further away from both of them.

In the second example, the speaker is pointing at something (el bolígrafo) which is
near the listener.
In both cases we use ahí.
---------------------------------------------------------