Architecture and Installation of The DBMS

ARCHITECTURE AND INSTALLATION
OF THE DBMS.
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that allow users to
create and maintain a database. A fundamental characteristic of the DBMS is that it
provides a certain level of data abstraction, thus hiding storage details that the end user does
not usually need to know. There are three important features in the database approach, one
is that it separates programs from data and operations, the second is the support of multiple
user views and the third is the use of a catalog to store the description ( schema) of the
database.
Sometimes we talk about an architecture in schemes. An internal, conceptual scheme and

an external one. The internal describes the physical storage structure of the database. The
conceptual hides details of the physical storage structures and focuses attention on entities,
data types, relationships, and constraints. In the external or view schema it describes the
database for the user groups. Not all DBMSs separate the three levels, some of them
include the schemes within others but they are supported. The DBMS allows for a
transformation or correspondence of a request to be able to express it in terms of the
schemas on the stored database.
2.1 Instance process and memory structures

System Global Area (SGA)
control information of an instance of a DB. If multiple users connect concurrently to the same
instance, then the data is shared in the SGA, which is why it is also called shared global area .
EMS Data Structure
 Buffer Cache
 Redo log buffer
 The shared pool
 Large Pool
 Java Pool
 Stream Pool
 Dictionary cache
Global Program Areas (PGA)
 It is private for each server and are background processes; A PGA is assigned to each
process.
 The content of its memory varies depending on where the instance is running and
whether the server is shared.
 It is classified into section memory and private SQL area.
Sort Areas.
 They are the memory areas in which the data is ordered, that is, the memory
space needs the organization and ordering of the rows.
 There are many important reasons why this size influences performance.
Virtual memory
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that allows the operating system to provide,
both for the user software and for itself, a greater amount of memory than is physically available.
Software Code Area (SCA).
 They are areas of memory intended to store Oracle code that is running or can be
executed.
 It is stored in a different area, and more protected than the areas dedicated to storing
user program codes.
 The SCA is usually static in size, changing only when the software is installed or updated.
2.1 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF A DATABASE
The physical organization of a database is an extensive topic and is
addressed in detail mainly in the database subject. However, the overall performance of a
database system is largely determined by the physical data structures used and the
efficiency with which the system works on them.
IMPORTANT PHYSICAL ELEMENTS

• * Data File: which are binary files where the tables and other structures are stored.
• Redo log: allow you to undo the changes of a database modification procedure
(Insert, update, delete, or transaction).
• Control Files: These are control files that determine the behavior of the database;
they are, so to speak, configuration files that are used to start the SGA.
2.3 Installation requirements
Each DBMS has a minimum requirement for both CPU and memory to operate properly.
Additionally, some DBMSs specify the hardware and software models they require. A very
common problem is that it is not known which DBMS to choose, which is why before making these
decisions it is necessary to investigate the installation requirements as well as their performance
or description.
DBMS installation in transactional mode

BeginTrans:
The following is the wrong way to use transactions:
$DB -> BeginTrans ();

$DB -> Execute ( "update table1 set val=$val1 where id=$id" );
$DB -> Execute ( "update table2 set val=$val2 where id=$id" );
$DB -> CommitTrans ();
because no error checking is done.
It is possible to update table1 and the update in table2 fails. Here is a better way:
$DB -> BeginTrans ();

$ok = $DB -> Execute ( "update table1 set val=$val1 where id=$id" );
if ( $ok ) $ok = $DB -> Execute ( "update table2 set val=$val2 where id=$id" );
if ( $ok ) $DB -> CommitTrans ();
else $DB -> RollbackTrans ();
CommitTrans
Saves changes made within an open transaction on the connection and terminates the
transaction.
Complete a transaction successfully. Returns true if successful. If the database does not
support transactions, it will also return true that the data has always been committed.
If you pass the parameter $ok = false, the data is undone.
RollbackTrans
End a transaction, undo all changes. Returns true if successful. If the database does
not support transactions, it will return false as data is never rolled back.
2.5 Environment variables and important files for installation
 To install MySQL as the first instance, the main file is the one downloaded from the MySQL
website. Its installation depends on the operating system.
 Variable: It is a space in memory to which a name is given. There are specific variables that
are created when entering the system, but there are also variables that can be defined by
the user. Variables are a way of passing information to programs when they are executed.
 Environment Variables: They are used to customize the environment in which programs
run and to correctly execute shell commands.
 The process to install MySQL from a ZIP file is as follows

 1- Extract the contents of the file into the desired installation directory.
 2 - Create an options file
 3- Choose a type of MySQL server.

 4-Start the MySQL server
 5- Set the security of the default user accounts.
 There are four types of logs:
 Error Log
 General Log File of Inquiries (General Log File)
 Binary Log
 Slow Query Log File
2.6 General Installation Procedure

MySQL Enterprise Edition
• The installation process is very simple and requires virtually no
user intervention.
• The process begins; It will only take us a couple of minutes.
2.7PROCEDURE FOR CONFIGURATION OF A DBMS

Configuring DBMS parameters allows:
 Control the way the DBMS works
 Resources made available to you.
Each DBMS also provides a method to change system parameters once it is up and
running.
 DBMS commands to set system parameters
 Edit a file containing the current system parameter values.
2.8 General commands for registering and deleting the

DBMS
I/O LANGUAGES
■
SELECT
■ INSERT
■ DELETE
■ UPDATE

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ARCHITECTURE AND INSTALLATION

Sometimes we talk about an architecture in schemes. An internal, conceptual scheme and

2.1 Instance process and memory structures

EMS Data Structure

 Redo log buffer

 The shared pool

Global Program Areas (PGA)

 It is classified into section memory and private SQL area.

Software Code Area (SCA).

2.1 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE

IMPORTANT PHYSICAL ELEMENTS

2.3 Installation requirements

DBMS installation in transactional mode

$DB -> BeginTrans ();

because no error checking is done.

$DB -> BeginTrans ();

If you pass the parameter $ok = false, the data is undone.

2.5 Environment variables and important files for installation

 The process to install MySQL from a ZIP file is as follows

 2 - Create an options file

 3- Choose a type of MySQL server.

 There are four types of logs:

 General Log File of Inquiries (General Log File)

 Slow Query Log File

2.6 General Installation Procedure

• The process begins; It will only take us a couple of minutes.

2.7PROCEDURE FOR CONFIGURATION OF A DBMS

2.8 General commands for registering and deleting the

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