Roman Traffic Volume

TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT KAMALBINAYAK INTERSECTION
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the peak hour.
2. To determine the peak hour traffic volume.
3. To understand vehicle composition during study period.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Stopwatch
2. Datasheet
THEORY
The safe and time efficient movement of the people and goods is dependent on Traffic
flow,which is directly connected to the traffic characteristics, and it is governed by traffic
Engineering. The three main parameters of a traffic flow are volume, speed, and density.
For planning, designing and operation of transportation system the first and foremost
requirement is volume. Volume is simply the number of vehicles passing a section of a
roadway. Expressing traffic volume as number of vehicles passing a given section of road
or traffic lane per unit time will be inappropriate when several types of vehicles with
widely varying static and dynamic characteristics are comprised in the traffic. The problem
of measuring volume of such heterogeneous traffic has been addressed by converting the
different types of vehicles into equivalent passenger cars and expressing the volume in
termsof Passenger Car Unit (PCU) per hour.
Volume/flow:
The total number of vehicles that pass over a given point or section of a lane or roadway
during a given time interval is called volume. It is the actual number of vehicles observed
or predicted to passing a point during a given interval.
Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess traffic-
flowrate on a highway. A Passenger Car Unit is a measure of the impact that a mode of
transporthas on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single
standard passenger car. It is used to convert mix traffic into single unit.
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S. N Vehicle Type Equivalence Factor
1 Two wheelers 0.5
2 Car, Auto Rickshaw, Light 1.0
Van, pickup
3 Light truck, tractor 1.5
4 Truck, bus, Mini Bus, Tractor 3.0
with trailer
5 Non- Motorized carts 6.0
Table 1 : Equivalency Factor of different vehicles as per NRS-2070
Rate of flow:
The equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass over a given point or section of a lane
or roadway during a time interval less than 1hr. usually 15 min.
30th highest hourly volume:

It is the hourly volume that will be exceeded only 29 times in a year and all other hourly
volume will be less than this value.
Peak Hour Volume:

The peak hour volume is the volume of traffic that uses the approach, lane, or lane group
in question during the hour of the day that observes the highest traffic volumes for that
intersection.
Peak Hour Factor:

The peak hour factor (PHF) is derived from the peak hour volume. It is simply the ratio of
thepeak hour volume to four times the peak fifteen-minute volume.
Design Flow Rate:

The design flow rate or the actual flow rate, for an approach, lane, or lane group is the
peak hour volume (flow rate) for that entity divided by the peak hour factor.
Average Daily Traffic (ADT):

The average 24-hr volume at a given location over a defined time period in less than one
year.The common application is to measure an ADT for each month of the year.
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT):

Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in
transportation planning, transportation engineering and retail location selection.
Traditionally, it is the totalvolume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided
by 365 days.
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METHODS FOR VOLUME SURVEY
There are two major methods of counting vehicle for volume survey.
1. Manual Counting Method
In this method, vehicles are counted manually. There are two methods of manual
counting:
i. Direct Method
ii. Indirect Method.
2. Automatic counting method:
In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human
involvement. There are two techniques of automatic counting: a) Contact system
based on pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezo-electric method and b)
Contactless system based on electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro
wave, CCTV/video imageprocessing method etc.
i) Direct Method (Manual counting method):

Data is counted by using hand tally and manual counters/enumerators.
Advantages: By this method traffic volume as well as vehicle classification
and turning proportions can be obtained. Data can be used immediately
after collection.
Disadvantages: This method is not practicable for long duration count and
whenflow is high.
Error is common especially when volume is high. Count cannot be cross
checked.Count cannot be done in bad weather.
ii) Indirect Method:

In this method, data is collected using video camera. Video is captured for
longtime and data is collected later by rewinding.
Advantages: Besides traffic volume, several traffic parameters can be
obtainedfrom recorded film. Data can be cross checked and quality can be
ensured. Thismethod is applicable when volume is high. It is suitable for
non-lane-based traffic operation.
Disadvantages: A suitable elevated place is required for filming operation.
Data cannot be used immediately after collection. Data must be manually
transcript of recorded film. This process is time consuming and tedious.
Because of limitation of capacity of film, it is not suitable for long duration
counts. Qualityof video recorded on film is dependent on intensity of light
and this method isnot suitable in overcast day.
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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
N-NAGARKOT C-CHYAMASINGH B-BYASI
Table 2: Volume count in all directions
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Figure 1: Traffic volume of Wednesday (Morning)
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Figure 2: Traffic volume of Wednesday (Evening)
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RESULT
The traffic volume analysis was conducted at the Kamalbinayak Intersection, revealing that
the peak hours occur from 9:15 to 10:15 am in the morning and from 4:00 to 5:00 pm in the
evening.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

The traffic volume study at the Kamalbinayak Intersection was carried out manually during
both morning and evening peak hours.
The aim was to ascertain the peak hour traffic flow, which peaked at 2230 Passenger Car Units
(PCU) in the morning and 2087 PCU in the evening. Intersection design hinges on specific
capacity parameters, yet there's a likelihood of traffic intensity surpassing the design
threshold, resulting in congestion and delays. Typically, traffic design endeavors rely on the
30th average annual daily traffic data.
To compute the peak hour volume, traffic counts were conducted at 15-minute intervals, and
the highest total of four consecutive readings was selected. This figure holds significant
importance for road construction design and enhancing road capacity. The collected data can
be subsequently converted into Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and Annual Average Daily Traffic
(AADT) using suitable conversion factors.
Despite attempts to mitigate errors, challenges were encountered during the traffic count
process, particularly in instances where some vehicles were missed due to the high intensity
of traffic. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure precise and effective results in
assessing the traffic capacity of the intersection.
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PRECAUTIONS
1. Safety measures must be adopted while surveying to prevent any accidents.

2. There should be proper coordination between flagger, time keeper and recorder.
3. Vehicles of various type and various PCU must be considered.
4. Proper site must be selected which should be free from any geometric
features ofroad.
REFERENCES
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368356866_traffic_volume_study_and_sui
table_solution_for_highway_intersection_at_technical_-junction_
https://altafrehman.weebly.com/uploads/9/7/9/7/97973756/traffic_volume_studies03.pdf
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TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT KAMALBINAYAK INTERSECTION

Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

30th highest hourly volume:

Peak Hour Volume:

Peak Hour Factor:

Design Flow Rate:

Average Daily Traffic (ADT):

Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT):

i) Direct Method (Manual counting method):

ii) Indirect Method:

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

1. Safety measures must be adopted while surveying to prevent any accidents.

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