Traffic volume studies collect data on the number of vehicles passing a point over time. There are different types of counts including average annual daily traffic (AADT), average daily traffic (ADT), and peak hour volume (PHV) which are used for various transportation planning purposes. Volume counts are conducted manually or mechanically using devices like pneumatic tubes. The data is adjusted using expansion factors to estimate volumes over different time periods from periodic sample counts.
Traffic volume studies collect data on the number of vehicles passing a point over time. There are different types of counts including average annual daily traffic (AADT), average daily traffic (ADT), and peak hour volume (PHV) which are used for various transportation planning purposes. Volume counts are conducted manually or mechanically using devices like pneumatic tubes. The data is adjusted using expansion factors to estimate volumes over different time periods from periodic sample counts.
Traffic volume studies collect data on the number of vehicles passing a point over time. There are different types of counts including average annual daily traffic (AADT), average daily traffic (ADT), and peak hour volume (PHV) which are used for various transportation planning purposes. Volume counts are conducted manually or mechanically using devices like pneumatic tubes. The data is adjusted using expansion factors to estimate volumes over different time periods from periodic sample counts.
Traffic volume studies collect data on the number of vehicles passing a point over time. There are different types of counts including average annual daily traffic (AADT), average daily traffic (ADT), and peak hour volume (PHV) which are used for various transportation planning purposes. Volume counts are conducted manually or mechanically using devices like pneumatic tubes. The data is adjusted using expansion factors to estimate volumes over different time periods from periodic sample counts.
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 14
TRAFFICE ENGINEERING
Traffic Stream Characteristics
Volume Studies
Traffic studies may be grouped into three main categories, static
inventories , Administrative studies , and dynamic studies. Dynamic studies involves the collection of data under operational condition and include studies of speed, traffic volume, travel time and delay, parking , and accidents.
traffic volume studies are carried out to collect data on
the number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway facility during a specific time period . time period varies from as little as 15 min . to as much as a year .
I - Definitions Average Annual Daily traffic ( AADT ) : Is the Average of 24hr counts collected every day in the year .
= AADT Collected volume in a year
365 (AADT) used to * Computation of accident rates * Development of freeway and major arterial * Establishment of traffic volume trends
Volume 2 Volume Studies
Average Daily Traffic ( ADT) : is the average of 24 hr counts
collected over a number of days greater than one day and less than a year.
Collected volume in a period
ADT = No of days in this period
(ADT) used for
planning of HWY activities . Measurement of current demand Evaluation of existing traffic flow .
Peak Hour Volume (PHV) is the maximum no of vehicles that
pass a point an a HWY during a period of sixty consecutive minutes ( one hour ) . (PHV) used for Capacity analysis Functional classification of HWYs Development of parking regulation
Volume 3 Volume Studies
Vehicle Classification (VC) : records volume with respect to
the type of vehicles . ( I-e , passenger cars (pc) , two-axle trucks, 3-axles trucks , 4-axle trucks , and so forth-) (VC) used for :- Design of geometric characteristics Structural design of HWY pavements,- Capacity analysis .
Vehicle Miles of Travel ( VMT) : is measure of travel along
a section of road . VMT = ( ADT or AWT )* length of road in miles (VMT) used as abase for allocating resources for maintenance and improvement of HWYs .
Volume 4 Traffic Composition
Any traffic stream consists of a lot type of vehicle such as
passenger car, truck, Bus, trailer, and Hand driver car . for the purpose of design , the practical volume of traffic must be in one type ( pc / hr / lane ) . Consequently , each type of vehicle must be converted to passenger car count . the following factor can be used PC = 1 pcu Bus = 20 pcu Bick up = 2.0 pcu S.U. Truck = 205 pcu HDC = 6 pcu Ex:- if the practical capacity of 2-lane rural HWY is 600 Veh / hr / lane find the practical capacity in pcu if the traffic composition is as follows : 60% pc (1 pcu), 20% SUT (2.5 pcu), 10% trick (2 pcu), 5% Bus (2 pcu), and 5% HDC (6 pcu) Solution Practical capacity in pcu = 600(0.6*1 + 0.2*2.5 + 0.1 * 2 + 0.05*2 + 0.05 * 6) = 1020 pc / hr / 2 lane
Volume 5 Traffic Projection
for the forecasting process of future traffic , it is required to
study the different factor affecting the future traffic it include . Normal growth , which Associated with the normal growth of population . Generated traffic which existed as a result of the road existing such as any investments . Developed traffic as a result of the generated projects . Diverted ( Attracted ) traffic it is the attracted from other roads to the studies road then future traffic
Attracted traffic Developed traffic Generated traffic Normal growth
Current traffic
Volume 6 Traffic Projection
Ex:- if ADT at the year 1990 is equal to 4000 vpd, determine
the future traffic at year 2010. it is known that the normal growth and generated traffic are equal to 62 % and 26% respectively of the present ADT1990. Note that the developed traffic during the prediction period is 2600 vpd
Volume counts are conducted using two methods : manual and
mechanical counts .
1- Manual counts :- The basic form of manual counts involves a person recording each vehicle by making tally marks an a field sheet as shown in figure
Volume Count Type
17 IIIII IIIII IIIII II Pc
11 IIIII IIIII I Bus 14 IIIII IIIII IIII 2-axle truck 5 IIIII 3-axle truck 3 III 4-axle truck
Note that , in general , the presence or inclusion of pick ups and
light tricks having four tires in the category of passenger cars and trucks does not create any significant deficiencies in the data collected
Volume 8 Volume Counts Methods
2- Mechanical counts:- The mechanical counting method involves the laying of surface detectors such as pneumatic road tubes or any other devices on the road . these detects the passing vehicle and transmit the information to a recorder , which is connected to the detector located at the side of the road junior counter one type of these recorders .
Junior counter is usually connected to the pneumatic tubes placed
across the road . It determines the total number of vehicles passing over the tube by recording one vehicle for every second axle that passes . The main disadvantage of this type is that it does not classify the vehicle and the volume obtained may have to be adjusted using the calculated truck adjustment factor ( TAF ) .
∑ Manual counts TAF = ∑ Mechanical counts
Volume 9 Example
Ex: Calculate the truck adjustment factor TAF for the given dada in the table .
Mechanical Total Manual No of
Type of vehicle counts axles counts axles 1750 3500 1750 2 Passenger car 1003 2010 670 3 Trucks 900 1800 450 4 Trucks 3655 2870 Total ∑ Manual counts TAF = ∑ Mechanical counts
TAF = 2870 / 3655 = 0.79
Volume 10 Types of volume counts Different types are carried ant depending on , the anticipated use of the data to be collected . they are :- 1) Cordon Counts It is required to calculate the vehicle accumulation within an area particularly during a specific time the area for which the data is required is cordoned off by an imaginary loop , and the intersection of each street crossing the cordon line is taken as a count station . these information is useful for planning parking facilities and updating traffic operational techniques . 2) Screen Line Counts In screen line counts , the study area is divided into large sections by running imaginary lines across the study area . Traffic counts are taken at each crossing of a road and the screen line . 3) Intersection Counts :- ( collected at intersection to determine vehicle classification which used in determining phase length and cycle time for signalized intersections ) . 4) Pedestrian Volume Counts :- Pedestrian volume counts are made to design the pedestrian signal at intersections . There are other types of volume counts depends on the count period. Periodic Volume Counts :- In order to obtain certain volume data , such as AADT, it is necessary to obtain data continuously . It is not feasible to collect continues data on all road because of the cost involved . then the periodic volume counts can be estimated for different period such Hr, or day , or week or.. . 1) Continuous Count: These counts are carried out continuously using mechanical counter . 2) Control Count: these counts are taken at station known as control count stations. 3) Coverage Count: these counts are used to estimate ADT using the expansion factors developed from control counts.
Volume 11 Adjustment of Periodic Counts
Expansion factors are used to adjust periodic counts stations or
from control count stations using three parameters: Hourly Expansion Factor ( HEFs), Daily Expansion Factor (DEFs), and Monthly Expansion Factor (MEFs).
1) Hourly Expansion Factor ( HEFs)
These factors are used to expand counts of durations shorter than 24 hrs to 24 hr volumes by multiplying the hourly volume for each hour by the HEF for that hour [ 24 hr volume = volume for particular hour * HEF]
Total volume for 24 hr period
HEFs = Volume for particular hour
2) Daily Expansion Factors ( DEFs )
These factors are used to determine weekly volumes from 24hr ( daily) counts Average Total volume for week DEFs = Average volume for particular day
= ADT Volume for part day * DEF
7
Volume 12 Adjustment of Periodic Counts
3) Monthly Expansion factors ( MEFs )
These factors are used to determine the ( AADT ) using the relation between the MEFs and ADT as follows: AADT MEFs = ADT Ex:- Calculate AADT used Expansion factors for the following data collected on a Tuesday during May month . 1100-1200 1000-1100 900-1000 800-900 700-800 Hour 650 710 650 535 400 Volume 18.52 17.10 18.8 22.05 29.0 HEF 7.727 DEF
1.394 MEF
1- Estimate the 24hr volume for Tuesday as follows
There is sometime a variation in hourly traffic volume specially
the peak hour volume. The variation in hourly traffic volume can be measured using the Peak Hour Factor (PHF). So, it is required firstly to study the existing of variation ( PHF) considered a good indicator about this variation Volume, is the number of vehicle that pass a point during a specific time period ( almost one hour ) Flow rate, is the rate flow of vehicles the pass a point during time period less than one hour PHF is the relation between volume and flow rate as follows volume PHF = flow rate Ex: It is required to calculate the variation in traffic volume during the measured peak hour if the following volume measurements are collected Flow rate Volume Time 500* 60/15 = 2000 500 9- 915 2400 600 915 - 930 2200 550 930 - 945 2000 500 945- 1000 Max.= 2400 ∑ = 2150 PHF = 2150/2400 = 0.896
Download Complete (Ebook) Computational Materials Science: An Introduction, Second Edition by Lee, June Gunn ISBN 9781498749732, 1498749739 PDF for All Chapters
Download Complete (Ebook) Computational Materials Science: An Introduction, Second Edition by Lee, June Gunn ISBN 9781498749732, 1498749739 PDF for All Chapters
