Thermodynamic

2nd year Electromechanical Engineering Department

University of Technology
(2021-2022)
Lecture 2

Dr. Amged Al Ezzi

 Thermodynamic
• Energy Balance
The change in the energy content of a body or any other system is equal to the difference between
the energy input and the energy output, and the energy balance is expressed as

∆Etotal = ∆𝑞 + ∆W + qgen.
Where,
∆𝑞 = qin - qout
∆W = Win - Wout
∆Etotal = (qin – qout) + (Win – Wout) + qgen

For instance, A person who has a greater energy input (food) than energy output (exercise) will gain weight (store energy in the form
of fat), and a person who has a smaller energy input than output will lose weight

Total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies and is expressed as

• KE + PE represents the mechanical energy

• Ut represents the thermal energy ( 𝑢 = 𝑚𝐶!,# 𝑇 )
 Thermodynamic
• Close System Energy Balance
∆Etotal = (qin – qout) + (Win – Wout) + qgen

v Due to their negligible effects, KE and PE are considered zero

∆𝑈 = 𝑞!" − 𝑊#$% + 𝑞&'". . NO heat generation

𝑈% = mc𝑇 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

v However, total internal thermal energy change might be expressed as

∆𝑚𝑐𝑇 = 𝑞!" − 𝑊#$%

𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 = 𝑞!" − 𝑊#$% 𝑚𝑐(𝑇!"#$% − 𝑇"#"&"$% ) = 𝑞"# − 𝑊'(&

 Thermodynamic
• Open System Energy Balance
• In case of No heat generation ∆Etotal = ∆q + ∆W + qgen + , 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 '"'8&9
𝑉 . 𝑉 . .
+ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 )#)*+, = 𝑚. (𝑢& + 𝑝𝑣 + + 𝑔𝑧)"# − (𝑢& + 𝑝𝑣 + + 𝑔𝑧)'(&
2 2

Most of open systems are constant pressure systems, thus change in enthalpy (H,i) is equal to the change in internal energy
 Thermodynamic
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
Energy can be transferred to or from a system in three forms: heat, work, and mass flow. Energy interactions are recognized at the
system boundary as they cross it, and they represent the energy gained or lost by a system during a process.
v The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a fixed mass or closed system are heat transfer and work.
1. Heat Transfer, Q Heat transfer to a system (heat gain) increases the energy of the molecules and thus the internal energy of the system, and heat
transfer from a system (heat loss) decreases it since the energy transferred out as heat comes from the energy of the molecules of the system.

2. Work Transfer, W An energy interaction that is not caused by a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings is work. A rising
piston, a rotating shaft, and an electrical wire crossing the system boundaries are all associated with work interactions. Work transfer to a system (i.e.,
work done on a system) increases the energy of the system, and work transfer from a system (i.e., work done by the system) decreases it since the
energy transferred out as work comes from the energy contained in the system. Car engines and hydraulic, steam, or gas turbines produce work while
compressors, pumps, and mixers consume work.

3. Mass Flow, m Mass flow in and out of the system serves as an additional mechanism of energy transfer. When mass enters a system, the energy of
the system increases because mass carries energy with it (in fact, mass is energy). Likewise, when some mass leaves the system, the energy contained
within the system decreases because the leaving mass takes out some energy with it. For example, when some hot water is taken out of a water heater
and is replaced by the same amount of cold water, the energy content of the hot-water tank (the control volume) decreases as a result of this mass
interaction

Energy Balance

∆Etotal = (qin – qout) + (Win – Wout)

 Thermodynamic
Ø Examples:
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800
kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the
final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.

Solution:
∆ E = ∆ U and internal energy is the only form of the system’s energy that may change during this process.

∆ U = (qin – qout) + (Win – Wout)

 Thermodynamic
Ø Examples:
During the compression stroke of an engine, the work done on the working substance in the engine cylinder is 75 KJ/Kg
and the heat rejected to the surrounding is 42 KJ/Kg. Find the change of the internal energy, stating Whether it is
increase or decrease.
Win
Solution:

∆ U = (qin – qout) + (Win – Wout)

qout
𝐾𝐽
∆𝑈 = −42 + 75 = 33 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒.
𝐾𝑔
 Thermodynamic
Ø Example:
A fan that consumes 20 W of electric power when operating is claimed to discharge air from a ventilated room at a rate of 0.25
kg/s at a discharge velocity of 8 m/s. Determine if this claim is reasonable.

Solution:
in steady operation, the electric power input will be equal to the rate of increase of the kinetic
energy of air. Therefore, for a control volume that encloses the fan- motor unit, the energy balance
can be written as
dEtotal = ∆q + ( 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡) + 9 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 $%$&'(
No work out .
S.S No heat added
or removed
.
𝑉( 𝑉(
! 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 !"!#$% = 𝑚 (𝑢' + 𝑝𝑣 + + 𝑔𝑧))" − (𝑢' + 𝑝𝑣 + + 𝑔𝑧)*+'
2 2
 Thermodynamic
• Steady – state flow
The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform, however, implies no change with location over a specified
region
the steady-flow process, which can be defined as a process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily
That is, the fluid properties can change from point to point within the control volume, but at any fixed point they remain the same
during the entire process. Therefore, the volume V, the mass m, and the total energy content E of the control volume remain
constant during a steady- flow process.
Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices that are intended for continuous operation such as turbines, pumps,
boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or power plants or refrigeration systems

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and energy contents of a

control volume remain constant.
During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within the control volume may
change with position but not with time.
 Thermodynamic
Ø Example:
Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 32 m/s and specific enthalpy 2990 KJ/Kg. The steam leaves the turbine with a Velocity of 16
m/s and specific enthalpy 2530 KJ/Kg. the heat lost to the surroundings as the steam passes through the turbine is 25 KJ/Kg. The steam
flow rate (mass flow rate) is 324000 Kg/hr. Determined the work out put from the turbine KW?
Solution:
𝑉* 𝑉*
dEtotal = (𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡) + (𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡) + 9 𝑚 (ℎ𝑖𝑛 + + 𝑔𝑧)+% − (ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 + + 𝑔𝑧),-.
2 2
S.S .
& &
𝑉$% 𝑉!"#
0 = −𝑞 − 𝑊!"# + [ ℎ𝑖𝑛 + − ℎ!"# + ]
2 2

32& − 16&
𝑤 = 2990 − 2530 + − 25
2𝑥1000

𝑤 = 484.616 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔
Steam flow rate = 324000/3600 = 90 Kg/s

𝐾𝐽
𝑊 = 484.616 𝑥 90 = 39100 = 𝑘𝑊
𝑠
 Thermodynamic
• Thermodynamic Coordinates (Properties)
Any thermodynamic system has a thermodynamic coordinates Pressure (P), Volume (V), and Temperature (T). each coordinate is
used as a function of the others. For an example, P = f (V,T), V = f (P,T), T = f (P,V). Thus, if the temperature and pressure are
known, the volume can be determined by them.
• Thermodynamic Process Definition
It is the transition of the system from an initial equilibrium state (Ti, Vi, Pi) to a final equilibrium state (Tf, Vf, Pf) as a result of changing
one or more of the thermodynamic coordinates, i.e. the process is accompanied by a change in the properties of the system. And it is
possible when performing a thermodynamic process to fix one or more of the system coordinate and let the rest of the coordinates
change to take new values
• Thermodynamic Cycle
It is the system's passage of several processes, then it returns to its initial state, and this process is repeated periodically. In such
processes, the system absorbs heat in each cycle and performs work on the surrounding, and the work increases with the number of
cycles.
Property A Property A

Property B
Property B
Cycle Process
 Thermodynamic
• Work & the Pressure – Volume Diagram

Force on piston = P.A.L ,

Where,
A.L = Volume (V), Swept
Stroke Volume = V1 – V2
Area = work done
Work done = P. ∆𝑉 = P . (V1 – V2) P. ∆𝑉

The area under PV diagram gives the work done

Mathematically, the work done expressed as pressure times volume changes
'
Work done = P. dV = 𝑃 ∫' # 𝑉
"

• Heat & Work

Heat is received by a system, it submitted as (Q) +

Heat is rejected by a system, it submitted as (Q) –
Work is done by a system , it submitted as (W) +
Work is done on a system, it submitted as (W) -
 Thermodynamic

• Thermodynamic Processes
There are several types of thermodynamic processes, including
(a) Isothermal, where the system's temperature is constant;
(b) Adiabatic, where no heat is exchanged by the system;
(c) Isobaric, where the system's pressure is constant;
(d) Isochoric, where the system's volume is constant.