Aula 6
Aula 6
Aula 6
Thermodynamics
Meeting 6
Section 4-1
So far we’ve studied two
forms of energy transfer
Work Energy (W)
*Equivalent to raising a weight
2
and
2
2
1
m( V2 V1 )
2 2
2
The energy change in accelerating a mass of
10 kg from Vi= 0 to Vf = 10 m/s is?
1
KE m(Vf2 Vi2 )
2
2
1 m N
(10 kg 100 2 ) 1 500 N m
2 s kg m
2
s
J kJ
500 N m 0.5 kJ
N m 1,000 J
Gravity is another force acting
on our system. It shows up in
the potential energy change.
PE mg(z f z i )
mg(z 2 z 1 )
Work can be done by a change in
elevation of the system
NOTE THE CONVERSION
TO GET FROM m2/s2 to kJ/kg
2
m kJ
1000 2 1
s kg
E = U + PE + KE = Q W
Q W U
First Law Forms
for Stationary Systems
• Differential Form: Q W dU
• Rate Form: dU
QW
dt
• Integrated Form: 1 Q2 1 W2 U 2 U1
We can also write the first law
in differential terms
dE = Q – W, and
dU + dPE + dKE = Q – W
Differential Differential
Change in the
amount of amount of energy
amount of energy
energy trans- transferred out
of the system
ferred in (+) (+) or in (-) by
during some time
or out (-) by work interaction.
interval.
heat transfer.
If we are analyzing a transient
process, we’ll need the rate
form of the first law
dE dU dKE dPE
Q W
dt dt dt dt
Where: Q
W
Q W
dt dt
Rate form will allow us
to calculate:
• Changes in temperature with time
• Changes in pressure with time
• Changes in speed with time
• Changes in altitude with time
Hints to set up a problem
1. Define the system carefully indicating clearly
its boundaries.
2. Enroll all the simplifying hypothesis to the
case.
3. Draw the heat and work fluxes at the
boundaries including their signals.
4. Sketch a process representation on a
thermodynamic diagram Pv or Tv.
System Energy Change
ΔE = Q W
ΔE = (15 - 3) + 6
= (Qin Qout) = 18 kJ
(Wout Win)
Example 4-1
0.01 kg of air is compressed in a piston-cylinder.
Find the rate of temperature rise at an instant of
time when T = 400K. Work is being done at a
rate of 8.165 KW and Heat is being removed at a
rate of 1.0 KW.
Evacuated m = 2.5 kg
T1 = 60oC
Partition
P1 = 600 kPa
H2O P2 = 10 kPa
ΔE = Q - W
Solution - page 1
First Law: Q - W = ΔE
Q = W = ΔKE = ΔPE = 0
ΔE = ΔU = m(u2 - u1) = 0
u1= u2
No Work and no Heat therefore the internal
Energy is kept constant
Solution - page 2
State 1: compressed liquid
P1 = 600 kPa, T1 = 60oC
vf = vf@60oC = 0.001017 m3/kg
uf = uf@60oC = 251.11 kJ/kg
State 2: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
P2 = 10 kPa, u2 = u1 = 251.11 kJ/kg
uf = 191.82 kJ/Kg, ufg = 2246.1 kJ/kg
Solution - page 3
u 2 u f 251.11 191.82
x2 0.0264
u fg 2246.1
Thus, T2 = Tsat@10 kPa = 45.81oC
v 2 = v f + x 2v g
= [0.00101+0.0264*(14.67 - 0.00101)] m3/kg
= 0.388 m3/kg
V2 = mv2 = (2.5 kg)(0.388m3/kg) = 0.97 m3
Example
One kilogram of water is contained in a piston-
cylinder device at 100oC. The piston rests on lower
stops such that the volume occupied by the water is
0.835 m3. The cylinder is fitted with an upper set of
stops. The volume enclosed by the piston-cylinder
device is 0.841 m3 when the piston rests against the
upper stops. A pressure of 200 kPa is required to
support the piston. Heat is added to the water until
the water exists as a saturated vapor. How much
work does the water do on the piston?
Example: Work
Upper stops
Lower stops m = 1 kg
T1 = 100oC
Wb
V1 = 0.835 m3
Water V2 = 0.841 m3
Q
T-v Diagram
T
211.3 kPa
200 kPa
101.3 kPa
v1 v2 v
Solution - page 1
3 3
V1 0.835 m m
v1 0.835
m 1 kg kg
State 1: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
T1 = 100oC,
vf=0.001044 m3/kg , vg=1.6729 m3/kg
vf < v < vg ==> saturation P1=101.35 kPa
Solution - page 2
Process 1-2: The volume stay constant until the pressure
increases to 200 kPa. Then the piston will move.
Process 2-3: Piston lifts off the bottom stop while the
pressure stays constant.
4 2 3 4
0 mP2 ( v 3 v 2 ) 0
m 3 kJ
(1 kg )( 200 kPa)(0.841 - 0.835) 3
kg m kPa
1.2 kJ (> 0, done by the system)
Example: Heat Transfer
Upper
Find the require
stops heat transfer for
Lower
stops
the water in
Wb previous example.
Water
Q
Solution - page 1
First Law: Conservation of Energy
Q - W = ΔE = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
Q14 = Wb,14 + ΔU14
ΔU14 = m(u4 - u1)
Solution - page 2
State 1: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
v1 v f 0.835 0.001044
x1 0.4988
v g v f 1.6729 0.001044
u1 u f x1u fg
kJ kJ kJ
418.94 0.4988( 2087.6 ) 1460.23
kg kg kg
Solution - page 3
State 4: saturated vapor state
v4 = 0.841 m3/kg = vg
u4 = 2531.48 kJ/kg (interpolation)
2atm
Q=50W
2litros Processo a v constante
T P1=2atm
x=0,5
P2=1atm
0
dQ dW dU
1º Lei :
dt dt dt
dU
Q Mdu Q dt v
dt
M (u2 u1 ) Q dt
Vol. Estado1 = Vol. Estado2
P1=0,2MPa v=(1-x)vL+xvG
Tsat=120ºC v=0,5*0,001+0,5*0,8919
v1L=0,001m3/kg v1=v2=0,446m3/kg
v1G=0,8919m3/kg Título estado2:
u1L=503,5KJ/kg v vL 0,446 0,001
u1G=2025,8KJ/kg x 2 v v 1,672
0,266
G L
x=0,5 Energia interna estado2:
P2=0,1MPa u2=(1-x)u2L+xu2G
Tsat=100ºC u2=0,734*418+0,266*2087,5
v2L=0,001m3/kg u2=862KJ/kg
v2G=1,6729m3/kg Energia interna estado1:
u2L=418,9KJ/kg u1=(1-x)u1L+xu1G
u2G=2087,5KJ/kg u1=0,5*503+0,5*2025,8
u1=1264KJ/kg
Massa de Água
v=V/MM=V/v
M=2*10-3/0,446
M=0,004kg
Aplicando na 1ºLei:
3
M(u2 u1 ) 4 10 (1264 862)10 3
dt
Q 50
dt 32s
TEAMPLAY EX. 4-7
A powerful 847 W blender is used to raise 1.36kg of
water from a temperature of 20oC to 70oC. If the
water loses heat to the surroundings at the rate of
0.176 W, how much time will the process take?
Ex4.7)
1HP=745W Wmec0
1lbm=0,453kg
ºC=(ºF-32)/1,8
1Btu=1,055J
Wmec=1,2HP=894W
68ºF=20ºC (água no estado líquido) M=1,359kg Q<0
158ºF=70ºC (água no estado líquido)
Q=10Btu/min=0,176W
3lbm=1,359kg
dU dT
cv=cp=4,180KJ/kgºC QW MCv
dt dt
dT 0,176 ( 894) ºC
0,157
dt 1,359 4,180 10 3
s
(70 20)
Δt 317s 5'17"
0,157
TEAMPLAY EX. 4-10
Air, assumed to be ideal gas with constant specific
heats, is compressed in a closed piston-cylinder
device in a reversible polytropic process with n =
1.27. The air temperature before compression is
30oC and after compression is 130oC. Compute the
heat transferred on the compression process.
Ex4.10) W Pdv
T2 Pv n const.
P
T1=30ºC(303K) P V P1 V1 MR(T2 T1 )
T1 W 2 2
2 T2=130ºC(403K) 1n 1n
Trabalho específico
n=1,27 R(T2 T1 ) 297 100 KJ
w 110
1n
1 2
n=1 0,27 kg
Calor 1º Lei
1
1 q 2 1 w 2 (u 2 u 1 )
v 1 q 2 C v ΔT 1 w 2
KJ
1 q 2 0,7165 110 110 38,3
kg