B.A (Punjabi Compulsory) - II, Sem-IV, U1P

phHJ/H Gkr d{ik gzikph bkIwh
gkm BzH 1H1 b/yeL gq'H pqjwirdhP f;zx
1H ‘ekft bfjoK* g[;se ftu ;zefbs eftsktK dk ftPk^t;s{

T[d/P
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P ‘ekft bfjoK* ftu gqekfPs eftsktK d/ ftP/^t;s{ pko/ ikDekoh
gqdkB eoBk j?. ‘ekft bfjoK* ftu thjthA ;dh d/ w[Yb/ nkX[fBe gzikph eth GkJh tho f;zx
s'A b? e/ ;[yftzdo nzfwqs se 17 ethnK dh fJZe^fJZe bzph fposKse eftsk ;zrqfjs j?. jo
eth B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nB[;ko ;wekbh d[BhnK dhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ fBZih ihtB d/
;o'ekoK ƒ fJe^d{i/ ftu nG/d eo e/ gqekPwkB ehsk j?. fJ; gqeko thjthA ;dh d/ gzikp
dhnK nB/e s;thoK fJ; g[;se ftu o{gwkB j'JhnK jB, fiBQK d[nkok gzikp d/ fBozso
pdbd/ ;fGnkuko dk fJfsjk; d/fynk^;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. jo eftsk ftu ihtB dk
e'Jh^Bkê'Jh ;o'eko fpnkB ehsk iKdk j?. eth ƒ nkgD/ ;fGnkuko d/ e[M gfjb{ nkgD/
tb nkeqfPs eod/ jB ns/ T[; ƒ gq/fos th eod/ jB fe T[j T[BQK pko/ e'Jh fNZgDh eo/.
fJBQK gqw[y ethnK B/ nkgD/ nB[Gt dh gqfeosh nB[;ko gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ns/ ;fGnkuko
pko/ pVhnK noEg{oB fNZgDhnK ehshnK jB. fJBQK fNgDhnK d/ torheoD d[nkok n;hA
fe;/ eftsk d/ ftP/^t;s{ dh fBPkBd/jh eo ;ed/ jK. ftukoXhB gkm ftu n;hA jo eftsk
dk ftFPk t;s{ fpnkB eo oj/ jK. ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ukjhdk j? fe gfjbK T[j fJ;
gkm^g[;se ftu ;zrqfjs jo eftsk dk gkm eoB ns/ pknd ftu ftP?^t;s{ T[go BIo;kBh
eo b?D. fJe tko gkm gVQ b?D T[gozs ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ nkg th ftP?^t;s{ fbyD dk
nfGnk; Io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[BQK dh fbys ftu w"fbesk nk ;e/rh.
o{g o/yk
fe;/ th eftsk ftu ftP?^t;s{ fJe jh EK BjhA fgnk j[zdk pbfe ;w[Zuh eftsk ftu
c?fbnk j[zdk j?. ftP/^t;s{ dh sbkP ftu gkme ƒ g{oh eftsk dhnK fJekJhnK ns/ eVhnK
ƒ nkgDh soshp nB[;ko ftT{AspZX eoBk g?Adk j?. eth nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb ftP?^ t;s{ dhnK
ftfGzB eVhnK ƒ g/P eodk j? gozs{ ftnkfynkeko B/ fJ; soshp ƒ fJe skofee gqpzX ftu
pzBQDk j[zdk j?. eftsk ftu pj[s ;koh ;kwroh GktK d/ fBo{gD bJh tosh iKdh j? sK i'
gkmeK ƒ gVQB ;w/A nkBzd nkt/, T[BQK d/ ;[ji^;tkd dh fsqgsh j' ;e/. nfij/ nzP ekft
;kwroh dk niBpheoD th eo fdzd/ jB. fJBQK ƒ gfjukDB ns/ ftP?^t;s{ d/ ;jkfJe nzrK
tb'A rqfjD eoB bJh ek|h nfGnk; dh Io{os g?Adh j?. ;kƒ ftPtk; j? fe ftfdnkoEh
nfGnk; s'A ihn BjhA u[okT[Dr/ ns/ nkg ftP/^t;s{ fbyD dk gq:sB eod/ ofjDr/.
1H nNeL GkJh tho f;zx
GkJh tho f;zx nfXnkswtkdhôjZ;tkdh gozgok dk fJe fPo'wDh nfXnkswe eth
j?. T[; dhnK eftsktK ftu r[owfs doPB tb'A gqkgs frnkB ƒ nkX[fBe ;zdoG ftu
gqekPwkB ehsk iKdk j?. T[j ekb dh gqtkjwkBsk ƒ ;theko eodk j?. pj[s/ ethnK tKr
T[j fJ; rZb T[go fuzsks[o BjhA j[zdk fe ;wK r[Io fojk j? ns/ fJ; d/ r[IoB Bkb wkBtsk
phHJ/H Gkr d{ik 2 gzikph bkIwh
ƒ e'Jh xkNk g? fojk j? pbfe T[j wB[ZyK ƒ ekb d/ jw edw pDB dh gq/oBk fdzdk j?. fJj
sZE T[; d/ nkPktkdh j'D dk fJe gqwkD g/P eodk j?.
‘nNe* eftsk gqPB^T[Zso P?bh ftu fbyh j'Jh j?. nfXnkswtkdh eth ihtB d/ e[M
r{VQ ojZ;K ƒ y'bQD bJh fJ;/ P?bh dk gq:'r eod/ ;B. fJ; eftsk ftu gqPB eosk nNe
dfonk ƒ g[ZSdk j? fe ;dhnK s'A gZSw tb'A nkT[D tkb/ iotkD/ s?ƒ gko eo e/ Gkos toP
T[go nkeqwD eod/ oj/ go s{z T[BQK th Bk nNekfJnk. fco s/ok Bkw ‘nNe* e?;k< s{z nkgD/
Bkw dh bki th BjhA oZy. fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso fdzdk j'fJnk nNe efjzdk j? fe nNeDk
ihtB dk d;s{o BjhA j?. nNe dk noE w"s j[zdk j?. fijVh uhI nNe iKdh j?. T[j ;wM'
wo iKdh j?. fJ; bJh w?A Bk sK nkg ed/ nNedk jK ns/ Bk fe;/ j'o ƒ nNekT[D dk :sB
eodk jK. w?A gqfeosh d/ nNZb fB:w ftu ftxB BjhA gkT[Adk. gqfeosh ftu jo ihtîzs{,
tD^fsqD ns/ Bo^Bkoh s[o/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; d[BhnK dk wkvb spdhbh ns/ ftek; j?. fJ;
bJh e'Jh th uhI o[e BjhA ;edh.
nNe ;wMkT[Adk j? fe w?A fJe p[ZXjhD dfonk jK go fco th nkgD/ coI ƒ
gfjukDdk jK. w?A p[ZXhwkB pzfdnk ƒ BjhA nNek ;edk. go s[;hA sK fJB;kB ;h. s[;hA
Ikbw ns/ XZe/Pkj jwbktoK ƒ nNe gk ;ed/ ;h. nNe gkT[D bJh w/b, pb ns/ ;kj;,
fJzBk fszBK r[DK dh Io{os j[zdh j?, i' s[jkv/ ftu sK ;B go w/o/ ftu BjhA jB. fco w?A fJj
ezw fet/A eo ;edk ;K< s[jkƒ w/o/ s'A fJj nkPk jh BjhA ;h oZyDh ukjhdh. fJj ezw s[jkvk
;h. i/ s[jkv/ ftu ftek; eoB dh fjzws j[zdh, s[;hA nZr/ tXD dk :sB ikoh oyd/ sK
jwbktoK B/ nkg/ nNe ikDk ;h, nNe/ ofjDk ;h go s[;hA sK ;[zrV e/ ofj rJ/. fJ; ekoB
j'o e"wK nZr/ tX nkJhnK ns/ T[BQK B/ s[jkv/ d/P T[go epIk eo fbnk. s[jkƒ r[bkw pDk
fbnk. fijVhnK e"wK ftu fBozso ftek; eod/ ofjD dh GktBk ihfts BjhA ofjzdh, T[BQK
Bkb fJt/A j[zdk nkfJnk j? ns/ fJt/A j[zdk oj/rk. ;' fJB;kB ƒ ed/ th nNeDk BjhA ukjhdk
pbfe nr/ tXD dk ;zebg ihfts oyDk ukjhdk j?. fco T[; d/ ftek; ns/ gqrsh ƒ e'Jh
b[N/ok iK jwbkto ed/ nNek BjhA ;edk. ;w/A dk jkDh ns/ ftek; eod/ ofjDk jh gqfeosh
dk nNZb fB:w j? ns/ fJj jo d/P s/ e"w T[go bkr{ j[zdk j?.
2H w[Zb gk s{z nkgDkL gq'H g{oB f;zx
gq'H g{oB f;zx gzikp dk fJe nbp/bk PkfJo ;h. T[; ƒ uVQdh itkBh ftu jh
d/P^ftd/P x[zwD dk w"ek fwb frnk ;h. fJ; bJh T[; dk nB[Gt pj[s ftPkb j' frnk ;h.
T[; dh gVQkJh ikgkB ftu w[ezwb j'Jh, i' fJe nkIkd d/P ;h. T[E/ ik e/ T[; ƒ fJj
nB[Gt j'fJnk fe ;[szsosk, wB[Zyh iht dh fJe tZvh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. T[; B/ fJj th wfj;{;
eo fbnk ;h fe Gkosh b'e nkgDh }[bkwh Bkb ;zs[PN jB. }[bkwh ƒ T[BQK B/ nkgDh
fe;ws, nkgDh j'Dh wzB fbnk j?. T[j ;'ud/ jB fe T[j nzro/IK Bkb'A xNhnk jB, fJ;/ bJh
T[j }[bkw jB. T[j nkgDh ;zGktBktK ƒ gfjukDd/ jh BjhA jB. fJ; GktBk ƒ d{o eoB
bJh gq'H g{oB f;zx B/ g{oh f;defdbh Bkb fJj Bknok p[bzd ehskL ;[jfDnk` w[Zb gk s{z
nkgDk.
ikgkB ftu ikD fgS'A e[M ;wK T[j fJe p'Xh fGeP{ pD frnk, fco T[j ;[nkwh okw
shoE d/ gqGkt nXhB t/dKsh ;kX{ pD frnk ns/ Gkos ftu nk e/ t/dKs dk gquko eodk
fojk. fJe f;y n?i{e/PBb ekBcoz; ftu T[;dk w/b GkJh tho f;zx Bkb j'fJnk sK T[j
d'pkok r[of;Zy pD frnk. tZy^tZy eowK d/ u'b/ T[; dh ;[szsosk ns/ ;_?u'D d/ gqshe pD/,
pzXB BjhA. T[; B/ nkgD/ nzdob/ r"otwJh fJB;kB ƒ gfjukD fbnk ;h. T[j fJj th ikDdk
;h fe gqfeosh ns/ gowkswk B/ jo wB[Zy ƒ nB/e ;zGktBktK Bkb wkbkwkb eo oZfynk j?
go fJ; nwhoh dk T[; ƒ fJbw BjhA j?. fJ;/ bJh T[j fBokPk ns/ jhDsk dh dbdb ftu
c;/ fjzd[;skBh :[teK ƒ fjb{D e/ irkT[Adk j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB dk w[Zb gkT[D, fJ; T[go wkD
eoB dk fjdkfJs eodk j?.
T[j B"itkBK ƒ pdbDk ukj[zdk j? feT[Afe T[; ƒ gsk j? fe p[ZY/ ns/ nXyV b'eK ftu
spdhbh dhnK ;zGktBktK BjhA ofjzdhnK. T[BQK dhnK jZvhnK ƒ x[D bZr iKdk j?. T[BQK ftu
spdhbh dh r[zIkfJP jh BjhA ofjzdh. go B"itkB ;Zio/ ns/ Bo'J/ j[zd/ jB. T[BQK dh
ihtB^P?bh ƒ gq/oBk Bkb pdfbnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh eth T[BQK ƒ jhDsk, fBokPk ns/
T[dk;h d/ wkj"b ftu'A pkjo fBeb e/ BthA ihtB^P?bh ngDkT[D dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?. ;[szsosk
ns/ ;_?wkB dk ;pe gVQkT[Adk j?.
eth ƒ fJ; rZb dk frbk ;h fe pj[s/ B"itkBK dk ihtB ftu e'Jh nkdoP BjhA
j[zdk. T[j o'I^woQK d/ S'N/ w'N/ ezwK ns/ fdb goukftnK ftu jh w;s ofjzd/ jB ns/ fJ;/
soQK tZv/ pI[or j' e/ wo iKd/ jB. eth dk ftuko ;h fe jo pzd/ dk e'Jh beP (T[d/P) Io{o
j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; ƒ fe;/ dh Beb BjhA eoBh ukjhdh feT[Afe oZp B/ jo pzd/ ƒ ftbZyD
ns/ fBnkok pDkfJnk j?. T[; ƒ nkgD/ fBnko/gD T[go wkD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fe;/ nZr/ jZE
BjhA g;koB/ ukjhd/. tZv/ nkdwh dh fBPkBh fJj j[zdh j? fe T[j ed/ fe;/ s'A e[M wzrdk BjhA
pbfe fdzdk j?. fijV/ pzd/ S'NhnK^S'NhnK roIK dh g{osh bJh d{i/ b'eK ;kjt/A M[eDk f;Zy
iKd/ jB, T[j ed/ tZv/ BjhA pD ;ed/. S//sh jh T[j }[bkw j' iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh ;[szsosk
ns/ ;_?wkB Bkb ofjDk jh jo fJB;kB dk nkdoP j'Dk ukjhdk j?. go fJ; rZb dk fJbw
T[; ƒ sK jh j't/rk, i/ T[j nkgD/ ihtB dk w[Zb gkT[Dk f;Zy bt/rk.
3H c/o gko' B/ fejkL pktk pbtzs
pktk pbtzs gzikph dk gqf;ZX eqKshekoh ns/ gqrshPhb eth j?. T[; B/ fJj nB[Gt
eo fbnk ;h fe fJBebkp fbnkT[D s'A fpBK feoshnK ns/ fe;kBK dh j'Dh ƒ pdfbnk BjhA
ik ;edk. fiBQK fdBK ftu T[j itkB j' fojk ;h, nzfwqs;o gzikp dhnK oki;h ;orowhnK
dk fJe tvk e/Ado pD u[Zek ;h. T[; B/ nkg th fJBQK ;orowhnK ftu Gkr fbnk ;h,
ifbQnKtkb/ pk} ftu nzro/IK tb'A gzikphnK d/ ehs/ Bo^;zxko d/ ekoB T[j nzro/I ;kwoki
dk eZNV fto'Xh pD frnk ;h. ‘c/o gko' B/ fejk* ftu T[j ;kwokihnK dhnK ;kfiPK d/
fto[ZX nkgD/ gkmeK ƒ ;[us / eodk j?.
fJj eftsk fJe g"okfDe gq;zr ƒ g/P eodh j?, fi; ftu gkopsh d/th nkgD/ gsh
fPt ih ƒ ikfrqs eodh j? ns/ efjzdh j? fe T[j nkgDk shik B/so y'bQ e/ IkbwK ƒ G;w
eo d/t/. fJ; eftsk ftu gko' (gkopsh) fJe fe;kB^gsBh j?. Bt/A :[r ftu T[; B/ BtK
ntsko b? fbnk. fJ; :[r ftu okeP b'e I[bw BjhA eo oj/ pbfe ;kwokih d/P, Gkos
tor/ }ohp d/PK T[go I[bw eo oj/ jB. gko', fPt ƒ ;[u/s eodh j? fe ;kwokihnK B/ T[;
d/P T[go jwbk eo e/ fJ; ƒ }[bkw pDk b?Dk j?. T[; ;{os ftu fe;kBK d/ y/sK T[go th
;kwokihnK dk epIk j' ikDk j?. T[jh c?;bk eoBr/ fe fe;kB nkgD/ y/sK ftu fejVhnK
c;bK phiD, fejVhnK Bk phiD. fJj fe;kB ns/ wId{o G[Zy/ wo ikDr/. nzro/I PkPe
gzikp, T[Zso^gqd/P, fpjko ns/ pzrkb ftu fJjh e[M eo oj/ ;B. gko' T[; ƒ ;ktkXkB
eodh j? fe i/ T[j Grsh jh eodk oj/rk sK nzro/I b'eK ƒ o'eD tkbk e'Jh BjhA oj/rk.
fco T[j nkgDh wBwkBh eoBr/.
eth fJj th efjzdk j? fe jo nkdwh jh fPt ih tork pbtkB ns/ ;rb^;woZE pD
;edk j?, i/ T[j nkgDh shih nZy y'bQDh f;y bt/. fJB;kB dhnK d't/A nZyK toswkB dhnK
S'NhnK^w'NhnK b'VK T[go jh fNehnK ofjzdhnK jB. shih nZy GftZy doPh j[zdh j?. fijVk
pzdk nkgD/ toswkB ftu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK s'A ikro{e j' e/ nkgD GftZy dk nB[wkB
bkT[Dk f;Zy b?Adk j? ns/ GftZyw[yh :'iBktk pDk ;edk j?, T[j ;wM' fPt ih dk jh o{g pD
iKdk j?. T[j ed/ th }[bkw iK w'jski BjhA j' ;edk. eth nB[;koL
nZy id j?tkB dh y[bQ ikJ/ fJj
T[j th pD iKdk j? ekwb nkdwh,
nkdwh pDdk J/ fJ; s'A d/tsk.
gko' dk ;zd/P ;[D e/ fPt ih dh sh;oh nZy y[bQ iKdh j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe w?A j[D
ikr fgnk jK. w/o/ tor/ j'o th nB/e b'e ;ktXkB j' rJ/ jB. fJ; bJh j[D T[; d/ d/P
ns/ y/sK T[go e'Jh th epIk BjhA eo ;e/rk. eth nB[;ko n"os irsîBBh j'D d/
Bkb^Bkb irs dk efbnkD eoB tkbh fJe wjKPesh j?. i/ T[j ukj/ sK Boe ƒ th ;tor
ftu spdhb eo ;edh j?. T[; dhnK rZbK T[go nwb eoBk fJB;kBhns d/ GftZy ƒ
;[Bfjoh pDkT[Dk j?.
4H nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/L gq'H w'jB f;zx
fJ; eftsk dk ftPk^t;s{ fJe |"ih f;gkjh dh ;Zi^ftnkjh gsBh dhnK :kdK ns/
y[PhnK d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ x[zwdk j?. thjthA ;dh d/ gfjb/ nZX ftu Gkos nzro/IK d/ nXhB ;h
ns/ fJ; d"okB d' ftPt^:[ZX fSV/ ;B. fJBQK :[ZXK ftu gzikp d/ pj[s ;ko/ B"itkB Gosh j'
e/ nzro/IK tb'A iowBh ns/ j'o skBkPkj d/PK d/ fto[ZX vN e/ bV/ ;B. gzikp ftu fe;kBK
ns/ feoshnK dh nkofEe dPk uzrh BjhA ;h. fJ; ekoB T[j Gosh j' e/ jo wjhB/ fwbD
tkbh sBykj Bkb y[P j' iKd/ ;B. fJBQK c"ihnK ƒ ;kb ftu w;K fJe tko S[ZNh fwbdh ;h.
izr d/ fdBK ftu sK eJhêJh toQ/ S[ZNh BjhA ;h fwbdh. fJ; bJh c"ihnK dhnK gsBhnK
nkgD/ gshnK dh :kd ftu t?okrhnK ofjzdhnK ;B. id'A th T[BQK ƒ S[ZNh fwbDh sK T[j
oZiôZi e/ nkgD/ ukn g{o/ eodhnK ;B. S[ZNh \sw j'D s'A pknd id'A T[j nkgDh :{fBN
ftu tkg; ub/ iKd/ sK gsBhnK g/e/ xo ubhnK iKdhnK ;B ns/ T[E/ ofj e/ ftS'V/ d/ fdBK
ƒ w;K g{o/ eodhnK ;B.
‘nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/* ftu th fJe fJj' fijk fposKs jh g/P j'fJnk j?. c"ih dh gsBh
nkgD/ xo fJeZbh p?mh nkgD/ gsh ƒ :kd eo ojh j?. eJh :kdK B/ T[; ƒ x/ok gk oZfynk
j?. T[; ƒ :kd nkT[Adk j? fe id'A gsh xo j[zdk ;h sK T[j fet/A jko^fPzrko bkT[Adh ;h.
gsh T[; d/ ;kjwD/ p?m e/ T[; ƒ t/ydk ofjzdk ns/ fJXo^T[Xo dhnK rZbK ;[DkT[Adk ofjzdk.
fJe fdB T[; ƒ T{Ax nk rJh. T[; dh nZy bZr rJh. gsBh ƒ Pokos ;[ZMh. T[; B/ uoy/
Bkb'A ekby bkj e/ T[; d/ wZE/ T[go fJe ekbk fNZek bk fdZsk. fco T[j T[Zuh^T[Zuh jZ;D bZr
gJh. jk;/ dh nktkI ;[D e/ gsh ƒ ikr nk rJh. PhP/ ftu nkgDk fujok t/y e/ T[; ƒ
gsBh dh Pokos dk gsk br frnk. T[j M{mh^w{mh dk r[Z;k eo e/ gsBh ƒ cVB bJh nZr/
tfXnk. gsBh d"V gJh sK T[j th fgZS/^fgZS/ d"V fgnk. d't/A nzph d/ fJod^frod d"Vd/ oj/
ns/ nkyo EZe e/ p?m rJ/.
j[D T[;/ nzph d/ p{N/ j/m p?m e/ uoyk eZsDk T[; ƒ uzrk BjhA brdk. fJeZm/ fpskJ/
fdBK dhnK :kdK p/u?B eo fdzdhnK jB. T[j ;'udh j? fe i/ T[j nzph d/ p{N/ ƒ eNtk d/t/ sK
uzrK oj/rk. fco PkfJd gsh dhnK :kdK T[; ƒ xZN szr eoB go E'V/ ;w/A pknd T[j
nkgDk ftuko pdb fdzdh j? feT[Afe i/ T[j fJj fJ; o[Zy ƒ eNtk d/t/rh sK fe; T[go uVQ e/
nkgD/ gsh dk okj d/y/rh< fJT[A nzph dk p{Nk gsh^gsBh d/ gq/w dk fJe nfijk rtkj j?, i'
gsh d/ ftS'V/ ftu sVg ojh gsBh d/ ihtB dk fJe wkso nkXko j?. jo wB[Zy d/ ihtB
ftu e[M nfijhnK :kdK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK Bkb T[j nkgDk ;ZyDkgD Godk ofjzdk j?. fJBQK
s'A tZy j'Dk Bk sK ;zGt j[zdk j? ns/ Bk tkip. gq'H w'jB f;zx dh fJj ouBk gzikph o'wK;tkdh
ekft dh fJe ftbZyD gqkgsh j?.
5H ;[B/jV/L nzfwqsk gqhsw
fJ; eftsk ftu nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ ;wkfie^;fGnkukoe gfotosB dk ;[B/jk fdZsk j?.
fJj eftsk \s^gZso dh P?bh ftu fbyh rJh j?. nkozG ftu eftZsoh nkgD/ gq/wh tb'A nkJ/
fJe \s dk fIeo eodh j? ns/ fJ; s'A pknd T[j T[; \s dk itkp fdzdh j?. T[j fbydh j?
fe gq/wh d/ ftS'V/ ftu T[j pj[s T[dk; nB[Gt eodh j?. ;kv/ ;wki dh pDso e[M nfijh j?
fe fJE/ gq/w eoB dh ;[ss z osk BjhA j?. gq/w ƒ fJe ngokX wzfBnk iKdk j?. gq/w d[nkok
e'Jh gqtkB BjhA ehsk iKdk. ;kv/ fJE/ wod gqXkB ;wki j'D eo e/ fJ;sqh iksh T[go nB/e
pzXB jB. T[; ƒ fe;/ r?o^wod Bkb rZbpks eoB dh nkfrnk th BjhA j?. w[fNnko e[VhnK
ƒ xo s'A pkjo g?o BjhA g[ZND fdZsk iKdk. fJ; ;{os ftu gq/w eoBk ns/ fJ; ƒ gqtkB
uVQkT[Dk brgr n;zGt j' frnk j?. eftZsoh fJj' fij/ wkj"b ftu x[ND wfj;{; eodh j?
ns/ T[j nkgD/ gq/wh ƒ S/sh s'A S/sh fwbD dk ;[B/jk G/idh j?.
eftZsoh gzikph ;wki d/ gq/w fto'Xh tsho/ d/ fto[X Z nkgDh nktkI vN e/ p[bdz eodh
j?. T[j ikDdh j? fe T[; s'A gfjbK jho, ;Z;h ns/ ;'jDh torhnK gqhs^BkfJektK ƒ th
;wki d/ dwB dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk ;h. jho ƒ Ifjo dk fgnkbk ghDk fgnk ;h, ;Z;h
EbK ftu sVg^sVg e/ wo rJh ns/ ;'jDh MBK dfonk ftu v[Zp w'Jh ;h. T[; ƒ fJ; rZb
T[go vkYk o'; j? fe thjthA ;dh ftu th Bkoh ƒ wX:[r tKr dpk e/ oZfynk iKdk j?. T[j
nkgD/ gq/wh ƒ ;wki d/ nfij/ tsho/ d/ fto[ZX ;zxoP eoB dk ;[B/jk fdzdh j?. T[j efjzdh j?
fe T[; dk gq/wh nkgDh ebw Bkb fJe nfijk ;wki f;oiD bJh ;zxoP eo/, fiE/ gq/w T[go
e'Jh pzXB Bk j't/ ns/ jo e'Jh ;[szso gq/w eoB d/ nkgD/ nfXeko dh tos'A eo ;e/. fJe
Bt/A :[r dh ;EkgBk j' ikt/, ;G ƒ nkgDh woIh Bkb ihDÊhD d/ jZe j'D.
feoshnK^fe;kBK ƒ nkgDh fwjBs dk g{ok^g{ok w[Zb fwb/ ns/ d/P ftu fJe ;Zu/ ;wkitkd
dh ;EkgBk j' ikt/.
6H w;hjkL fPt e[wko pNkbth
nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph dk gqf;ZX rhseko fPt e[wko pNkbth nkgD/ d';sK ƒ
d';sh d/ iPB dk ;[B/jk d/ fojk j?. nkX[fBe :[r d/ nkswê/Afdqs ns/ ;tkoEh wkj"b ftu
d';sh, t|k ns/ ;dGktBk tor/ ihtB^w[Zb fgqPmG{wh ftu ik oj/ jB. }oIk ƒ goDkJ/ b'e
nkgD/ S'N/^w'N/ bkG b?D bJh d';sh dh fgZm ftu S[ok y'GD s'A th ;ze'u BjhA eod/. fJ;
;{os ftu eth dk ;dGktBk Gfonk ;uk^;[Zuk ;zd/P pVk gq;zfre gqshs j[zdk j?. eth fJj th
efjzdk j? fe toswkB d"o wfjp{p dhnK I[bcK dh y{p;{osh pko/ rZbK eoB dk BjhA j? pbfe
feoshnK^fe;kBK T[go j'D tkb/ I[bwK fto[ZX nktkI p[bzd eoB dk j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ fJ;
eosZt ƒ g{oh soQK Bkb fBGk fojk j?. T[j nkgD/ fwZsoK ƒ th fJ; eosZt dh :kd
eotkT[Adk j? ns/ fJ; T[go vN e/ gfjok d/D dh fjdkfJs eodk j?.
eth g{zihtkdh :[r d/ fwIkI ƒ uzrh soQK Bkb gfjukDdk j?. fJ; d"o ftu go;go
w[ekpb/pkIh, Pohe/ ns/ Jhoyk d/ Gkt gqpb j' rJ/ jB. jo e'Jh nr/ tXD bJh d{i/ ƒ
gSkVB tk;s/ ;zxoP eo fojk j?. eth ukj[zdk j? fe go;go ;dGktBk tX/, ftP?bk
tksktoD \sw j't/ ns/ nkg;h ;KM j'o wIp{s j't/. T[j d';sh d/ Bkw dh ;j[z yk e/ efjzdk
j? fe nfij/ wkj"b dh f;oiDk tk;s/ T[;ƒ i/ ;{bh T[go th uVQBk fgnk sK T[j fgZS/ BjhA
jN/rk. eth dh gqfsfrn j?L
d';sK dh e;w j?, w?A d';sK bJh woKrk.
w?A d';sh d/ w";wK ƒ, j'o r{VQK eoKrk.
w?A w;hjk d';sh dk, o'I ;{bh uVQKrk.
7H s/o/ jI{o w/oh jkIoh dh dk;skBL jfoGiB f;zx
fJ; eftsk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ‘ykb;/ dh f;oiDk* Bkb ;zpzfXs fJfsjk;e
xNBk dk g[Bo^b/yD ehsk j?. eth fbydk j? fe id'A r[o{ ;kfjp B/ 1699 JhH ft;kyh ;w//A
fJeZmhnK j'JhnK f;y ;zrsK d/ ;Bw[y yV/ j' e/ nkgDh Bzrh sbtko bfjoK e/ fJe ;h; dh
wzr ehsh ;h sK T[j nkg th f;y ;zrsK d fJeZm ftu Pkwb ;h go T[j g{oh soQK Bkb vo
frnk ;h ns/ T[; dh ekfJosk Bzrh j' rJh ;h. T[;/ ;w/A fJe f;Zy GkJh dfJnk f;zx yVk j'
frnk ;h ns/ nkgDk ;h; r[o{ d/ nogD eo fdZsk ;h. T[; s'A pknd uko tko j'o r[o{ ih B/
fJjh wzr d[jokJh ;h ns/ uko j'o f;Zy GkJh Xow f;zx, GkJh ;kfjp f;zx, GkJh fjzws f;zx
ns/ GkJh w'jew f;zx B/ r[o{ ih d/ ;Bw[y nkgD/^nkgD/ ;h; ƒ nogD eo fdZsk ;h. gzithA
tko id'A r[o{ ;kfjp szp{ ftu'A gos/ ;B sK T[BQK fgZS/^fgZS/ gzi/ fgnko/ th nk oj/ ;B. r[o{
ih B/ T[BQK ƒ nkgD/ fpbe[b BIdhe fpmk fbnk ;h ns/ T[BQK d/ jZE'A nzfwqs gkB eotk e/
;kohnK ;zrsK ƒ f;zx ;ik fdZsk ;h.
T[; tes j'o b'eK d/ Bkb^Bkb eth th fJjh ;'u fojk ;h fe ekP` T[; B/ th nkgDk
;h; nogD eo fdZsk j[zdk. wX Pq/Dh d/ b'e fpbe[b fJt/A ;'ud/ jB. fJj \so/ d/ ;Bw[y
ed/ BjhA iKd/ go fJBkw^;BwkB jk;b eoB bJh ;G s'A gfjbK fsnko ofjzd/ jB. fco
eth ;'udk j? fe f;o sK wB[Zyh f;de ns/ f;oV dk gqshe j[zdk j? ns/ w/o/ gk; sK fJj r[D
ed/ th BjhA ;B. w/o/ gk; f;o j? jh BjhA, f;o| f;o dk fJe gkyzv jh j?. ni'e/ d"o ftu
pj[s/ b'e nkgD/^nkgD/ XVK T[go ;h; dk gkyzv jh fNekJh fcod/ jB. i/ T[BQK gk; f;o j[zd/
sK T[j fJBQK ƒ e[opkB Bk eo fdzd/< nkgD/ nk;^gk; J/Bk I[bw ns/ p/fJB;kch feT[A j'D
fdzd/< eth ;'udk j? fe T[j f;defdbh, f;oV ns/ ;kj; Bkb nkgD/ XV T[go fJe gqwkfDe
(yok) f;o T[rk bt/rk ns/ fit/A jh T[jd/ f;o T[Zr nkfJnk, T[; ƒ r[o{ûoBK ftu nog e/
nkgDh G[Zb pyPk bt/rk. gkyzv ns/ gPukskg b? e/ fiT{Dk e'Jh ;"yk ezw BjhA j?. r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih dh sh;oh iBw Pskpdh (1966) ;w/A fbyh rJh fJj ouBk nkX[fBe gzikph
ekft dh fJe T[Zusw gqkgsh j?.
8H b'eK Bkb rZb
nkX[fBe gzikph ekft Xkok d/ fJe ftbZyD eth Pqh skok f;zx dh fJj fJe
ftnzrkswe eftsk j?. fJ; ftu eth ;wekbh ftt;Ek pko/ b'eK Bkb f;ZXh ns/ ;gPN rZb
eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ ;Bw[Zy p?m/ b'eK ƒ ;zp'XB eo e/ g[ZSdk j? fe i/ T[BQK ftu e'Jh bhvo
iK nc;o p?mk j? sK T[j T[Zm e/ s[odk j't/ feT[Afe T[j ;G fGqPN ns/ foPtsy'o jB. b'eK
ftu'A j' e/ th b'eK d/ d[PwD jB. fJ; bJh w?A T[BQK b'e^d[PwDK Bkb e'Jh rZb BjhA eoBh.
w?A b'eK ƒ fJBQK bhvoK ns/ n|;oK dh y'Nh Bhs ns/ fGqPN tsho/ pko/ rZbK dZ;DhnK jB.
fJj ;kohnK gkoNhnK fJe' fijhnK jB. gkoNh e'Jh th j't/, bhvoK B/ sK p; gzi ;kbK
pknd fJe' t/b/ u'DK s'A gfjbk jh b'eK d/ wZE/ bZrDk j[zdk j?. T[; ;w/A fJj b'e M{m/ tknd/
eo e/ b'eK s'A t'NK jfEnk b?Ad/ jB ns/ fco ftXkfJe iK tIho pD e/ y{p b[ZN^wko eod/
jB. fJBQK ftu'A fe;/ T[go th ftPtk; Bk eo'. bhvo b'eK bJh e[o;h jh ;G e[M j?. j'o
e[M th fJBQK d/ :kd BjhA ofjzdk. Gkt/A tZy^tZy bhvoK d/ Mzv/ sK tZy^tZy j[zd/ jB go Bhs
;G dh fJe' fijh jh j[zdh j?. ;G B/ nkgD/ jh xo GoB/ j[zd/ jB. eth nZr/ ik e/ efjzdk j?
fe w?ƒ T[BQK b'eK dh ;'u T[go pVk r[Z;k nkT[Adk j? fijV/ fgSb/ eJh djkfenK s'A pko^pko
fJBQK ƒ nIwkJh ik oj/ jB. eh T[j t/yd/ BjhA fe fe;/ ƒ B"eoh BjhA fwbdh, ykD bJh d'
tes dh o'Nh B;hp BjhA j[zdh, f;o T[go SZs BjhA, f;js^;/tktK ns/ f;Zfynk^gqDkbh pd s'A
pdso j' u[ZehnK jB go fco th ;kv/ w{oy Gok fJBQK ƒ t'NK gkT[D bJh j[w^j[wk e/ xoK
ftu'A pkjo fBeb nkT[Ad/ jB. fgzvK iK PfjoK ftu XhnK^G?DK dh fJZIs wfjc{I BjhA j?.
bhvoK d/ gkb/ j'J/ r[zv/ ;VeK T[go dBdBkT[Ad/ fcod/ jB. i/ e'Jh e[;e/ sK T[;dh grVh bkj
fdzd/ jB. go ;kv/ b'e p/PowK tKr pko^pko g[okD/ bhvoK ƒ jh fiskJh ik oj/ jB. eth
efjzdk j? fe b'e nkg jh puDk BjhA ukj[zd/. T[BQK ƒ e[ZN yk e/, gZs b[jk e/ ns/ G[Zy/ ofj e/
;tkd nkT[D bZr fgnk j?. T[j }[bkwh ftu fiT[Dk frZM rJ/ jB. j[D ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk
ns/ ;_?wkB nkfd edoKêhwsK s'A fJBQK ƒ vo bZrD bZr fgnk j?. fJj' fijh }[bkw ;'u tkb/
b'eK Bkb rZb eoB dk e'Jh |kfJdk BjhA j?. j[D w?A nk ojh ghVQh Bkb jh rZb eoKrk. j'
;edk j? fe T[j w/oh rZb fXnkB Bkb ;[D bt/ ns/ fJBQK bhvoK s'A feBkok eo bt/ sK jh
;kv/ d/P dk e[M efbnkD j' ;edk j?.
9H w?A j[D ftdk j[zdk jKL gkP
fJ; eftsk ftu gkP nkgDh wfjp{p e[Vh s'A ftdk j'D dh fJikIs wzrdk j?. eth
T[; ƒ ftPtk; ftu b? e/ dZ;dk j? fe T[; B/ nfijh eftsk fbyD dh e'fPP ehsh ;h i' T[;
d/ o{g ns/ r[DK d/ toDB Bkb Goh j't/ sK i' wfjp{p T[; e[Vh ƒ ;koh T[wo pV/ wkB Bkb
gVQdh ofjzdh` nkw s"o s/ eth b'e fJj' fijhnK eftskK jh fbyd/ jB go eth dk BIohnk
j[D pdb frnk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe id'A feoshnK^fe;kBK ƒ ykD bJh d' tes dh o'Nh BjhA
fwbdh, T[BQK dhnK pj[^p/NhnK g{oh T[wo y/sK ftu ezw eodhnK j'Jh o[b^y[b iKdhnK jB,
g?o^g?o T[s/ T[BQK d/ o{g ns/ itkBh dk ngwkB j[zdk j?. nfij/ d"o ftu T[; bJh
j[;B^fJPe dhnK eftsktK fbyh ikDk tkfip BjhA j't/rk. j[D T[j nkgDh wfjp{p ƒ
fwbDk^frbDk th SZv d/t/rk ns/ ihtB d/ j'o w[jkiK T[go ik e/ T[BQK PeshnK d/ fto[ZX :[ZX
eo/rk, fijVhnK feoshnK s/ fe;kBK d/ nfXekoK T[go epIk eoh p?mhnK jB. T[j w[jZps
ns/ :[ZX ƒ fJe jh esko ftu yVk BjhA oZy ;edk. fJ; bJh j[D T[j ftdk j' fojk j?.
ikD s'A gfjbK eth T[; T[; ƒ fJj th dZ;dk j? fe T[j T[; Bkb fpskJ/ gq/w Go/ tes
ƒ :kd oy/rk. T[; dk XzBtkd fe T[; B/ fpyV/ gbK ftu T[; dk ;kE fdZsk j?. ftdkfJrh d/
gbK ftu T[j j'o th Gkt[e j' e/ T[BQK ;kohnK uhIK dk th XzBtkd eodk j?, fijVhnK T[BQK d/
gq/w dhnK rtkj pDhnK ns/ gq/w Go/ gbK ƒ j'o j[;hB ns/ :kdrkoh pDkT[AdhnK ojhnK.
T[j ykbK dhnK tkNK T[go T[Zr/ o/Pwh xkj, NhAfvnk ftu'A feodh egkj, ewkd T[go p?mhnK
S'NhnK fgZdhnK, ;oQ'A d/ c[ZbK ns/ eDeK dhnK c;bK dk XzBtkd eodk j?. T[j fSg^fSg e/
fgnko eoB ftu :ehB BjhA oydk. T[j nkgDk jo ezw n?bkBhnK eoBk ukj[zdk j?. T[j
fgnko th rZi^tZi e/ eo/rk ns/ I[bw d/ fto[ZX :[ZX th g{o/ fBPu/ Bkb fBoG? j' e/ eo/rk.
pko{d tKr cN/rk ns/ X[g Z tKr uVQ/rk, fi; dh jo fJe ƒ \po j' ikt/. fJ; wzst ftu
ekw:kp j'D bJh j[D eth nkgDh w[jZps ƒ SZv e/ :[ZX d/ w?dkB tZb ftdk j'D dh nkfrnk
wzrdk j?.
10H\sK dh T[vheL ;[oihs gkso
;[oihs gkso nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu fJe nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ fJebkg/ ns/ sBjkJh ƒ
o{gwkB eodk j?. Pfjo ftu T[Zuh gVQkJh iK o'Irko bJh fBefbnk wB[Zy nkgDhnK iVQK
Bkb'A eZfNnk iKdk j?. Pfjo ftu fe;/ ƒ T[; dh PBkys BjhA j[zdh. fJ; ekoB T[j fceowzd
j' iKdk j?. j[D T[; ƒ jo o'I fe;/ Bk fe;/ \s dh fJzsIko ofjzdh j?. fi; ftu T[; gqsh
gq/w ns/ ngDZs dk fIeo ehsk j't/ ns/ T[; ƒ nkgDk ihtB ;kofEe gqshs j't/. jo o'I
fdB uVQ/ T[; ƒ fe;/ gq/w Go/ \s dh fJzsIko P[o{ j' iKdh j?. d[gfjo d/ tes fJj fJzsIko
f;yo T[s/ gj[zu iKdh j? feT[Afe fJj tes vkehJ/ d/ nkT[D dk j[zdk j?.
T[j fiBQK \sK dh pVh fPZds Bkb T[vhe eodk j?, T[BQK ftu e'Jh n?;k \s j't/, fi;
ftu T[; dh wfjp{p e[Vh B/ T[; bJh nkgD/ gq/w dk fJIjko ehsk j't/. G?D tb'A \s fwb/ fi;
ftu G?D d/ xo g[Zso j'D dk ;wkuko j't/ sK i' T[; dhnK iVQK bZr ikD. fJe \s fe;/ gkme
tb'A j't/, fi; ftu T[; dhnK eftsktK dh gqPzPK j't/. go T[; ƒ fJj' fijk e'Jh \s BjhA
nkT[Adk. T[j fBokP j' iKdk j?. T[j ;'udk j? fe fe;/ ƒ T[;dh Io{os BjhA j?. ;G B/ T[; ƒ
G[bk fdZsk j?.
go fco eth nkgD/ wB ƒ ;wMkT[Adk j? fe T[j fBokP Bk j't/. T[; ƒ th Io{o \s
nkT[Dr/. ed/ Bk ed/ T[; dh p[ZYh wK dk \s nkt/rk. fi; ftu T[; bJh wwsk dk fJIjko
ehsk j't/rk. T[j fby/rh fe T[j fJe tko nk e/ nkgDh p[ZYh wK ƒ fwb ikt/. fJe \s T[;
dhnK epoK tb'A th nkt/rk feT[Afe n;b fNekDk sK epo ftu jh fwbdk j?. epo dh r'd
ftu ;wk e/ ;G M'o/, }w ns/ ;zskg fwN iKd/ jB. o{j ƒ ;e{B jk;b j' iKdk j?. eth ƒ
nfj;k; j? fe pzd/ ƒ j'o ukj/ ;koh d[BhnK G[Zb ikt/ go epo ed/ BjhA GZ[bkT[Adh, ;dk :kd
oZydh j? ns/ ;jh tes T[; ƒ p[bk bt/rh. ni/ T[; dk tes PkfJd BjhA nkfJnk.
fwZsoK^fgnkfonK d/ \s ;jh tes nkT[D T[go jh B;hp j[zd/ jB.
11H nZi ehj gekJhJ/L nBto w;{d
fJj eftsk gZSwh gzikp d/ fJe iBtkdh ns/ w[wskI PkfJo nBto w;{d j'oK dh
fbyh j'Jh j?. fJ; ftu eth wX Pq/fDe nkuko^ftjko T[go ftnzr eodk j?. fJ; Pq/Dh d/
b'e pV/ gkyzvh ns/ M{m/ j[zd/ jB. T[j nkgDh ;woZEk pko/ tZv/^tZv/ dknt/ eod/ jB. ed/ th
nkgDh n"eks ƒ BjhA d/yd/. ;Zu d/ o{po{ j'D dk ;kj; BjhA eod/. fJ; eftsk ftu d' fXoK
dofwnkB j'Jh rZbpks ƒ ekftpZX ehsk frnk j?. fJe gk;/ efEs u"Xoh j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/
T[; dk B"eo ofjwk j?. u"Xoh, ofjw/ ƒ g[ZSdk j? fe ni eh ukfVQnk ikt/. rZbpks dh
P[o{nks T[j uzrhnK uzrhnK ;pIhnK d/ Bkw b? e/ eodk j?. ed/ T[j fGzvhnK dk Bkw b?Adk
j?. ed/ eo/fbnK dk ns/ ed/ pskT{AnK dk. go n;b ftu fJj ;pIhnK yohdD dh T[;dh
g[Zis BjhA j?. B"eo ofjwk th nkgD/ wkbe dh ;koh jehes ƒ ikDdk j? go T[j T[; ƒ
N'edk iK o'edk BjhA j?. T[j g{oh fPZds Bkb T[; dh jK ftu jK fwbkJh iKdh j?. T[j fJe
uzrk o;'Jhnk j?. fJ; bJh T[; ƒ ftPtk; fdtkT[Adk j? fe T[j fijVh ;pIh ukVQB dk j[ew
d/t/rk, T[; ƒ J/Bh ;tkdbh pDkJ/rk fe wkbe :kd oZy/rk. go wkbe j[ew fet/A d/t/< T[;
dh i/p fJIkIs BjhA fdzdh. fJ; bJh fSZpk g? e/ T[j nkgD/ B"eo b? iKdk j?. ;pIhnK ftu
th okiBhsh fbnk x[;/Vdk j?. feXo pskT{A, feXo nwohek< go B"eo ikDdk j? fe ni'e/
ihtB ns/ irs ftu nkw pzd/ dh d[odPk okiBhsh d/ ekoB j' ojh j?. BjhA sK gfjbK ;ko/
b'e uzrk yKd/ ;B, uzrk gfjBd/ jB. go okiBhsh dh tiQk ekoB j[D b'e f;o| S'fbnK dh
dkb ykD i'rk jh ofj rJ/ jB ns/ PkfJd ebQ fJj dkb th T[BQK dh gj[zu s'A pkjo j' ikt/.
fJT[A fJ; eftsk ftu nBto w;{d B/ nkw nkdwh dhnK wIp{ohnK ƒ pV/ ;fji ns/ ;kdk
Yzr Bkb fpnkB ehsk j?. fJj g~Swh gzikp ftu ouh ik ojh iBtkdh eftsk dh fJe
gqshfBX tzBrh j?.
12H pb?e pknHHH L ntsko izfvnkbth
ntsko izfvnkbth B/ nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu r"o/ w[beK d/ B;btkdh wkj"b pko/
uouk ehsh j?. thjthA ;dh d/ nkozG ftu jh Gkos ns/ J/fPnkJh d/PK d/ b'e uzrh
o'Ihô'Nh dh sbkP ftu e?B/vk ns/ nwohek tor/ d/PK ftu ikD b~r/ gJ/ ;B. 1947 JhH
ftu ;kvk d/P nkIkd th j' frnk go n;hA fJE/ o'Irko d/ uzr/ w"e/ g?dk Bk eo ;e/. f;~N/
ti'A gotk; jzYkT[D dk fJj f;bf;bk T[;/ soQK Bkb ubdk fojk. e?B/vk, nwohek d/
Bkb^Bkb ;kv/ b'e fJzrb?Av, nk;N/qbhnk ns/ e[M j'o w[beK ftu th ikD b~r gJ/. T[E/ ik
e/ fJBQK B/ j~v^GzBthA fwjBs ehsh ns/ uzrh ewkJh eoB b~r gJ/. fJj d/y e/ T[BQK d/PK d/
w{b tk;h fJBQK Bkb Jhoyk eoB b~r gJ/ ns/ J/fPnkJh ekfwnK dk ngwkB eoB bJh fJBQK
Bz{ ‘pb?e pk;Nov* (ekb/ jokwh) efj e/ fJBQK dk ngwkB eoB b~r/.
eth efjzdk j? fe ni s'A ek|h ;wK gfjbK fJj b'e J/Phnk d/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK T[Zgo
ekpI j' rJ/ ;B ns/ T[; tes T[j fJBQK d/PK dk ;kok nzB^XzB b[~N e/ b? rJ/ ;B.
J/fPnkJh w[be T[BQK d/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK ek|h y[Pjkb ;B go T[BQK dh b[~N d/ ekoB nfsnzs
rohp j' rJ/ jB. j[D T[j J/fPnkJh ekfwnK Bz{ fJ~Is dh o'Nh ewkT[AfdnK t/y e/ d[yh jB.
T[j gfjbK tKr jh ;kBz{ }[bkw pDkJh o~yDk ukj[zd/ jB. fit/A T[j ;woki d/ fdBK ftu
GkoshnK Bz{ e[ZN wko e/ gP{nK tKr ezwêko g{o/ eotkT[Ad/ ;B, T[j ukj[zd/ jB fe j[D th T[j
f;bf;bk ikoh oj/ go j[D tes pdb frnk j?. j[D J/fPnkJh b'e nkIkd j' rJ/ jB. j[D
T[j rkbQK ns/ e[~N wko Bz{ u[gukg podkPs BjhA eoBr/, T[BQK dk ;_?wkB ikr fgnk j? ns/
fJ; bJh ‘pb?e pknHHH’ d/ T[Zso ftu T[j th T[BQK Bz{ ‘pk;Nov* efjD s'A r[o/I BjhA eoBr/.
fJ; eftsk ftu ntsko izfvnkbth B/ ;kwokih b[~N^y;~N, B;btkdh wkj"b ns/ J/fPnkJh
ekfwnK ftu t~X oj/ ;_?wkB Bz{ pV/ fdbu;g ns/ wkofwe Yzr Bkb fpnkB ehsk j?.
13H gzikp eEk L ;[yftzdo ezp'i
fJ; eftsk ftu gotk;h eth ;[yftzdo ezp'i B/ 1947 JhH ftu fwbh nkIkdh T[gozs
gzikp dh dodBke ejkDh Bz{ fpnkB ehsk j?. d/P nkIkd j'D d/ Bkb jh gzikp Bz{ d' fj~f;nK
ft~u tzv fd~sk frnk ;h. gzikp dk t~vk fj~;k gkfe;skB Bz{ ubk frnk ns/ pkeh fj~;k
Gkos d/ fj~;/ nkfJnk. fJ; tzv d"okB fJXo Gkosh gzikp ftu ofjzd/ w[;bwkBK dh ns/
T[Xo'A nkT[D tkb/ fjzd{ f;~yK dh i' d[orsh j'Jh. T[j fJfsjk; dk fJe ;G s'A sqk;de
nfXnkfJ pD frnk. g~Swh gzikph ftu t;D tkb/ fjzd{ f;~y ns/ fJXo g{oph gzikp ftu
ofjD tkb/ w[;bwkB Bk e/tb nkgDhnK iVQK s'A e~N/ rJ/ pbfe nkgDh ;koh XB^d"bs ns/
n;ws th r[nk rJ/.
j"bh^j"bh T[ZiV e/ nkJ/ j'J/ b'e nkgD/ g?oK T[Zgo yV/ j'D b~r/ go d/P dh tkrv'o
g{zihgshnK ns/ ikrhodkoK d/ j~EK ftu nk rJh ;h. T[BQK s'A fwbD tkbh Pfj ns/ jbkP/oh
d/ ekoB nwho b'e j'o nwho j[zd/ rJ/ ns/ rohpK dh jkbs pd s'A pdso j'D b~r gJh.
gz{ihtkdh ftt;Ek B/ feoshnK ns/ ekfwnK d/ j~E'A o'Irko y'j fbnk. o{v f;zx tor/ S'N/
fe;kBK dh IwhB tZv/ fIwhAdkoK B/ j~fEnk bJh ns/ johJ/ w'uh dk Xzdk, pkNk ns/ eo'Bk
torhnK ezgBhnK B/ m~g eo fd~sk. fJj b'e PfjoK ftu ik e/ fdjkVh^d~gk eoB i'r/ ofj
rJ/. :{HghH ns/ fpjko s'A nkT[D tkb/ wId{oK d/ foeP/, Eoh thbQoK dh G/AN uVQ rJ/.
ikrhodkoK B/ uzvhrVQ ftu e'mhnK ik gJhnK ns/ nkgD/ oki;h ;pzXK d/ ekoB T[j th
B/skfroh ftu g?o XoB b~r gJ/. fJT[A gzikp dk otkfJsh w{zj, w[jKdok, ;fGnkukoe^:KM
ns/ edoKêhwsK phs/ d"o d/ n|;kB/ pD e/ ofj rJhnK. ;Zsk Bz{ jfEnkJh p?m/ b'eK Bz{
iBse bfjoK tb'A id'A e'Jh \sok wfj;{; j[zdk j?, fJj Xow \so/ ftu j?* dk Bknok bk e/
fJBQK bfjoK Bz{ PeshjhD pDk fdzd/ jB ns/ nkgDhnK r~dhnK puk b?Ad/ jB.
fJ; d"o ftu PkfJoK ns/ ebkekoK dk th tgkoheoD j' frnk. fJj b'e S'N/^w'N/
wkB^;BwkB iK fJBkw b?D dh Mke ftu oki;h B/sktK d/ n~r/ fg~S/ fcoB b~r/. nkw b'eK
dh nrtkJh e"D eo/, feT[A eo/< id'A fe T[Xo'A e[M fwbD dh T[whd jh BjhA ;h. f;~N/ ti'A
dfjPsrodK dhnK r'bhnK dk fPeko j'D tkb/ wIb{w b'e th d' y/fwnK ftu tzv fd~s/ rJ/.
fdbh dzfrnK dk fPeko j'D tkfbnK dk pko^pko fIeo j'D b~rk ns/ j'o b'eK dhnK bkPK Bz{
fpbe[b BIonzdki eo fd~sk frnk, fit/A T[j fJ; d/P d/ Pfjoh jh Bk j'D. eth fJ;
g~ygks T[Zgo nkgDh fuzsk dk fJIjko eodk j? fe T[j fJBebkph PkfJo r[o{ BkBe d/t ih
dh gozgok T[Zgo ubD dk n?bkB eodk j?, fi; B/ pkpo tor/ ikpo PfjBPkj Bz{ tzrkoB s'A
BjhA ;ze'u BjhA ;h ehsk T[j ni'e/ ;tkoEh, y[Pkwdh ns/ ekfJo ethnK dh YkDh ftu Pkwb
j'D s'A fJBeko eodk j?. T[; Bz{ wkD j? fe T[;dh eftsk ipo ns/ nfBnkfJ d/ fto[~X i{M
;edh j? ns/ fJj ;dk i{Mdh oj/rh.
14H GkDi/ dh tb?s |/oh
fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph eth i;tzs dhd B/ gzikp s'A fJzrb?Av nkgD/ wkw/ Bz{ fwbD
rJ/ fJe GkDi/ d/ wB'GktK dh g/Pekoh ehsh j?. fJ; eftsk ftu eth fJzrb?Av t;D tkb/
gzikphnK dh wkBf;esk T[g Z o ftnzr th eodk j? ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;jkB[G[sh th do;kT[Adk j?.
fJj eftsk ‘pb?e fjT{wo (Black Humor) dk fJe Bw{Bk g/P eodh j?. GkDi/ d/ ;tkrs
ftu wkwk ns/ T[;d/ e[M d';s fJe gkoNh dk fJzsIkw eod/ jB. d'^fszB g?r brk e/ ;ko/
pfje iKd/ jB ns/ fco Gkos (India) d/ ihtB Bz{ Boe Bkb s[bBk d/D brd/ jB. fJe soQK
Bkb T[j b'e nkgD/ nkg Bz{ p/jso f;~X eoB dh e'fPP eod/ jB id'A fe n;b ftu T[j
jhDsk^Gkt dk fPeko j[zd/ jB. T[BQK ftu'A fJe nkdwh efjzdk j? fe s[;hA fJzvhnB b'e ewhB/
j[zd/ j'. ;kvhnK IwhBK, ikfJdkdK B~g b?Ad/ j', id'A fe n;hA s[jkv/ bJh J/Bk e[M eod/ jK.
s[jkBz{ g?;/ G/id/ jK. s[jkv/ gfotkoK Bz{ J/Xo ;?ZN eod/ jK. s[;hA Bk P[eo/ j'. d{ik efjzdk j?
fe id'A w?A fJXo nkfJnk ;K sK pj[s rohp ;K. j[D w//o/ gk; fJe fwbhnB gkT[Av dh e'mh
j?. tZvk eko'pko j? fi; ftu w?A nzro/I b'eK Bz{ nkgD/ B"eo o~fynk j'fJnk j?. shik efjzdk
j? fe s[z{ i' fJzrb?Av dh ;?o eo fojk j?. fJj th ;kvh fwjopkBh j?. n;hA s?Bz{ fNeN G/fink
;h ns/ j[D s{z fJE/ s[o^fco e/ n?P eo fojk J/A. jo pzdk id'A nkgDh rZb \sw eodk j? sK
fJj efjDk BjhA G[Zbdk fe fJzvhnk Boe j?. b/ye fJj i[wbk ‘fJzvhnk Boe j?*, J/Bh tko
;[D b?Adk j? fe T[j ukj[zdk j? fe fJ; dk fJe rhs pDk d/tKL fJvhnk Boe j?. Pktk Pktk`
fe fJzvhnk Boe j?. fco e'Jh dZ;dk j? fe T[j fJzvhnk ik e/ u?foNh eodk j?. jo toQ/ bZyK
o[gJ/ u?foNh T[go you eodk j?. }ohp n"osK ns/ ftXtktK dh Pkdh eodk j?. fJe j'o
nkdwh gzikp ftu ofjD tkb/ nkgD/ GkDi/ pko/ dZ;dk j? fe T[j T[Xo b/yeK ns/ ebkekoK ƒ
fJBkw fdzdk j?. fJe nkdwh gzikp ftu ofjD tkbh nkgDh fe;/ wkP{e Bkb rZb eotkT[Adk
j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe tkg; ik e/ T[; ƒ fwbhA. T[j s?ƒ \{p n?P eotkJ/rh. T[j efjzdk j? fe
gzikp ftu T[; d/ fe;// foPs/dko B/ u'DK bVBhnK jB. T[; T[go i/ T[j f|bw pDk d/t/ sK
T[j u'DK fiZs ikt/rk. nzs ftu ;ko/ iD/ T[Zuh nktkI ftu fJe gzikph rhs brk e/ BZuD bZr
g?Ad/ jB. BZufdnK^BZufdnK T[BQK ƒ nkgDk tsB :kd nk iKdk j?. T[BQK dhnK nZyK ftu
nZEo{ nk iKd/ jB go T[j nkgDk Bku BjhA o'ed/. j[D b/ye ƒ fJj ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe
T[j nkgD/ pDkJ/ rhs ‘fJzvhnk Boe j?* dk eh eo/ feT[Afe gotk;hnK dhnK nZyK ftu nkJ/
jzM{ ns/ rb/ ftu nNe/ jT[e/ fJj G/s Ikjo eo fdzd/ jB fe fJzvhnk Boe BjhA j?.
iBwG{wh fej' fijh th j't/, fJj Boe BjhA j' ;edh.
15H njZfbnkL tBhsk
fJ; eftsk ftu ;qhwsh tBhsk B/ fJe g"okfDe gq;zr d/ jtkb/ Bkb wod gqXkB ;wki
ftu gsBh dh ;fEsh ƒ fpnkB ehsk j?. g[okDK ftu njZfbnk dh fJe eEk j? fi; ftu
do;kfJnk frnk j? fe r"sw foPh dh nfsnzs ;[zdo gsBh njZfbnk dk ;s Gzr eoB bJh
fJzdo B/ uzdowk Bkb fwb e/ fJe ;kfiP ouh, fi; d[nkok uzdowk nZXh oks ƒ e[ZeV dk
o{g pDk e/ r"sw dh e[Nhnk T[go p?m frnk ns/ pKr d/ fdZsh. pKr ;[D e/ r"sw B/ ;'funk
fe ;t/o j'D tkbh j?. T[j Bdh T[go fJPBkB eoB bJh e[Nhnk s'A pkjo ubk frnk ns/ T[;
dh }?ojkIoh ftu fJzdo r"sw dk o{g pDk e/ T[; Bkb gq/w eoB bZr fgnk. Bdh T[go ik e/
r"sw ƒ fJj nfj;k; j'fJnk fe T[; Bkb fe;/ B/ Sb ehsk j? feT[Afe ni/ sK f;o| nZXh
oks r[ioh j?. T[j tkg; w[V nkfJnk ns/ e[Nhnk ftu ik e/ fJzdo ns/ njZfbnk ƒ gq/w
eofdnK j'fJnK d/y fbnk. eq'fXs j' e/ T[; B/ d'jK ƒ ;okg d/ fdZsk, fi; d/ f;ZN/ ti'A
njZfbnk fJe gZEo dh w{osh pD rJh. pknd ftu T[; B/ fJj th efj fdZsk fe ;qh okw T[;
ƒ BtîhtB d/ d/Dr/.
r"sw d/ ;okg d/ T[Zso ftu njZfbnk efjzdh j? fe T[; ƒ fJzdo dh ;kfiP pko/ e'Jh
gsk BjhA ;h ns/ T[; B/ fJzdo ƒ, r"sw ikD e/ jh T[; Bkb gq/w ehsk j?. i/ w?A T[; dh
;kfiP dk fPeko j' rJh jK sK s{z th sK T[; d/ uZeo ftu c; frnk ;h. T[; ;w/A s/ok ;kok
frnkB^fXnkB feXo ubk frnk ;h< njZfbnk nB[;ko Pkdh sK go;go ftPtk; T[go fNeh
j[zdh j?. i/ ftPtk; jh BjhA sK e?;h Pkdh ns/ e?;k gq/w< w?ƒ j[D fe;/ ;qh okw dh fwjopkBh
BjhA ukjhdh. w?ƒ fJzdo iK r"sw dh th e'Jh Io{os BjhA. i/ okw jh fe;/ ƒ w[esh d/D i'rk
j[zdk sK ;hsk ƒ feT[A Xosh ftu ;wkT[Dk g?Adk< w?A nkgD/ nzdo'A T[gi/ frnkB Bkb jh
;okg^w[es j' iktKrh. w?ƒ fe;/ j'o g[oP d/th^d/ts/ dh fwjopkBh BjhA ukjhdh. fJT[A
njZfbnk wod gqXkB ftt;Ek d/ fto[ZX ftdo'j eodh fdykJh rJh j?.
16H w?A ;wK jKHHH doPB p[ZNo
fJ; eftsk ftu nkX[fBe eth doPB p[ZNo nkX[fBe :[r d/ T[bkoK ns/ nzso fto'XK
pko/ nkgD/ Gkt gqrN eodk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu ;wK, nksw puBh d/ o{g ftu b'eK ƒ
;zp'XB eodk j?. ;wK efjzdk j? fe w?A fe;/ dk b/ykî'yk T[; dh w"s s'A pknd jh eodk jK.
fiT[Ad/ ihn fe;/ pzd/ pko/ e'Jh okfJ gqrN eoBh T[fus BjhA j[zdh. feT[Afe fe;/ pzd/ pko/ eh
efj ;ed/ jK fe T[j ebQ ƒ feqPwk eo fdykt/, eh eos{s eo d/t/< jK` J/B/ Io{o fejk ik
;edk j? fe ni'e/ d"o ftu jo pzdk ;tkoEh ns/ nkswê/Afdqs j' frnk j?. j[D nkgD/
coIK dh rZb e'Jh BjhA eodk pbfe nfXeko wzrdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe ;wki ns/ d/P
ftu rVpV c?b rJh j?. nkbk^d[nkbk GqPN ns/ gqd{fPs j' frnk j?. esb, b[ZN^wko,
pbkseko, Go{D^jZfsnk ns/ nksw^jZfsnk torhnK nB/e xNBktK jo o'I j' ojhnK jB
go e'Jh th ;{yw fJBQK dh fIzw/tkoh b?D bJh fsnko BjhA pbfe jo e'Jh fJBQK s'A |kfJdk
T[mkT[D pko/ ;'u fojk j?. fJ; d"o ftu jo e'Jh nPKs ns/ p/u?B j?. fe;/ gk; wkBtsk d/
efbnkDk dk Bk sK e'Jh ;[gBk j? ns/ Bk T[d/P j?. jo fe;/ ƒ nkgDh^nkgDh gJh j'Jh j?.
fJ; d"o ftu bkbuh wB[Zy B/ BdhnK dk ;kok gkDh ;'e fbnk j?. BdhnK ftu e/tb
o/sk pkeh pfunk j?. tksktoD J/Bk Ifjohbk ns/ gqd{fPs j' frnk j? fe n;wkB s'A g?D
tkbh pkfoP ftu th s/Ikph gdkoE x[b rJ/ jB. c[Zb ns/ pB;gsh ;[Zedh ik ojh j?.
gzShnK dhnK nB/e gqikshnK \sw j' rJhnK jB. jo gk;/ :[ZX ns/ nksze dk \"c j?.
fJB;kB d/ ;[zxD bJh pko{d ns/ ykD bJh e/tb nZr puh j?. ni'ek fJB;kB XB dh nzBQh
ns/ nw'V bkb;k ftu feE'A, feE/ gj[zu frnk j?. ;wK T[; d/ ftBkP ns/ gsB dh ejkDh ƒ
fBo;ze'u fpnkB eo fojk j?.
17H j[D wKHHHL ;[yftzdo nzfwqs
fJ; eftsk ftu eftZsoh nkgDh wK d/ ihtB dh eo[DêEk ƒ fpnkB eodh j?. T[;
nB[;ko wK j[D p[ZYh j' rJh j?. T[; dhnK ;[zdo w'NhnK nZyK T[go n?BeK bZr rJhnK jB
ns/ j[D T[j ftjV/ ftu p?mh nkgDhnK XhnK d/ ;j[o/ xo'A nk e/ d[y^;[y eoB ƒ T[vhedh
ofjzdh j?. itkBh ;w/A wK pj[s ;[zdo j[zdh ;h. PBhb dk w'shnK tkbk ;{N gk e/ id'A T[j
nkgDh r[Zs eodh ;h sK T[; dh itkBh ns/ o{g jo d/yD tkb/ d/ wB ƒ w'j b?Ad/ ;B. go
T[j nkgD/ Pokph gsh d/ bbekfonK s'A vodh ofjzdh ;h. T[;dk gsh nkB/^pjkB/ T[; dh e[ZN
wko eodk ofjzdk ;h. eJh tko T[; B/ T[;dh r[Zs th gZNh ;h. wK T[;dk jo I[bw u[gûkg
;jko b?Adh ;h. ;kv/ wod gqXkB ;wki ftu jo gsh nkgDh gsBh Bkb fJ;/ gqeko dk ;b{e
eodk j?. fJ; bJh fe;/ ƒ th fJ; pko/ e'Jh j?okBh BjhA ;h j[zdh.
wK fJe ;zt/dBPhb Bkoh ;h. T[; gk; fJe eftsktK tkbh ekgh th j[zdh ;h go Xh B/
wK ƒ ed/ T[; ekgh ftu'A rhs r[Dr[DkT[Ad/ BjhA ;h sZfenk. frqj;Eh dk p'M Y'AfdnK^Y'AfdnK
T[j eJh XhnK dh wK pD rJh ;h. fJ;/ e;{o d/ pdb/ T[; ƒ gsh jZE'A jo o'I ngwkB
;fjDk g?Adk ;h. j"bh^j"bh ;G XhnK d/ ftnkj j' rJ/. T[; dk Ikbw gsh th PkfJd feXo/
wo^yg frnk. T[j j[D fJeZbh ofj rJh j?. ed/êdkJhA e'Jh Xh T[; Bkb d[y^;[y eo e/
tkg; nkgD/ ;j[o/^xo gos iKdh j?. eftZsoh ;'udh j? fe T[; dh wK fJe ekfJo n"os
;h. T[j nkgD/ ;_?wkB ns/ ;[szsosk dh okyh Bk eo ;eh. T[; dh rhsK tkbh ekgh th
fJXo^T[Xo fes/ o[b rJh. T[j T[; Bkb jwdodh BjhA eoBk ukj[zdh. go fco T[j ;'udh j?
fe T[; B/ nkgDh wK s'A jh f;fynk j? fe jo fJ;sqh ƒ nkgD/ nfXekoK Bkb bVBk ukjhdk
j?. Xh ƒ wK s'A jh nfj;k; j'fJnk j? fe nkgD/ ;[gfBnK ns/ ;ZXoK ƒ wko e/ ihDk fJe
r[Bkj j?. i/ nZi T[j pjkdo j?, nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ ;_?wkB gqsh u/szB j? sK fJ; d// fgS/
T[; dh wK dh p/gZsh ns/ d[odPk jh fIzw/tko j?. fJj ;'u e/ T[j nkgDh wK d/ xo tZb fBeb
s[odh j? ns/ p[Zeb ftu b? e/ T[; ƒ fgnko eodh j?. T[j |?;bk eodh j? fe T[j nkgDh wK
dh rhsK tkbh ekgh ftu Bkoh dh ;[szsosk ns/ ;_?wkB d/ rhs fbydh oj/rh. wK dhnK
nX{ohnK fJZSktK ƒ g{ohnK eoB bJh tkj bk d/t/rh.
phHJ/HGkr d{ik gzikph bkIwh
gkm BzH 1H2
ekft bfjoKL eftsktK dk ;ko

T[d/P
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ‘ekft bfjoK* ftu ;zefbs eftsktK dk ;ko
fbyD dh ftXh ;wMkT[Dk j?. ;ko ftu T[j ;ko/ ftukoXkoe t/ot/ ns/ xNBktK fpnkB
eoBhnK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb eth nkgDh eftsk ƒ T[;kodk j?. jo eth dk
nB[Gt ns/ ouBk^ftXh tZyoh^tZyoh j[zdh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fe;/ eftsk dh sfj ftu
v{zxk T[so e/ T[; dk ;ko fsnko eoBk g?Adk j?. fJj fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe e'Jh th
wjZstg{oB t/otk iK eVh S[ZN Bk ikt/. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ftfdnkoEh ƒ ;zy/gsk tZb th fXnkB
oZyD dh Io{os g?Adh j?. ;zy/gsk jh fe;/ ;ko fbyD tkb/ b/ye dh n;b gfjukD j[zdh j?.
o{gô/yk
‘ekft bfjoK* ftu GkJh tho f;zx s'A b? e/ ;[yftzdo nzfwqs se e[b 17 eth ;zefbs
jB. fJ; g[;se d/ ftdtkB ;zgkdeK vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ jo
eth dh fJe gqshfBX bzph eftsk ƒ fJ; ;zrqfj ftu Pkwb ehsk j?. n;hA fJBQK ;kohnK
eftsktK dk ;ko nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh nrtkJh bJh d/ oj/ jK, sK i' T[BQK ƒ fe;/ j'o
;jkfJe ;wroh bJh fJXo^T[Xo GNeDk Bk gt/. fco th ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ukjhdk j? fe
T[j eth dh w{b eftsk ƒ eJh tko fXnkB Bkb gVQB ns/ eftsk d/ Io{oh t/ot/ nkgDh B'N
p[e ftu fby b?D. fJ; ftXh Bkb T[BQK dk nksw^ftPtk; tX ikt/rk.
G{fwek
fe;/ th bzph eftsk ƒ IpkBh :kd oZyDk ek|h efmB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh gzikph ekft
pko/ rZb^pks eoB ;w/A ;kv/ gk; gqw[Zy ethnK dh gqshfBX eftsktK d/ Io{oh t/ot/ j'D/
ukjhd/ jB. jo eftsk dhnK d'ûko gzeshnK th :kd j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB sK i' Io{os d/
tes T[BQK dh T[dkjoD fdZsh ik ;e/.
1H nNe
GkJh tho f;zx (1872^1957) nkX[fBe gzikph ekft dk w'Yh ;h. ;G s'A gfjbK T[;
B/ jh fBPfus f;ob/y tkbhnK S'NhnK eftsktK fbyD dh gfjb ehsh ;h. T[; s'A gfjbK
gzikph ekft ftu feZ;/, tkoK, izrBkw/ iK nfXnkswe ekft (r[opkDh ns/ ;{|h ebkw) jh
fbfynk iKdk ;h. ‘nNe* ;KM/ gzikp ftu trD tkb/ fJe dfonk dk Bkw ;h, i' j[D gZSwh
gzikp (gkfe;skB) ftu ofj frnk j?. fJj dfonk nkgDh s/I otkBh ekoB gqf;ZX ;h. eth
B/ fJj eftsk gqPB^T[so P?bh ftu fbyh j?. eth nNe ƒ fJe gqPB g[ZSdk j?, fi; dk
T[so nNe dfonk pV/ soeg{oB Yzr Bkb fdzdk j?. eth g[ZSdk j? fe gzikph b'eK B/ T[; dk
Bkw ‘nNe* fJ; ekoB oZfynk ;h feT[Afe T[j fe;/ :ksoh ƒ gko BjhA ;h bzxD fdzdk. jo
fJe d/ o;s/ ftu nNe (o[ektN) gk fdzdk ;h gozs{ id'A n|rkfB;skB ns/ wZX J/PhnK tb'/A
nkT[D tkb/ jwbktoK ƒ o'eD dh Io{os ;h sK T[; B/ nkgDh fIzw/tkoh Bk fBGkJh pbfe
Ikbw b[N/fonK ƒ fpBK fe;/ o[ektN bzx ikD fdZsk. fJ; rZb dk T[; gk; eh T[Zso j?<
nNe itkp fdzdk j? fe w/ok Bkw ‘nNe* fJ; bJh j? feT[Afe w?A ed/ th o[edk th
BjhA jK pbfe fdBôks nkgDh wzfIb (;kro) tb s[fonk iKdk j?. rshPhbsk jh ihtB j?
ns/ fijVk ftnesh iK e'Jh Pesh o[e iKdh j?, T[[j wo iKdh j?. e/tb dfonk jh BjhA
pbfe Bo^Bkoh, o[y^p{N/, gP{^gzSh, ;{oiûzd ns/ sko/ ;ko/ jh s[oh ik oj/ jB. w/ok Bkw
nNe fJ; bJh j? feT[Afe w?A th ;dk s[oh iKdk jK. w?A fJe dfonk jK ns/ w/ok ezw Xosh
ƒ f;ziDk ns/ |;bK ƒ T[rkT[Dk j?. w/o/ ftu J/Bh p[ZXh BjhA j? fe w?A fe;/ uzr/^wzd/ nkdwh
dh gfjukD eo ;eK. uzr/ ƒ gko bzx ikD d/tK ns/ p[o/ ƒ o'e d/tK. fJj p[ZXh gowkswk B/
e/tb wB[Zy ƒ jh pyPh j?. T[jh IkbwK ƒ o'eD iK w'VB dk ezw eo ;ed/ jB. w?A BjhA.
fJj s[jkvh wB[ZyK dh fIzw/tkoh ;h fe s[;hA nZr/ tX e/ iotkfDnk ƒ o'e fdzd/ go s[;hA sK
nkg jh nNe rJ/, ;'uK ftu g? rJ?. f;ZN/ ti'A iotkD/ nZr/ tX nkJ/. T[BQK B/ Bk e/tb d/P
ƒ b[fNnk^g[fNnk pbfe nkgDk }[bkw pDk fbnk. i/ s[;hA nkgDh fIzw/tkoh ƒ gfjukD b?Ad/,
J/esk ns/ ftT[As Bkb ikpoK ƒ mZbQ gk fdzd/ sK w?A th s[jkvk e[M ;kE d/ fdzdk. go s[;hA
n?Pgq;sh ns/ BkfJs|keh d/ ekoB fJeZm/ Bk j' ;e/. f;ZN/ ti'A wko/ rJ/. nNe dfonk fJj
;zd/P fdzdk j?L
nZr/ fijVk tXdk Bk,
ikD'A fgS/ w[V fojk j?
p/Vh nkgDh p'Vdk s/
o'VQdk j? BkwDk.
brksko ;fji ;fji
j'P, p[fX, Xow Bkb
w/b, ftT[As i[rs ub/^
e"D eo/ ;[ ;kwBk<
(nNe, gzBk 4)
GkJh tho f;zx dh fJj eftsk pVh gq/oBk Gog{o j?. fJj Gkostk;hnK ƒ J/esk,
rshPhbsk ns/ go;go w/bî'b dk ;zd/P fdzdh j?. fJj ;zd/P ni th g{oh soQK Bkb
gqk;zfre j?.
2H w[Zb gk s{z nkgDk
;Zs yzvK ftu ftGkfis fJ; ;zp'XBwJh eftsk ftu gzikp dk nbp/bk eth gq'H g{oB
f;zx jo gzikph ftnesh ƒ nkgD/ pko/ ;_?wkB dh GktBk ftef;s eoB dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?.
eth nB[;ko jo ftnesh ƒ nkgD/ nkg T[go pj[s ;kok, tZX s'A tZX ;_?wkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
T[j efjzdk j? fe B"itkBK dk fdb ns/ fdwk} ;Ziok j[zdk j?. T[BQK ftu Jhoyk ns/ j'o
ftekoK dk gqt/P BjhA j'fJnk j[zdk. gowkswk B/ ni/ T[BQK ƒ E'VQk ;wK gfjbK jh fJ; Xosh
T[go G/fink j[zdk j?. fJ; ekoB T[BQK d/ fujfonK T[go fJe ibkb ns/ B{o j[zdk j?.
B"itkBK ƒ fJj ibb ns/ B{o wZXw BjhA g?D d/D/ ukjhd/. T[; ƒ f;ZfenK dh \kso fe;/ dh
}[bkwh BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.
;_?wkB ns/ nksw^ftPtk; Bkb gZe/ g?oK T[go yV/ j'D tkb/ b'e fJfsjk; ƒ pdb
;ed/ jB. T[BQK ftu J/Bk i'P ns/ Pesh j[zdh j? fe T[j fJfsjk; ƒ pdb ;ed/ jB. gzikph
B"itkBK ƒ ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ d/P d/ fJfsjk; ƒ pdb d/D, n;zGt ƒ ;zGt eo e/ ftyk
d/D. T[j fJBQK gzikphnK ƒ fBZe/^w'N/ ezwK ns/ wB^goukftnK ƒ SZvD dh ;bkj fdzdk j?.
eth dh fJZSk j? fe gzikph B"itkBK d/ nkdoP T[u/ j'D ns/ ftPt^fJfsjk; ftu T[BQK dh fJe
tZyoh gfjukD j't/. T[j N[eV/^N[eV/ Bk j'D pbfe fJeZm/ j' e/ nkgD/ d/P ƒ pdbD bJh g{oh
tkj bk d/D.
wB[Zyh ihtB ftu eJh d"o nfij/ nkT[Ad/ jB id'A T[goÊZb/ pj[s ;kohnK n;|bsktK
dk w{zj t/yD s'A pknd wB[Zy fBokP ns/ T[gokw j' iKdk j?.T[;dk nksw^ftPtk; v'b iKdk
j?. go eth ;wMkT[Adk j? fe jo ;w/A wB[Zy ƒ uVQdh ebk ftu ofjDk ukjhdk j?. gowkswk
B/ wB[Zy ƒ |sfj gqkgs eoB bJh g?dk ehsk j?, gokfis j'D bJh BjhA. fJ; bJh wB[Zy ƒ
jo ;w/A gq;zr ns/ ;_?wkB Bkb Gog{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?. gowkswk B/ wB[Zy bJh p/nzs dksK
Bkb Gog{o f;qPNh ;kih j?. T[j fwjBs eo e/ nkgD/ ns/ g{o/ ;wki bJh nzB^XB d/ ny[ZN
Gzvko g?dk eo ;edk j?. fJ; bJh T[; ƒ ;dk gowkswk T[go ftPtk; oyDk ukjhdk j?.
T[; ƒ S'N/^w'N/ ;tkoEK dh g{osh bJh BhtK BjhA fvZrDk ukjhdk pbfe nksw^ftPtk; Bkb
vN e/ yV'Bk ukjhdk j?.
tZv/ nkdwh dh fJjh fBPkBh j[zdh j? fe T[j rohph nk ikD T[go th fe;/ nZr/ jZE
BjhA nZvdk. T[j f;o| oZp s'A jh dksK wzrdk j?. eth ukj[zdk j? fe nkdwh ed/ th \[droI
Bk pD/ feT[Afe \[droIh ftu pzdk fJB;kBhns d/ wosp/ s'A j/mK fvZr e/ gP{ pD iKdk j?.
pj[s/ b'e y[droIh d/ ekoB jh d[yh ns/ nPKs fdykJh fdzd/ jB. eth jo nkdwh ƒ nkgDh
ftbZyDsk pDkJh oZyD dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?. oZp B/ fe;/ th nkdwh ƒ d{i/ tork BjhA pDkfJnk.
;' pzd/ ƒ ukjhdk j? fe T[j d{finK dh Beb eo e/ T[BQK tork pDB dh e'fPP Bk eo/ pbfe
;_?wkB d[nkok fBnkok ns/ tZyok pfDnk oj/. fJ; Bkb d[BhnK tX/o/ \{p;{os gqshs j'tr / h.
eth dk ;zd/P j?L
tfvnK dh ohs BjhA
fe;/ gk;'A wzrDkl
dksk s/ok s/o/ f;o
G[Zy fgnk; s{z ;jkohA,
jZE Bk bkJhA roI dh nZr ƒ.
(w[Zb gk s{z nkgDk, gzBk 8)
3H c/o gko' B/ fejk
pktk pbtzs nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs dk fJe eqKshekoh eth ;h. T[; B/ nkgDh fJ;
eftsk ftu fPt ih ns/ gkopsh d/th d/ jtkb/ Bkb eqKsh dk ;zd/P fdZsk j?. gkopsh wkJh
fPt ih ƒ ikfrqs eodh j? fe T[; d/ y/sK T[go ;owkJ/dkoh dk epik j'D tkbk j?, d/P
}[bkw j' ikt/rk. j[D r|bs dh BhAd ftu ;"D dk ;wK BjhA pbfe ikrD dk tes j?. i/ T[j
ikr e/ ;owkJ/dkoh dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh fsnko j' ikt/rk sK T[; dh fiZs :ehBh j?. c/o
g{o/ d/P ftu \[PhnK gos nkT[DrhnK. go i/ T[j nZyK whN e/ Grsh ftu jh bZfrnk fojk
sK d/P d/ g{o/ t;hfbnK T[go pkjob/ b'e ekpI j' ikDr/. feosh^fe;kB G[Zy/ woBr/ ns/
pkjo s'A nkJ/ j'J/ n?P eoBr/. Grsh^GktBk B/ d/P dk e[M BjhA ;ztkoBk. d/P }[bkw j'
ikt/rk ns/ Gkostk;hnK dh fIzdrh Boe pD e/ ofj ikt/rh.
nZyK whN e/ Grsh eoB tkb/ b'e nkgD/ d/P ns/ ;wki dk e[M BjhA ;ztko ;ed/.
y[ZbQhnK nZyK tkb/ ikro{e ns/ j'Pwzd ftnesh jh nkgD/ d/P dh okyh eo ;ed/ jB. eth
nB[;koL
nZy id j?tkB dh y[ZbQ ikJ/ fJj
T[j th pD iKdk J/ ekwb nkdwh.
nkdwh pDdk J/ fJ; s'A d/tsk
jo Bdh ;kro pD/.
yzG bk e/ T[Zv ;edk J/ gjkV.
(c/o gko' B/ fejk, gzBk 11)
fPt ih d/ pko/ ftu fJj fwE gqf;ZX j? fe id T[; dh sh;oh nZy y[Zbdh j? sK fJe
G{ukb nk iKdk j?. d[BhnK ftu'A I[bw ns/ p/fJB;kch \sw j' iKdh j?. B/eh ns/ fJB;kc dk
:[r tkg; nk iKdk j?. gkopsh dh d[jkJh ƒ ;[D e/ fPt ih dh ftt/e tkbh sh;oh nZy y[bQ
rJh. T[; B/ I[bw d/ fto[ZX :[ZX ehsk ns/ fJ; ƒ fwNk e/ oZy fdZsk. fPt ih B/ gkopsh dk
XzBtkd ehsk feT[Afe T[; B/ fPt ih ƒ irkfJnk ns/ ;ktXkB ehsk ;h. eth efjzdk j? fe
Bkoh irs dk efbnkD eoB tkbh fJe Pesh j?. T[j Boe ƒ d{o eo e/ ;[or f;oi ;edh
j?. fJ; bJh jo g[oP ƒ Bkoh dk ;fseko eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/ e'Jh d/P iK e"w Bkoh dk
;fseko eoBk f;Zy bt/ sK T[j ed/ th }[bkw BjhA j' ;edk. T[; dh nkIkdh ƒ e'Jh \sok
BjhA j' ;edk. eth d/ PpdK ftuL
n"os fJe n"os th J/, Pesh th J/,
irsêfbnkDh th J/.
fJ; dk fJe pZuk pDk ;edk J/ d'Iy ƒ pfjPs
w"s ƒ fJe fIzdrh.
(c/o gko' B/ fejk, gzBk 13)
4H nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/
fJ; eftsk ftu gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ fJe c"ih f;gkjh dh gsBh dhnK T[BQK :kdK ƒ
fpnkB ehsk j?, id'A T[; dk gsh ;kbkBk S[ZNh b? e/ xo nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[j d't/A
;kok^;kok fdB \{p w"i w;sh eod/ ;B. S[ZNh \sw j'D s'A pknd f;gkjh tkg; ubk frnk
ns/ T[; dh gsBh fJeZbh ofj rJh j?. id th T[j uo\k b? e/ eZsD p?mdh j? sK fJeZm/
fpskJ/ \[PhnK Go/ fdBK dhnK :kdK T[; ƒ x/o b?AdhnK jB. fJ; n"os d/ xo ftu nzph dk
fJe o[Zy bfrnk j'fJnk j?. T[; ƒ :kd nkT[Adk j? fe fJe fdB id'A T[; dk gsh xo ftu
;h sK T[; B/ \{p jko fPzrko bkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. rfjD/ gfjB e/ nkgD/ i'pB ƒ j'o uwek
fbnk ;h. T[; dk gsh ;kjwD/ p?m e/ T[; ƒ nkgD/ c"ih ihtB dhnK xNBktK ;[Dk fojk ;h.
izr fet/A j[zdh j?, ;w[zdo ftu ijkI fet/A ubd/ jB ns/ fet/A c"ih b'e nkgD/ d/PK dh
nkB^PkB tk;s/ nZr/ tX^tX e/ bVd/ jB. fJj rZbK eodk eodk T[j ;"A frnk. T[; ƒ ;[Zsk
t/y e/ c"ih dh gsBh ƒ fJe Pokos ;[Mh. T[; B/ uoy/ dh uowy s'A E'Vh fijh ekby bkjh
ns/ ;[Zs/ gJ/ gsh d/ wZE/ T[s/ bk fdZsh. fco T[; ƒ I'o dh jk;k nk frnk. jZ;D dh nktkI
;[D e/ c"ih ƒ ikr nk rJh. T[; B/ nkgDh gsBh ƒ g[ZfSnk go T[; B/ e[M Bk dZf;nk.
uo\/ T[s/ bZr/ PhP/ ftu nkgDk fujok d/y e/ T[; ƒ ;koh jehes ;wM nk rJh. c"ih dh
gsBh T[; d/ s/to t/y e/ nZr/^nZr/ BZm gJh. |"ih th T[; ƒ cVB bJh fgZS/^fgZS/ d"V
fgnk. d't/A ek|h d/o se fJt/A BZud/ oj/. nkyo ;wM"sk j' frnk ns/ d't/A fco fJe^d{i/ d/
;kjwD/ j' e/ p?m rJ/. T[; tes nzph d/ fJod^frod d"Vd/ d't/A pV/ y[P ;B go ni T[jh
nzph dk o[Zy ftS'V/ dhnK :kdK ƒ skIk eo fojk j?. d[y d/ fojk j?. gsBh ;'udh j? fe feT[a
Bk fJ; o[Zy ƒ eNtk d/tK. fJ; ƒ d/yD Bkb gsh dh :kd d[y d/D bZr g?Adh j? go c/o T[j
;'udh j? fe i/ fJ; o[Zy ƒ eNtk fdZsk sK T[j fe; T[go uVQ e/ nkgD/ gsh dk okj d/fynk
eo/rh. fJj o[Zy bfrnk jh oj/ sK uzrk j?L
s'pk w?A G[Zbh Bh,
jkVk w?A G[Zbh Bh.
i/ nzph eZNKrh
uVQ fe; d/ T[s/,
okj Y'b/ dk sZeKrh<
(nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/, gzBk 18)
5H ;[B/jV/
fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph dh gqf;ZX eftZsoh nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ fuZmh^gZso dk nzdkI
fBGkfJnk j?. eftZsoh ƒ nkgD/ wfjp{p dk fJe gZso gqkgs j'fJnk j?, fi; ƒ gqkgs eo e/
T[; ƒ p/jZd y[Ph gqkgs j'Jh j?. nkgD/ wfjp{p d[nkok fby/ nZyoK T[j nkgD/ jZE c/o e/
wfjp{p d/ jZEK dh S'j gqkgs eoB tkbk nkBzd jk;b eodh j?. fJ; T[gozs T[j fJ; gZso
dk itkp fbyD p?m iKdh j?. fJj gZso T[; B/ u/so wjhB/ dh B" fwsh ;zws 2005 (;zB
1948) ƒ fbfynk ;h. fJ; gZso ftu T[j fbydh j? fe T[j nkgD/ wfjp{p d/ ftS'V/ ftu pVh
T[dk; ns/ p/u?B ofjzdh j?. T[j fJe tko nk e/ T[; dk jkbûkb g[ZS ikt/. eftZsoh ƒ fJ;
rZb dk nfj;k; j? fe wod gqXkB ;wki ftu Bkoh dh ;_?fJZSk ns/ ;[szsosk ƒ e'Jh BjhA
g[ZSdk. Bkoh gqhs sK gk pfjzdh j? go T[; ƒ nkgD/ gq/wh Bkb fwbD d/ w"e/ BjhA fwbd/ T[j
ftS'V/ ftu fsb^fsb eo e/ y[odh ns/ wodh ofjzdh j?.
eftZsoh fbydh j? fe ;dhnK s'A Bkoh ƒ ftS'V/ dk ;zskg G'rDk g? fojk j?. jho, ;Z;h
ns/ ;'jDh tKr T[; dk ihtB th pj[s fBokPwJh j?. ;wki, gq/whnK ƒ fJe^d{i/ Bkb fwbD
dh nkfrnk BjhA fdzdk pbfe T[BQK T[go nB/e gqeko dhnK gkpzdhnK bk fdzdk j?. T[j fe;/
gZso okjhA T[; ƒ nkgDk eh ;[B/jk d/t/. i/ T[j nkg jh fJe tko nk e/ fwb ikt/ sK jh T[j
T[; ƒ nkgDh ghV pko/ e[M dZ; ;edh j?. nZi d/ :[r dh Bkoh wX:[r Bkb'A th tX/o/ wIp{o
j?. gq/fwek T[go I[bw eoB tkb/ e?d'A o{gh wB[ZyK dh frDsh pj[s tX rJh ns/ oKM/ tor/
gq/whnK dh fJe BjhA ubdh. eftZsoh nB[;koL
e?d'A ;w/A d/ j'o th j'J/ vkY/,
uke ;w/A d/ j'o wIp{o j' rJ/.
g?Av/ s\s jIkfoUA Mzr tkb/,
j[zd/ j[zd/ ni j'o th d{o j' rJ/.
(;[B/jV/, gzBk 23)
eftZsoh nzs ftu fJj ;[B/jk fdzdh j? fe ;koh d[BhnK d/ gq/whnK ƒ fJeZm/ j' e/ T[j
;wki pdb d/Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; ftu gq/whnK ƒ fe;/ gqeko dh ;[szsosk BjhA j?. fJe BtK
:[r fbnkT[D dh Io{os j?, fi; ftu jo nkdwh ns/ n"os ;[szso j't/ ns/ nkgDh woIh
nB[;ko ihtB^;kEh dh u'D eo ;e/. ;wki tb'A E'g/ rJ/ foPfsnK ƒ fBGkT[D ;w/A T[; dk
dw x[Ndk j?. eftZsoh ƒ ftPtk; j? fe T[; dk gq/wh nkgDh ebw Bkb :[r ƒ pdbD dh
Pesh oZydk j?.
6H w;hjk
nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph dk gqf;ZX rhseko fPt e[wko pNkbth fJj nfjd
eodk j? fe T[j wB[Zysk T[go j' oj/ I[bwK d/ fto[ZX nkgDh nktkI T[mkJ/rk. j[D T[j gq/fwek
dhnK I[bcK dh bzpkJh dk fj;kp^feskp SZv e/ wB[ysk dh GbkJh tk;s/ iZd' Ifjd eo/rk.
fJj eftsk T[; B/ g'j dh ;zroKd tkb/ fdB fbyh ;h ns/ n?bkB ehsk ;h fe T[j
fe;kBK^wId{oK d/ jZeK tk;s/ nkgDh ntkI p[bzd eodk oj/rk. T[; B/ nB[Gt eo fbnk ;h
fe T[j fIzdrh wkBtsk d/ efbnkD tk;s/ nktkI p[bzd eodk oj/rk. T[; B/ nB[Gt eo
fbnk ;h fe fIzdrh wkBtsk d/ efbnkD tk;s/ nkgD/ |oI JhwkBdkoh Bkb fBGkT[D dk Bkw
j?. fJj n?t/A M{m/ iK ebfgs ;[gB/ b?D ftu jh BjhA popkd eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?. eth d/
nB[;koL
fJ; fIzdrh d/ tko;K ƒ noI j?
fe fIzdrh fJe \kp BjhA,
;r'A fJe |oI j?.
fIzdrh d/ tko;'` fJ; |oI ƒ g{ok eo'.
(w;hjk, gzBk 26)
fIzdrh nwb ns/ ;zxoP dk Bkw j?. fIzdrh d/ eksbK ƒ bbeko e/ efj d/Dk ukjhdk
fe s[;hA fJ; ƒ popkd eoB dk e'Mk :sB Bk eo'. jo ftnesh ƒ w[jZps, ;dGktBk ns/
;[fjodsk Bkb nkgDk ihtB fpskT[Dk ukjhdk j?. wkBtsk dh ;/tk eoB d/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/
jB. i/ ;ko/ ;[fjod ns/ JhwkBdko b'e ob^fwb e/ jzGbk wkoBr/, d[yh wkBtsk d/ jzM{
g{MDr/ sK fe;/ ƒ th y[de[Ph eoB dh Io{os BjhA gt/rh. eth fJj ;j[z yKdk j? fe T[j
wB[Zysk bJh iht/rk ns/ wB[Zysk bJh wo/rk. i/ wB[Zysk dh ;/tk iK GbkJh tk;s/ T[; ƒ
jIos Jh;k tKr ;{bh T[go th uVQBk fgnk sK T[j fgZS/ BjhA jN/rk. eth b'e gZyh
fJBebkp nkT[D se fBozso ;zxoP eod/ ofjD dk n?bkB eodk j?. fJj T[;dk fJe
fJBebkph rhs j?.
7H s/o/ jI{o w/oh jkIoh dh dk;skB
fJ; eftsk ftu nkX[fBe gzikph ekft Xkok d/ gqw[y eth vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ykb;k
f;oiD d/ fposKs dk g[Bo^b/yD ehsk j?. eth ebgBk eodk j? fe i/ T[; fdB nkBzdg[o
;kfjp fty/ jIkoK dh sdkd ftu i[Vh ;zrs ftu T[j nkg th j[zdk sK fet/A ;'udk. i/ fJj
eftsk fe;/ ;kXkoD eth dh fbyh jz[dh sK T[; B/ |"oB fby d/Dk ;h fe T[j th gziK
fgnkfonK ftu Pkwb j' iKdk j?. nkgDk ;h; r[o{ d/ uoBK ftu G/N eo fdzdk. gozs{
jfoGiB f;zx wX P/qDh d/ feodko ƒ y{p gfjukDdk j?. T[; ƒ gsk j? fe fJj Pq/Dh e/tb
nkgD/ bJh e[M b?Dk jh ikDdh j?, fdzdh fpbe[b BjhA. r[o{^dopkoK ftu r[o{^xoK ftu fJ;
Pq/Dh d/ b'e nkgD/ bJh e[M b?D iK wzrD jh iKd/ jB.
eth fJ; rZb dh ebgBk eodk j? fe T[j th ykb;k f;oiDk tkb/ fdB r[o{ ;kfjp d/
dopko ftu jkIo ;h. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ id'A Bzrh sbtko bfjok e/ fJe ;h; dh wzr
ehsh sK T[j nkgD/ nkg ftu f;wN e/ ofj frnk ;h. T[; d/ e'b jh GkJh dfJnk f;zx p?mk
;h. T[j ;fji Gkt Bkb T[fmnk ns/ nkgDk ;h; r[o{ ;kfjp ƒ G/N eo fdZsk. T[j ;hs sK
T[; B/ ed'A dk r[o{ ;kfjp ƒ nofgnk j'fJnk ;h. d/D dk ;wK jh j[D nkfJnk ;h. fJ; s'A
pknd r[o{ ih B/ uko tko j'o ;h; dh wzr ehsh. r[o{ ;kfjp dh fJ; nB'yh wzr d/ T[so
ftu GkJh Xow f;zx, GkJh ;kfjp f;zx, GkJh fjzws f;zx, GkJh w'jew f;zx nkfd B/
tko'^tkoh T[Zm e/ nkgD/ ;h; r[o{ûoBK T[go oZy fdZs/. E'V/ ;w/A pknd r[o{ ih T[BQK ƒ szp{
s'A pkjo b? nkJ/. gzi/ f;zx ;jh ;bkws ;B. r[o{ ;kfjp B/ T[BQK ƒ nkgD/ gzi fgnko/ efj
e/ nkgD/ gk; fpmk fbnk ns/ ;wMkfJnk fe r[o{ d/ f;zx j'D tk;s/ nkgD/ ;h; G/N eoB/
g?Ad/ jB. (iT[ sT[ gq/w y/bD ek ukT[] f;o Xfo sbh rbh w/oh nkT[]) eth ƒ pVh frbkBh
ns/ gSsktk j'fJnk fe i/ r[o{ ;kfjp B/ f;o tkg; jh eo d/Dk ;h sK T[; B/ nkgDk f;o
feT[A Bk G/N ehsk. eth fJj ;zebg eodk j? fe i/ ed/ j[D r[o{ ƒ ;h; dh Io{os gJh sK
T[j Io{o nkgDk ;h; G/N eo d/tr / k feT[Afe ;h; G/N eoB tkfbnK ƒ i' PBkys ns/ ;BwkB
fwbdk j?, T[j d{i/ b'eK ƒ BjhA fwbdk. go fJ; wzst bJh fJe gqwkfDe iK ;Zuk^;[Zuk
ftnesh pDB dh Io{os j[zdh j?. r[o{ d/ dopko ftu yo/ f;Ze/ jh ubd/ jB, y'N/ BjhA. eth
nkgDk ;zebg fpnkB eodk j'fJnk fbydk j?L
w/o/ XV s/ Bt/A ;{oi fijk id ;h; T[Zr/rk,
o"PBh T[; dh r[o{ dk Bkw b? e/, nog d/tKrk
fBoh Bzrh fBZedh jhDsk,
w?E'A j[D ihth BjhA iKdh.
(s/o/ jI{o, w/ohHHH, gzBk 32)
8H b'eK Bkb rZb
skok f;zx B/ nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu gkmeK ƒ ni'e/ okiBhfse fdqP pko/ ikro{e
ehsk j?. T[; ƒ fJ; rZb T[go fuzsk j? fe oki B/sktK tb'A b'eK ƒ pko^pko w{oy pDkfJnk
ik fojk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu T[j b'eK Bkb f;ZXh ns/ ;gPN rZb eodk j?. T[j nc;oK iK
B/sktK Bkb e'Jh rZb BjhA eoBk ukj[zdk feT[Afe fJj b'e g{oh soQK Bkb GqPN, ;tkoEh ns/
foPtsy'o pD u[Ze/ jB. T[BQk Bkb rZb eoB iK T[BQK ƒ ;wMkT[D dk e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA j?.
T[j fbydk j? fe ;kohnK gkohnK fJe fijhnK wsbph ns/ GqPN jB. fJj t'NK s'A gfjbK
b'eK ƒ eJh soQK d/ ;pI pkr fdykT[Ad/ jB, T[BQK Bkb M{m/ tknd/ eod/ jB ns/ u'DK fiZs e/
gzi ;kb nkgDh Peb se BjhA ftykT[Ad/. fgSb/ S/^;Zs djkfenK s'A fJjh f;bf;bk uZb fojk
j?. Mzv/ Io{o pdb iKd/ jB go B/sk b'e fJe' fij/ feodko d/ fBebd/ jB. eth b'eK gk;'A
g[Sdk j? fe eh T[j y[Pjkb j' rJ/ jB< T[BQK ƒ ofjD bJh wekB, gkT[D bJh t;so ns/
ykD bJh uzrk nBki, cb, ;pIhnK fwbD bZr gJ/ jB< T[BQK dh fJZIs^nkpo{ ;[oZfyns j?<
T[j ;_?wkB Bkb f;o T[mk e/ ;VeK T[go uZb ;ed/ jB< i/ BjhA sK T[j pko^pko t'NK gk e/
feT[A nkgD/ nkg ƒ ngwkfBs eo oj/ jB. eth nfij/ b'eK ƒ ‘p/Pow* efjD s'A th ;ze'u
BjhA eodk, i' ngokXhnK ns/ r[zfvnK ƒ pko^pko t'N gk e/ T[BQK dk r[zvkôki ;Ekfgs
eoB ftu wdd eod/ jB. eth efjzdk j? fe b'e nkg jh ;[szsosk, ;_?wkB ns/ nDy Bkb
fiT{Dk BjhA ukj[zd/. fJ; ;{os ftu b'eK Bkb th rZb pks eoB dk e'Jh bkG BjhA j?. b'e
w{oy jB ns/ w{oy pD/ ofjDk ukj[zd/ jB. fJ; ;{os ftu T[; dh nkPk BthA ghVQh T[go j?.
PkfJd T[j T[; dh rZb ƒ ;wM ikt/ ns/ GqPN okiB/sktK iK n|;oK s'A w[es j'D dk ;zebg
eo bt/. fJT[A eth d/P ftu b'eszso d/ n;|b j' ikD pko/ ftukoK dk gqrNktk ftnzrkswe
ftXh Bkb eodk j?L
fJB;kB BtK i' izfwnk j?
s?A fgS'A fi; dh tkoh j?
w?A U; Bkb rZb eoBh j?
tkoh G[rsk e/ s[odk j?.
(b'eK Bkb rZb, gzBk 35)
9H w?A j[D ftdk j[zdk jK
fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph dk gqf;ZX i[Mkotkdh eth gkP nkgDh fwZsoê[Vh s'A ftZSV
ikD ;w/A nbftdk d/ e[M Ppd efjzdk j?. T[j dZ;dk j? fe w/oh fJZSk w[jZps dh fJe eftsk
fbyD dh ;h, fi; ftu wfjed/ j'Jh XDhJ/, ewkdK dh ;o;okj, rzdbK dh ;'yh, o[ZyK ftu
u'AdhnK X[dz K ns/ d[ZX dh Goh pkbNh ftu'A T[mdh MZr dk fIeo j[zdk. gozs{ ;wK J/Bk p/ofjw
j' frnk j? fe T[j fJ; soQK dh eftsk ukj[d z k j'fJnk th Bk fby ;fenk feT[Afe T[j fJe
:[ZX ftu c; frnk j?. fJ; :[ZX ftu'A fe;/ gqeko dh e'wb ns/ fgnkoh eftsk fbyDk efmB
j' frnk j?. j[D fJj' fijhnK eftsktK fbyD dk tes BjhA fojk. T[j ftt;Ek fto[ZX fJe
\soBke izr eo fojk j?. T[j nfij/ fBIkw ƒ pdbD bJh ;zxoP eo fojk j?, fiE/ fe;kBK
ns/ wId{oK d/ g[ZsoK^XhnK ƒ gq/w eoB dh nkfrnk BjhA j?. g{zihtkdh ftt;Ek fe;kBK ns/
wId{oK ƒ w[jZps Go/ ;[gB/ b?D dh ftjb BjhA fdzdh. fJj T[BQK T[go J/Bk p'M gk fdzdh j? fe
;ko/ ;[gB/ dw s'V fdzd/ jB.
iKdk j'fJnk eth nkgDh wfjp{p ƒ efjzdk j? fe T[j T[; Bkb fpskJhnK j'JhnK
w[jZps dhnK xVhnK ƒ :kd oZy/rk. T[j NhfvnK ftu fyVdhnK egkjK, rzfBnK T[go p?mhnK
S'NhnK^S'NhnK fuVhnK, ;oQ'A dh fBZe/^fBZe/ ghb/ c[b Z K ns/ eDe dhnK T[BQK c;bK ƒ th :kd
oZy/rk, i' T[BQK d/ wk;{w g/qw dhnK rtkj pDhnK ;B ns/ fiBQK dh UN ftu p?m e/ T[j gq/w dk
fBZx wkDd/ oj/ ;B. go j[D :[ZX fpbe[b ;kjwD/ j?. fJ; ƒ j'o NkfbnK BjhA ik ;edk. j'
;edk j? fe fJ; :[ZX ftu w?A fe;/ r'bh Bkb Iywh j' iktK iK w?ƒ r[gstk; j'Dk gt/. }ohp
b'eK ƒ fiT{D bJh :[ZX bVBk jh g?Adk j?. g[b; d/ jZE'A vkrK, nEo{^r?; iK r'bhnK dh wko
th podkPs eoBh g?Adh j? go ;wkie ftt;Ek ftu spdhbh fbnkT[D bJh fJj :[ZX pVk
Io{oh j' frnk j?. ;' nbftdk` n;hA ihtB dhnK m'; ;ukJhnK d/ nfGbkPh jK, e/tb
;[gfBnK T[go ohMD tkb/ BjhA jK. eth nB[;koL
n;hA n?t/A ;[uh dk e[M th BjhA ukj[zd/,
s/ n;hA ;kok e[M ;uh w[uhA dk d/yDk ukj[zd/ jK
fIzdrh, ;wkitkd iK e[M th j'oHHH.
(w?A j[D ftdk j[zdk jK, gzBk 39)
10H \sk dh T[vhe
fJ; eftsk ftu gqf;ZX eth ;[oihs gkso B/ \sK dh T[vhe dk fIeo ehsk j?.
nkX[fBe wB[Zy pj[s fJeZbk ofj frnk j?. o'Irko dh sbkP ftu T[j nkgDk fgzv ns/
;ke^;zpzXh pj[s fgS/ SZv e/ PfjoK ftu nkD tf;nk j?. \s T[; d/ fJebkg/ ƒ s'V e/
d[BhnK Bkb i'V fdzd/ jB. fJ; ekoB jo ;zt/dBPhb wB[Zy d[gfjo ;w/A nkT[D tkb/ vkehJ/
dh fJzsIko eodk ofjzdk j?. eth ukj[zdk j? fe T[; ƒ nkgDh wfjp{p e[Vh dk gq/w Gfonk \s
nkt/ fe T[; d/ xo g[Zso B/ iBw fbnk j?. gqPzPeK d/ \s nkT[D, fizBQK ftu T[; dhnK
ouBktK dh tfvnkJh ehsh j't/. go T[; ƒ fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh th \s BjhA nkT[Adk, fi; ekoB
T[j T[dk; j' frnk.
go eth \sK dh nk; BjhA SZvdk. T[; ƒ bZrdk j? fe ed/ sK T[; ƒ e'Jh uzrh \po
d/D tkbk \s Io{o nkJ/rk. j' ;edk j? fe wK tb'A jh \s nk ikt/, fi; ftu T[; B/ frbk
ehsk j't/ fe g[Zso B/ T[; ƒ G[bk Sfvnk j?. p[ZYh nt;Ek ftu epoK tb'A th \s nk ;edk
j?, fi; ftu T[; dh w"s dk ;zd/P j't/. fJj \s T[; ƒ ;[zB eo d/t/rk ns/ \s gVQB ;ko
T[;dh nkswk dk gzSh ;oho dk fgziok SZv e/ n;wkB ftu T[vkoh wko ikt/rk. w"s T[; d/
;ko/ }w ns/ p/nkokwh d{o eo d/t/rh ns/ T[j v{zxh BhAd ftu ;"A ikt/rk. fco T[; ƒ Bk
fe;/ \s dh T[vhe oj/rh, Bk fe;/ fiT[Ad/îkrd/ ftnesh dh. go fisBh d/o se T[j
fiT[Adk j?, T[; ƒ \sK dh T[vhe bZrh ofjDh j? feT[Afe \s T[; ƒ PBkys iK gfjukD fdzd/
jB.
11H nZi ehj gekJhJ/

fJj fJe ftnzrkswe eftsk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu gZSwh gzikph d/ fJe gqw[Zy eth
nBto w;{d B/ fJe u"Xoh ns/ T[; d/ o;'JhJ/ ofjw/ dh nkg;h rZbpks dh fJe Mkeh g/P
ehsh j?. u"Xoh, ofjw/ ƒ g[ZSdk j? fe ni T[j fejVh dkb^Gkih ukVQ/rk. ofjwk T[Zso fdzdk
j? fe j[ew s[jkvk ns/ ;/tk w/oh. fJj ;[D e/ u"Xoh pj[s gq;zB j' iKdk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe
ni fGzvhnk pDk bJhJ/. ofjwk efjzdk j? fe ji{{o s[;hA w/o/ fdb dh rZb p[ZM bJh j?.
eZuhnK ns/ S'NhnK^S'NhnK fGzvhnK ftu pZeo/ dh g[Zm gk e/ ;pIh pDk b?Ad/ jK. szd{o dhnK
o'NhnK ns/ wZyD^bZ;h Bkb fJj ;pIh pj[s uzrh pD/rh. T[; dh rZb ;[De/ u"Xoh efjzdk j?
fe fGzvhnK b/;dko j[zdhnK jB. ofjwk T[; dh jK ftu jK fwbkT[Adk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe
fGzvhnK pDkT[D tkbk ftuko mhe BjhA j?. u"Xoh efjzdk j? fe ub' c/o eo/b/ jh pDk b?Ad/ jK.
ofjwk efjzdk j? fe eo/fbnK ftu ehwk gk e/ T[go'A Xkrk pzBQ e/ eo/b/ ukVQ b?Adk jK. u"Xoh
;'u e/ efjzdk j? fe eo/fbnK dh ;pIh e[M e"Vh j[zdh j?. fJ; s/ ofjwk c"oB T[Zso fdzdk j?
fe eo/fbnK Bkb'A sK pzdk e"V s[w/ iK e[BhB dhnK r'bhnK jh yk bt/. eo/b/ th e'Jh ;pIh
j?< j[D u"Xoh pskT{A ukVQB dk gq;skt g/P eo fdzdk j?. ofjwk pskT{AnK dhnK f;|sK ftu
IwhB n;wkB fJe eo fdzdk j?. u"Xoh efjzdk j? fe pskT{A pDd/ sK vkY/ ;tkdh B/ go fJBQK
dh sk;ho pj[s row j[zdh j?. ofjwk fco u"Xoh j'oK dh skJhd eo fdzdk j? fe fJj ;pIh
sK fYZv ftu GKpV pkb fdzdh j?. ekb/êkb/ pskT{A sK jpPhnK dh :kd fdtk fdzd/ jB. nkgK
e'Jh r'o/ ozr dh dkb^Gkih ukVQd/ jK. j[D u"Xoh s'A ofj BjhA j[zdk. T[j efjzdk j? fe s{z gb
ftu s'bk j' iKdk j?A, gb ftu wkPk. nkg/ jh f;|sK eoB vfj g?Adk j? ns/ nkg/ jh fBzdk
eoB bZr g?Adk j?A. s{z p[ZM e/ ftyk w/o/ fdb ftu eh j?< ofjwk efjzdk j?L ih p[ZM fbnk, s[;hA
S'fbnK dh dkb ej'Ar/. nkgK fJj pDktKr/. nBto w;{d B/ ftnzr Bkb ;wMkfJnk j? fe
B"eoK ƒ wkbe dh woIh dk ;fseko eoBk g?Adk j?. T[BQK dh nkgDh BjhA ubdh.
12H pb?e pknHHH
gotk;h eth ntsko izfvnkbth B/ nkgDh fJ; eftsk ftu fJzrb?Av d/ B;btkdh
b'eK dhnK J/PhnB ns/ j'o nftef;s d/PK d/ PfjohnK T[go ehshnK IfjohbhnK fNZgDhnK
s/ gqsheow ftu nkgD/ Gkt ftnes ehs/ jB. e[M ;dhnK gfjbK fJBQK nktkIK dhnK froMK
Gkos ns/ j'o J/PhnkJh d/PK ftu nk T[sohnK ;B. fco fJBQK B/ n|ohek dhnK ykDk T[go
epIk eo fbnk. fijV/ th d/P ftu fJBQK ƒ nzB^XB iK j'o e[dosh t;hfbnK d/ Gzvko
BIo nkT[Ad/ ;B, T[j T[E/ epIk eo b?AdhnK ;B ns/ T[BQK dh ;koh d"bs ƒ jVZg eo e/
fBoXB ns/ ezrkb pDk nkT[AdhnK ;B. nkgDh nwhoh d/ nfGwkB ftu fJj T[BQK d/PK d/ w{b
tk;hnK ƒ ‘ekb/ jokwh* efj e/ ;zp'XB eodhnK ;B.
r'oh B;b dhnK fJj e"wK ;ZgK tKr ;koh d[BhnK ƒ vzr wko ojhnK jB. fJj ;kv/
tor/ d/PK ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK d/ jZE g?o B{V e/ T[BQK ƒ }[bkw pDk b?AdhnK jB. fJj
}[bkwK ƒ jzNo wko^wko e/ nkgD/ j[ew wzBD bJh wIp{o eo fdzdhnK jB. fJBQK b'eK ftu
so; iK eo[Dk dh GktBk fpbe[b BjhA j?. i/ }[bkw d/PK d/ b'e nkgDh nkIkdh dh wzr eoB
bJh nZr/ tXd/ jB sK T[BQK ƒ ‘r' p?e* dk j[ew d/ e/ nkgDhnK^nkgDhnK M[ZrhnK tZb Xe
fdzd/ jB. fgSb y[ohA s[oB bJh wIp{o eo fdzd/ jB. ifbQnK tkb/ pk} d/ jZfsnkêKv ;w/A
nzfwqs;o Pfjo ftu T[BQK B/ ;kv/ b'eK Bkb fJ;/ soQK ehsk ;h. T[BQK B/ ;kv/ pfunK T[go
I[bw ehs/, XhnK^G?DK dh p/gZsh ehsh ns/ B"itkBK T[go e'oV/ to;kJ/. ‘ekb/ jokwh* dhnK
rkbQK ni/ th ;kv/ ezBK ftu oVe ojhnK jB.
eJh ekfJo fe;w d/ b'e efj fdzd/ jB fe rkbQK dk eh j?< fJj ;kvk eh ftrkVdhnK
jB< gfjbK^gfjbK jh p[ohnK brdhnK jB, fco pzdk nkg/ fJBQK dk nkdh j' iKdk j?. go
nDyh b'e ;koh jehes ikDd/ jB. T[j ekfJo pD e/ ;wM"sk eoB Bkb'A i{M woBk uzrk
;wMd/ jB. fJ; bJh id'A th B;btkdh r'o/ b'e T[BQK ƒ ekb/ jokwh nkyd/ jB sK itkp
ftu T[j th T[BQK ƒ jokwh efj e/ nkgDh GVk; eZY b?Ad/ jB. j[D b'e u/szB jz[d/ ik oj/ jB
ns/ u[gûkg B;btkdh fNZgDhnK podkPs eoB dh pikfJ fJZN dk itkp gZEo ftu d/D bZr/
jB. eth fJ;/ ftXh dk ;woEB eodk ikgdk j?.
13H gzikp eEk
fJ; eftsk ftu gqw[Zy gzikph eth ;[yftzdo ezp'i B/ gzikp d/ bj{ b[jkD :EkoE ƒ
fpnkB ehsk j?. T[; ƒ fJ; sZE dk pVk d[yd nfj;k; j? fe gzikp ;dhnK s'A tZfYnk
N[Zfenk ik fojk j?. fgSb/ ;Zm^;Zso tfoQnK ftu fijVh y[Pjkbh nkJh j?, iK gqrsh j'Jh j?,
T[; B/ fe;kBK ns/ wId{oK e'b'A d' vzr dh o'Nh th y'j bJh j?. id'A nkIkdh nkJh ;h sK ;G
s'A pj[s/ iPB fe;kBK ns/ wId{oK B/ jh wBkJ/ ;B feT[Afe nkIkdh dh izr ftu ;{bhnK s/
uVQB ns/ ekb/ gkDhnK dhnK i/bQK eZND ftu ;G s'A pj[sh frDsh fJBQK fwjBsePK dh ;h
go id'A nkIkd Gkos dhnK BthnK ;oekoK pDhnK sK fe;kBK^wId{oK ƒ fe;/ Bk g[ZfSnk.
T[BQK d/ jkbks G?V/ s'A G?V/ j[zd/ rJ/. gZSwh gzikp dhnK pkoK s'A T[iV e/ nkJ/ b'e p/f;nkD
ns/ p/PBkys pD/ oj/. J/Xo t;d/ gzikphnK ƒ T[BQK d/ n;fj d[yK pko/ fet/A gsk ubDk ;h.
T[j nkgDhnK XhnK^G?DK dh p/gZsh eotk e/, pkbK^pZfunK dh nkj{sh d/ e/, ;koh
IwhBîkfJdkd s/ Go/^Ge[zB/ xo SZv e/ gBkjrhoK tKr fJXo gj[zu/ ;B.
d/P d/ nkIkd j[zfdnK jh ;tkoEh B/sktK B/ ;oeko dh tkrv'o ;zGkb bJh. T[BQK ƒ
fusû/sk th BjhA ;h fe jIkoK }doh :'fXnK, ppo nekbhnK ns/ j'o ;{ophoK B/ nkIkdh
dh gqkgsh bJh nkgDhnK ikBK e[opkB eo fdZshnK ;B pbfe T[j fJjh okr nbkg oj/ ;B
fe n;ha \{B dk fJe s[gek th v'bQ/ s'A fpBQK nkIkdh jk;b eo bJh j?. Grs f;zx ns/
eosko f;zx ;okG/ tor/ PjhdK dhnK nkswktK sVgdhnK ojhnK. nkIkdh s'A pknd
;owkJ/dko ns/ ikrhodko fdB'^fdB tX/o/ nwho j[zd/ rJ/ ns/ }ohp j'o }ohp j' rJ/.
pkpk p{Mk f;zx tor/ pI[or fJBebkph B"itkBK ƒ u/szB eoB bJh nkgDhnK ikBK e[opkB
eo rJ/. o{V f;zx tor/ S'N/ fe;kBK dhnK IwhBK No?eNo tkb/ ftoe ikrhodkoK B/ jfEnk
bJhnK ns/ o{V f;zx d/ w[zfvnK ƒ wzvhnK ftu ik e/ wId{oh eoBh gJh. xo/b{ d;sekoh
\sw j' rJh ns/ PfjoK dhnK wzvhnK T[go pkNk ns/ eo'Bk tor/ tZv/ T[d:'rgsh ekpI j'
rJ/. foefPnK ns/ NKfrnK dk eko'pko Eoh^thboK ns/ N?e;hnK B/ \sw eo fdZsk.
joh eqKsh nkJh sK fJ; dk ;kok bkG ikrhodkoh B/ gqkgs ehsk. fe;kB T[ZiV rJ/.
fpjko ns/ :{HghH s'A nkJ/ j'J/ GJhJ/ th ikrhodkoK dh b[ZN^y;[ZN s'A vo e/ tkg; w[V rJ/.
ikrhodkoK B/ uzvhrVQ tor/ PfjoK ftu e'mhnK gk bJhnK. ikrhodkoK ƒ id'A ed/ e'Jh
ysok wfj;{; j[zdk sK T[[j Xow iK gzE ƒ yso/ dh d[jkJh d/ e/ rohp b'eK ƒ i/bKQ ftu G/i
Svd/ ns/ nkg w"iK wkDd/ fcod/. ;ZsK ƒ jfEnk b?Ad/ iK fco tgko T[go ekpI j' iKd/
,fdZbh ftu j'J/ dzfrnK dh d[jkJh d/ e/ nkgDhnK e[o;hnK ƒ pukJh oZyd/. j'o b'e Gzr d/
GkV/ wod/ ofjzd/, y[de[PhnK eod/ ofjzd/. T[BQK dhnK w"sK dk ;ZskXkohnK ƒ e'Jh d[y Bk
j[zdk. eth nkgD/ nkg ƒ r[o{ BkBe dk tkfo; efjzdk j?, fi; B/ pkpo tor/ Ikbw pkdPkjK
ƒ tzrkfonk ;h. T[j nkgD/ JhwkB ƒ esb eo e/ fe;/ ;oeko s'A swr/ jk;b eoB dh nk;
BjhA oZyrk. T[j nkgDh }?os ƒ fIzdk oZyDk ukj[zdk j? ns/ T[BQK b'eK Bkb e'Jh tk;sk BjhA
oZyDk ukj[zdk fijV/ fe;/ ;BwkB iK w?vb dh gqkgsh bJh Ikbw ;oekoK d/ fto[ZX x[ND/ N/e
fdzd/ jB. T[; ƒ wkD j? fe T[j nkgD/ nfXekoK dh gqkgsh bJh :[ZX bV ;edk j?.
14H GkDi/ dh tb?s c/oh
fJ; eftsk ftu eth B/ fJXo'A gzikp s'A fJzrb?Av rJ/ gotk;h GkoshnK dh wkBf;esk
T[go ftnzr ehsk j?. T[j rZbK^pksK ftu Gkosh iB ihtB ns/ ;wki ƒ Boe efjzd/ jB.
b/ye e[M gotk;h fwZsoK ƒ fwbdk j? sK oks ƒ dko{ ghD d"okB T[j Gkos ƒ pko^pko fBzdd/
jB. fJe n?BHnkoHnkJh ;ZiD efjzdk j? fe s[;hA Gkosh b'e ewhB/ j'. pkjo ik e/ t;/ b'eK
dhnK IwhBKîkfJdkdK T[go epIk eo b?Ad/ j', foPtsy'o j' ns/ rzd/ ofjzd/ j'. fJE n;hA
;[or ftu ofjzd/ jK. d{ik fPekfJs eodk j? fe n;hA fJXo'A ewkJh eo e/ p/P[wko XB^d"bs
G/ih, fi; Bkb fgS/ ofjD tkb/ G?DK^GoktK ƒ eJh feZb/ IwhB yohd bJh. n;hA nkgD/
;ke^;zpzXhnK ƒ fJXo fbnk e/ ;?ZN ehsk go j[D e'Jh ;kvh pks BjhA g[ZSdk. Gkos ;uw[u
jh Boe j?. e'Jh j'o dZ;dk j? fe n;hA f;o| d' i'Vh egfVnK ftu fJE/ gj[zu/ ;K. j[D
fwbhnB g"Av dh e'mh j?. nzro/I th ;kv/ gk; B"eoh eod/ jB. xo ftu pko j?, ;ftfwzr
g{b j?, n?Pgq;sh dk ;kok ;wkB j? p; ftjb BjhA j?.
fJe j'o e[M fInkdk jh r[;skyh T[go nkT[Adk j?. T[j dkntk eodk j? fe s[;hA ;kv/
gk; p?m e/ n?P eo oj/ j', fJj ;kvh fwjopkBh j?. n;hA T[E/ th s[jkƒ e[M^Bkê[M G/id/
ofjzd/ jK. s[;hA ;kv/ f;o s/ y{p w"iK eo oj/ j' go ;u ikDBk fJzvhnk e[Zsk w[be j?. fJe
j'o nkgDh wks G{wh ƒ rkbQK eYD s/ T[so nkT[Adk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe ;eh wK Bkb'A ;kƒ
wso/Jh wK (fJzrb?Av) jh uzrh j?. n;hA fJE/ y{p n?P eo oj/ jK. n;hA n"bkd Bkb gzikph
p'bd/ jK, T[BQK bJh g?;/ i'Vd/ jK. jo toQ/ fJzvhnk iKd/ jK. j'o fto;/ Bkb i[VBk fe; ƒ
efjzd/ jB< go j? sK fJzvhnk Boe jh. T[BQK ftu'A fJe j'o p'bdk j? fe w?A u?foNh eodk
ofjzdk jK. fgSb/ toQ/ ftXtktK dhnK PkdhnK bJh, B/sojhDK d/ e?Ag bkT[D bJh gZuh jIko
gkT{Av G/i/ ;B. fJ; tko j'o G/iKrk go fJzvhnk Boe j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe fit/A s[;hA ;kv/
fwZso d/ GkDi/ j', fJ;/ soQk w/ok th fJe GkDik j?. fJzvhnk ftu \{p n?P eodk j?.
Bt/A^Bt/A fJPe oukJh oydk j?. b/yeK ns/ ebkekoK ƒ fJBkw th tzvdk j?. T[j th wzBdk j?
fe fJzvhnk Boe j?. fJ; s'A pknd ;ko/ GzrVk phN dh fJe ;hHvhH bk e/ BZuDk P[o{ eo fdzd/
jB. Bkb^Bkb dZ;h iKd/ jB fe n;hA n?P eod/ jK. u?foNh tkbk fJzvhnk ofjzdh nkgDh
fJe wkP{e Bkb Bzpo fwbk e/ GkDi/ dh rZb eotkT[Adk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe fJzvhnk ik e/
fJ; ƒ fwb b?Dk. s[jkƒ \{p n?P eotkJ/rh. ftukoh ftXtk j?. w?A fJzvhnk ik e/ ftXtktK
bJh pj[s ezw eodk jK. s[;hA tkg; ik e/ w/o/ tZv/ Gok T[go f|bw pDk d/Dk. T[; B/
;ogzuh dh u'D bVBh j?. g?f;nK pko/ e'Jh f|eo Bk eoBk. fJ; s'A pknd Pokph j' e/ ;ko/
iD/ BZuD bZr g?Ad/ jB. b/ye ƒ gsk BjhA ubdk fe T[j jZ; oj/ jB iK o' oj/ jB.
15H njZfbnk
fJ; eftsk ftu nkX[fBe gzikph ekft dh fJe gqw[y eftZsoh ;qhwsh tBhsk B/
njZfbnk dh g"okfDe eEk dk nkX[fBe ;zdoG ftu g[Bo^b/yD ehsk j?. njZfbnk dh
f;oiDk pqjwk ih B/ ftP/P s"o s/ ehsh ;h ns/ T[; ƒ p/jZd y{p;{os w[fNnko pDk fdZsk.
T[; dh y{p;{osh pko/ uouk ;[D e/ fJzdo d/ts/ B/ pqjwk ih gk;'A njZfbnk ƒ wzr fbnk.
pqjwk B/ r"sw foPh ƒ p[bk e/ njZfbnk ƒ fJzdo tZb otkBk eo fdZsk. go r"sw T[; dh
y{p;{osh dk dhtkBk j' frnk ns/ T[; B/ nkg jh njZfbnk ƒ gsBh pDk e/ xo/ oZy fbnk.
fJzdo th njZfbnk dh y{p;{osh ƒ G'rDk ukj[zdk ;h. T[; ƒ gsk ;h fe ;oxh t/b/ r"sw
foPh Bdh ftu fJPBkB eoB bJh iKdk j?. T[; B/ uzdowk Bkb ob e/ ;kfiP ehsh. uzdowk
T[; dh ;jkfJsk eoB bJh w[ork pD frnk ns/ r"sw dh e[Nhnk ftu ik e/ pKr d/ fdZsh.
r"sw |"oB fJPBkB bJh otkBk j' frnk ns/ fJzdo r"sw dk G/; XkoB eo e/ njZfbnk Bkb
jwfp;so j' frnk. Bdh T[go ik e/ r"sw ƒ nfj;k; j'fJnk fe ni/ sK nZXh oks j?. T[;
Bkb e'Jh Sb j'fJnk. T[j tkg; gofsnk. fJzdo ns/ njZfbnk ni/ fp;so ftu jh ;B.
T[; B/ ;okg d/ e/ njZfbnk ƒ gZEo dh w{os pDk fdZsk ns/ fJzdo ƒ pko^pko i{BK ftu
GNeD dk ;okg d/ fdZsk. pknd ftu T[; B/ nkg jh ;okg ftu e[M fYZb th d/ fdZsh.
njZfbnk ƒ ;qh okw B/ g[Bo ihfts eo fdZsk ns/ fJzdo th ;okg w[es j' frnk.
fJ; eftsk ftu njZfbnk r"sw ƒ efjzdh j? fe w?ƒ fJzdo dh ;kfiP pko/ e'Jh gsk
BjhA ;h. go s{z sK fJe gj[zfunk j'fJnk foPh ;?A. eh s?ƒ th gsk Bk uZfbnk fe ni/ ;oxh
t/bk BjhA j'fJnk< fco s/o/ ig, sg ns/ ;s d/ eh noE< i/ s{z th ;kfiP ƒ p[ZM Bk
;fenk< w?A sK fJzdo Bkb b/Nh j'Jh th fJjh ;'udh ojh fe s{z jh w/o/ Bkb gq/w eo fojk j?A.
id'A w?ƒ j'P nkJh sK w?ƒ gokJ/ nzrK dk nfj;k; sK Io{o j'fJnk ;h. w?A T[;/ gb ;okgh
rJh ;K. w?A nkgDhnK BIoK ftu fvZr gJh ;K. go w?ƒ s/o/ T[go th j?okBh j'Jh ;h fe s{z
foPhoki j'D d/ pkti{d r[Z;/ ftu jzeko s'A w[es BjhA ;h j' ;fenk. s{z r[Z;/ ftu T[pbdk
j'fJnk w?ƒ uzdowk ns/ fJzdo ƒ ;okg fdzdk fojk. w?ƒ fJzdo T[go th frbk oj/rk. eh T[j
BjhA ;h ikDdk fe G[b/fynK Bkb fe;/ dk sB sK gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?, wB ftu irQK BjhA
pDkJh ik ;edh. fJ;/ soQK j/ r"sw` i/ gsBh T[go ftPtk; jh BjhA j? sK ;okg iK to d/D
d/ eh noE< s{z fJj fejk ;h fe sq/sk :[r ftu ;qh okw nk e/ w?ƒ ;okg w[es eo d/t/rk.
okw sK nkgDh gsBh ;hsk dh wo:kdk ƒ jh Bk fBGk ;fenk, ;hsk ƒ th Xosh ftu
;wkT[Dk fgnk. T[; B/ w/ok go T[skok eh eoBk ;h< w?A sK nksw^frnkB d/ ft;|'N Bkb jh
;okg w[es j'Jh jK fe Bk s{z gsh^gowkswk j? ns/ Bk w?A gshtosk jK.
16H w?A ;wK jK
fJ; eftsk ftu ;wekbh eth doPB p[ZNo B/ ni'e/ ;w/A d/ em'o ;Zu dk fBo{gD
ehsk j?. eth nB[;ko ;wK rshPhb j? ns/ rsh Bkb gfotosB nkT[D/ ;[Gkfte jB. ;wK
d;dk j? fe ;fs:[r ;w/A d/ Gb/ t/b/ fgS/ ofj rJ/ jB. j[D efb:[r j? ns/ fJ; :[r ftu
jo fJe ƒ ekjb j?. fe;/ e'b tes BjhA j?. eb:[r ftu foPfsnK dh EK roI iK ;tkoE
B/ b? bJh j?. i/ ;tkoE j? sK foPsk ;bkws j?, BjhA sK foPsk \sw. j[D coIK dh rZb
e'Jh BjhA eodk. jo fJe ƒ nkgD/ nfXeko ukjhd/ jB. ekjbh ns/ T[s/iBk d/ ekoB ;VeK
T[go EKÊK jkd;/ tkgo oj/ jB. fe;/ ƒ o'Irko BjhA fwbdk. o'Irko bZGD tk;s/ jo e'Jh
nkgD/ jZE ftu n\pko cVh p?mk j?. fi; ftu B"eohnK d/ fJPfsjko Sgd/ jB. fJ; :[r
ftu o[Zy sK jB go T[BQK d/ j/m SK BjhA j?. fJt/A wB[Zy th jB go T[BQK dk e'Jh goSktK BjhA
j?. i/ ti{d j't/ sK jh goSktK j't/< ;VeK T[go ozr pozrh GhV sK j? go fJ; GhV d/ e'Jh
;[gB/ BjhA jB, e'Jh nkdoP BjhA jB. jo e'Jh p/u?B ns/ fceowzd j?.
ni'e/ d"o d/ ;w/A gk; fJfsjk; pDB dk w"ek BjhA j?. fJj ;wK sK fe;/ ƒ uzr/ GftZy
dhnK P[GêkwBktK th BjhA d/ ;edk. ni/ T[j ;wK nkT[D tkbk j?, id'A noPK s'A fBowb
ib dh EK s/Ikph pkfoP j't/rh. BdhnK ;[Ze ikDrhnK, c[Zb MV ikDr/, gzShnK o[ZyK dh sbkP
ftu cVe^cVe ns/ ykD bJh nZr d/ r'b/. ;wK nkgDh ukb ubdk j'fJnk fej' fij/
fGnkBe d"o ftu gj[zu frnk j?. eth B/ nkX[fBe :[r d/ fwIkI ƒ pV/ Gktg{fos nzdkI ftu
o{gwkB ehsk j?L
w?A ;wK jK
w"s s'A pknd jK
s;dhe eoKrk j:ksh ƒ.
(;wK, gzBk 62)
17H j[D wKHHH
fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph dh gqw[y eftZsoh ;[yftzdo nzfwqs B/ fJe Xh dhnK BIoK
d[nkok wK dh Py;hns dh g[Bo^f;oiDk ehsh j?. Xh d;dh j? fe T[;dh wK j[D p[ZYh j'
rJh j?. T[; dhnK nZyK T[go n?BeK br rJhnK jB. j[D T[BQK nZyK ftu e'Jh ;[gBk s?odk
j'fJnk BIo BjhA nkT[Adk. Xh ƒ nkgDh itkB wK dk fujok^w'jok :kd nk fojk j?. wK dh
bzwh r[Zs j[zdh ;h. T[j PBhb dk w'shnK tkbk ;{N, fsZb/ tkbh i[Zsh ns/ SD^SD eodhnK
MKioK gk e/ id'A s[odh ;h sK noPK s'A T[Zsoh fJe goh bZrdh ;h. Xh ƒ fJj th :kd
nkT[Adk j? fe T[; dk fgsk fJe Pokph pzdk ;h ns/ wK T[; d/ bbekfonK tor/ p'bK s'A ;dk
vohA xpokJh ofjzdh ;h.
wK PkfJd rhs th fby b?Adh ;h feT[Afe T[; gk; rhsK dh fJe ekgh j[zdh ;h. wK
fJ; ekgh ƒ Noze ftu pj[s ;zGkb e/ oZydh ;h go ftnkj s'A pknd T[; B/ nkgDh wK ƒ
ed/ rhs fbydh iK r[Dr[DkT[Adh BjhA ;h sZfenk. wK d/ eJh XhnK g?dk j'JhnK fiBQK dk
fceo T[; ƒ tZY^tZY e/ yKdk ofjzdk. T[; B/ rhs feE'A fbyD/ iK r[Dr[DkT[D/ ;B. Pokph
fgT[ wK Bkb fJ; ekoB th BokI ofjzdk j'tr / k fe T[;d/ e'Jh g[Zso BjhA ;h izfwnk. T[; B/
wK dhnK pkjK ftu gkJhnK j'JhnK eZu dhnK u{VhnK ed'A dhnK GzB^s'V fdZshnK ;B. nB/e
tko T[; dh bzwh r[Zs gZNh ;h. wK B/ nkgDhnK MKioK bkj e/ oZy fdZshnK ;B ns/ dki ftu
fbnKdk PBhb dk w'shnK tkbk ;{N fe;/ wzrsh ƒ dkB eo fdZsk ;h. j"bh^j"bh wK dhnK
;kohnK XhnK d/ ftnkj j' rJ/. wK ftjV/ ftu p?mh pkjob/ dotki/ tZb t/ydh ofjzdh j? fe
ed'A T[; dh e'Jh Xh ;j[fonK s'A nkt/ ns/ T[j T[; Bkb d[y^;[y eo/, T[; ƒ fdbk;k d/t/.
Xh ;'udh j? fe id'A T[j nkgDh wK ƒ fwbD ikt/rh sK e'Jh ewI'oh tkbh rZb BjhA
eo/rh. T[; ƒ nkgDh wK Bkb e'Jh jwdodh BjhA feT[Afe T[j fJe vog'e n"os pDh ojh.
nkgD/ gsh dk I[bw ;fjzdh ojh. nkgD/ ;[gfBnK ƒ fJe Pokph gsh jZE'A N[ZND s'A puk Bk
;eh. gsh s'A e[ZN^wko yKdh ojh ns/ nkgD/ wBg;zd rhs dh fJe th ;so rk Bk ;eh. go
c/o T[j ;'udh j? fe i/ T[j nkgDh wK ƒ e[ZN^wko yKfdnK ns/ gsh jZE'A Ibhb j[zfdnK Bk
d/ydh sK T[j nkg fet/A pjkdo pDdh< fet/A nkgD/ g?oK T[go yV'Adh< fet/A T[; ƒ gsk
ubdk fe nkgDhnK fJSktK ns/ ;[gfBnK dk esb j[zd/ t/yDk fJe r[Bkj j?< Xh B/ T[j r[Bkj
BjhA ehsk. T[; B/ nkgD/ ;[gfBnK ƒ ;keko eo fbnk j?.
fJj ;'ufdnK jh T[; dk wB pdb iKdk j?. T[j nkgDh wK ƒ fwbD bJh uZb g?Adh
j?. ftjV/ ftu p?mh wK ƒ nkgD/ ebkt/ ftu b? e/ T[; d/ nZEo{ g{zMdh j?. T[; dh nkswk ftu'A
r[nku/ j'J/ rhsK d/ p'b bZG e/ Bt/A^f;foT[A nkgDh ekgh ftu fby b?Adh j?. T[; ƒ ftPtk; j?
fe wK d/ fJBQK rhsK ƒ j[D e'Jh Pokph wod popkd BjhA eo ;e/rk. Xh d/ rhsK okjhA wK d/
p'b ns/ ;[gB/ ;dk ihfts ofjDr/. fJT[A fJe Xh wK d/ n;fsst dh g[Bo^f;oiDk eo ojh
j?.
phHJ/H Gkr d{ik gzikph bkIwh
gkm BzH 1H3
3H ‘ekft bfjoK’ g[;se ftu ;zefbs eftsktK

gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk
T[d/P L
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P phHJ/H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ekft^N[eVhnK d/ gq;zr dZ; e/ T[BQK dh
ftnkfynk^ftXh s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. eftsk ftu eth nkgD/ ftukoK Bz{ ;{sopZX Yzr Bkb
fpnkB eodk j?. eftsk, ;ze/sK iK owI dh f;oiDk j[zdh j?. fJ; ftu e[M rZbK ejhnK
j[zdhnK jB. e[M ;[MkJhnK iKdhnK jB go pj[shnK Bz{ nDejhnK SZv fdZsk iKdk j?. eftsk
d/ ftnkfynkeko Bz{ eth dh wBPk Bkb ;KM gk e/ fJBQK ;kohnK rZbK pko/ gkmeK Bz{ ;wMkT[Dk
j[zdk j?. jo ftnkfynkeko nkgD/^nkgD/ nB[Gt dh ;woZEk nB[;ko fe;/ eftsk dh
ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJ; ;{os ftu e'Jh th ftnkfynk nzfsw BjhA j[zdh. ftnkfynk dh
fdqPNh s'A jo ekft^N[eVh d/ nB/e gkm iK gVQsK fsnko ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. ;' fe;/
ftfdnkoEh Bz{ nkgDh gVQs pko/ fJj fuzsk BjhA eoBh ukjhdh fe T[;dh gVQs ;jh j? iK BjhA
pbfe eftsk d/ gkm ftu v{zxk T[Fs Z o e/ T[; pko/ nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJj
ftXh ;wMkT[Dk jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?. nfGnk; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ftnkfynk eoB
ftu fBg[zBsk gqkgs j' ikt/rh.
o{g o/yk L
nkw s"o T[s/ fJ; gqPB d/ T[FZso Bz{ d' GkrK ftu ftGkfis eo fbnk iKdk j?L
1H gq;zr L fJ; Gkr ftu eftsk d/ f;ob/y, eth dk Bkw ns/ fe;/ eftsk d/ T[; gVkn
pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh iKdh j?, fiE'A ftnkfynk eoB tkbh N[eVh dk nkozG j[zdk j?. ftfdnkoEh
Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe T[j eftsk d/ T[BQK GkrK pko/ d'^fszB gzeshnK io{o fby/ i' g[ZSh rJh
ekft^N[eVh s'A gfjbK nkJhnK ;B sK i' gkme Bz{ g{oh eftsk d/ ;zdoG ftu g[ZShnK rJhnK
gzeshnK d/ wjZst pko/ g{oh ikDekoh jk;b j' ikt/. fJ; Gkr Bz{ ‘gq;zr’ fejk iKdk j?.
2H ftnkfynk L fJ; Gkr ftu e/tb T[BQK gzeshnK T[go nkgD/ fXnkB Bz{ e/Afdqs ehsk
ikt/ fiBQK pko/ gohfyne B/ g[ZfSnk j[zdk j?. g[ZShnK rJhnK gzeshnK d/ jo t/ot/ pko/
gohfynkoEh B/ ftnkfynk eoBh j[zdh j?. T[BQK d/ wjZst Bz{ y'bQ e/ dZ;Dk j[zdk j?. fJjh
‘ftnkfynk’ dk wzst j[zdk j?. fJ; gkm ftu jo eftsk dhnK wjst g{oB N[eVhnK d/ gq;zr
dZ; e/ ftnkfynk^ftXh Bz{ ;wMkT[D dk :sB ehsk frnk j?.
G{fwek
ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nkgDh gkm g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs jo eth d/ ihtB,
nB[Gt ns/ ekft^ftXhnK pko/ frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? sK jh T[j nkgDk ekoi ;|bskg{ote
;zgzB eo ;edk j?. fJ; wzst bJh ftfdnkoEh B/ Bk e/tb ;zpzfXs eftsktK dk jh v{zxk
nfXn?B ehsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? pbfe g[;se dh nzfsek ftu fds/ rJ/ ftdtkB ;zgkdeK
(gq'|?;oK) d[nkok ethnK ns/ eftsktK pko/ fdZs/ ftukoK Bz{ th rzGhosk Bkb gVQ b?Dk ukjhdk
j?. fJBQK ftukoK dh o"PBh ftu jh T[j fe;/ eth ns/ T[;dh eftsk d/ woQw (G/s) sZe gj[zu
;eDr/.
gq;zr dZ; e/ ftnkfynk eo'
1H nNeDk B ezw w/ok
nNfenk i' wkfonk j?,
nNe Bkw w"s dk j?
e'Jh nNedk BjhA.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ gqf;ZX nfXnkswe ns/ ojZ;tkdh eth GkJh
tho f;zx dh fposKse eftsk ‘nNe’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{ vkH i;ftzdo
f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) bJh fB;fus
gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJj eftsk gqPB^T[FZso P?bh ftu fbyh rJh j?. gqPBeosk nNe dfonk Bz{ g[ZSdk j?
fe s/ok Bkw nNe j?. sz{ b'eK Bz{ o'e ;edk j?, fJ;/ ekoB s/ok fJj Bkw j?. go sz{ gZSw s'A
Gkos tZb nkT[D tkb/ nB/e jwbktoK Bz{ ed/ o'fenK BjhA. T[BQK d/ jwfbnK Bz{ mZbQ BjhA
gkJh. fco s/ok fJj Bkw fet/A ;jh j'fJnk. id'A fe sz{ nkgDh fIzw/tkoh Bz{ mhe soQK Bkb
BjhA fBGkfJnk.
ftnkfynk L fJ; gqPB d/ T[so ftu nNe dfonk T[so fdzdk j? fe nNeDk iK nNekT[Dk
(o'eDk) w/ok ezw BjhA j?. gqfeosh dk fJjh fB:w j? fe jo ihtîzs{ ns/ Bo^Bkoh nZr/
ubd/ oj/, ftek; eodk oj/. i' nNe iKdk j?, T[j wo iKdk j?. nNe dk noE w"s j?,
ihtB BjhA. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; pqfjwzv ftu e'Jh th nNedk BjhA j?. go Gkostk;h
io{o nNe/ oj/, T[BQK B/ fJeZm/ j' e/ jwbkto Bz{ mZbQ gkT[D dh e'fPP jh Bk ehsh. fJ;/ bJh
T[j wko/ iKd/ oj/, }[bkw pD rJ/.
2H ;[jfDnK` w[Zb gk sz{ nkgDk,
tZX EhA tZX j'o jkbh pj[z ;kok,
j'o jkbh pj[z ;kok, j'o th j'o
s/ok w[Zb e'Jh BKj
sz{ ehwsK EhA go/
U :{;|K d/ :{;|k`
eth s/ eftsk L ftnkfynk nXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ gqw[y o'wK;tkdh eth gq'H g{oB
f;zx d[nkok ofus gqf;ZX eftsk ‘w[Zb gk sz{ nkgDk’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{
vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik d/ gkmeqw bJh fB;fus
g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L eth Gkosh b'eK Bz{ nkgDk w[Zb gkT[D bJh efjzdk j?. T[j nB[Gt eodk j? fe }[bkwh
d/ ekoB b'eK ftu'A ;_?wkB dh GktBk \sw j' rJh j?. T[j nzro/IK d/ w[ekpb/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{
Bht/A ns/ BfyZX ;wMD bZr gJ/ jB. eth ikDdk j? fe ;_?wkB XkoB eoB s'A p}?o b'e
nkIkdh bJh izr BjhA bV ;eDr/l fJ; ekoB T[j T[BQK Bz{ nkgDk w[Zb gkT[D dh gq/oBk eodk
j?.
ftnkfynk L eth B"itkBK Bz{ ;_?wkB dh GktBk ftef;s eoB dh gq/oBk fdzdk j?. T[j efjzdk
j? fe nkgD/ ihtB ns/ ;zGktBktK dk g{ok^g{ok w[Zb gkT[. gowkswk B/ jo wB[Zy Bz{ nB/e
;zGktBktK Bkb wkbkwkb eo ofynk j?. T[; Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkgDk tZX s'A tZX w[Zb
gkt/. jo fJB;kB dk ihtB pj[w[Zbk j?. fe;/ th wB[Zy Bz{ yohfdnk BjhA ik ;edk. T[; dk
ihtB fw;o d/ ;z[do okie[wko :{;| Bkb'A th tX/o/ nBw'b j?. fe;/ th ftnesh Bz{
jhD^GktBk dk fPeko BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk feT[Afe gowkswk B/ jo ftnesh Bz{ ftbZyD ns/
d[obG pDkfJnk j?. i/ T[j nkgD/ nkg T[go wkD eo/rk sK jh j'o b'e T[;dk wkD ;fseko
eoBr/.
3H y/s s/o/ j'D tkb/ B/ nXhB,
d/P s/ok j'D tkbk J/ }[bkw,
ikr ihtB dh ebk d/ fJzsekw`
eth s/ eftsk L ftuko nXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ gqf;ZX fJBebkph PkfJo pktk pbtzs
dh gqf;ZX eftsk ‘c/o gko' B/ fejk’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{ ‘ekft bfjoK’ d/
;{MtkB ;zgkdeK vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik bJh
fBPfus gkm^g[;se ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu pktk pbtzs B/ fPtih ns/ gkopsh wkJh d/ fJe g"okfDe gq;zr Bz{
Bt/A noEK ftu g/P ehsk j?. gkopsh d/th nkgD/ gsh fPtih Bz{ ikrD dk ;zd/P fdzdh j?.
T[j T[; Bz{ ;ktXkB eodh j? fe ;kwokih PeshnK T[; d/ d/P T[go epIk eoB tkbhnK jB.
T[j nkgDk shik B/so y'bQ/ ns/ IkbwK dk ;zxko eo d/t/.
ftnkfynk L gko' (gkopsh d/th) fPt ih Bz{ efjzdh j? fe s/o/ y/sK T[go ftd/Ph skesK dk
epIk j'D tkbk j?. T[; ;{os ftu sz{ T[BQK d/ nXhB j' ikt/Ark. ;owkJ/dkoh PeshnK s/o/ d/P
Bz{ }[bkw pDk b?DrhnK. j/ fPt` sz{ ;ktXkB j' ns/ T[BQK PeshnK Bz{ gSkV d/, i' s/o/ d/P d/
t;hfbnK T[go ekpI j'D d/ e'M/ wB;{p/ pDk ojhnK jB. fJj eftsk ;owkJ/dkoh d/ fto[ZX
fe;kBK ns/ wId{oK Bz{ fJBebkp eoB dh gq/oBk eodh j?.
4H e'fJb dhnK e{eK Bh,
wkoB pzd{eK Bh
ghjV/ Bz{ GzBK w?A,
uo\h Bz{ c{eK Bh.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj ekft^gzeshnK gq'H w'jB f;zx dh gqf;ZX eftsk ‘nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/’ ftu'A
bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ fJ; eftsk Bz{ phHJ/H
Gkr d{ik d/ gkmêqw bJh fBPfus ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zgkfds ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ fJe c"ih f;gkjh ns/ T[; dh ;Zi^ftnkjh gsBh
d/ gq/w^gq;zrK Bz{ fpnkB ehsk j?. c"i d/ f;gkjhnK Bz{ ;kb ftu fJe tko, d' wjhfBnK dh
;kbkBk S[ZNh fwbdh j?. fJBQK S[ZNhnK ftu fJe c"ih itkB dh Pkdh j' rJh. fJBQK fdBK ftu
d'jK B/ \{p w"iK wkDhnK go id'A S[ZNhnK \sw j' rJhnK sK gsBh fJeZbh ofj rJh. j[D T[;
Bz{ nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/ fpskJ/ gq/w Go/ fdBK dh :kd nkT[Adh j?.
ftnkfynk L c"ih dh gsBh nkgD/ gsh d/ ftS'V/ ftu pj[s T[dk; j?. j[D T[; Bz{ Bk e'fJb
dh nktkI uzrh bZrdh j?, Bk ghjVh ns/ Bk uoyak. id'A gsh gk; ;h sK fJBQK ;kohnK uhIK
d/ noE ;B. ;G e[M fgnkok^fgnkok brdk ;h go j[D e'fJb dh e{e pzd{e dh r'bh tKr
T[; d/ ;hB/ ftu tZidh j?. ghjV/ T[go p?m e/ uoya/ *s/ szd gkT[D Bz{ th fdb BjhA eodk
pbfe fJBQK Bz{ GzBD^s'VB dh fJZSk j[zdh j?. ftS'Vk vkYk d[ydkJh j[zdk j?.
5H fJe s/o/ ft:'r dk ;/e vkYk,
d{ik T[wo dh f;yao d[gfjo nkJh.
s/ok \s ;kBz{ ni pj[fVnk J/,
fit/A ;ZsK n;wkBK s/ xNk SkJh.
d't/A nZyhnK ;kvhnK M{w gJhnK,
wZE/ ftu B;hpK B/ g?b gkJh.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj ekft^gzeshnK gzikph dh gqf;ZX eftZsoh nzfwqsk gqhsw dh eftsk
‘;[B/jV/’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ fJ;
eftsk Bz{ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) dh gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zgkfds ehsk
j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu BkfJek nkgD/ gq/wh ti'A fwb/ fJe gZso d/ itkp ftu e[M gzeshnK
fby ojh j?. gq/wh B/ BkfJek dk jkbûkb g[fSnk ;h. T[j dZ;dh j? fe T[; d/ ftS'V/ ftu
T[j pj[s T[dk; ofjzdh j?. ekP` T[j T[; gk; gj[zu ;edh go ;kvk ;wki d' gq/whnK Bz{ y[ZbQ/
o{g ftu fwbD dh fJikIs BjhA fdzdk.
ftnkfynk L BkfJek fbydh j? fe fJe sK T[j nkgD/ gq/wh d/ ftS'V/ dh ghV ftu sVg ojh
j? ns/ d{;ok T[j Go itkB j?. itkBh ftu ftS'Vk j'o th d[ydkJh pD iKdk j? feT[Afe fJj
T[wo fJeZm/ ofjD dh j[zdh j?. T[; Bz{ fJ; rZb dh \[Ph j? fe T[; d/ gq/wh B/ \s okjhA T[; dk
jkbûkb g[ZfSnk. \s fwbD s/ T[; Bz{ fJT[A gqshs j'fJnk j? fit/A ;ko/ n;wkB ftu ;ktD d/
pZdb Sk rJ/ j'D ns/ w";w nfsnzs ;[jktDk j' frnk j't/. w/ohnK nZyK ftu d'pkok w;sh
SkD bZr gJh j?. jzM{^jT[e/ e[M d/o bJh o[e rJ/ jB. fJT[A bZrdk j? fit/A w/oh p[oh fe;ws
pdbD bZr gJh j't/. ftS'V/ d/ fdB \sw j'D tkb/ j'D ns/ fwbkg dhnK xVhnK nkT[D
tkbhnK j'D go gq/whnK dh fe;ws, ;kv/ ;wki ftu ed'A J/Bh S/sh pdbdh j?`
6H d';s' U wfjow'A
U ;kEhU U p/bhU
w?A w[jZps dh e;w yk e/
fJj tkndk eo fojK
w?A d';sh d/ Bkw s'A
;G e[S fBSkto eo fojK
s/ fJBebkp nkT[D se
w?A o'I ;{bh uVQ fojK.
eth s/ eftsk L ftuko nXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ b'efgqn eth fPt e[wko pNkbth dh
fJe uofus eftsk ‘w;hjk’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs
f;zx uhwk B/ fJj eftsk phHJ/H Gkr d{ik dh gkm^g[;se ekft bfjoK ftu ;zefbs ehsh j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth fJj gqfsfrnk eodk j? fe T[j nkgDhnK eftsktK ftu
wfjp{p dhnK I[b|K dh pikfJ feoshnK^fe;kBK d/ d[yK^dodK dk fIeo eo/rk. T[j T[BQK d/
d[y^dod d{o eoB bJh ;{bh T[go uVQB bJh th ssgo oj/rk.
ftnkfynk L eth nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bz{ ;zp'fXs eo e/ efjzdk j? fe w?A s[jkv/ Bkb nkgDh w[jZps
dh ;j[z yk e/ efjzdk jK, w?A s[jkv/ Bkb fJj fJeoko eodk jK fe w?A s[jkv/ Bkb nkgDh d';sh
g{oh soQK fBGktKrk. w?A nkgDk ;G e[M s[jkv/ s'A e[opkB eo d/tKrk. fizBh d/o se s[jkv/
ihtB ftu fJBebkp BjhA nk iKdk. s[jkBz{ s[jkv/ nfXeko ns/ ;[y d/ ;kXB gqkgs BjhA j'
iKd/, w?A ;{bh T[go uVQdk ojKrk. w?A ed/ fgZS/ BjhA jNKrk ns/ s[jkv/ Bkb nkgDh d';sh
fBGkT[D bJh nkgDh g{oh tkj bk d/tKrk. w/oh eftsk s[jkv/ jZeK dh okyh bJh fBozso
i{Mdh oj/rh.
7H w/o/ XV s/ Bt/A ;{oi fijk
id ;h; T[FZr/rk
o"PBh T[; dh
r[o{ dk Bkw b? e/, nog d/tKrk
fBoh Bzrh fBeZdh jhDsk
w?E'A j[D ihth BjhA iKdh.
eth s/ eftsk L ftnkfynk nXhB ekft gzeshnK vkH jfoGiB f;zx ofus eftsk ‘s/o/ jI{o
w/oh jkIoh’ dh dk;skB ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx
uhwk B/ fJj eftsk phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) bJh fBPfus gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’
ftu ;zgkfds ehsh j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth fJj ebgBk eodk j? fit/A T[j r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d[nkok 1699
JhH ftu ;ki/ ik oj/ ykb;/ d/ ;wkrw ftu nkg th Pkwb j't/. id'A r[o{ ;kfjp B/ nkgD/ jZE
ftu Bzrh sbtko b? e/ ;h; dh wzr ehsh ;h sK pj[s ;ko/ j'o f;ZyK tKr T[j th p/jZd G?Ghs
j' frnk ;h. r[o{ ih B/ fJe^s'A^pknd^fJe gzi tko f;oK dh wzr ehsh ;h ns/ jo fJe Bz{
Xo{j e/ szp{ ftu b? rJ/ ;B. go gzithA tko f;o wzrD s'A pknd id nkg szp{ ftu'A pkjo
nkJ/ ;B sK gzi/ f;zx th nkg d/ fgS/^fgS/ pkjo nk rJ/ ;B. r[o{ ih B/ T[BQK Bz{ ;fseko d/
e/ nkgD/ eohp fpmk fbnk ;h. T[; tes eth B/ wfj;{; ehsk ;hL ekP` T[; B/ th ;h; G/N
eo fdZsk j[zdk sK T[; dk fezBk ;fseko j'Dk ;h.
ftnkfynk L eth ;'udk j? fe T[j ;h; fet/A G/N eo fdzdk< T[; d/ f;o T[go sK nDyhbk
ns/ ;Zuk^;[Zuk ;h; jh BjhA ;h. r[o{ d/ dopko ftu ;Zu/ ;h; jh G/Nk uVQ ;ed/ jB, gkyzvh
f;oK dh r[o{ d/ dopko ftu e'Jh ehws BjhA. eth |?;bk eodk j? fe T[j th ;ko/ gkyzvK Bz{
fsnkr e/ ;Zuk r[of;y pDB dh e'fPP eo/rk. id'A T[j fJ; wzst ftu ekw:kp j' frnk sK
Io{o nkgDk f;o r[o{ûoBK ftu G/N eo e/ r[o{^xo dh w'jo^Skg btk bt/rk. dzGh f;o Bz{
b? e/ fiT[Dk fezBk ePNdkfJe j[zdk j?. fJ; rZb Bz{ e/tb dzGh b'e jh ikDd/ jB. dzGh b'e
fBeZd/ (p"D/) ns/ jhDsk Gkt ftu rq;s ofjzd/ ;B. fJj' fijk ngqwkfDe (M{mk) ihtB fe;/
p[ZXhwkB ftnesh Bz{ ;'Gdk BjhA j?. fJ; eftsk okjhA eth B/ nkgD/ ;w/s wZXtorh ;'u tkb/
;tkoEh b'eK T[go fJe Gog{o ftnzr ehsk j?.
8H w?A gkoNhnK ftu g?Adk BjhA
fJj y;wK ykD/ fJZe' B/
fJj M{m/ tkfJd/ eod/ B/
fJj db d/ ekD/ fJZe' B/
fJj e[o;h^g{ie fJZe' B/
fJj b'N{ YkD/ fJZe' B/.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ ftnzrkswe eth skok f;zx dh fJe eftsk
‘'b'eK Bkb rZb’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/
fJ; eftsk Bz{ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) bJh fBPus g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu
;zrqfjs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth B/ Gkos dhnK oki;h gkoNh d/ ;zukbeK ns/ n|;oPkjh d/
ufoso T[go ftnzr ehsk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe oki;h B/sk XBîkfJdkd pDkT[D ftu o[ZM/
ofjzd/ jB ns/ n|;o b'e foPts b?D s'A fpBK fe;/ th nkdwh dk ezw BjhA eod/. b'e w{oy
jB, i' pko^pko T[jh ;oekoK pDkJh iKd/ jB. GqPN B/sktK Bz{ u[D b?Ad/ jB ns/ fco T[j
gzi ;kbK sZe b'eK Bz{ nkgDh Peb sZe BjhA ftykT[Ad/. fJ; eftsk ftu eth b'eK Bkb
yohnK^yohnK rZbK eodk j? ns/ T[BQK Bz{ ;ktXkB eodk j?.
ftnkfynk L ftnkfynk nXhB gzeshnK ftu eth efjzdk j? fe T[j fe;/ th gkoNh dk
;woEB BjhA eodk. fe;/ d/ th fgZS/ BjhA brdk feT[Afe T[j ikDdk j? fe ;kohnK gkoNhnK
fJe' fijhnK jB. jo fJe dk T[d/P XBîkfJdkd pDkT[Dk jh j?. t'NK s'A gfjbK fJj b'eK
Bkb M{m/ tknd/ eo e/ T[BQK Bz{ Gowk b?Ad/ jB ns/ fco nkgD/ ;tkoEK dh g{osh ftu o[M iKd/
jB. fJj ;ko/ e[o;h dh g{ik eod/ jB, eko^ftjko gZy'A ekD/ jB. f;o| nkgD/ xo gfotko
tZb jh t/yd/ jB ns/ fJBQK dk ufoso b'N{ j?. fJj iBsk d/ ;/te BjhA pbfe b[N/o/ jB.
b'eK dh GbkJh fJBQK s'A pu e/ ofjD ftu jh j?. Gkos ftu b'eszso c/bQ j' u[Zek j? feT[Afe
fJj b'e^GbkJh bJh ;wofgs BjhA.
9H X[ZgK tKr Xosh s/ fyV ikDk
s/ fco rbteVh ftu f;wN ikDk
po{d tKr GVe T[FZmDk
s/ u"jK e{zNK nzdo rz{i ikDk^
ihD dk fJj' jh ;bhek j[zdk j?.
eth s/ eftsk L ftuko nXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ i[Mkotkdh eth gkP dh gqf;ZX eftsk
‘w?A j[D ftdk j[zdk jK’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{ vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH
fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik d/ gkmêqw bJh gq;skfts g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu
;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth nkgDh fwZsoê[Vh s'A ftdk b?Adk j?. T[j T[; Bkb fpskJ/ gq/w
Go/ fSDK bJh T[; dk XzBtkd eodk j?. T[BQK X[ZgK, X[zdK, y/sK ns/ w";wK dk th fIeo eodk
j?, id'A T[j b'eK s'A fSg^fSg e/ fJe d{i/ Bkb fwfbnk eod/ ;B ns/ gq/w Goh tkoskbkg
ftu v[Zp iKd/ ;B. go S/sh jh eth Bz{ fJj nfj;k; j' frnk fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk ;bhek
fSg^fSg e/ fwbDk BjhA pbfe T[; fBIkw Bz{ pdbDk j?, fi; ftu feoshnK^fe;kBK Bz{ T[BQK
d/ nfXeko BjhA fwbd/ ns/ d' gq/whnK Bz{ nkIkdh Bkb fwbD BjhA fdZsk iKdkl fiE/ ;G e[M
;owkJ/dkoh B/ jfEnk oZfynk j?.
ftnkfynk L eth fbydk j? fe fiT[D d/ d' jh ;bhe/ jBl fgnko eo' ns/ jo soQK d/
nfBnkfJ fto[ZX ;zxoP eo'. ;G e[M n?bkBhnk j't/. fSg^fSgk e/ e[M Bk ehsk ikt/. fit/A
nkekP ftu ;{oi T[d? j[zdk j? sK T[; dh X[Zg jo EK Sk iKdh j?. ;G Bz{ fd;dk j?. gq/whnK Bz{
th gq/w fJ; gqeko eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[j fJe d{i/ Bkb y[bQwy[ZbQ/ rbteVh gk ;eD. go i/
e'Jh fBIkw T[BQK Bz{ nfijk eoB dh fJikIs BjhA fdzdk sK T[; d/ fto[ZX izr bVBk ukjhdk
j?. pzp pD e/ cN ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; dh r{zi ;G Bz{ ;[DkJh d/t/. nkIkdh n;b ftu T[jh
j?, fiE/ ;G e[M rZi^tZi e/ ehsk ik ;e/. fwjBsh fJB;kB Bz{ e[M th S[gkT[D dh Io{os Bk
j't/.
10H fJ; Broh s/ok ih BjhA brdk
fJe uVQdh fJe bfjzdh J/
s?Bz{ o'I T{Vhe \sK dh
f;\o d[gfjo/ ofjzdh J/.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj ekft^gzeshnK ;wekbh gzikp d/ ;[gqf;ZX eth ;[oihs gkso d/ gqrhs
‘\sK dh T[vhe’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; gqrhs Bz{ vkH i;ftzdo f;zx vkH fJzdoihs
f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) dh gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zrqfj ehsk
j?.
gq;zr L nkX[fBe :[r ftu ftnesh fpbe[b fJeZbk ns/ niBph pD e/ ofj frnk j?.
o'Irko T[; Bz{ nkgD/ fgzv s'A g[ZN e/ fe;/ Ugo/ Bro iK wjKBro ftu b? nkfJnk j?. j[D
nkgDhnK iVQK Bkb i[V/ ofjD tk;s/ T[; Bz{ nkgD/ fwZsoK ns/ P[GfuzseK d/ \sK dh fJzsIko
ofjzdh j?.
ftnkfynk L eth nkgD/ wB Bz{ ;zp'XB eo e/ efjzdk j? fe fJ; Ugoh Broh ftu T[; dk
fdb BjhA brdk. fJE/ T[; dh e'Jh PBkys iK gfjukD BjhA pD ;eh i' fJe ftnesh dk
fdb brkT[D bJh Io{oh j[zdh j?. fJE/ fiT[D bJh T[; Bz{ f;o| \sK (fuZmh^gZso) dk jh
nk;ok j?. d[gfjo ;w/A id'A vkehnk nkT[Adk j? sK T[; Bz{ T[vhe j[zdh j? fe T[; d/ Bkw dk th
e'Jh \s nkt/rk. d{o p?mk e'Jh ;ke^;zpzXh, fwZso iK gkme T[; Bz{ th :kd eodk j't/rk.
:kd oyDk th fiT[Ad/ ofjD dk fJe gqwkD pD iKdk j?.
11H tZX^tZX p'bDk J/A n?tA/ pVp'fbnk,
;pIhnK s'A ik sz{ f;nk;sK Bz{ c'fbnk.
d{i/ dh th rZb ;[D d{i/ Bz{ th efjD d/,
je{wsK dh rZb sz{ je{wsK s/ ofjD d/.
eth s/ eftsk L fJj eftsk gZSwh gzikp d/ gqf;ZX iBtkdh eth s/ eth dopkoK d/ PfjBPkj
iBkp nBto w;{d dh fbyh j'Jh j?. fJ; dk f;ob/y j? L ni ehj gekJhJ/. vkH i;ftzdo
f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ fJ; Bz{ gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zrqfjs ehsk
j?.
gq;zr L wX^Pq/fDe xoK ftu ;t/o/ Pkw fJj w;bk pfDnk ofjzdk j? fe nZi eh XohJ/
(gekJhJ/)< gsh^gsBh ns/ pkb^pZu/ fJjh rZb eod/ ofjzd/ jB. j'o e'Jh w;bk i' Bk
j'fJnk. gfjbK b'e xoK ftu y/shpkVh, tDi^tgko iK o'Irko dhnK j'o Io{oh rZbK eod/
;B go ni'eh wZX Pq/Dh bJh dkb^;pIh jh tZvk w;bk pD frnk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu wkbe
ns/ B"eo, xo d/ d' jh ihn jB. wkbe B"eo Bz{ fe;/ ;pIh dk Bkw ;[MkT[Adk j? sK B"eo
ofjwk c"oB T[; ;pIh d/ r[D^frDkT[D brdk j? go i/ wkbe T[;/ ;pIh Bz{ oZd eo fdzdk j?
sK B"eo, wkbe dh \[Pkwd eoB bJh T[;d/ n"r[D dZ;D bZr g?Adk j?. fJT[A fJj f;bf;bk
ubdk j'fJnk nzs ftu S'fbnK dh dkb T[go ik e/ \sw j[zdk j?.
ftnkfynk L u"Xoh nkgD/ B"eo ofjw/ dh ;pIhnK pko/ B'e^M'e s'A fyM iKdk j?. gfjbK T[;
B/ pskT{AnK d/ r[D dZ;/ ;B ns/ pknd ftu n"r[D frDdk^frDdk pskT{AnK Bz{ ‘ekb/ jpPh’
efj fdzdk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe ;kvh sK nwohek tor/ r'o/ b'eK Bkb :koh j?. n;hA
n|ohek d/ ekb/êb{N/ jpPhnK tor/ pskT{A feT[A ukVQhJ/. u"Xoh fJe ;zt/dBPhb fJB;kB
brdk j?. T[; Bz{ ‘nwohek Bkb :koh’ tkbk i[wbk g;zd BjhA nkT[Adk. fJ; bJh T[j ofjw/
Bz{ pVp'bk dZ; e/ MkV fdzdk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe feE/ ;pIh ns/ feE/ f;nk;s< sz{ d{i/ pzd/ Bz{
sK rZb g{oh eoB dk w"ek jh BjhA fdzdk. je{wsK dhnK rZbK Bz{ nkw nkdwh BjhA ;wM
;ed/. n;hA nkgD/ S'N/^S'N/ w;fbnK T[go jh fXnkB d/JhJ/ sK uzrk oj/rk. eth ikDdk j?
fe nZieZbQ nyapkoK gVQ e/ jo pzdk f;nk;s Bz{ w{zj wkoB bZrk j?. fJ; o[uh s'A puD dh
Io{os j?.
12H j[D id'A ntkIK dk M[zv
nkyD bZrdk j?
pb?e pknHHHpb?e pknHHH
sK ;kv/ p[ZbK dhnK sbtkoK
yb' iKdhnK jB.
s/ fJBQK ftu'A e[M
fJj' fijk fBebdk j?
pknHHHHpknHHHpknHHHpk;Nov
eth s/ eftsk L ftukokXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph d/ gqw[y gotk;h eth ntsko izfvnkbth
dh ouBk ‘pb?e pknHHH’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{ vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH
fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik dh gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth B/ r'o/ B;btkdhnK dhnK T[BQK rkbQK dk fIeo ehsk j? i' T[j
fJXo'A Gkos ns/ j'o J/fPnkJh d/PK ftu'A rJ/ ekfwnK Bz{ eZYd/ ofjzd/ jB. r'o/ b'e fJBQK
ekfwnK Bz{ ‘pb?e pk;Nov’ (ekb/ jokwh b'e) efj e/ T[BQK dk ngwkB eod/ jB, T[BQK dk
;_?wkB s'VB dh ;kfiP eod/ jB. go eth nB[;ko j[D J/fPnkJh ekw/ fBvo ns/ db/o j'
rJ/ jB. T[j u[gûkg T[BQK dhnK rkbQK Bz{ ;jkoB dh pikfJ rkbQK ftu jh T[BQK Bz{ gqshT[FZso
fdzd/ jB. nkgD/ g?oK T[go gZeh soQK yV' ikD ekoB jh T[BQK ftu fJj ;kj; nkfJnk j?.
ftnkfynk L eth fbydk j? fe J/fPnkJh ekw/ id'A pIkoK ftu'A r[Iod/ jB sK nk;^gk; yV/
b'e ‘pb?e pk;Nov’ efj e/ T[BQK T[go nktkiK e;d/ jB, T[BQK dk B;btkdh fNZgDhnK Bkb
ngwkB eod/ jB. gfjbK^gfjbK ;kv/ b'e fJBQK ngwkBiBe fNZgDhnK Bz{ ;[D e/ u[g eo
ofjzd/ ;B. go j[D J/fPnkJh ekw/ ;zrfms ns/ ikro{e j' rJ/ jB. j[D T[j fe;/ fe;w dh
B;btkdh fNZgDh Bz{ podkPs eoB bJh fsnko BjhA. pbfe itkp ftu T[BQK Bz{ th pk;Nov
(jokwh B;b) efjD dh i[oZns eoB bZr/ jB. T[BQK d/ p[ZbQK dhnK sbtkoK, r'fonK dhnK
nktkIK o{gh fJZbK dk fPeko eoB bJh fsnko ofjzdhnK jB. ntsko izfvnkbth B/ fJBQK
gzeshnK ftu J/fPnkJh ekfwnK nzdo nk ojh ikfrqsh ns/ gqshP'X dh GktBk dk fBo{gD
ehsk j?.
13H sz{ ed'A se oj/Ark Gkbdk nkIkdh d/ noE
N[ZNh j'Jh gzikpbh s/ y[zYh j'Jh dksoh e'b'A
s?Bz{ s/ gsk th BjhA uZfbnk
fe o{V f;zx d/ pbd fezM j"bh j"bh jko rJ/.
eth s/ eftsk L ftuko^nXhB ekft gzeshnK gqrshtkdh gotk;h eth ;[yftzdo ezp'i dh
ouBk ‘gzikp eEk’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx
uhwk B/ fJj eftsk phHJ/H Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) bJh fBPfus g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu
;zgkfds ehsh j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu ;[yftzdo ezp'i B/ nkIkdh T[gozs gzikp dh S'Nh fe;kBh ns/ nkw
b'eK dh j'Jh b[N^y;[ZN ns/ d[odPk dk fBo{gD ehsk j?. eth g[ZSdk j? fe nkw b'e ed'A sZe
B/sktK d/ w{zj tZb t/yd/ ofjDr/< GqPN B/sktK ns/ ;tkoEh b'eK B/ fe;/ rohp ns/ feosh Bz{
T[BQK Bz{ pDd/ jZe BjhA d/D/. PjhdK dhnK o{jK B/ ftbefdnK jh ofj ikDk j?. ;owkJ/dko
ns/ ikrhodko fdB'A^fdB j'o nwho j[zd/ ikDr/ ns/ rohpK dh jkbs pd s'A pdso j[zdh ikDh
j?. b'eK Bz{ nkgDh jkbs ;[XkoB bJh ;zxoP eoB s'A p}?o j'o e'Jh ukok BjhA j?.
ftnkfynk L eth nkw nkdwh e'b'A fJj ;tkb g[ZSdk j? fe T[j ed'A se nkIkdh ftu'A gqkgs
j'D tkbhnK ;[y^;j{bsK dk fJzsIko eodk oj/rk< eh fe;kBK dh N[ZNh j'Jh gzikph ns/ y[zYh
dksoh T[BQK dh so;:'r jkbs Bz{ fpnkB eoB bJh ek|h BjhA j?< nkIkdh s'A pknd nkJ/ jo/
fJBebkp d[nkok XBh ikrhodkoK d/ Nq?eNoK B/ o{V f;zx tor/ S'N/ fe;kBK Bz{ y/sh d/ Xzd/
ftu'A pkjo eZY fdZsk j?. T[; d/ g[ZsoK Bz{ d' vzr dh o'Nh ewkT[D bJh wzvhnK ftu ik e/
wId{oh eoBh g? ojh j?. f;nk;sdkBK, n|;oK ns/ ;owkJ/dkoK dh i[zvbh B/
feoshnK^fe;kBK Bz{ fGykoh pDk e/ oZy fdZsk j?. gzikp dh eEk p/jZd sqk;de ns/
eo[DkGog{o j?.
14H s[;hA ewhB/ j'`
;kvhnK ikfJdkdK dpd/
foPtsK yKd/
rzdrh *u ofjzd/ Boe G'rd/ j'`
n;hA Gkos Bz{ ;tor pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK
s[;hA pDB BjhA fdzd/`
eth s/ eftsk L ftukokXhB ekft gzeshnK i;tzs dhd ofus eftks ‘GkDi/ dh tb?s |/oh’
ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJj eftsk phHJ/H Gkr d{ik dh gkme g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu
;zrqfjs j?. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ fJ; g[;se dk ;zgkdB ehsk
j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk dk tkue nkgD/ ekfwnK gk; fJzrb?Av iKdk j? sK wkw/ d/ pj[s ;ko/ d';s
T[; d/ ;tkrs bJh fJeZm/ j' iKd/ jB. T[j T[; dh \{p yksodkoh eod/ jB go Bkb^Bkb
fJj Io{o ejh iKd/ jB fe fJzvhnk Boe j?. T[j nkgDhnK gqkgshnK Bz{ pj[s tXkûVQk e/
dZ;d/ jB. eth T[BQK dhnK p/s[ehnK rZbK ;[De/ j?okB ofj iKdk j?. T[; Bz{ fJBQK T[go so;
nkT[Adk j?. T[j |?;bk BjhA eo gkT[Adk fe fJj b'e nkgDhnK gqkgshnK T[go jZ; oj/ jB iK
ftr'funK T[go o' oj/ jB.
ftnkfynk L fJe n?BHnkoHnkJhH pzdk eth Bz{ ;zp'XB eo e/ efjzdk j? fe Gkosh b'e pV/
ewhB/ j[zd/ jB. T[j pkjo rJ/ b'eK dhnK ikfJdkdK T[go BkikfJI epIk eo b?Ad/ jB. T[j
nkgDk ezw JhwkBdkoh Bkb BjhA eod/. foPts b?D s'A p}?o T[j fe;/ d/ ezw Bz{ jZE th BjhA
bkT[Ad/. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ d/P ftu rzd gk oZfynk j?.;VeK, u"okj/ ns/ p;shnK e{V/ d/ Y/oK
Bkb bZd/ j'J/ jB. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ ihtB Bz{ Boe pDk oZfynk j?. n;hA n?BHnkoHnkJhH b'e
id'A th nkgD/ fgzvK ftu uZeo wkod/ jK sK ftek; d/ ezwK bJh pj[s ;koh u?foNh (dkB) d/ e/
iKd/ jK go s[;hA T[j oew th yk^gh iKd/ j'. s[jkv/ ftu fJB;kBhns BjhA j?. eth d;dk j?
fe ;ko/ nwho nkdwh, rohpK Bz{ B;hjs d/Dk ns/ T[BQK dh bkj^gkj eoBh nkgDk p[fBnkdh
jZe ;wMd/ jB. nkg T[j Gkt/A fezB/ th w{oy j'D, fJ; rZb dh gqtkj BjhA eod/.
15H j'Jh jK w?A w[es fJ; Gow s'A
fe sz{ gowkswk gsh j?A
s/ w?A gshtqsk gsBhA.
eth s/ eftsk L ftukoXhB ekft gzeshnK gzikph dh gqw[y eftZsoh ;qhwsh tBhsk dh eftsk
‘njZfbnk’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJj eftsk ;kv/ ekft ;zrqfj ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu
;zefbs j?. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ fJ; gkm^g[;se dk ;zgkdB
ehsk j?.
gq;zr L ‘njZfbnk’ ftu eftZsoh B/ fJe g"okfDe gq;zr dk nkX[fBe ;zdoG ftu g[Bo^b/yD
ehsk j?. njZfbnk wjKfoPh r"sw dh ;[zdo gsBh ;h, fi; d/ o{g Bz{ G'rD bJh d/toki fJzdo
B/ uzdowk dh ;jkfJsk Bkb r"sw Bz{ Bdh^fJPBkB bJh e[Nhnk s'A pkjo G/fink ns/ fco T[j
nkgDk o{g r"sw tork pDk e/ nk frnk sK T[; B/ fJzdo ns/ njZfbnk Bz{ fJeZfmnK d/y e/
;okg d/ fdZsk. njZfbnk B/ fJj Ppd r"sw d/ ;okg d/ T[FZso ti'A p'b/ jB.
ftnkfynk L njZfbnk r"sw Bz{ d;dh j? fe gsh ns/ gsBh dk foPsk go;go ftPtk; T[go
yV'sk j[zdk j?. i/ d'jK Bz{ fJe^d{i/ T[go ftPtk; jh Bk oj/ sK fJ; foPs/ d/ e'Jh noE BjhA
ofjzd/. r"sw d/ ;okg T[go njZfbnk dk fJj Gow yasw j' frnk fe gsh Bz{ gowkswk ikD
e/ gq/w eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/ gsh S'NhnK^S'NhnK rZbK T[go nkgDh gsBh dh gohfynk b?Adk
oj/ sK T[j e?;k gowkswk j'fJnk< fJj' fij/ gsh dh \kso njZfbnk th gshtqsk pD e/
nkgD/ ihtB Bz{ popkd BjhA eoBk ukj[d z h. T[j ftdo'j T[go T[Fso nkT[Adh j? ns/ gqtkfBs
wo:kdk Bz{ Beko fdzdh j?.
16H ;[zxD bJhHHH
pko{d dh rzX Gkbdk jK
ykD bJhHHHH
nZr dh sbkP eodk jK
w?A ;wK jK.
eth s/ eftsk L ftukokXhB ekft^gzeshnK ;qh doPB p[ZNo dh eftsk ‘w?A ;wK jKHHH’ ftu'A
bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; eftsk Bz{ vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk B/ phHJ/H
Gkr d{ik (gzikph bkIwh) d/ gkmêqw bJh fBPfus ekft ;zrqfj ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs
ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu eth nkX[fBe d"o d/ gqd{PD ns/ nkswê/Afdqs o[uhnK pko/ nkgD/
Gkt ftnes eodk j?. T[j fbydk j? fe ;wK nkgDh ukb ubdk j'fJnk nfij/ BkIe d"o
ftu gqt/P eo fbnk j?. fiZE/ g{i z htkd B/ ;ko/ foPfsnK ns/ edoKêhwsK dk ftBkP eo
fdZsk j?. j[D e'Jh wB[Zy nkgD/ coIK dh rZb BjhA eodk pbfe nfXekoK dh ykso bVdk j?.
:[tk tor p/o[Irko j?. T[j gk; GftZy d/ ozrhB ;[gB/ th BjhA jB. fJ; ;{os ftu T[j
p/ikB ns/ T[gokw j' u[Zek j?. T[; d/ uko/ gk;/ fjz;e tksktoD j?. T[j feXo/ th ;[oZfyns
BjhA j?.
ftnkfynk L ;koh d[BhnK nkszetkd ns/ :[ZX d/ tksktoD ftu ;fjwh j'Jh j?. feXo/
nkszetkdh fBod'P b'eK dhnK jZfsnktK eo oj/ jB ns/ feXo/ fJe d/P, d{i/ d/P T[go
jtkJh jwb/ eo fojk j?. wk;{wK Bz{ wkoB bJh pzp to;kJ/ ik oj/ jB, fwIkJhbK dkrhnK ik
ojhnK jB. uko/ gk;/ fcIktK ftu pko{d dh rzX g;oh j'Jh j? ns/ nZrK bZrhnK j'JhnK
jB. fJj' fij/ y"|Bke wkj"b ftu ihtB d/ eh noE jB< ;wK sKvt Bku BZu fojk j?.
17H go PkfJdHHH
w?A nkgDh wK dh
ekfJosK s'A jh f;Zfynk j?
fe ekfJo j'Dk r[Bkj j?.
eft s/ eftsk L T[es ekft^gzeshnK gzikph dh gqf;ZX eftZsoh ;qhwsh ;[yftzdo nzfwqs dh
eftsk ‘j[D wKHHH’ ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx ns/ vkH fJzdoihs f;zx uhwk
B/ fJ; eftsk Bz{ phHJ/H Gkr d{ik dh gkm^g[;se ‘ekft bfjoK’ ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
gq;zr L fJ; eftsk ftu ;[yftzdo nzfwqs B/ nkgDh wK d/ jtkb/ Bkb gzikph ;wki ftu fJe
n"os dh so;:'r ;fEsh dk fBo{gD ehsk j?. T[; dh wK ;ztd / BPhb o[uhnK tkbh fJe
y{p;{os n"os ;h go T[; Bz{ Pokph ns/ e[oZys ftnesh dh phth pD e/ nkgDk ihtB
fpskT[Dk fgnk. T[; dh wK B/ eJh XhnK Bz{ iBw fdZsk, T[j e'Jh g[Zso Bk iD ;eh. fJ;/
ekoB T[; Bz{ jo o'I nkgD/ gsh dhnK rkbQK ns/ X"b^XZ|/ dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk ;h. j[D
T[j p[ZYh j' rJh ;h. T[; dhnK ;kohnK XhnK th ftnkjhnK ik u[ehnK ;B. id'A th fe;/ Xh
B/ nkT[Dk, wK B/ T[; Bz{ p[Zeb ftu b? e/ o'D bZr g?Dk go ;G s'A S'Nh Xh c?;bk eodh j? fe
T[j nkgDh wK Bkb e'Jh jwdodh BjhA eo/rh feT[Afe T[j nkgD/ gsh d/ I[bwK d/ fto[ZX ed/
th nkgDh nktkI Bk T[mk ;eh.
ftnkfynk L Xh ;'udh j? fe T[j nkgDh wK Bkb jwdodh BjhA eo/rh feT[Afe T[j fJe
ekfJo n"os ojh j?. T[; d/ gsh B/ nB/e tko T[; dh r[s g[ZNh, T[; Bz{ e[ZfNnk^wkfonk th
go T[j u[gûkg nkgD/ jzM{ gh iKdh ojh. T[j nkgD/ Pokph gsh s'A nkgDh rhsK tkbh
ekgh dh oZfynk th Bk eo ;eh. T[; B/ ed/ e'Jh rhs r[Dr[Dk e/ nkgD/ ;[gfBnK Bz{ fIzdk
oZyD dk :sB Bk ehsk. fJ; bJh T[j fe;/ jwdodh dh nfXekoh BjhA j? go fco T[j
;'udh j? fe T[j nkg nZi i' e[M th j?, nkgD/ nfXekoK gqsh fisBh u/szB j?, fJe ;[szso
ftukoK tkbh eftZsoh j? sK T[; d/ fgZS/ T[; dh wK dh nfjw G{fwek j?. T[; Bz{ d[yh ns/
wIb{w d/y e/ jh eftZsoh Bz{ ;[szsosk ns/ ;_?wkB nkfde w[ZbK pko/ frnkB j'fJnk j?. fJ;
bJh T[; Bz{ ;r'A nkgDh wK dk eoIdko j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; B/ \[d ngwkB ;fj fbnk go
nkgDhnK XhnK Bz{ Io{o i[Mko{ ns/ ;_?wkB tkb/ ;z;eko gqdkB eo fdZs/ ;B.
phHJ/HGkr d{ik gzikph bkIwh
gkm BzH 1H4
4H ‘ekft^bfjoK* g[;se s/ nkXkfos ;zy/g gqPB^T[so

T[d/P
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P phHJ/H Gkr d{ik d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ‘ekft bfjoK* g[;se dhnK
eftsktK ftu'A g[ZS/ ik ;eD tkb/ ;zy/g T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPBK pko/ ;zg{oB ikDekoh gqdkB eoBk
j?. t/yD ftu nkfJnk j? fe eJh ftfdnkoEh gkmêqw ftu fBPfus g[;seK ƒ fXnkB Bkb
BjhA gVQd/. fJ; ekoB T[j g[ZS/ ikD tkb/ gqPBK d/ Y[Zet/A ns/ ;jh T[Zso BjhA d/ ;ed/. fJ;
G?Vh o[uh s'A puD dh Io{os j? ns/ gkm^g[;se ƒ fXnkB Bkb gVQB T[gozs jh
ftfdnkoEhnK ftu nksw^ftPtkP g?dk j' ;edk j?. ;' jo gkm^g[;se ƒ g{oh brB Bkb
gVQ'.
o{g o/yk
fJ; gkm ftu jo eftsk pko/ g[ZS/ ik ;eD tkb/ ;zy/g gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdZs/ rJ/ jB.
ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJj T[Zso gVQ e/ ;kohnK eftsktK dk gkm fJe tko c/o eoBk ukjhdk j?
sK i' jo T[Zso ftfdnkoEh dh f;wqsh ftu gZe/ s"o Bkb nzfes j' ikt/.
1H nNe L GkJh tho f;zx
gqPB L eth nB[;ko nNe s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L nNe s'A Gkt j? i' feXo/ nNedk iK o[edk BjhA j? ;r'A fBozso nkgDh wzIb
tZb nr/ tXh iKdk j?. eth nB[;ko rsh iK nZr/ tXDk jh fIzdrh j?. o[e ikD dk noE w"s
j?.
gqPB L fJ; BIw dh ekft^ftXh d;'<
T[Zso L fJj BIw gqPB^T[Zso P?bh ftu fbyh rJh j?. eftsk d/ e[b 7 yzv jB. jo
yzv ftu uko N[eVhnK jB ns/ jo N[eVh ftubk tke nr'A uko tke^nzPK ftu tzfvnk
j'fJnk j?. jo tke^nzP ftu 8 toD jB noEks 8O8O8O8&32 toD. fJj s'b efpZs Szd
dk j?.
gqPB L nNe BIw okjhA eth eh ;zd/P d/Dk ukj fojk j?<
T[Zso L fJ; BIw okjhA eth fwb i[b e/, ftT[As ns/ ;kj; Bkb iotkfDnK dk
w[ekpbk eoB bJh nr/ tXD dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?. G{s ekb ftu j'JhnK }bshnK s'A puD dh
B;hjs fdzdk j?.
gqPB L eth B/ ihtB dh ;|bsk d/ eh r[o dZ;/ jB<
T[Zso L eth B/ dZf;nk j? fe fijVhnK e"wK iK ftnesh ;dk nZr/ tXh iKd/ jB,
feXo/ th o[ed/ BjhA, T[j nkgDh wzIb T[go gj[zu iKd/ jB. T[BQK ƒ e'Jh th o'e BjhA
;edk.
gqPB L fJ; BIw dh ekft^GkPk dh tZyosk dZ;'<
T[Zso L fJ; BIw dh ekft GkPk T[go r[opkDh Ppdktbh ns/ Ppdî'VK dk gqGkt
j?. p[fX, i[rfs, fpB;, nkfde Ppd r[opkDh nB[;ko jB. nNe:k, s[o:k, jN:k nkfd
Ppd th g[oksB gzikph tkbh Mbe fdzd/ jB.
2H w[Zb gk s{z nkgDkL gq'H g{oB f;zx
gqPB L eth B"i[nkBk ƒ nkgDk w[Zb gkT[D bJh feT[A efjzdk j?<
T[Zso L eth B"itkBK ƒ nkgDk w[Zb gkT[D bJh fJ; ekoB efjzdk j? feT[Afe jo
ftnesh ƒ gowkswk B/ nkg pDkfJnk j?, T[; ftu nB/e ;zGktBktK g?dk ehshnK jB. T[j
pj[s e[M eo ;edk j?. fJ; bJh jo fJB;kB ƒ nkgD/ ihtB dk w[Zb gkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
gqPB L oZp ns/ gqfeosh ƒ fgnko eoB Bkb eh jkf;b j[zdk j?<
T[Zso L oZp ns/ gqfeosh ƒ fgnko eoB Bkb nksw^ftPtk; g?dk j' iKdk j?. pzdk
fBok;sk ns/ T[dk;h ftu'A pkjo fBeb nkT[Adk j? ns/ ihtB Bkb fJe;[o j' iKdk j?. fco
T[j e[M th eo ;edk j?.
gqPB L eth nkgDhnK Io{osK g{ohnK eoB bJh fe; *s/ Go';k eoB bJh efjzdk j?
ns/ feT[A<
T[Zso L eth nkgDhnK Io{osK g{ohnK eoB bJh f;o| gowkswk T[go Go';k eoB
bJh efjzdk j? feT[Afe gowkswk jo ftnesh dhnK Io{osk g{ohnK eodk j?. T[j dksk j?.
gqPB L eth B"i[nkBK ƒ ewb d/ c[Zb tKr fyVB bJh feT[A gq/odk j?<
T[Zso L ewb dk c[Zb fuZeV ftu T[Zr e/ th fJ; s'A fBob/g ofjzdk j?. fJ;/ soQK wB[Zy
ƒ th ftekoK dh wbhBsk s'A fBob/g ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fyVBk ns/ y[P ofjDk jh ;|b ihtB
dk G/s j?.
gqPB L :{;c ns/ ;[b/wkB e"D ;B<
T[so L :{;c fJe ;[zdo okie[wko ;h, i' I[b?yk ƒ fgnko eodk ;h go T[; ƒ fJe
}[bkw tKr wzvh ftu fteDk fgnk ;h. ;[b/wkB fJe pkdPkj ;h i' pj[s p[ZXhwkB ns/
fJB;kc g;zd ;h. d't/A uzr/ wB[ZyK d/ gqshe ti'A g/P ehs/ rJ/ jB.
3H c/o gko' B/ fejkL pktk pbtzs
gqPB L eth B/ eftsk ftu fe; ƒ irkT[D bJh fejk j?<
T[Zso L eth fPt ih ƒ ikrD dk ;[B/jk fdzdk j?. fJj ;[B/jk gkopsh d/th okjhA fdZsk
frnk j?. gkopsh efjzdh j? fe fPt ih ikr e/ nkgD/ y/sK, d/P ns/ j'o t;hfbnK ƒ ;zGkb/.
gqPB L eth B/ shik B/so y'bQD bJh feT[A fejk j?<
T[Zso L id'A fPt ih dk shik B/so y[ZbQdk j? sK fJe s{|kB nk iKdk j?. I{bw ns/
p/fJB;kch \sw j' iKdh j?. fPt ih dk shik B/so ftt/e ns/ gqshP'X (pdb/) dk j?. fJ; d/
y[bQD Bkb b'eK ƒ fJB;kc fwbdk j?. T[BQK dh }[bkwh \sw j' iKdh j?.
gqPB L eftsk ftu ;'wBkE ns/ gko' fe;ƒ fejk frnk<
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk ftu fPt ih ƒ ;'wBkE ns/ gkopsh d/th ƒ gko' fejk frnk j?.
d'jK ƒ feo;kB Pq/Dh d/ gqshe pDkfJnk frnk j?.
gqPB L eth B/ n"os ƒ fejV/^fejV/ o{gK ftu do;kfJnk j?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;kko n"os fJe Pesh j?. T[j irs dk efbnkD eo ;edk j?. T[;
dh e[Zy ftu'A g?dk j'D tkbk pZuk BoeK ƒ th ;[or pDk ;edk j?. T[j w"s ƒ fIzdrh ftu
pdb ;edh j?. T[; dk ;fseko eoBk ukjhdk j?.
gqPB L ikrfos wB[Zy eh eo ;edk j?<
T[Zso L ikrfos wB[Zy nkgD/ fto[ZX j' ojhnK ;kfIPK ƒ ;wM ;edk j?. T[j gP{ s'A
g{oB wB[Zy pD iKdk j?. T[; d/ ikrD Bkb d[BhnK dk BePk pdb iKdk j?. p/fJB;kch ns/
I{bw \sw j' iKd/ jB ns/ fJe b'egZyh fJBebkp nk iKdk j?.
4H nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/L gq'H w'jB f;zx
gqPB L ‘nzph d/ p{N/ EZb/* eftsk dk w[y ftPk eh j?<
T[so L fJ; eftsk dk w[Zy ftPk fJe c"ih dh gsBh dhnK :kdK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. id'A
gsh ;kbkBk S[ZNh ekoB xo ftu ;h sK gsBh fezBh y[P ;h go T[; dh }?o jkIoh ftu T[j
pj[s T[dk; j?.
gqPB L eftsk dh BkfJek fe; dh :kd ftu sVc ojh j?<
T[Zso L eftsk dh BkfJek nkgD/ gsh dh :kd ftu sVc ojh j?. gsh ;bkBk S[ZNh
eZND wro'A tkg; ubk frnk ns/ j[D phs/ dhnK fwZmhnK :kdK T[; ƒ d[Zy d/ ojhnK jB.
gqPB L eftsk dh BkfJek gq/wh Bkb fpskJ/ fejV/ gb :kd eo ojh j?<
T[Zso L eftsk dh BkfJek ƒ T[j gb :kd nk oj/ jB id'A T[; B/ nkgD/ ;[Zs/ gJ/ gsh
d/ wE/ T[go uo\/ dh uow\ s'A ekby T[sko e/ bk fdZsh ;h. fco T[j d't/A iD/ fJe d{;o/ d/
nZr/^fgZS/ Bmd/ oj/ ;B. fJ; y/v ftu'A d'jK ƒ pj[s nkBzd nkfJnk ;h. d't/A pj[s y[P j'J/
;B.
gqPB L eftsk ftu BkfJek nzph d/ p{N/ ƒ feT[A tZYDk ukj[zdh j?<
T[Zso L BkfJek fJ; bJh nzph d/ p{N/ ƒ tZYDk ukj[zdh j? feT[Afe fJ; ƒ t/y e/ T[; ƒ
nkgD/ gsh dh :kd nk iKdh j?, i' T[; s'A podkPs BjhA j[zdh.
gqPB L eftsk ftu eth gqfeosh^fusqD fe; soQK dk j?<
T[Zso L eth e'fJb dhnK e{eK, ;ktD dhnK MVhnK ns/ gZfsnK dh yV^yV nkfde
fdqPK okjhA gqfeosh fusqD eodk j?. fJj fdqP BkfJek d/ d[Zy ftu j'o tkXk eo fdzd/ fdzd/
jB.
5H ;[B/jV/L nzfwqsk gqhsw
gqPB L ‘;[B/jV/* eftsk dk ftPk eh j?<
T[Zso L ‘;[B/jV/* ftu eftZsoh B/ fJe gq/fwek d/ ftS'V/ ƒ fpnkB ehsk j?. ;kvk wod
gqXkB ;wki gq/whnK ƒ fJe d{i/ Bkb fwbD dh fJIkIs BjhA fdzdk. ni dh Bkoh th jho,
;Z;h ns/ ;'jDh tKr p/p; j?.
gqPB L eftsk dh BkfJek fe; dh :kd ftu sV| ojh j?<
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk dh BfJek nkgD/ gq/wh dh :kd ftu sV| ojh j?. ;wki T[; ƒ
gq/wh Bkb fwbD dh fJIkIs BjhA fdzdk. T[j T[; dh :kd ftu o'ô' e/ nkgDh fIzdrh fpsk
ojh j?, wIp{o j?.
gqPB L eftsoh dk Gkosh Bkoh gqsh fdqPNhe'D eh j?<
T[Zso L Gkosh Bkoh g{oh soQK Bkb p/p; ns/ wIp{o j?. T[j nkgD/ nfXekoK dh
gqkgsh bJh nkg izr BjhA bVdh pbfe nkgD/ gq/wh T[go nk; brkJh p?mh j? fe T[j nkgDh
ebw dh skes Bkb :[r ƒ pdb d/t/rk ns/ Bt/A :[Zr ftu T[j g{oh nkIkdh Bkb fwb
;eDr/.
gqPB L fpojk ftu sVgdh Bkoh ƒ ed'A y[Ph fwbdh j?<
T[Zso L fpojk ftu sVgdh Bkoh ƒ T[; ;w/A y[Ph fwbdh j?. id'A T[; dk gq/wh fwbD
bJh nk ikt/. T[; dk jkbûkb g[ZS/ ns/ dod tzvkt/.
gqPB L eftsk ftu fejV/^feV/ b'e BkfJeK dk fIeo j?.
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk ftu jhoôKMk, ;Z;h^g[zƒ ns/ ;'jDh, wjhAtkb tor/ b'e^BkfJeK
dk fIeo j'fJnk j?. e?Ad' tor/ ybBkfJe dk th T[by / j'fJnk j?.
6H w;hjkL fPt e[wko
gqPB L w;hjk s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L w;hjk dk noE j? g?rzpo. T[j wjKg[oP, i' nkw b'eK d/ efbnkD bJh
gowkswk s/ e'Jh Bt^;zd/P b? e/ fJ; Xosh T[go nkT[Adk j?. jIos Jh;k ƒ ‘w;hjk* fejk
iKdk j?.
gqPB L eth fIzdrh d/ fejV/^fejV/ nwbK dh rZb eodk j?<
T[Zso L eth d/ydk j? fe b'eK jZeK ns/ nfXekoK bJh i{MDk G[Zb rJ/ jB. T[j
BkfJB;k|h ns/ ;wkfie fBnkfJ d/ fto[ZX ;zxoP BjhA eod/. i{MDk ns/ ;zxoP eod/ ofjDk
jh fIzdrh j?.
gqPB L eth nB[;ko fIzdrh eh j?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko fIzdrh fJe |oI j?, fJe fIzw/tkoh j?. jo wB[Zy ƒ
b'eêfbnkD tk;s/ ezw eod/ ofjD dk |oI fBGkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fIzdrh e'Jh ;[gBk BjhA,
jehes j?.
gqPB L eth nB[;ko ni d';sh dk ;o{g fe; soQK dk j?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko pj[s/ b'e d';sh d/ noE BjhA ikDd/. T[j ;tkoEh pD iKd/ jB
ns/ fJ; gqeko ‘d';sh* d/ Ppd ƒ ebzfes eo fdzd/ jB. fJj nB[fus tshok j?.
gqPB L eftsk ftu eth w;hj/ d/ o{g ftu eh ;[B/jk d/Dk ukj[zdk j?<
T[Zso L eth fJj ;[B/jk fdzdk j? fe w?A d';sK bJh woKrk ns/ T[BQK d/ nfXekoK bJh
i/ T[; ƒ ;{bh T[go th uVQBk fgnk sK T[j fMie/rk BjhA.
7H s/o/ jI{o w/oh jkIoh dh dk;skBL jfoGiB f;zx
gqPB L ‘s/o/ jI{o w/oh jkIoh dh dk;skB* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L fJBQK PpdK s'A eth dk fJj Gkt j? fe 1999 JhH ftu ft;kyh d/ P[G nt;o
T[go r[o{ ih B/ jIkoK ;zrsK dh jkIoh ftu id'A ykb;/ dh f;oiDk ehsh ;h sK eth th T[E/
w"i{d ;h. T[; B/ eh wfj;{; ehsk ;h, fJ; eftsk ftu T[; d/ nkgD/ nfj;k;K dk toDB
ehsk frnk j?.
gqPB L ;h; e[opkB eoB dh wzr e"D eo fojk j? ns/ feT[A<
T[Zso L ;h; e[opkB eoB dh wzr r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih eo oj/ ;B feT[Afe e[opkBh s'A
fpBQK d/P ns/ e"w d/ fJfsjk; ƒ pdfbnk BjhA ik ;edk. }[bkwh, I[bw ns/ XZe/Pkjh ƒ d{o
eoB bJh e[opkBh d/Dh g?Adh j?.
gqPB L ‘w?A* gkso \[d ƒ fe; soQK dk ;wMdk j?<
T[Zso L fJj gkso nkgDh ekfJosk, ;tkoE ns/ nksw jhDsk ƒ gfjukD b?Adk j?.
T[; ƒ frnkB j' iKdk j? fe r[o{ d/ dopko ftu pjkdo, ;Zu/^;[Zu/ ns/ nksw^r"ot tkb/
ftnesh jh gqtkB uVQd/ jB. T[BQK dk jh w[Zb g?Adk j?.
gqPB L ‘w?A* gkso feT[A gSskT[Adk j?<
T[Zso L fJj gkso id'A t/ydk j? fe r[o{ ;kfjp B/ ;h; G/N eoB tkb/ gziK f;zxK ƒ
;kps^;{os ;kjwD/ b? nKdk j? ns/ J/Bk ;fseko fdZsk j? sK T[j ;'udk j? fe T[; B/ nkgDk
;h; G/N feT[A Bk ehsk< T[; ƒ fJ; rZb dk gSsktk j[zdk j?. wZX^Pq/Dh tkb/ b'e fJt/A ;'ud/
j[zd/ jB. T[BQK ƒ fJBkwK^;BwkBK dh Mke ofjzdh j?.
gqPB L ‘Bt/A ;{oi fijk ;h;* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L fJ; tkezP s'A fJj Gkt j? fe fit/A ;{oi jo Pkw ƒ gZSw ftu fSg iKdk j?
go nrbh ;t/o g{op dh fdPk ftu'A fco T[rw g?Adk j?, fJ;/ gqeko r[o{ ih B/ nkgD/ f;yK s'A
g[okD/ ;h; b? e/ T[BQK Bt/A ;h; d/ e/ dopko ftu b? nKdk ;h. j[D fJj Bt/A ftnesh ;B, i'
nksw^r"ot ns/ phosk Bkb Gog{o ;B.
8H b'eK Bkb rZbL skok f;zx
gqPB L eth b'eK Bkb eh rZb eoBh ukj[zdk j?<
T[Zso L eth b'eK Bkb T[BQK d/ nfXekoK dh rZb eodk j?. T[BQK ƒ nfijh ;oeko
u[DB dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?, i' b'e^GbkJh d/ ezw eo ;e/. fijV/ T[whdtko d/P ns/ ;wki dh
;/tk eo ;eD. T[BQK ƒ t'N gkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
gqPB L eth b'eK ƒ fejV/ ;tkb g[ZSdk j?<
T[Zso L eth b'eK ƒ g[ZSdk j? fe T[BQK dhnK w[YbhnK Io{osK g{ohnK j' rJhnK jB<
ofjD bJh xo, gfjBD bJh eZgV/ ns/ ykD bJh d' tes dh o'Nh fwb iKdh j?< eh T[BQK
dhnK pj[^p/NhnK wfj|{I jB< T[j f;o T[mk e/ ;_?wkB Bkb uZb ;edk j?<
gqPB L eth n|;oK ns/ bhvoK d/ ufoZso pko/ eh efjzdkj?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko n|;o b'e foPst b?D s'A fpBK e'Jh ezw BjhA eod/. bhvo b'e
fBZih ikfJdkdK ftu tkXk eod/ ofjzd/ jB. u'DK s'A gfjbK b'eK Bkb nB/e tknd/ eod/ jB
go u'DK s'A pknd gzi ;kbK se nkgDh Peb th BjhA fdykT[Ad/.
gqPB L eth ;oeko pDkT[D pko/ b'eK ƒ fet/A u/sB eoBk ukj[zdk j?<
T[Zso L eth b'eK ƒ ;wMkT[Adk j? fe ;kohnK gkoNhnK fJe' fijhnK ;tkoEh ns/
GqPN jB. fJj ;ko/ b[N/o/ jB. fJBQK d/ Mzv/ jh tZy^tZy jB, feodko fJe' fijk j?. b'eK ƒ
ukjhdk j? fe fJBQK ƒ jh tko^tko Bk nIwkt/ pbfe Bt/A bhvo bZG/ i' b'e^;/te j'D.
gqPB L ;oekoK d[nkok ekƒB fe; soQK pDkJ/ iKd/ jB<
T[Zso L ;oeko r[zvkrodh T[go T[so nkT[Adh j?. fJj b'eK s'A t'NK pN'o e/ nkgDh
;oeko pDk b?Adh j? ns/ fco nkgDh woIh d/ ekƒB pDk e/ b'eK ƒ b[ZNDk P[o{ eo fdzdh j?.
e'Jh th ;oeko b'e^fjs ƒ w[Zy oy e/ ekƒB BjhA pDkT[Adh pbfe nkgD/ fjZsK ƒ w[y oydh
j?.
9H w?A j[D ftdk j[zdk jKL gkP
gqPB L eftsk ftu eth fe; ƒ ;zp'fXs j?<
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk ftu eth nkgDh fwsoê[Vh (gq/fwek) ƒ ;zp'fXs j? ns/ T[; s'A
ftSVB bJh fJikIs wzrdk j?.
gqPB L eth fe; soQK dh eftsk fbyDh ukj[zdk j?<
T[Zso L eth fJ; gqeko dh eftsk fbyDh ukj[zdk ;h, fi; ftu XDhJ/ dh wfje, o[ZyK
s'A fvrdh X[zd, d[ZX dh pkbNh ftu'A T[Zmdh MZr ns/ nkgDh gq/fwek d/ j[;B pko/ eftsk fbyDh
ukj[zdk ;h go p/ofjw ;w/A B/ T[; ƒ fJ; gqeko dh gq/w Goh eftsk fbyD dh nkfrnk Bk
fdZsh.
gqPB L eth feBQK uhIK dk XzBtkd eodk j?<
T[Zso L eth T[BQK ;G uhIK dk XzBtkd eodk j? i' T[; d/ gq/w dhnK rtkj pDhnK.
j"bh^j"bh o[wedh jtk, NhAfvnk ftu'A feodh egkj, ;oQ'A d/ S'N/ ghb/ c[Zb, eDe dh c;b ns/
rzfBnK T[go p?mhnK S'NhnK^S'NhnK fuVhnK T[; d/ XzBtkd dhnK gkso jB.
gqPB L eftsk ftu fIzdrh ihD dk fej' fijk ;bhek dZf;nk frnk j?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko X[ZgK tKr fyV/ ofjDk, wfjp{pk ƒ rbteVh gk e/ gq/w iskT[Dk,
po{d tKr GVeDk ns/ d[PwD ƒ bbekoBk jh fIzdrh ihD dk n;b ;bhek j[zdkj?. b[e^fSg
e/ ihDk e'Jh ihDk BjhA j[zdk.
gqPB L eth ;uh w[uhA dk eh d/yDk ukj[zdk j?<
T[Zso L eth fIzdrh, ;wkitkd iK ihtB dhnK ;koh p[fBnkdh ;ukJhnK ƒ ;uh w[uhA
dk d/yDk ukj[zdk j?. T[j ;[gfBnK ns/ f\nkbh x'fVnK Bkb ;zs[PN j'D tkbk ;[gB/;kI BjhA
j?.
10H \sK dh T[vheL ;[oihs gkso
gqPB L B"i[nkB ƒ fe;^fe; d/ \sK dh T[vhe j?<
T[Zso L B"i[nkB ƒ nkgDh wfjp{p, nkgDh G?D ns/ nkgD/ gqPzPeK d/ \sK dh T[vhe
j?. T[; ƒ wfjp{p tb'A gq/w dk fJeoko, G?D tb'A g[Zso d/ iBw ns/ gqPzPeK tb'A wfjwk ns/
tfvnkJh Go/ \sK dh fJzsIko j?.
gqPB L eth B"i[nkB ƒ \s nkT[D pko/ eh s;Zbh fdzdk j?<
T[Zso L eth efjzdk j? fe B"i[nkB ƒ nk; BjhA SZvDh ukjhdh. T[; dk e'Jh ukj[D
tkbk, ;ke^;zpzXh ns/ gqPzPe Io{o T[; ƒ \s gkt/rk.
gqPB L oks^poks/ fe; dk \s nkT[D dh nk; j?<
T[Zso L eth ƒ nk; j? fe oks^poks/ T[; ƒ p[ZYh wK dk \s nkt/rk. fi; ftu
fbfynk j't/rk fe g[ZsoK ƒ nkgDh wK ƒ G[bkT[Dk BjhA ukjhdk pbfe ;dk :kd oZyDk ukjhdk
j?.
gqPB L wK pko/ \s fwbD s/ B"i[nkB dk gqsheow eh j't/rk<
T[Zso L B"itkB dk gqsheow j't/rk fe T[j nkgDh wK dk jkbûkb g[ZSD ikt/ go T[;
d/ nzdo J/Bk P'o wZu ikt/rk fe T[j ghV Bkb uhe T[m/rk go S/sh jh T[; dh nkswk ƒ
nkokw nk ikt/rk.
gqPB L ‘ys y[bQ/rk \s ftu'A fJe jZE T[m/rk* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[so L fJ; eEB s'A eth dk Gkt j? fe wK nkgD/ g[Zso ƒ ;dk d[nktK fdzdh j?. wK
d/ fby/ j'J/ PpdK ftu eth bJh nB/e d[nktK j'DrhnK fiBQ ƒ gVQ e/ eth dh T[dk;h ns/
fJebkg/ ƒ u?B fwb ikt/rk.
11H ni ehj gekJhJ/L nBto w;{d
gqPB L ‘ni ehj gekJhJ/* dh ekft^P?bh dZ;'<
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk dh P?bh gqPB^T[Zso tkbh j?. wkbe ;tkb eodk j? ns/ B"eo
itkp fdzdk ofjzdk j?. P?bh ftnzrkswe j?. eth wkbe dh ;'u T[go ftnzr eodk j?. T[; B/
ykDh sK S'fbnK dh dkb j? go tZy^tZy ;pIhnK d/ Bkw b? e/ nkgDk s/ B"eo dk fdb y[P
eo b?Adk j?.
gqPB L fJ; BIw dk w[y ftPk dZ;'<
T[Zso L fJ; BIw dk w[y ftPk fJj j? fe wX Pq/Dh d/ b'e T[ZuhnK^T[ZuhnK vhArK sK
Io{o wko b?Ad/ jB go T[BQK d/ jZE gZb/ e[M BjhA j[zdk. T[BQK ƒ nkgD/ ;hfws ;kXBK ftu jh
r[Ikok eoBk g?Adk j?. T[j pZeo/ dh g[Zm iK ehw/ tkb/ eo/b/ fet/A yk ;ed/ jB.
gqPB L eth B/ eo/b/ dh ;pIh ƒ G?Vh feT[A dZf;nk j?<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko eo/b/ dh ;pIh pj[s e"Vh j[zdh j?. fJ; Bkb'A sK pzdk e"V^s[zw/
iK e[BhB dhnK r'bhnK jh cZe bt/. eo/bk fBzw ns/ Xo/e dk Gok j[zdk j?. ykD tkb/ ƒ
tko^tko gkDh ghDk g?Adk j?.
gqPB L eth B/ pskT{A d/ eh r[D s/ n"r[D dZ;/ jB<
T[Zso L pskT{AnK dk ozr pVk uwedko j[zdk j?. fJj t/yD ftu pj[s ;'jD/ bZrd/ jB
go fJBQK dh sk;ho vkYh row j[zdh j?. fJj ekbi/ ƒ nZr bk fdzd/ jB. fJBQK dk ozr th
jpPhnK tork j[zdk id'A fe b'e r'ohnK uhIK ƒ g;zd eod/ jB.
gqPB L eth B/ fGzvh dh ;pIh dhnK eh uzrhnK s/ eh wkVhnK rZbK dZ;hnK jB<
T[Zso L eth nB[;ko i/ S'NhnK ns/ johnK eu{o fGzvhnK ftu pZeo/ dh g[Zm dhnK
p'NhnK gk e/ ukVQhnK ikD ns/ Bkb wZyD s/ bZ;h j't/ sK ykD dk ;tkd nk iKdk j? go fJBQK
dh wkVh rZb fJj j? fe fJj b/;dko j[zdhnK jB. fJj b;{fVnK tork ;tkd fdzdhnK jB.
12H pb?e pknHHHL ntsko izfvnkbth

gqPB L ‘pb?e pknHHH* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L ‘pb?e pknHHH* s'A Gkt j?L ekb/ jokwh. nzro/I b'e GkoshnK ns/ j'o }ohp
d/PK d/ b'eK ƒ ekb/ jokwh efj e/ T[; dk fsq;eko eod/ ;B. fJj fJe B;btkdh fNZgDh j?.
gqPB L eth B/ fJZbK Ppd fe; bJh tofsnk j?<
T[Zso L eth B/ fJZbK Ppd r'o/ nzro/IK ns/ ;kwokihnK bJh tofsnk j?, fiBQK B/
nmkoQthA^T[BhthA ;dh ftu J/Phnk ns/ n|ohek d/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK T[go epIk eo e/ T[BQK ƒ
\{p b[ZfNnk^g[ZfNnk ;h.
gqPB L ‘nktkIK d/ ikBDjko/* fe; rZb s'A tkfe| jB<
T[Zso L ‘nktkIK d/ ikBDjko/* fJ; rZb s'A tkfe| jB fe id'A e'Jh pzdk rkbQ ƒ ;[D e/
u[g eo iKdk j? sK T[; d/ nzdo fJe ekfJosk gZ;o iKdh j?. fco T[j Ikbw dk w[ekpbk
eoB d/ ;woZE BjhA ofjzdk. T[; dh ;odkoh y[Z; iKdh j?. T[[j jkbks Bkb ;wM"sk eo b?Adk
j?.
gqPB L ‘r'n p?e r'n p?e* s[e d/ noE ;gPN eo'<
T[Zso L ‘r'n p?e* dk noE j?L fgS/ jN'. id'A b'e nkgD/ jZeK dh gqkgsh bJh ;VeK
T[go fBeb nkT[Ad/ jB sK ;kwokih ;oeko T[BQK T[go e'oV/ ns/ bkmhnK po;k e/ T[BQK ƒ
fgS/ jND bJh wIp{o eo fdzdh ;h.
gqPB L ‘nktkIK d/ ;Zg* eh eoBk ukj[zd/ jB<
T[Zso L ‘nktkIK d/ ;Zg* ekb/ jokwh efj e/ ;kvk ngwkB eod/ jB. ;kƒ vzr wko e/
\sw eo d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB. fJj pj[s Ifjohb/ Ppd jB.
13H gzikp eEkL ;[yftzdo ezp'i
gqPB L eth nkIkdh pko/ eh gqsheow g/P eodk j?.
T[Zso L eth d;dk j? fe id'A d/P nkIkd j'fJnk sK nkw nkdwhnK ƒ pVh y[Ph
j'Jh. T[j nkgDh }ohph ns/ ;zskg ƒ G[Zb e/ nkIkdh d/ B}w/ rkT[D bZr gJ/. T[; ƒ fJj
:kd jh Bk fojk fe d/P ƒ nkIkd eotkT[D bJh fezB/ b'e Pjhd j'J/ ;B ns/ bZyK b'eK ƒ
T[iV e/ fJXo nkT[Dk fgnk ;h.
gqPB L eth d/P^tzv ;w/A d/ jkbks fe; soQK f;idk j?<
T[Zso L d/P tzv ;w/A bZyK b'e T[iV rJ/. T[BQK ƒ nkgDhnK IwhBK ns/ xo^pko SZv
e/ fJXo g{oph gzikp ftu gBkj b?Dh gJh. pj{^p/NhnK d/ ;[jkr T[iV rJ/ ns/ eJhnK dh
gZs b[ZNh rJh. fezdo ns/ fpPB/ tor/ nB/e p/r[Bkj b'e sqk;dh dk fPeko j' rJ/.
gqPB L nkX[fBeheoB B/ gozgokrs t;sK ƒ fet/A fBrfbnk<
T[Zso L nkX[fBeheoB B/ xo/b{ d;sekoh ns/ gozgokrs feZfsnK ƒ spkj eo fdZsk.
johJ/ w'uh tor/ b'e pkNk ns/ eo'Bk d/ T[sgkdBK dk fet/A w[ekpbk eo ;ed/ ;B. w[DPh
NKr/ tkb/ dk o'Irko Eoh thbQoK B/ y'j fbnk. foeP/ ukbe GJhJ/ th Eoh^thbQoK tkfbnK s'A
jko rJ/.
gqPB L eth fdZbh dzfrnK pko/ eh dZ;dk j?<
T[Zso L eth ikDdk j? fe fdZbh^dzr/ ;ZskXkohnK bJh ;"rks pD e/ nkJ/. T[BQK B/
fJBQK dzfrnK ftu wo/ b'eK d/ Bkw T[Skb e/ nkgDhnK e[o;hnK pukJh oZyhnK jB. T[BQK dh
wZekoh dk fJ; rZb s'A gsk ubdk j? fe gzikp ftu jo o'I b'e wo oj/ ns/ wo u[e/ b'eK
pko/ T[BQK ƒ e'Jh fuzsk BjhA j?.
gqPB L eftsk ns/ PkfJoK pko/ eth d/ eh ftuko jB<
T[Zso L eth r[o{ BkBe dh gozgok dk PkfJo j?. T[j ;ZskXkohnK ƒ tzrkodk j?. T[j
T[BQK b'eK Bkb e'Jh tkj^tk;sk BjhA oyDk ukj[zdk fijV/ fe;/ th tXheh ƒ ‘jT{ goQ/* efj e/
G[bk fdzd/ jB. T[j fe;/ fJBkw iK w?vbK dh gqkgsh bJh eftsk BjhA fbydk pbfe nkgDh
}?os dk gqwkD d/D tk;s/ eftsk oudk j?. T[j nkgD/ nfXekoK bJh u/szB PkfJo j?.
14H GkDi/ dh tb?s c/ohL i;tzs dhd
gqPB L n?BHnkoHnkJhH bJh fJzvhnk Boe feT[A j?<
T[Zso L n?BHnkoHnkJhH bJh fJzvhnk Boe fJ; bJh fe Gkosh b'e T[BQK dh
IwhBîkfJdkd T[go BkikfJI epI/ eo b?Ad/ jB. ;|kJh tZb fXnkB BjhA fdzd/. foPts y'o
jB. ;kvh ewkJh T[go n?P eod/ jB. go ;kvk nfj;kB BjhA wzBd/. fJzvhnk ftu fwjBsh
pzfdnK dh e'Jh edo BjhA j?.
gqPB L n?BHnkoHnkJhH GkoshnK d/ ufoZso pko/ eh ;'ud/ jB<
T[Zso L T[ZBQK nB[;ko GkoshnK dk e'Jh ufoZso BjhA j?. fJj b'e nfj;kB cokw'P
jB. u'oh^mZrh s'A pkI BjhA nkT[Ad/. fijVk pzdk fJBQK dk Gbk eodk j?, T[; Bkb th p[ok
ftjko eod/ jB. M{m/ ns/ ewhB/ jB. Gkosh n"osK dk th e'Jh ufoZso BjhA j?. B'NK dh
Mbe ftykU ns/ nkgD/ Bkb s'o bt'. fJzvhnk d/ b'e rzdrh jzYkT[D d/ nkdh j' u[Ze/ jB.
gqPB L n?BHnkoHnkJhH Gkosh u?foNh ;oft; pko/ eh d;dk j?<
T[Zso L T[j d;dk j? fe T[;B/ fgSb/ toQ/ }ohp ftXtktK dh Pkdh ns/ B/sojhDK d/
e?Ag bJh 25 jIko gkT{Av G/i/ ;B. fJ; tko j'o G/i/rk. fJe ;[zdo ftXtk Bkb T[; d/
fiB;h ;zpzX th jB, T[j T[;ƒ \{p n?P eotkT[Adh j?. s[;hA th tkg; ik e/ T[; ƒ fwb b?Dk,
s[jkƒ th n?P eotk d/t/rh.
gqPB L eth d/ nzdo fe; rhs dh X[B pDB brdh j?<
T[Zso L eth jo n?BHnkoHnkJh d/ w{zj'A ‘fJzvhnk Boe j?* dk fceok J/Bh tko ;[D
b?Adk j? fe T[; d/ wB nzdo fJ; rhs dh X[B pDB brdh j?L ‘fJzvhnk Boe j?HHH pZb/ pZb/`
Pktk Pktk` fe fJzvhnk Boe j?.*
gqPB L eth d/ nzdo pD oj/ rhs dh X[B feT[A T[bMD brdh j?<
T[Zso L BZuD d/ d"okB id'A n?BHnkoHnkJh E'Ek ns/ pDkT[Nh jk;k jZ;d/ jB sK b/ye
;wM b?Adk j? fe n;b ftu fJj nkgDk d/P SZv e/ T[dk; jB. fJj o' oj/ jB. T[BQK dh fJ;
jehes ƒ ikD e/ eth d/ nzdo pD oj/ rhs dh X[B T[bMD bZr g?Adh j?. nkgDk d/P, nkgDk
jh j[zdk j?. fJj ed/ Boe BjhA j' ;edk.
15H njZfbnkL tBhsk
gqPB L njZfbnk e"D ;h<
T[Zso L njZfbnk fJe d/têzfBnk ;h, fi; dh f;oiDk pqjwk ih B/ ehsh ;h. T[j
nfsnzs ;[zdo ;h. d/toki fJzdo B/ pqjwk ih gk; T[; ƒ wzr fbnk go r"sw foPh B/
njZfbnk ƒ fJzdo gk; gj[zukT[D dh EK nkgDh gsBh pDk e/ oZy fbnk.
gqPB L r"sw foPh Bdh^xkN BjkT[D bJh nZXh oks jh T[Zm e/ feT[A ubk frnk.
T[Zso L r"sw foPh d/toki fJzdo dh ;kfiP dh fPeko j' frnk. fJzdo, njZfbnk d/
j[;B ƒ wkDBk ukj[zdk ;h. T[; B/ uzdowk ƒ nkgD/ Bkb fwbk fbnk. uzdowk B/ w[ork pD e/
nZXh oks ƒ jh pKr d/ fdZsh. r"sw B/ ;'funk ;t/o j' rJh j?. fJ; ekoB T[j Bdh^xkN
T[go BjkT[D bJh e[Nhnk s'A otkBk j' frnk.
gqPB L r"sw foPh B/ njZfbnk ƒ eh ;okg fdZsk<
T[Zso L r"sw foPh B/ ;okg d/ e/ njZfbnk ƒ gZEo dh w{osh pDk fdZsk. pknd ftu
;qh okw B/ ntsko XkoB eo e/ T[;ƒ ;okg w[es ehsk.
gqPB L njZfbnk fJzdo ƒ eh nkydh j?<
T[Zso L njZfbnk, fJzdo ƒ ;wMkT[Adh j? fe X'y/ (G[b/y/) Bkb n"os d/ sB ƒ sK gqkgs
ehsk ik ;edk j?, wB ƒ BjhA fiZfsnk ik ;edk. gq/w dk noE wB dh gqkgsh j?, sB dh
gqkgsh BjhA.
gqPB L njZfbnk r"sw ƒ eh nkydh j?<
T[Zso L njZfbnk r"sw ƒ nkydh j? fe gsh^gsBh dk foPsk ftPtk; T[go fNfenk
j[zdk j?. i/ ftPtk; jh Bk oj/ sK eh to eh ;okg< fco sK d't/A fprkB/ j' iKd/ jB ns/
fprkfBnK ƒ ;okg d/D dk eh noE.
16H w?A ;wK jKL doPB p[ZNo
gqPB L ‘w?A ;wK jK* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L ;wK nkgDh fGnkBesk ƒ gqrN eo fojk j?. T[j pj[s pbtkB j? ns/ j[D
T[j nfij/ d"o ftu gjz[u frnk j? id'A wB[Zy dhnK edoKêhwsK ƒ y'ok bZr u[Zek j?.
gqPB L ;w/A nB[;ko wB[Zyh foPfsnK ftu eh gfotosB nkJ/ jB<
T[Zso L g{zihtkdh d"o ftu foPfsnK dh gftZsosk \sw j' rJh j?. j[D ;ko/ foPs/
;tkoE T[go fBoGo jB. i/ ;tkoE g{ok j[zdk j? sK foPsk pfDnk ofjzdk j?, BjhA sK \sw
j' iKdk j?.
gqPB L eftsk ftu eth d/ e[dos pko/ eh gqsheow jB<
T[Zso L nkX[fBe wB[Zy B/ e[dos Bkb S/V^SkV eo e/ fJ; ƒ gqd{fPs eo fdZsk j?.
BdhnK ftu'A ib ;[Ze frnk j? iK J/Bk rzXbk j' frnk j? fe tos'A d/ :'r BjhA fojk. o[ZyK dh
SK BjhA ojh, cb^c[b MV oj/ jB. gfozfdnK ƒ nkbQfDnK i'rh EK BjhA fwbdh, T[j
c[Ve^c[Ve e/ wod/ ik oj/ jB.
gqPB L ‘w?A ;wK jK* dh ekft^P?bh pko/ ukBDk gkU<
T[Zso L fJ; eftsk dh P?bh ;zp'XBwJh j?. eth wB[ZyK ƒ ;zp'XB eo e/ nk u[Ze/ ns/
nk oj/ :[r dh fGnkBesk pko/ d;dk j?. P?bh ;{sopZX ns/ ;zGkPDwJh th j?.
gqPB L ‘nZr ykD tkb/ ed'A s'A s[o rJ/* s'A eh Gkt j?<
T[Zso L fJ; eEB s'A eth dk Gkt j? fe T[j b'e fiBQK B/ nkw b'eK ƒ okjs ns/
Phsbsk gqdkB eoBh ;h, T[j BjhA oj/. T[j fJ; ijkB ƒ SZv e/ pj[s ;wK gfjbK o[\;s j'
rJ/ ;B. j[D w;hj/ BjhA bZGD/.
17H j[D wKHHHL ;[yftzdo nzfwqs
gqPB L j[D wK dh jkbs e?;h j?<
T[Zso L j[D wK p[ZYh j' rJh j?. T[; dhnK ;[zdo ;[gBhbhnK nZyK, n?BeK d/ w'N/
PhPhnK d/ fgS/ fSg rJhnK jB. fJe^fJe eoe/ T[; B/ nkgDhnK ;kohnK XhnK d/ ftnkj
eo fdZs/ jB ns/ j[D T[j ftjV/ ftu p?mh nkgDhnK XhnK dk fJzsIko eodh ofjzdh j??.
gqPB L fgT[ B/ wK *s/ fe; soQK dhnK tXhehnK ehshnK<
T[Zso L fgT[ B/ wK dh e'wb thDh ƒ wo'V^wo'V e/ T[; dhnK eZu dhnK tzrK GzB
fdZshnK ;B. eJh tko T[; dh bzwh Gkoh r[Zs ƒ gZfNnk ;h. T[; dh e[ZN^wko eoBk T[; dk
o'I dk ezw ;h, fi; d/ fBPkB T[j nkgD/ fujo/ T[go x[zv eZY e/ fSgkT[Adh ofjzdh ;h.
gqPB L eftZsoh wK Bkb jwdodh feT[A BjhA eoBk ukj[zdh<
T[Zso L eftZsoh ;'udh j? fe T[; dh wK fJe ewI'o n"os ;h fijVh nkgD/ ;[gfBnK
ƒ N[ZND s'A Bk puk ;eh. nkgD/ gsh s'A e[ZN^wko yKdh ojh. Pokph gsh d/ I[bw ƒ
fSgkT[Adh ojh. fi; B/ nkgD/ wBg;zd rhsK dh ekgh ƒ fpyo ikD fdZsk. T[; ƒ nfijh
vog'e n"os Bkb e'Jh jwdodh BjhA.
gqPB L wK dhnK fejVhnK rZbK eftZsoh ƒ r[Bkj ikgdhnK jB<
T[Zso L eftZsoh B/ wK T[go j'D tkb/ I[bw s'A fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe nkgD/ ;[zdo
;[gfBnK ns/ fgnko/ rhsK ƒ G[Zb ikDk fJe r[Bkj j?. nkgDh fgnkoh r[Zs ƒ Pokph gsh jZE'A
pko^pko gZN/ ikD s'A Bk puk ;eDk th fJe r[Bkj j? ns/ ;{jh c[bekoh ftu nkgD/ ihtB ƒ
wo ikD d/Dk fJe j'o r[Bkj j?.
gqPB L eftZsoh wK dh rhsK tkbh ekgh dk eh eoBk ukj[zdh j?<
T[Zso L eftZsoh wK dh rhsK tkbh ekgh ftu o[b rJ/ rhsK ƒ d'pkok fbydh j?. j[D
fJBQK rhsK ftu sob/ iK jkV/ BjhA jB pbfe nzfrnkoK tor/ G\d/ p'b jB. fJj rhs T[j
nkgD/ fgT[ d/ fgnkojhDô[Zy/ jZEK ftu oZyD/ ukj[zdh j?, fi; B/ ed/ T[;dh wK s'A rhsK tkbh
ekgh y'j bJh ;h.
Type Setting :
Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala.

B.A (Punjabi Compulsory) - II, Sem-IV, U1P

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