Ishik University

Department of Interior design 2019-2020

Fall Semester

Walls

Lecturer: Dlman Aziz Mohammmed

Building Planning for walls
Definition of Wall
Functional Requirements
Types of Walls
Brick Wall
Stone Masonry Wall
Curtain wall
Block Wall
Dry Wall
Definition of Wall

• A continuous, vertical structure

• External walls – to enclose and

protect a building against weather for
reasonable indoor comfort

• Internal walls – to divide buildings into

rooms
Functional Requirements
1- Strength & Stability
• To resist stresses due to self-weight, superimposed and lateral
pressure such as wind
• To be able to avoid buckling due to excessive slenderness

2- Resistance to Weather and Ground Moisture

• To resist passage of moisture into building
• Moisture (water vapour or liquid water) from groundwater or rain
• Methods:
i. Thicker wall - Staircases through history by Eva Jiricna
ii. Cavity wall
iii. Damp proof membrane .
Functional Requirements
3- Durability and Freedom from Maintenance
• Indicated by frequency and extent of work necessary to maintain the
wall
• Minimum cost of maintenance
4- Resistance to the Passage of Heat
• Barrier to heat gain/loss which increases cost of
cooling and heating
• Affect energy consumption
• Heat gain – higher need for air conditioning
• Glass & metal – poor thermal insulation

• Methods of thermal insulation

Thicker wall
Cavity/double wall
Thermal insulation layer
Internal lining for claddings and glass
Functional Requirements

5- Resistance to the Passage of

Noise
Exclude noise from traffic,
aircraft, train, building services
plant & impact sound caused by
neighbours
Noise – lead to irritation & poor
productivity
Methods:
Thicker walls
Cavity/double wall
Lining with absorbent material
Functional Requirements

6- Aesthetics
• Walls are important
visually
• Affected by choice of
materials
Wall

Wall is a structural element which divides the space (room) into two
spaces (rooms) and also provides safety and shelter. Generally, the walls
are differentiated as a two types outer-walls and inner-walls. Outer-
walls gives an enclosure to the house for shelter and inner-walls helps to
partition the enclosure into the required number of rooms. Inner walls
are also called as Partition walls or Interior Walls and Outer walls are also
called as Exterior walls.
Types of Walls
1.Load Bearing Wall :

As the name itself suggests that, the whole building structure is rested on walls
instead of columns. In general, the loads from slab transfers to the beams, from
beams to the columns and then spread to the foundation.

From the above image, you can identify that the structure has beams and slabs but
not columns. In simple words, whether its exterior or interior walls, the wall which is
bearing the whole weight of the structure, including self-weight of structural
elements is called Load bearing wall. Strip foundation is adopted for the load-
bearing type of wall.
Types of Walls
2. Non-load Bearing wall or Drop Wall:
This type of wall doesn’t support floor or roof loads above them which means it
wont carry any of the weight of the structure above it. Partition walls inside the
building are the best example of it, where these are constructed only to divide the
rooms and these walls don’t possess any structural integrity. The non-load
bearing wall can be removed or shortened without affecting the building structure.

The thickness of Non

Load bearing wall
-
generally lies in between
100mm to 125mm.
Types of Walls
3. Shear wall:

Shear wall is the wall which is constructed around the lift pit, Water sump or
Staircase to retain the soil. Any shear wall bears two pressures on it either it may
be wind pressure and soil pressure or wind pressure or water pressure . Shear
wall is adopted to resist these forces. These walls are used to carry the lateral
force exerted on the structure due to wind, earthquake or any other lateral load.
Types of Walls
4. Retaining Wall:

The wall which is built to maintain the unequal level of the ground on its two faces
is called a Retaining wall. The wall which is constructed around the plot below
ground level to retain the soil at one end and land sliding after the earthwork on
site are called retaining wall. Retaining wall can be made of RCC or CRS.

Retaining walls are further

divided into the following types:

1.Gravity retaining wall

2.Reinforced Concrete retaining
wall
3.Brick masonry r retaining wall
4.Anchored earth walls
5.Stone made Retaining wall
Types of Walls
5. Brick masonry wall:

The wall which is constructed with the help of bricks is called Brick masonry wall.
Masonry is used to join the bricks in the wall. The thickness of the brick wall could
be 24cm or 12cm

•The 20cm wall is adopted for outer walls.

•The 10cm wall is adopted for inner walls.

Remember, the length of

the brick wall in a single
stretch should not
exceed more than 4m. If
it exceeds, a column
must be constructed with
RCC.
Types of Walls
• Made of bricks laid in mortar
• Laid to overlap in some form of bonding
• Pointing to ensure joints are solidly filled (watertight)
and for decorative reasons

• Brick – small block of burned clay, concrete or

sand-lime
• Can be used for load bearing and non-load
bearing walls
Types of Walls

• Brick wall Finished with

i. Plastering
ii. Tiles
iii. Self finished
Types of Walls

• Brick wall Finished with

i. Plastering
ii. Tiles
iii. Self finished
Types of Walls

• Brick wall Finished with

i. Plastering
ii. Tiles
iii. Self finished
Types of Walls
Brick Wall
Advantages
•Cheap
•Good fire resistance
•Quite good thermal insulator
•Doesn’t deteriorate structurally and requires little
maintenance
•240 mm thick brick wall give acceptable sound
insulation
Disadvantages
• Expansion is quite large –
expansion joints needed
• Slow construction
Types of Walls

Expansion joint
Types of Walls

• Common types of bond for brickwork

Stone Masonry Wall

• Natural or manufactured stone

• Bound together by mortar
• Very durable. However, quality of mortar and
workmanship and patterns of assembly strongly
affect the durability.`
• Can be used as load bearing or non-load bearing
walls
Stone Masonry Wall
Course Rubble Stone masonry wall:

The wall which is constructed with regular size of stones which are well finished &
dressed is called Course Rubble Stone masonry wall. This type of wall is generally
adopted for abutments of bridges, compound walls or boundary walls.
Stone Masonry Wall
Stone Masonry Wall
Random rubble stone masonry wall:

The wall which is constructed with the irregular size of stones is called
Random rubble masonry wall. This type of wall consumes more masonry than
Course rubble stone wall.
Stone Masonry Wall

 This type of masonry is built from

accurately dressed stones with
uniform and fine joints of about
3mm thickness by arranging the
stone blocks in various patterns.

 The backing of Ashlar masonry

walls may be built of Ashlar
masonry or rubble masonry. The
size of stones blocks should be in
proportion to wall thickness.
Types of Walls
8. Core wall:

Core wall is constructed from the foundation and it raised upto the height of the
building. In this type of wall, the wall itself acts as a column. Core wall is built to
carry the lateral force exerted on the structure due to wind, earthquake or any
other lateral load.

Core walls are a combination

of shear walls. They are
organized and arranged like a
core and installed at the
geometric center of the
building to void the torsion
effect
Types of Walls
9. Precast wall:

As the name itself proving that it is a ready-made wall where the wall is cast in
the factory and bought to site to install it. Yes, the precast wall is possible in the
current world. Many companies brought this to market. You need to specify the
length and height of the wall. The wall is cast and transported to the site. This
type of wall is preferred where there is limited to space to work and where there
is less chance of labour. The best part of Precast walls is companies
themselves provide skilled labour to install the walls at your site.
Types of Walls
10. Curtain wall:

The wall which is constructed with glass, aluminium or with a steel frame is
called a Curtain wall. This type of walls is generally adopted in offices,
Hospitals and other public buildings.
Types of Walls

11. Parapet wall:

The wall which is constructed on the top floor of the building to prevent the falling
in anything from the roof. The height of the parapet wall is 3ft.
Types of Walls
12. Boundary Wall or Compound wall:

The wall which is constructed all around the building to show the limits of the plot
is called a boundary wall.
Block Wall

• Blocks – wall unit larger in size then bricks

• Used for load bearing and non-load bearing walls
Block Wall

• Types:
i. Hollow clay blocks
ii. Hollow concrete blocks
iii. Solid concrete blocks
iv. Lightweight concrete blocks
Block Wall

• Types:
i. Hollow clay blocks
ii. Hollow concrete blocks
iii. Solid concrete blocks
iv. Lightweight concrete blocks
Block Wall

• Types:
i. Hollow clay blocks
ii. Hollow concrete blocks
iii. Solid concrete blocks
iv. Lightweight concrete blocks
Block Wall
Advantages
• Economical
• Faster erection
• Less joints
• High resistance to damage by fire, less than brick wall
• Good thermal insulator
Disadvantages
•Suffer moisture movement causing cracking of plaster
•Settlement movement show more pronounced cracking
•Poor appearance – require finish
•Poor sound insulation
Dry Wall

Interior walls
Panels made of gypsum plaster pressed between two
thick sheets of paper or fiberglass
Dry Wall

Referring mainly to dry wall

partition
•Dry wall partition which subdivide a room
and is non load bearing
•Requires finishing only at
the fasteners and joints
•Less labor and drying time
•Very popular – faster
•Mounted on timber or steel frame
•Panels made of gypsum plaster pressed
between two thick sheets of paper or
fibreglass. 2 Panels usually sandwich a layer
of rockwool.
Dry Wall

Performance Requirement
• Flexibility
• Sound Insulation
• Fire
• Strength & Stability
• Appearance & Durability
• Services Accommodation
• Ease of Construction
partition Wall

Performance Requirement
Flexibility
partition Wall

Performance Requirement
Sound Insulation
•reduction obtained when sound passes from
one side of a partition to another
•To achieve good sound insulation partitions
require either a heavy construction or the use
of carefully designed partition with two leaves
which are as far as possible acoustically
separate and the cavity filled with an
absorbent quilt.
partition Wall

Performance Requirement
Sound Insulation
•If there is a door in the partition this has
the effect of diminishing by about dB
•Poor joints between the partition and
adjacent walls, ceilings or floors can
also reduce the sound reduction Not
only can this be a path for direct

•transmission of sound through any dry

joints or gaps, but sound can also be
transmitted via the services themselves
from one side to the other.
partition Wall

Performance Requirement
Fire
•Partition used as part of fire
compartmentalization strategy
•To prevent spread of smoke , dry
partition should be extended to the
soffit of slab instead of suspended
ceiling
partition Wall
Performance Requirement
Appearance & Durability
Strength & Stability • Ease of maintenance
•need to resist various types of loadings. • Design and finishes
•These can include daily impact loading
such as doors closing or people leaning
against it.
•In addition partitions may be required to
carry permanent loads such as shelves and
wash basins.
partition Wall
Performance Requirement
Ease of Construction
• Leveling
• Building services above
• Services penetration
• Construction of doors
• Level of fire rating and noise reduction
Resources
Thank You!