6 Shear

SHEAR
CE135 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

PREPARED BY: ENGR. L. PRINCIPIO, MSCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
12. Relate how the shear stress in a concrete member takes place.
13. Solve shear design problems based on NSCP code considerations.

INTRODUCTION
 Ductile members are permitted by the code
 Larger factor of safety is provided for shear failures

GENERAL
SHEAR CRACKING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• The moment must be larger than
the cracking moment, and the
shear must be rather large.
• The cracks run at angles of about
45◦ with the beam axis and
probably start at the top of a
flexure crack.
As a crack moves up to the neutral axis, the

result will be a reduced amount of concrete
left to resist shear—meaning that shear
stresses will increase on the concrete above
the crack.
SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY REINFORCEMENT
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT BEHAVIOR
1. The steel reinforcing passing across the cracks carries shear directly.
2. The reinforcing keeps the cracks from becoming larger, and this enables the concrete to transfer shear across the cracks by aggregate
interlock.
3. The stirrups wrapped around the core of concrete act like hoops and thus increase the beam’s strength and ductility. In a related fashion,
the stirrups tie the longitudinal bars into the concrete core of the beam and restrain them from prying off the covering concrete.
4. The holding together of the concrete on the two sides of the cracks helps keep the cracks from moving into the compression zone of the
beam. Remember that other than for deformed wire fabric, the yield stress of the web reinforcing is limited to 60 ksi to limit the width of
the cracks.
FROM NSCP
It tells the maximum shear

carried by the steel
BASIC CODE REQUIREMENTS
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛 Factored load ≤ Design shear ∅ = 0.75
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
Nominal Shear = Shear carried by concrete + Shear carried by reinforcement
SHEAR CONCRETE PROVIDED BY THE CODE
For detailed analysis, kindly browse

NSCP Section 422.5
SHEAR CONCRETE PROVIDED BY THE CODE
➢ For members subject to shear and flexure only:
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
➢ For members subject to axial compression:
𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
14𝐴𝑔
Nu
is expressed in MPa
Ag
𝑁𝑢 = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu to be taken as positive for
compression and negative for tension, and to include effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage.
Ag = gross area of section in mm2
LIGHTWEIGH CONCRETE AND MODIFICATION FACTOR
𝜆 = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
𝜆 = 0.85 for all sand − lightweight concrete
𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete

If average splitting tensile strength f’ct is specified,
𝑓′𝑐𝑡
𝜆= ≤ 1.0
0.56 𝑓′𝑐
 Shear strength provided by the stirrups is given by the following but shall
not be taken greater than:
2
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
 When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to axis of member is used:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
 Av = area of the shear reinforcement within a distance s

 Av = 2Ab for U-stirrup
 fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie, or spiral reinforcement
1
≤ 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
1
> 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
REFER TO NSCP SECTION 409.5, 409.6 AND 422.5
DETAILED DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. ☺
PROBLEM 1
 A rectangular beam has a width of 260 mm and an overall depth
of 470 mm. concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of bars.
Concrete compressive strength f’c = 21 MPa. Steel yield
strength fy = 415 MPa for longitudinal bars and 275 MPa for
hoops. Determine the shear strength provided by concrete
using the simplified calculation (a) if the beam is subjected to
shear and flexure only, and (b) if the beam is subjected to axial
compression force of 80 KN.
𝑑 = 470 − 60 = 410 𝑚𝑚
𝑎)𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 21 260 410 = 83045.43674 𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 83.06 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑔 = 260 470 = 122200 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑢 80000
𝑏)𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 + (1) 21(260)(410)
14𝐴𝑔 14 122200
𝑉𝑐 = 86928.7866 𝑁 = 86.93 𝑘𝑁
PROBLEM 2
 A rectangular beam has bw = 280 mm and d = 510

mm. Determine the maximum factored shear can
this beam section carry. Use f’c = 24 MPa.
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 24 280 510 = 118927.626 𝑁

2 2
𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 24 280 510 = 466382.847 𝑁
3 3
𝑉𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 118927.626 𝑁 + 466382.847 𝑁 = 585310.473
𝑉𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 585310.473 = 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝑵 = 𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵

PROBLEM 3
 A rectangular beam has the following properties:
bw = 320 mm Stirrup diameter = 10 mm
d = 570 mm fyt = 275 MPa
f’c = 24 MPa
Determine the required spacing vertical U-stirrup when the
required shear strength Vu is (a) 50 KN, (b) 90 KN, (c) 130 KN,
(d) 290 KN, (e) 360 KN, and (f) 570 KN.
Solve first the following for comparison and spacing limits.
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 24 320 570 = 151907.5559 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 151907.5559 𝑁 = 113930.669 𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 113930.669
= = 56965.33345 𝑁
2 2
1 1
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 24 320 570 = 297857.9527 𝑁
3 3
2 2
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 24 320 570 = 595715.9054 𝑁
3 3
Stirrups not required.
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = 2 102 = 50𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑑 570
𝑠1 = = = 285 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑠2 = 600 𝑚𝑚
50𝜋(275)
𝑠3 = = 444.43 ≈ 440 𝑚𝑚
0.062 24(320) Choose
whichever
50𝜋(275) greater
𝑠4 = = 385.69 ≈ 385 𝑚𝑚
0.35(320) Discussion: choose whichever greater between s3 and
s4 in accordance with the code. However, s1 = 285 mm
Note: spacing should be round down in multiple of 5 mm. is the smallest spacing. This will govern.
𝑉𝑢 = 𝜑𝑉𝑛 = 𝜑 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
130000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

1
𝑉𝑠 = 21425.77744 < 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 297857.9527 𝑁
3
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 50𝜋(275)(570)
𝑠1 = = = 1149.19 ≈ 1145 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 21425.77744
𝑑 570
𝑠2 = = = 285 𝑚𝑚 Choose the smallest spacing.
2 2
𝑠3 = 600 𝑚𝑚
290000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

1
𝑉𝑠 = 234759.1108 < 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 297857.9527 𝑁
3
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 50𝜋(275)(570)
𝑠1 = = = 104.88 ≈ 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 234759.1108
Choose the smallest spacing.
𝑑 570
𝑠2 = = = 285 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑠3 = 600 𝑚𝑚
360000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

1
𝑉𝑠 = 328092.4441 > 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 297857.9527 𝑁
3
2
< 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 595715.9054 𝑁
3
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 50𝜋(275)(570)
𝑠1 = = = 75.05 ≈ 75 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 328092.4441
Choose the smallest spacing.
𝑑 570
𝑠2 = = = 142.5 ≈ 140 𝑚𝑚 𝑠3 = 300 𝑚𝑚
4 4
570000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

1
𝑉𝑠 = 608092.4441 > 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 297857.9527 𝑁
3
2
> 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 595715.9054 𝑁
3
Increase beam size.

END ☺
NEXT TOPIC: DISCUSSION ABOUT TORSION DESIGN

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SHEAR

CE135 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

13. Solve shear design problems based on NSCP code considerations.

 Ductile members are permitted by the code

 Larger factor of safety is provided for shear failures

As a crack moves up to the neutral axis, the

It tells the maximum shear

𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛 Factored load ≤ Design shear ∅ = 0.75

For detailed analysis, kindly browse

𝜆 = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete

𝜆 = 0.85 for all sand − lightweight concrete

𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete

 When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to axis of member is used:

 Av = area of the shear reinforcement within a distance s

𝑎)𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 21 260 410 = 83045.43674 𝑁

𝐴𝑔 = 260 470 = 122200 𝑚𝑚2

 A rectangular beam has bw = 280 mm and d = 510

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 24 280 510 = 118927.626 𝑁

𝑉𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 585310.473 = 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝑵 = 𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 24 320 570 = 151907.5559 𝑁

130000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

290000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

360000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

570000 = 0.75 151907.5559 + 𝑉𝑠

Increase beam size.

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