Geology of Bangladesh 2024 Old

Sub : CE – 3003 (Geology)
DUET
CE-3003
GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY
NOTE NO – 05
BANGLADESH GEOLOGY-detailed
PREPARED BY:
Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.
Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman (CE), DUET, Gazipur Page No. 1
Geology of Bangladesh
An introduction to Geology of Bangladesh
Bangladesh comprises a part of the Bengal basin. The Bengal basin lies at the head
of the Bay of Bengal. The basin is bordered by the Himalayan ranges and shilling
mass in the north, Indian shield in Bihar in the west and Tripura-Chittagong-
Arakan massif in the east.
Geology of Bangladesh constitutes a part of the geology of the Bengal basin
and is related to the geological characteristics of the surrounding areas. Geological
structures have been formed and are controlled by the Tectonic framework of the
Bengal basin and the adjoining areas.
Bangladesh is the biggest constitutes a part of the geology of the Bengal
basin and is related to the geological characteristics of the surrounding areas.
Geological structures have been formed and are controlled by the Tectonic
framework of the Bengal basin and the adjoining areas.
Bangladesh is the biggest delta in the world and is under the active processes
of Delta development and morphological changes, by the Ganges-Brahmaputra-
Meghna river systems.
Here an introduction to the Geological aspects of Bangladesh is made.
Geology of Bangladesh:
The stratigraphy of Bangladesh begins with Precambrian units below ground.
Geologists have found an unconformity between Precambrian and Paleozoic units.
Gondwanan sedimentary units, including the early Permian Kuchma and late
Permian Paharpur range between 494 meters and 1.2 kilometers in thickness.
Bangladesh is mostly covered with quaternary sediments and partly with sediments
of Miocene-Pliocene Age. The sediments ranging in age from pre-Cambrian to
early Miocene have been encountered in the drill holes during the prospecting for
Oil and Mineral resources.
For proper identification of various geologic structures of a Bangladesh a summary

of the geological time scale is given in table-1.
Table-1 Geological time scale(part)
Era(jug) Period Epoch(kal) Duration (m.y)
Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene 0.01
Pleistocene 1.5-2.0
Pliocene 5.0-5.5
Tertiary Miocene 19.0
Oligocene 11.0-12.0
Eocene 15.0-17.0
Paleocene 11.0-12.0
Desozoic 225
Paleozoic 570
A generalized geological succession up to Brail formation of Oligocene age is

given in Table-2
Table-2 Stratigraphic sequence
Age Rock unit Lithological units Thickness

group formation and Lithology
Recent Coastal deposit a) Coastal Beaches-Sand Variable

b) Coastal Swamps-Clay
c) Deltaic deposit-Sand, silt & clay
to a) Stream deposit-Sand& gravel

b) Natural levee and back slopes deposit
---Sand and silt
Sub-recent alluvium a) Swamp deposit-Clay & Silts clay
b) Piedmont deposit-Sand & gravel
c) Inter stream deposit-Sand & silt
Unconformity
Pleistocene Dishing formation mostly mottled & Red clay 150

(Madhupur Clay
and Sarind Clay)
Unconformity
Pliocene Dupi Tila Sandstone with 4000 to

formation pebbles, subordinate 6000
shale and clay, sandstone

medium to coarse grained.
Late Miocene Tipam group a) Girujan clay; Clay with Sandstone

b) Tipam sandstone; sandstone;
sandstone with shale
Middle Surma a) Bokabill-sandstone 4300

and shale formation
Miocene Group b) Bhuban-sandstone 2000
and shale formation
Oligocene Sarnil Group No information available
Lithological description of various formations forGeology of Bangladesh
 Lithological description of various formations is given in the following

sections:
Coastal deposit: The deposits cover the southern part of Khulna, Barisal ,
Patuakhali and Noakhali districts and the western part of Chittagong district.
The surficial deposit consists of fine sand , silt and clay .Up to the depth of 150
feet the sediments is composed of silt , clay and fine sand and below this medium
sand is encountered . Vertical and lateral changes in lithology are conspicuous.
Prospect of ground water resource at shallow depth may be poor.
Deltaic deposits: Old deltaic deposit covers part of Khulna, Faridpur and Barisal
districts. The deposit consists of clay, silt and fine sand. Up to the depth of about
150 feet the sediments is composed of silt, clay and fine sand and below this depth
generally medium sand is encountered. Prospect of ground water at depth below
150 feet may be good.
Alluvial deposit: The alluvial deposit consisting of stream deposit, natural levee
and backslaps deposits, swamp deposits, inter stream and piedmont deposits cover
the major part of Bangladesh. The aquifers in the alluvial deposits are of variable
thickness and extent. Most of the tube wells in Bangladesh are taping the water
resources from these aquifers.
Dishing formation: The formation consists of clay, fine sand and pebbles.
Modhupur and Barind clay belong to this formation. The sediment is exposed in
Dhaka, Tangail, Mymensingh, Bogra; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Comilla, Sylhet and
Chittagong Districts. It is also encountered under the alluvial cover in some places.
Prospect of ground water in this formation is insignificant.
Dupi Tila Formation: The formation consists of poorly consolidated sandstones,

subordinate shale and clay. It is massive, thick-bedded yellow to yellowish brown
in color. This formation is exposed in Sylhet and Chittagong district end is
encountered in Dhaka, Mymensing, Tangail, Bogra, Rajshahi and Dinajpur
districts. DupiTila formation underlies the dishing formation and alluvium overlies
the Tipam formation. The formation has been folded in Sylhet and Chittagong
district. Formation encountered in drill in other places does not show evidence that
the sediment has been folded. It is expected that this formation may be encountered
at shallower depth under the alluvial cover. The aquifer encountered at depth may
belong to this formation. Prospect of large scale ground water resources
development from this formation may be bright.
Tipam Formation: The upper part of Tipam formation is Girujan clay and the
lower part is ferruginousTipam sandstone . Tipam sandstone is light yellow to light
brown in colour and fine to medium grained . Possibility of finding this sandy
formation at suitable depths under the alluvial cover is moorage.
Boka Bill Formation: Boka Bill is transitional between the Bhuban and the
overlying Tipam Formation. It is mostly sandstone and shale,sandstone is yellow ,
fine grained subangular , massive to thick bedded weathers to brown and shale is
gray , fusible , highly cleared and weathers to light yellow.
Bhuban Formation: Sandstone is greenish gray, very fine grained ,medium to

thick bedded moderately hard grains or sub angular shape weathers to light gray
and whitish gray .
Shale: Yellowish grey to bluish gray, thin bedded highly cleaved and jointed;
weathers to light yellow and whitish gray.
Brail Group: no information has so for been obtained regarding the composition
of brail group.
Tectonic frame-work and geological structures:

Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of solid
rock, called “plates,” that glide over Earth's mantle, the rocky inner layer above Earth's
core. Earth's solid outer layer, which includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, is called the
lithosphere.
Broad tectonic aspects have impact upon the geological structures such as
anticlines , synclines , faults and joints. The geological structures either exposed or
conceited have controlled the development alignment and changes of drainage
systems.
It is known that a few rivers follow faulted zones. It may be mentioned that the
anticlines in comilla district plunge into Meghna Basin which comprises the
Meghna syncline. In Sylhet district the depressions occupy the synclinal areas .In
short , it may be said that the existence of ground water basins , extent of aquifers
and trends of ground water flow are closely related to the geological structures.
Question on Weathering & Erosion, Structural & Bangladesh Geology
1. What is weathering? How do it break down the bedrock? Explain with agents.
2. What are the basic principles of mechanical weathering? Explain the its different
types with examples.
3. What are the basic principles of chemical weathering? Explain it by Bowen

reaction series.
4. What are the basic principles of erosion and differential erosion? Explain with
examples.
5. What are the geometric problems of geological features? Explain the strata of
rock.
6. Define, draw and explain the dip and strike for rock bed. (DUET-2012).
7. What are the difference between true dip and apparent dip? How will you
calculate the true dip from two measurements of apparent dip? Expain.
8. What are the basic difference between true dip and apparent dip? A bed of
limestone is seen to dip at 18 o and 23o respectively on two vertical quarries faces
which intersect at 128o in plan. What is the true dip of the bed and its direction
relative to the face with the 23o dip?
9. By the geological map of dipping strata, draw and explain relation between
outcrop and topography of earth crust.
10. Define folds and by a figure show the crest, limbs and trough of the fold. Draw
and explain the its different types of folds. (DUET-2012).
11. Discuss the faults, classification of faults, effect of faults and component of
faults with figures.
12. What are the basic difference between reversed fault and normal fault? Explain
with proper sketches. (DUET-2012).
13. Explain the joints and types of joints with proper sketches.
14. Define the thrust planes. How is it created in rock bed? Explain with proper
sketches.
15. Define the geology of Bangladesh. Present a brief introduction to geology of

Bangladesh. (DUET-2012).
16. Define the geology of Bangladesh. What are proper identifications of various
geologic structures in Bangladesh with the geological time scale?
17. Define the geology of Bangladesh. What are generalized geological succession
up to Brail formation of Oligocene age?
18. What are the basic difference between the coastal deposit, deltaic deposit and
alluvial deposit in formations for Geology of Bangladesh? Explain.
19. What are the basic difference between the Tipam formations and Dupi Tila
formations for Geology of Bangladesh? Explain.
20. What are the basic difference between the Tipam formations and Boka Bill
formations for Geology of Bangladesh? Explain.
21. What are the tectonic frame-work and geological structures of Bangladesh?
Explain.
Bangladesh Geology
 বাংলা
Bangladesh Geology The country occupies major part of the BENGAL DELTA, one
of the largest in the world. The GANGES-BRAHMAPUTRA DELTA basin or
the BENGAL BASIN includes part of the Indian state of West Bengal in the west and
Tripura in the east. GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION of Bangladesh is basically related to
the uplift of the Himalayan Mountains and outbuilding of deltaic landmass by
major RIVER systems originating in the uplifted HIMALAYAS. This geology is
mostly characterised by the rapid SUBSIDENCE and filling of a basin in which a
huge thickness of deltaic sediments were deposited as a mega-delta outbuilt and
progressed towards the south. The DELTA building is still continuing into the
present BAY OF BENGAL and a broad fluvial front of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-
Meghna river system gradually follows it from behind. Only the eastern part of
Bangladesh has been uplifted into hilly landform incorporating itself into the
frontal belt of the INDO-BURMAN RANGE lying to the east. All the above has been
the result of the Indian plate colliding with the Asian plate as explained by the
universally accepted theory of PLATE TECTONICS.
The geology of Bangladesh may be discussed under the following headings:
(i) TECTONIC FRAMEWORK, (ii) STRATIGRAPHY, and (iii) Economic geology.
Tectonic framework this refers to the basic structural frame on which Bangladesh
stands. Bangladesh is divided into two major tectonic units: (i) Stable Precambrian
Platform in the northwest, and (ii) Geosynclinal basin in the southeast. A third unit,
a narrow northeast-southwest trending zone called the Hinge Zone separates the
above two units almost through the middle of the country.
The stable Precambrian platform
occupies RAJSHAHI, BOGRA, RANGPUR and DINAJPUR areas and is characterised by
limited to moderate thickness of sedimentary rocks above a Precambrian igneous
and metamorphic basement. This unit is geologically stable in relative terms and
has not been affected by fold movement. Some fault bounded graben basins occur
within the Precambrian Basement. These basins contain COAL bearing rock units of
the Permian Period (286 to 245 million years ago), the oldest sedimentary rock
found in Bangladesh. The Precambrian platform is divided into a northern Rangpur
Saddle with a very shallow Precambrian basement (130 to 1,000m) and a southern
Bogra Shelf with a BASEMENT at moderate depth (1 to 6 km). Sedimentary layers
in the Bogra shelf dip very gently towards the southeast until it reaches the hinge
zone when the dip suddenly increases to 15 to 20 degrees and the sedimentary
units plunge to a great depth into the deep geosynclinal basin to the southeast.
The geosynclinal basin in the southeast is characterised by the huge thickness

(maximum of about 20 km near the basin centre) of clastic sedimentary rocks,
mostly SANDSTONE and shale of Tertiary age. It occupies areas of
greater DHAKA, FARIDPUR, NOAKHALI, SYLHET, COMILLA and CHITTAGONG and the
Bay of Bengal. The huge thickness of SEDIMENTS in the basin is a result of tectonic
mobility or instability of the areas causing rapid subsidence and sedimentation in a
relatively short span of geologic time. The geosynclinal basin is subdivided into
two parts, ie fold belt in the east and a foredeep to the west. The fold belt is
characterised by folding of the sedimentary layers into a series of anticlines
(upward folds) and synclines (downward fold). The anticlines form the hills and
the synclines form valleys as seen in the TOPOGRAPHY of the eastern Chittagong-
Comilla-Sylhet regions. The intensity of the folding is greater towards the east,
causing higher topographic elevation in the eastern CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS. As
the intensity of folds decreases towards the west, the fold belts unit merges with
the FOREDEEP unit, which is characterised by only mild or no folding. So the
sedimentary layers are mostly horizontal to sub-horizontal and are free from major
tectonic deformation in the foredeep area covering the central part of the basin and
this is expressed as river to delta plain topography of the land.
The hinge zone is a 25-km wide northeast-southwest zone that separates the
Precambrian platform in the northwest from the geosynclinal basin to the
southeast. There is no surface expression of this unit but it is marked by the sudden
increase of dip in subsurface sedimentary layers as shown strongly by the seismic
marker at the top of the Sylhet Limestone unit of Eocene age. This is why it is also
known as the Eocene hinge zone.
Stratigraphy:
Stratigraphic subdivision of the rock sequences in Bangladesh follows the broad
tectonic divisions. In the Precambrian platform, a thin to limited sedimentary
sequence of Permian to Recent age lies on a CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT conforming
with the relative tectonic stability of the area. In the geosynclinal basin, on the
other hand, a huge clastic sequence of mostly Tertiary age testifies to high tectonic
mobility. The stratigraphy of Bangladesh is discussed under two headings
corresponding to the above two divisions.
Stratigraphy of Precambrian platform 'in northwestern Bangladesh, Precambrian
igneous and metamorphic rocks form the base of all sedimentary rock units. The
Precambrian basement is composed mainly of granite, granodiorite and gneiss. The
basement occurs at a shallowest depth of 130m below the surface in the Rangpur
area and dips towards southeast with increasing sedimentary cover ranging in age
from Permian to Recent.
Permian the oldest sedimentary unit in Bangladesh is the Gondwana group of
Permian age, resting unconformably on the Precambrian crystalline basement. The
Gondwana group is composed of hard sandstone with some coal and shale layers.
The Group is about 1000m thick and is found in fault bounded graben basins.
Jurassic-Cretaceous Above the Gondwana group of sediments lies a sequence of
volcanic basaltic rock layers of Jurassic age called Rajmahal Trap formation,
named after the RAJMAHAL HILLS in adjacent India where the unit is exposed on the
surface. The unit is about 500m thick and found in the drill holes in the Rajshahi-
Bogra area. The Rajmahal trap is overlain by the Shibganj Trapwash formation, a
relatively thin cover of the weathered product of volcanic rocks consisting of red
ferruginous sandstone and mudstone. It is Cretaceous in age.
Early Tertiary
The next upward sequence of rocks is named the Jaintia group, which belongs to
the Palaeocene and Eocene age and were formed under marine conditions. The
Jaintia group is divided into three units, from bottom upward, the Tura formation,
Sylhet Limestone formation and Kopili Shale. The Tura formation is composed
mainly of whitish sandstone with occasional thin coal beds near the top. Overlying
these lies the Sylhet Limestone formation, nummulitic fossiliferous limestone units
of middle Eocene age with average thickness of 250m. The Sylhet Limestone
formation is the most extensively developed unit in the subsurface of northwestern
Bangladesh and is a marker horizon in the seismic section. The overlying Kopili
formation is composed of dark grey to black fossiliferous shale with a few
limestone beds. The unit has a thickness of 40 to 90m and marks the end of open
marine conditions of deposition.
Late Tertiary
The Barail group, 150 to 200m thick and consisting of sandstone, shale and
siltstone with occasional carbonaceous layers represents the deposition under
deltaic conditions in Oligocene times. This is overlain by the Surma group
(undifferentiated and often called the Jamalganj formation), about 400m thick, and
consisting of deltaic sandstone, shale and siltstone. Both the Barail group and the
Surma group are far less in thickness in the stable platform compared to what these
units have in the geosynclinal basin part.
The Surma Group is overlain by the Dupi Tila formation of the Pliocene-
Pleistocene age, composed of medium to coarse-grained sandstone, often pebbly
and having a thickness of about 270m. This unit represents river plain deposit
following the delta filling of the basin. The overlying Dihing formation is pebbly
sand to occasional GRAVEL deposits of river origin, having a thickness of about

150m. All the above are covered by about 100m of soft sandy, silty and clayey
sediments of Bengal Alluvium of Recent age.
Stratigraphy of the Geosynclinal basin in contrast to the platform part in
northwestern Bangladesh, the stratigraphy of the geosynclinal basin to the
southeast is characterised by an enormous thickness of sedimentary succession
(upto about 20 km), mostly Tertiary in age, recording rapid subsidence and
sedimentation. Rocks older than Oligocene have not been encountered in the drill
holes or in the outcrop in the GEOSYNCLINE basin because pre-Oligocene rocks are
very deeply buried.
Late Tertiary
The Oligocene is represented by the Barail group, named after the Barail Range in
nearby India where the unit has its type locality. The Barail group is composed of
alternating sandstone, shale, siltstone and occasional carbonaceous rich layers. In
neighbouring ASSAM, about 3,000m of Barail sediments are recorded in the outcrop
and the unit is divided into three formations. In Bangladesh most of the Barail
group is very deeply buried, although about 350m of the upper part of the Barail is
exposed on a small strip of land in JAINTIAPUR, on the northern Sylhet border with
India. Top parts of the Barail sediments have been encountered in deep subsurface
(more than 4,000m deep) in Atgram and Fenchuganj wells in Sylhet area.
The Surma group of the Miocene-Pliocene age overlies the Barail group with an
unconformity. The Surma group has a thickness of about 3,500m to 4,500m and is
composed of monotonous alternating sandstone, shale, siltstone and some
conglomerate. It is traditionally believed to be deposited in deltaic to shallow
marine environments. However recent field studies suggest that the basal parts of
the Upper Bhuban formation are formed in a deep marine turbidite environment in
some areas in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Surma group is divided into two
formations, a lower more sandy Bhuban formation and an upper more argillaceous
(clayey) Bokabil formation. Both the Bokabil and Bhuban formations show
extensive lateral facies change and vertical variations in sand to shale ratio within
themselves. This has rendered correlation of the rock units across the basin
difficult. The Surma sediments are poor in diagnostic fossil and therefore their age
designation is also difficult. The Surma group is probably the most important
stratigraphic unit in Bangladesh because it is represented by great thickness in all
the WELLS drilled in the geosynclinal basin and it forms the backbone of the
eastern hilly areas of Bangladesh including those of Sylhet and Chittagong hills
where it is extensively exposed.
The Surma group is overlain by the SAND dominating Tipam group of the Pliocene-
Pleistocene age. The Group is subdivided, from bottom upward, into the Tipam
Sandstone formation, Girujan Clay formation and Dupi Tila formation. The Tipam
Sandstone formation, about 1,200m to 2,500m thick, is dominantly composed of
medium grained sandstone frequently cross bedded, with little shale and this
indicates deposition under a river environment. The overlying Girujan Clay
formation is a shale unit with a thickness of 100 to 1,000m and was formed under a
lake environment. The Dupi Tila Sandstone formation is 2,000 to 3,000m thick and
is composed of medium to coarse loosely compacted cross-bedded sandstone,
occasionally pebbly and this indicates deposition in a river environment. The
above is covered with about 100m of sandy, silty and clayey sediment of Bengal
Alluvium of Recent age.
The stratigraphic subdivision and nomenclature follow the one established by the
geologist P Evans in 1932 for the rock sequence in the adjacent Indian State of
Assam to the northeast. Given the complexities of facies and their interrelations in
a deltaic to fluvial regime, the present correlation of Evan's units over the entire
basin in Bangladesh appears to be too generalised. Many geologists believe, for

example, that the lithological criteria for the Bhuban and Bokabil formations are
not so explicit that these units can be extended over the entire basin and their uses
should be restricted if not abandoned. The concept of Diachronism should be
incorporated for the deltaic upper Tertiary basinal sedimentary units, which are not
isochronous but do cut time lines and are therefore diachronic in nature. A
stratigraphic committee of Bangladesh has been formed to formulate a revised
classification in the light of the above.
Economic geology occurrence of economic deposits of petroleum and MINERAL

RESOURCES has been controlled by the geological parameters specially by the
tectonic-structural setting and stratigraphy. For example, the large bituminous coal
deposits are restricted to northwestern Bangladesh because of the occurrence of
Permian rocks in graben basins within the Precambrian platform. On the other
hand the large natural GAS reserves are located in eastern Bangladesh because
folded structures are available to trap the gas in thick Mio-Pliocene sandstone
reservoirs there. Bangladesh has so far discovered significant amounts of economic
mineral resources including natural gas, coal and PEAT, LIMESTONE, crystalline
hard rocks, heavy minerals, kaolinite and GLASS SAND. Each of these resources is
associated with specific geological settings.
All the 22 gas fields discovered so far in Bangladesh are located in the eastern half
of the country. The gas occurs at depths ranging from about 1,000m to 3,500m
below the surface. The occurrence of natural gas depends, among other factors, on
the existence of suitable traps. The eastern part of Bangladesh falls in the fold belt
division and the anticlinal folds form an excellent structural trap for gas
accumulation. The sandstone in the Miocene-Pliocene Surma group rocks have
served as excellent RESERVOIR rocks capped by interbedded shale forming seals.

The natural gas originating from source rocks below has conveniently migrated
upward to be accumulated in the structural traps in the Mio-Pliocene reservoir
sandstone.
Major bituminous coal deposits are located in Rangpur and Dinajpur districts
because of the occurrence of Permian sediments in the fault bounded graben basin
above the Precambrian basement. Permian sediments in most parts of the world are
rich in coal because of the favourable coal forming ENVIRONMENT during the
Permian geologic time, ie thick vegetation and swampy conditions and coals are
conveniently preserved where there are graben basins, a setting found in the
northwestern part of Bangladesh.
Limestone is formed in a shallow calm open marine condition. During the middle
Eocene time northwestern Bangladesh was covered with such a shallow open
marine condition and the Sylhet Limestone formation was formed during that time.
Limestone is thus confined to areas where the Sylhet limestone formation occurs.
This formation is found in the subsurface in the Bogra-Rajshahi area and found on
the surface in the Lalghat-Bhangerhat areas of northern Sylhet.
Rich deposits of glass sand are found in many areas, mainly in the eastern part of
the country. The occurrence of glass sand depends on the process of concentrating
quartz in sand by washing away impurities. The glass sand deposits are found as
pockets or lens of quartz rich sand within the Dupi Tila formation, itself a sand-
dominating unit. The quartz rich sand pockets were formed by the second cycle
erosion and deposition of pre-existing Tipam and older sandstone hills. The
location of glass sand deposits is controlled mainly by the occurrence of Dupi Tila
Sandstone formation.
The Precambrian basement, all over the world, is formed of hard crystalline
igneous and metamorphic rocks. Occurrence of granitic igneous and metamorphic
hard rocks in the shallow subsurface in the Rangpur and Dinajpur areas is due to
tectonic stability because of which the Precambrian basement rock has not
subsided too deeply but has remained very near to the surface. [Badrul Imam]
See also GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; GEOLOGICAL GROUP-FORMATION;TECTONIC
FRAMEWORK.
See map in TECTONIC FRAMEWORK.

Bibliography FH Khan, Geology of Bangladesh, University Press Limited, Dhaka,
1991; Haroun Er Rashid, Geography of Bangladesh, University Press Limited,
Dhaka, 1991; Klaus-Ulrich Reimann, Geology of Bangladesh, GebrFCder
Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1993; Badrul Imam, Bangladesher Khaniz Sampad
in Bangla (Mineral Resources of Bangladesh), Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1996.
Geological Structure of Banladesh
 বাংলা
Geological Structure any physical arrangements of rocks (such as an anticline or

reef) that may hold an accumulation of oil or gas. In Bangladesh there are many
prospective structures which are as follows:
Titas structure a subsurface anticlinal structure located in BRAHMANBARIA district.
It is identified by seismic survey. The structure has no surface geomorphic
expression and is covered by Titas-Meghna river floodplain. The TISTA river runs
through the crestal part of the structure.
Titas anticline is a north-south elongated semi-domal structure. This is in contrast
to all the neighbouring anticlines, which have narrow elongated forms. It is also
structurally higher than the surrounding Rashidpur and Habiganj structures
suggesting that Titas may have been influenced by tectonically positive element
from the deep subsurface. Titas anticlinal closure is one of the largest (168 km) in
Bangladesh. The structure is asymmetric in nature with steeper dip in the eastern
flank and gentler dip in the western flank. There has been indication of faulting in
the deeper level in the eastern flank, as shown by seismic reflection discontinuities.
Shell oil company drilled Titas-1 exploratory well in the structure, about 4 km
north of Brahmanbaria town and discovered gasfield in 1962. The Titas gasfield
has been the largest producer of gas till date in Bangladesh. The gasfield has 11
gas zones in between depth of 2616m to 3,124m below surface, and five of them
are considered major. The total gas initially in place (GIIP) in the Titas gasfield is
estimated at 4,134 billion cubic feet of which the recoverable reserve is 2,100
billion cubic feet. More than 75% of the recoverable reserve has already been
produced by the end of the year 2000. The gas is housed in multilayered Miocene-
Pliocene sandstone reservoirs of Bhuban and Boka Bil formations. Drillings in
Titas structure have encountered OVERPRESSURE at depths in excess of about
3,600m. Gas production from the Titas gasfield started in 1968 and at present the
production rate is about 280 to 300 million cubic feet of gas per day.
Rashidpur structure an anticlinal structure in the HABIGANJ district. The anticline
is north-south trending, 35 km long, 7 km wide and is asymmetric in nature with
steeper (22° to 25°) eastern flank and gentler (8° to 12°) western flank. The axis of
the anticline is in structural alignment with Teliamara surface anticline of Tripura
to the south in India. In the outcropping Dupi Tila Formation in Rashidpur
structure, flank reversal can be noticed to indicate extent of axial stretch.
The Rashidpur structure is affected by a major north south trending longitudinal
fault in the eastern flank with down thrown block to the east. There are transverse
faults as well as a major one passes through the middle part of the structure.
Shell Oil Company drilled exploratory well in Rashidpur structure and discovered
gasfield in 1960. This was the first of the five large gasfields Shell Oil discovered
during 1960s. The gas initially in place (GIIP) in Rashidpur gasfield is estimated at
2,242 billion cubic feet with a recoverable reserve of 1,309 billion cubic feet.
There are two gas zones at depths between 1,380m to 2,787m below surface. The
gas reservoirs are sandstones of Miocene-Pliocene age and are considered to have
been originated in shallow marine depositional environment. The reservoir

porosity-permeability values of the sandstone reservoirs are very good. Drilling in
the Rashidpur gasfield has encountered overpressure zone in the deep subsurface
level.
Sylhet Gas Field Company Limited, a subsidiary of PETROBANGLA, operates the
Rashidpur gasfield. Rashidpur is a producing gasfield and is producing about 90
million cubic feet of gas per day at the beginning of 2001.
Fenchuganj structure lies under FENCHUGANJ upazila of SYLHET district and

about 40 km south east of Sylhet town. It is bounded by longitude 91°-92° East and
latitude 24°30'-24°37' North. Tectonically this structure is located in the transition
zone between the central SURMA BASIN and the Folded Belt in the east. It is an
elongated structure and about 30 km long and 8 km wide. It is a reversibly faulted
asymmetrical anticline with NNE- SSW trending axis. The eastern flank has sharp
dip than the western flank. The amount of dip in the eastern flank varies from 30°-
35°, whereas in the western flank dip varies from 20° to 25°. Fenchuganj anticline
is structurally higher in comparison to Jalalabad, Kailash Tila, and Beanibazar
anticline with reference to Upper Marine Shale of Miocene age but it is lower than
Atgram anticline according to prominent horizon like Upper Marine Shale (UMS).
The exposed rock is Dupi Tila of Plio-Pleistocene age.
The structure has both dipped and faults closure. Dip closure decreases and fault
closure increases with the increasing depth. The anticline has amplitude of about
200m. Structural pattern of Fenchuganj anticline commenced after deposition of
the Uppermost Miocene sediment ie Upper Marine Shale.
Fenchuganj gasfield discovered by Petrobangla in 1988 is a moderate size field,
which has the deepest well in Bangladesh (total depth 4977m). There is some non-
commercial oil found in this field. The field is not under production now. [Badrul
Imam]
Habiganj structure lies in the northeastern part of Bengal Foredeep and in the
south-central part of Surma Basin. It is the northern culmination of Baramura
anticline of Tripura (India), is separated by a saddle. The structure is almost
symmetrical and trending SSE.
Seismic and WELL data of Habiganj structure have proved that the structure has
entirely separate closure. Including Baramura it is a giant structure of about 130
km long. In Habiganj structure the exposed rock is Dupi Tila and the topographical
height is about 20m above mean sea level. No fault has been detected on flanks
Habiganj structure has one of the largest producing gasfield of the country.
Pakistan Shell Oil Company discovered the field in 1963. The gasfield has a
closure 11 km long and 4.5 km wide. It is known for the excellent quality
reservoirs with up to 30% porosity and several darcy permeability. So far 10 wells
have been drilled in this structure. The Upper Gas sand extends from 1,255m to
1,585m subsea.
The Upper Gas sand is fine grained, clean, unconsolidated and well sorted. Lack of
clay matrix and presence of glauconite in Upper Gas sand indicate the deposition
in high-energy littoral to sublittoral environment. The sand indicate a beach and
barrier bar characteristic. The Upper Marine Shale acts as a cap rock for Upper Gas
sand. [SK Aminul Islam]
Beanibazar structure lies in the northeast of Surma Basin where most of the
gasfields are located. The drilling of the Beanibazar X-1 well in 1980-81
discovered gas. The structure is asymmetrical anticline having narrow crests and
steep flanks, complicated by strike faults. Like other structures Beanibazar
structure also contains almost exclusively a classic sequence of deltaic, fluvial, and
to a lesser degree of marine sandstones, siltstones, shales and claystones. The

thickness of these sediments increases southwestward and westward. Tectonically
Beanibazar structure is the result of two major forces, a westward compressional
force that has resulted in the formation of the Indo-Burman Range and a northern
component associated with movement along the Dauki Fault parallel to
the SHILLONG MASSIF. The primary result of this tectonics is a series of north-south
oriented asymmetrical anticlines in eastern Bangladesh, India and Burma and the
degree of deformation increase eastward.
This Beanibazar structure was first recognised by the Pakistan Shell Oil Co in the
early 1960's based on single fold seismic data and later Prakla seismic defined it
more precisely by a survey conducted during 1979-80. This structure, which was
originally, called the Mama Bhagna anticline, trends north-south with a total
closure area of about 35 sq km and closure height of 214m at the Upper Gas Sand
horizon. The structure is defined exclusively based on seismic data and drilling
results of one well. These data suggest no faulting or other structural complications
associated with Beanibazar.
Bibiana structure located on Block-12 in the Surma Basin of Bangladesh. The
structural pattern is similar to the Beanibazar structure. The Bibiana structure is
trapped in a large four way subsurface structural closure trending north to south
approximately 35 km north of Rashidpur anticline. The reservoir section is within
the Miocene Surma Group where HYDROCARBONS are located within six sand
packages, each are separated by shale. The sixth sand package located in the Lower
Bhuban Formation.
The structural closure at Bibiana is transgressional. The core of the structure is
possibly complicated by both longitudinal wrenches faulting along with conjugate
shear faulting. The above structural geometry can often compartmentalise
hydrocarbon accumulation. Aerial closure of successively deeper zones in the
Bibiana structure decreases as the structural core is approached. [M Lutfar Rahman

Chowdhury]
Patharia structure the eastern most anticline in the Sylhet Trough, bordering the
Indian state of Assam. It forms the Patharia hill range, has surface oil and gas
seepages and has been the site of five exploratory wells, although a commercial
petroleum pool is yet to be found. The structure is an elongated asymmetric
anticline about 50 km in length in a north to northeast direction, with a swing to a
more NNE trend taking place north of the central part of the structure. Part of the
eastern flank and the northern and southern plunging noses of the anticline lie in
Indian Territory.
Drilling at Patharia Structure Sylhet

The anticline has a gentle axial crest about a kilometre wide with bed dips of up to
20°. This contrast with the lateral flanks which are steep to almost vertical.
Patharia is the highest structurally uplifted structure in the Surma Trough. It is
3,900m, 2,400m and 1,900m (each 300 30m) higher than the Beanibazar,
Fenchuganj and Atgram structures respectively, judging from the occurrence of
Middle Bhuban shale at the crest of the Patharia anticline and in the subsurface of
the others. A thick sequence of Neogene section is exposed in the Patharia
structure. These formations are, from top to bottom - Dupi Tila, Girujan Clay,
Tipam, Boka Bil and Bhuban.
The youngest Dupi Tila Formation forms the typical low rolling hills in the far-off
flanks of the anticline whereas the Middle Bhuban shale forms the core of the
anticline. A condensed geological map of the Patharia anticline is shown in a
figure including the locations of the Madhabgang stream section, Nikharigang
stream section and BOC road section. All cut across the structure. Patharia-5 well
is located at a crestal position on the Patharia anticline, at a place named Jamkandi,
about seven km south of the Patharia-1, 2, 3 and 4 wells. The well was spudded in
1989 with a target depth of 5,000 m and a primary objective of testing Oligocene
Barail Group. The reason for the termination of Patharia-5 well at 3,438m was the
abnormal hole deviation of 34°. The decision for abandonment of the well was
taken in April 1992 as the Chinese deviation drilling company finally failed to
straighten the hole. Patharia-5 well has encountered OVERPRESSURE at a relatively
shallow depth of about 480m.
A reinterpreted model for the Patharia structure is the recognition that clay
movement and diapir development in the core of the anticline has significant
implications in the development of the structure. It has been suggested that the
squeezing of the mobile Middle Bhuban shale/clay leads to the east heading thrust,
clay diapirism in the core of the anticline and developments of back thrust.
The BANGLADESH PETROLEUM INSTITUTE has proposed a reinterpretation of the
geologic model of the Patharia anticline based on satellite imagery, aerial
photographs, field data and regional geologic settings. A rather more complex
structural pattern has now been suggested in which clay flowage, clay diapirism,
plane of decollement and disharmonic foldings have been implicated. [Sifatul
Quader Chowdhury]
Hararganj structure situated in the eastern part of MAULVI BAZAR district.

Tectonically, it is located in the southern part of Sylhet Trough. The northern pitch
lies within Bangladesh territory and the southern pitch lies in Tripura, India. The
structure is about 70 km long of which about 30 km lies in Bangladesh. Maximum
elevation is 335.89m.
Hararganj is an elongated, doubly plunging fold with narrow crest box like
anticline. It is asymmetric with steeper eastern flank than the western flank. The
core is squeezed out, rather torn off by the influence of three-strike fault. The
central part is seismically blind due to the steepness of the beds. Hararganj range is
dissected by innumerable stream. The pattern of these streams is dendritic and
trellis.
The oldest rock Upper Bhuban Formation crops out in the core is sandstone
dominated and commonly show cross bedding, flaser type of bedding, ripple mark
and channel deposit. Shales are generally sandy or silty, deposited under shallow
marine environment.
The Boka Bil Formation conformably underlies the Upper Bhuban Formation and
is characteristically more argillaceous than the underlying and overlying strata.
One oil and a few gas shows have been found in the crestal part of Hararganj. Both
the oil and gas seepage is found in Dholi Chhara, a tributary of Sagarnal Chhara.
The oil of Hararganj is heavy oil (API-17°) with strong terpenic smell and is to be
biodegraded. The source of the oil is terrestrial. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
had drilled an exploratory well on the south of Bangladesh Border and terminated
as dry hole. [SK Aminul Islam]
Kailash Tila structure located about 20 km south east of Sylhet town and lies
in GOLABGANJ upazila of Sylhet district. This structure lies in the folded flank of
the Bengal Foredeep on the eastern marginal part of the Sylhet Trough and
surrounded by the Beanibazar structure in the east, Sylhet structure in the north and
Fenchuganj structure in the south. A very minor saddle separates the structure from
Fenchuganj anticline. Primarily it is exposed on the surface and the outcrops are
identified as Dupi Tila Formation. It is an asymmetrical anticline with NNE-SSW
trending axis. There is a thrust fault near the northern plunge of the structure that
separates the Sylhet structure from Kailashtila structure. It is about 6 km long and
3 km wide. The west flank is steeper than the east flank.
Kailas Tila gasfield is located in this structure and was discovered by Pakistan
Shell Oil Company in 1962. It is one of the largest gasfields in Bangladesh. It has
GIIP of 3.65 TCF with a recoverable reserve of 2.52 TCF. Kailashtila gasfield
produces a high amount of CONDENSATE along with the gas. Kailash Tila began
production in 1983 and has been in production ever since. Some non-commercial
oil zone has been discovered at a deeper level in this gasfield. [Badrul Imam]
Jaintiapur structure lies in between two contrasting structural set ups, the
uplifting Shillong massif in the north and the subsiding Surma Basin in the south.
It is bounded by the Khasi-Jaintia hills and Shillong massif in the north, Goyain
trough in the south, Atgram anticlinal structure in the east and Goyain Trough and
foothills of Khasi-Jaintia range in the west. The area forms a narrow east-west
elongated strip and is characterised by intermittent swamps between the hills.
Tectonically, the whole area has been divided into three zones: zone-i - the area
between Dauki river in the west and Naljuri bazar in the east, zone-ii - the area
between Naljuri and Assampara in the east, and zone-iii - the area between
Jaintiapur in the west and Hari river in the east including Dupigaon.
The exposed rocks of Jaintiapur structure can be classified from older to younger
as Sylhet Limestone, Kopili, Barail, Bhuban, Boka Bil, Tipam Sandstone, Girujan
Clay, Dupi Tila and Dihing formations.
Jinjira structure the geological structure of Jinjira, or ST MARTIN’S ISLAND. The
structure is simple and is represented by an anticlinal uplift. The island lies on the
eastern flank of the anticline. A little of the axis of the anticline is traceable along
the west coast of Dakshinpara. The exposed portion of the axis runs NNW to SSE,
approximately parallel to the island. There is a fault along the northwestern
shoreline with a trend nearly parallel to the axis. The fault seems to be reverse in
nature with the eastern side as the upthrown block.
The anticline is slightly asymmetrical with a monoclinal swing on the eastern
flank. The bedrock on the eastern flank near the axis dips very gently at an angle of
3° to 5° towards the east, increasing eastwards to 10° to 12°. The monoclinal swing
gives a high dip of 30' and above at Siradia. Very little of the western flank is
exposed above the sea which records a dip of 6' towards the west. The monoclinal
swing gives the anticline a box-like shape.
The birth of the island is related to the regional tectonics of Southeast Asia. As a
sequel to the most dynamic Himalayan orogeny during Middle Miocene (around
15 million years before present) along the Tethyan belt, the land enclosed by
the TETHYS was emerging and by Pliocene (about 5 to 2 million years before
present), the SEA retreated as far south as 10'S latitude. While the Girujan Clay of
the Tipam Group were being deposited under the fluviatile continental
environment in the north, fossiliferous marine sandstone of the coastal cliff south
of Cox's Bazar and the marine sediments of the Dakshinpara Formation on St
Martin's Island in the south represent deposition under a near shore environment in
a retreating sea in the Late Miocene (around 10 million years before present). The
Pliocene sediments might have been deposited but subsequently became eroded
prior to the deposition of a Late Pleistocene coralline limestone bed. The eroded
Dakshinpara sandstone-conglomerate sequences provided a good rocky platform to
the growth of Late Pleistocene corals. [Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]
Dakhin Nhila structure lies under TEKNAF upazila of COX'S BAZAR district and
bounded by latitude 20°52' to 21°07'N and longitude 92°08' to 92°18'E and is
situated at extreme south east of Bangladesh territory. Hills and valleys striking N
I7'W and S 17'E represent it. The maximum elevation is about 266m above mean
sea level. The northern pitch is represented by low relief due to saddle separating
from Inani anticline, whereas southern pitch abruptly merges with the plain land.
Dakhin Nhila anticline is an elongated, asymmetric, and box like structure. It is a
complicated structure due to the presence of longitudinal and transverse faults. The
oldest exposed rock is Upper Bhuban that is about 545m thick. The exposed rock
formations from older to younger is Upper Bhuban, Boka Bil, Tipam and Dupi
Tila. Mostly argillaceous sediments with little coverage of arenaceous sediments
characterise the structure. The axis of the structure runs along NNW-SSE direction.
Some portion of western flank and younger formation of southern pitch has been
eroded away due to BAY OF BENGAL.
This structure falls in the tropical climate zone and receives heavy shower during
monsoon. The area is covered by dense mixed forest with gama, Chittagong teak
and bamboo, shrubs etc are common. Among animals monkeys and elephants are
abundant. Deer, pig etc is also common. The accessibility of the area is moderately
fair. It can be approached from the sea beach, which is jeepable during low tide,
and from the Teknaf-Cox's Bazar highway. There are many streams that criss-cross
the structure.
Feni structure a subsurface anticlinal structure. It lies under Feni police station
of FENI district. It is situated at about 8 km south of Feni town. It is bounded by
longitudes 91°20'E to 91°29'E and latitudes 20°50'N to 23°00'N. The structure is
delineated by a seismic survey. It is an egg shaped symmetrical anticline without
any fault. Amplitude of the structure is about 200m. The northern pitch is gentler
than southern one. It is about 12 km in length and 5 km in width.
Tectonically, the structure is located in the folded flank of the Bengal Foredeep
between Hatiya Trough and Tripura uplift. Both east and west of the structure is
separated by synclines from SITAKUNDA and bgumganj anticlines respectively.
Structurally, it is about 150m higher than Begumganj anticline. The axis runs
NNW-SSE direction. The anticline runs almost parallel to Begumganj structure.
Two wells have been drilled in the structure. Petrobangla drilled the first well in
1981 to a depth of 3,200m. The drilling was vertical up to Bhuban Formation
through Dupi Tila, Tipam and Boka Bil formations. Production in this small field
was suspended in 1998 after about five years of operation. [MA Baqui]
Hatiya structure lies in the southeastern part of Bangladesh and occupied a part of
greater NOAKHALI and vast area of Bay of Bengal. Tectonically, it is situated in the
western platform flank of Bengal foredeep.
Based on the result of magnetic and gravimetric survey the southern part of Bengal
Foredeep is divided into two sub basin, the Faridpur Trough and the Hatiya
Trough, separated from each other by the Barisal-Chandpur High. Hatiya Trough is
the most subsided and deepest part of Bengal Foredeep and it attained a maximum
sedimentary thickness of more than 20 km. The structure is asymmetric in nature
with gentle western flank. The eastern flank is steeper and probably faulted.
Result of seismic survey provides evidence of existence of some closed structural
uplift within Hatiya Trough. Some commercial gas has been found at Shahabajpur
and Begumganj above the high-pressure zone. In Shahabajpur the Upper Gas sand
encountered at Boka Bil Formation and Lower Gas sand to Upper Bhuban
Formation.
Hazipur structure located at Madhupur in the greater MYMENSINGH district and

lies on the so-called Hinge zone. Hazipur area was first brought under single fold
seismic survey in 1959-60 by Stanvac oil company. Later on a 12 fold seismic
survey was carried out to southwest between Ganges-Brahmaputra by Prakla
Seismos. A zone of truncation of the upper Oligocene beds associated with the
Mid-Tertiary unconformity was identified from seismic result. The Barial Group is
missing from the shelf and is represented only near the hinge zone line and basin
ward. Based on Stanvac's Single Fold Seismic Survey Hazipur Well-1 was drilled
to a depth of 3816m in 1960 and terminated as dry hole.
The Barail Group (3,130m to 3,816m) at Hazipur is consisting of grey to dark grey,
splintery shale and sandstones. Carbonaceous material is found scattered at the top
of formation. Barial Group is an excellent reservoir rock but at Hazipur well no
significant oil show were noticed except traces of oil show in between 3,126m to
3141m.
The Bhuban Formation (2,247m to 3,130m) is unconformably overlies the Barail
Group with a wide spread of unconformity and the base of overlying beds usually
conglomerate. The Boka Bbil Formation (1,397m to 2,247m) is unconformably
overlies the Bhuban Formation, deposited in deltaic environment. Dupi Tila
Formation (245m to 1,393m) is unconformably overlies the Boka Bil Formation.
[SK Aminul Islam]
Inani structure lies in Cox's Bazar Sadar upazila of Cox's Bazar district. This
structure is about 5 km south of Cox's Bazar town and bounded by 21°5'N to
21°25'N latitude and 92°0'E to 92°10'E longitude. It is represented by NNW-SSE
trending low hillocks attaining maximum elevation 54.86m. Tectonically, Inani
anticline is situated in the Chittagong Folded Belt of Bengal Foredeep. The
structure runs along the coastline of the Bay of Bengal. The anticline is dissected
into two parts by REJU KHAL across the northern pitch. The southern pitch is
represented by very low relief due to saddle separating Inani structure from Dakhin
Nhila structure.
Inani is a narrow and elongated structure in which Tipam sandstone is
characterised by steep zone in both the flanks. Maximum 70° dip was recorded in
the steep zone. In the crestal part the dip varies from 3° to 12°. Tipam Sandstone
meets Boka Bil Formation in a gradual low dip. The oldest exposed rock is Boka
Bil Formaton. [Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]
Maheshkhali structure situated in Cox's Bazar district between latitude 21°28'N

and 21°45'N and longitude 91°05'E and 92°01'E. The hill ranges forms a
parallelogram along the eastern side of the island. The trend of the ranges is NNW-
SSE. The highest elevation is 86.26m above mean sea level almost at the centre of
the range.
Tectonically, the structure belongs to the western zone of the folded flank of the
Bengal Foredeep. It is a simple asymmetrical anticline. The eastern flank dip
towards northeast at an amount of 7° to 10°; the western flank towards almost due
west at an angle of 30° to 40° indicating asymmetry. [Md Khurshid Alam]
Sitakunda structure one of the westernmost structures of chittagong

and CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS. It is situated at the northwestern part of Chittagong
district, between 22°34'N and 22°43'N latitude and 91°38'E and 91°41'E longitude.
It is delimited in the north by the feni river, in the south by the KARNAFULI, in the
east by the HALDA river and in the west by the SANDWIP channel. In a broader
sense the Sitakunda Hill Range acts as a water divider between the Halda valley on
the east and the Sandwip channel on the west. The structure is about 70 km long
and 10-km wide and is situated at about 270 km southeast of DHAKA.
The Sitakunda fold is an elongated, asymmetrical, box-type doubly plunging
anticline. The axis of the fold is running in NNW-SSE direction, parallel to the
general trend of regional strike. Both the flanks of the anticline merge into the
alluvial plain of the Feni River in the north and the Karnafuli in the south due to its
doubly plunging nature.
The structure has a gently dipping eastern flank and steeper western flank, which is
suddenly truncated by the alluvial plain. This truncation is a result of a major
faulting that runs parallel to the general strike of the anticline.
The exposed sedimentary rock sequences of the structure, except LIMESTONE,
provide no difference in overall lithology from that of other structures of
Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Sitakunda structure contains a thick
sedimentary sequence of sandstone, shale and siltstone. Total thickness of the
exposed sediments is about 6,500m.
Sitapahar structure It lies east of the Patiya and the west of the Gilasari and the
Belasari structures. On the north of the Sitapahar anticline, Changotaung anticline
is situated while bandarban anticline is located on the south. The Sitapahar
anticline is a N20°W-S20°E trending structure plunging 6° in S18°E. The structure
is about 40 km in length. Its steeper western flank is overturned in some places.
The Karnafuli river is the main channel of the drainage system in the area. The
courses of most of the important tributaries are parallel to the main range trending
NNW-SSE and appear to be controlled by structural trend of the area. One of the
most significant geomorphological features of the area is the course
of SILCHHARI stream along the anticlinal axis. The stream is following the
anticlinal valley and this type of valley is developed if comparatively weaker rocks
are exposed along the axis. [Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]
Kamta structure A buried anticline located in GAZIPUR district, which is about 20

km north-northeast of Dhaka city. Its size is not as big as Kailashtila. It is about 45
km west of Bakhrabad anticline. Tectonically, it lies in the southern part of
Madhupur Tract. Average attitude of the area is 5-10m above mean sea level. The
area is covered by Madhupur clay of Pleistocene age. There is no evidence of
surface folding. The result of seismic survey confirmed the presence of a structure.
The shape of the structure is like footprints. It is a gentle brachi anticline with very
gentle dips on the flanks. The length and width of the structure is about 13 km and
4 km respectively. The amplitude is about 28m. In the deeper horizon there are two
culminations that are separated by a saddle. The axis runs almost NE-SE direction.
Kamta well was discovered by Petrobangla in 1981. Production in this small field
was suspended after about six years of operation in 1991 because of excessive
water flow. [MA Baqui]

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Sub : CE – 3003 (Geology)

Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

An introduction to Geology of Bangladesh

For proper identification of various geologic structures of a Bangladesh a summary

A generalized geological succession up to Brail formation of Oligocene age is

Age Rock unit Lithological units Thickness

Recent Coastal deposit a) Coastal Beaches-Sand Variable

to a) Stream deposit-Sand& gravel

Pleistocene Dishing formation mostly mottled & Red clay 150

Pliocene Dupi Tila Sandstone with 4000 to

shale and clay, sandstone

Late Miocene Tipam group a) Girujan clay; Clay with Sandstone

Middle Surma a) Bokabill-sandstone 4300

Oligocene Sarnil Group No information available

Lithological description of various formations forGeology of Bangladesh

 Lithological description of various formations is given in the following

Dupi Tila Formation: The formation consists of poorly consolidated sandstones,

Bhuban Formation: Sandstone is greenish gray, very fine grained ,medium to

Tectonic frame-work and geological structures:

Question on Weathering & Erosion, Structural & Bangladesh Geology

3. What are the basic principles of chemical weathering? Explain it by Bowen

15. Define the geology of Bangladesh. Present a brief introduction to geology of

The geosynclinal basin in the southeast is characterised by the huge thickness

sand to occasional GRAVEL deposits of river origin, having a thickness of about

basin in Bangladesh appears to be too generalised. Many geologists believe, for

Economic geology occurrence of economic deposits of petroleum and MINERAL

served as excellent RESERVOIR rocks capped by interbedded shale forming seals.

See map in TECTONIC FRAMEWORK.

Geological Structure of Banladesh

Geological Structure any physical arrangements of rocks (such as an anticline or

been originated in shallow marine depositional environment. The reservoir

Fenchuganj structure lies under FENCHUGANJ upazila of SYLHET district and

to a lesser degree of marine sandstones, siltstones, shales and claystones. The

Bibiana structure decreases as the structural core is approached. [M Lutfar Rahman

Drilling at Patharia Structure Sylhet

Hararganj structure situated in the eastern part of MAULVI BAZAR district.

Hazipur structure located at Madhupur in the greater MYMENSINGH district and

Maheshkhali structure situated in Cox's Bazar district between latitude 21°28'N

Sitakunda structure one of the westernmost structures of chittagong

Kamta structure A buried anticline located in GAZIPUR district, which is about 20

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