The Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Mosul University / College of Arts
Adab Al-Rafidayn Journal

Adab Al-Rafidayn
Journal
A refereed quarterly scientific journal
Issued by the College of Arts - University of Mosul

Vol. Ninety / year Fifty- Second

Safar - 1444 AH / September 15/9/2022 AD
The journal's deposit number in the National
Library in Baghdad: 14 of 1992
ISSN 0378- 2867
E ISSN 2664-2506

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URL: https://radab.mosuljournals.com

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 Adab Al-Rafidayn
Journal
A refereed journal concerned with the publishing of scientific researches
in the field of arts and humanities both in Arabic and English
Vol. Ninety / year Fifty- Second / Safar - 1444 AH / September 2022 AD
Editor-in-Chief: Professor Dr. Ammar Abd Al-Latif Abd Al-Ali (Information and
Libraries), College of Arts / University of Mosul / Iraq
managing editor: Asst.Prof. Dr. Shaiban Adeeb Ramadan Al-Shaibani (Arabic Language)
College of Arts / University of Mosul / Iraq
Editorial Board Members
Prof. Dr.Hareth Hazem Ayoub (Sociology) College of Arts / University of Mosul / Iraq.
Prof. Dr. Wafa Abdul Latif Abdul Aali (English Language) College of Arts / University of
Mosul / Iraq.
Prof. Dr. Miqdad Khalil Qasim Al-Khatouni (Arabic Language) College of Arts / University
of Mosul / Iraq.
Prof. Dr. Alaa Al-Din Ahmad Al- Gharaibeh (Arabic Language) College of Arts
/ Al- Zaytoonah University / Jordan.
Prof. Dr. Qais Hatem Hani (History) College of Education / University of Babylon / Iraq
Prof. Dr.Mustafa Ali Al-Dowidar (History) College of Arts and Sciences / Taibah University
/ Saudi Arabia.
Prof. Dr. Suzan Youssef Ahmed (media) Faculty of Arts / Ain Shams University / Egypt.
Prof. Dr. Aisha Kul Jalaboglu (Turkish Language and Literature) College of Education /
University of Hajet Tabah / Turkey.
Prof. Dr. Ghada Abdel-Moneim Mohamed Moussa (Information and Libraries) Faculty of
Arts / University of Alexandria.
Prof. Dr. Claude Vincents (French Language and Literature) University of Chernobyl Alps
/ France.
Asst .Prof. Dr. Arthur James Rose (English Literature) University of Durham / UK.
Asst .Prof. Dr. Sami Mahmoud Ibrahim (Philosophy) College of Arts / University of
Mosul / Iraq.
Linguistic Revision and Follow-up:
Linguistic Revision : Lect. Dr. Khaled Hazem Aidan - Arabic Reviser
Asst. Lect. Ammar Ahmed Mahmood - English Reviser
Follow-up: Translator Iman Gerges Amin - Follow-up .
Translator Naglaa Ahmed Hussein - Follow-up .

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Editor-in-chief

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 CONTENTS
Title Page
An Analytical Study of Verbal Interaction in EFL Linguistics
and Literature Online Classes With Reference to Learners’
Gender 1 - 32
Raghad Essam Mohammed Ali
Hussein Ali Ahmed
erb-like Particles in Arabic Language with Reference to English
Radwan Nafie Hamid 33 - 44
Abdul Rahman Ahmed Abdul Rahman
Ideological Representations of the Iraqi and American Societies
in Kevin Powers' The Yellow Birds: A Critical Stylistic Analysis 45 - 62
Asan Hashem Al-Hasson
Wafa Abdul Latif Abdul Aali
Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood 63 – 74
Marwan Najib Tawfiq
Ergonomics of Mental Spaces Theory to the Analysis of
Translated Tropes in Some Qur’anic Texts 75 – 98
Mohammed Nihad Ahmad
A Syntactic Study of the Postpositive, Exclamative and
Supplementive Functions of Adjectives in Two Selected Novels
of Hemingway’s 99 – 120
Riyadh Abbas Al-Zubaidy
Iman Hamid Mohammed
Réseaux sociaux et applications numériques au service de
l’enseignement /apprentissage de FLE 121 – 142
Rawaa Basman al-hamdani
Ahmed Hassan Gerges
Implicational Impoliteness Strategies Used by Tweeters against
Trump 143 – 172
Salar Qasim Rashid
Ashraf Riyadh Abdullah

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ADAB AL-RAFIDAYN, VOL.(90) September (15/9/2022) AD/1444AH

Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic

Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood 
Marwan Najib Tawfiq *
2021/10/30 :‫تأريخ القبول‬ 2021/10/1 :‫تأريخ التقديم‬
Abstract:
This paper draws an inclusive image of the concept of borrowing.
After that, it tries to relate the linguistic concept of borrowing to
borrowed nouns in Arabic with special emphasis on the gender
assignment of borrowed nouns. It studies how words are borrowed in
Arabic and tries to explain how gender assignment takes place. The
data is from modern Iraqi Arabic, which is one form of modern
standard Arabic (MSA). The procedure proposed by leading scholars
in the area of borrowing and gender assignment is used in the analysis
especially G Corbett (1991). The results show that Arabic follows
three tactics in borrowing new words and three ways of respective
gender assignment using the semantic and formal criteria .
Keywords: borrowing, loanwords, Arabic, gender assignment.
1-Introduction
Borrowing is a universal phenomenon which may be found in
almost all languages because it is a need rather than a desire. It is
one of the common sources of new words in languages. The
borrowing process is a linguistic one that involves many aspects of
the linguistic study of languages starting from language contact,
adaptation to normalization. The amount of language contact as a
consequence of the revolution in communication accelerated the
borrowing process to a great extent. This may result in an
international creole rather that a lingua franca. A close observation
of this phenomenon is a necessity in our opinion. It is also important
to do further studies on the link between social media, borrowing,
language change and creole.
This article tries to answer questions like:
1. What is borrowing and what motivates it?
2. How does borrowing take (Haspelmath, 2009) place?

*PhD student/ Dept. of English/ College of Arts / University of Mosul.

* *Asst.Peof/ Dept. of English/ College of Arts / University of Mosul.

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Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq
3. What is the function of borrowing?
4. How does borrowing in Arabic take place?
5. How is the gender of borrowed nouns in Arabic managed?
The data used in the study is collected from different professions in
addition to the researchers’ own experience being native speakers of
Iraqi Arabic and familiar with many Arabic varieties. The
loanwords and expressions are analysed using the different tools of
linguistic analysis from phonetics to syntax.
Definitions of Borrowing
Borrowing is defined differently by different scholars, but all
definitions share a common concept. It is a process of taking over
words from other languages (Yule, 2014, p. 52). Mahootian, (2006)
suggests that borrowing is any word or phrase taken from one
language and used by monolingual speakers of another language.
This definition restrcits the use of loanwords to monolinguals an
idea with which we do not agree as all members of society use them
in order to be members of the speech community. The Concise
Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (Matthews, 2014) defines it as a
conventional term for the introduction into language a of specific
words, constructions, or morphological elements of language b. The
Routledge Dictionary of language and Linguistics (Bussmann,
2006) defines borrowing as the adoption of a linguistic expression
from one language into another language, usually when no term
exists for the new object, concept, or state of affairs. This is a more
plausible definition as it hints at the need for language change.
Our definition of borrowing is linguistic change in response to a
change in the non-linguistic world in the form of accepting a foreign
word or expression in order to fill a semantic gap.
Why Borrow?
Mahootian, (2006) suggests that the reason behind borrowing is the
development and lexical expansion of languages. It fills lexical gaps
arising from imported concepts such as television, telephone etc. he
also adds that borrowing is motivated by clutural contact. In our
opinion, the major factor is the economic contact that motivates the
borrowing from the the lending language which is the language of
the exporter, but there is no question that other factors do exsit. One

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of the factors that intiates borrowing is colonial policies. For

example, in iraq of the early 20th century the British
Stages of borrowing
Borrowing is a long process before new words become part of the
native language. Speakers usually acquire borrowed words along
with other words of the native language and, probably, only
specialists and some indivdual who are interesed in linguistic
phenomena can notice the existance of foreign words in their
language. However, there is a process of borrowing that deserves to
be meditated in order to identify the stages of integrateing new
words in the native language of a community. The following stages
are our own understanding from the extensive literature of
borrowing that is found in the scholarly work on linguistic influence
and contact:
1. Imported concepts from L1 by bilinguals and introduced into
L2 as new words or expressions,
2. Adaptation of the loanwords to the morphology and
phonology of L2,
3. Becoming fully integrtaed and used by native speakers of L2,
4. Established as words and expression in the lexicon of L2,
passed and acquired by speakers of L2.
To the best of our opinion, the adaptaion process of the new
words as far as gender is concerned has not been researched as to
have a comprehensive theory. Therefore, in the following section,
we shall try to analyse the way Arabic assigns loanword nouns to
genders. Our major intrest is in the close link between the morpho-
phonological adaptation of loanwords and their gender in L2.
The pronunciation of loanwords is affected by many factors that
may shape the form of the loanword. The pronunciation patterns of
loanwords range from preservation of all or most features of the
original word to fairly drastic alterations (Broselow, 2006).
We are sure that there is an essential role of the phonotacics
of L2 in the adaptation of new loanwords, whether their
phonological form or what relates to their gender assignment.
Broselow, (2006) suggests that the borrowed word is altered in a
way that satisfies L2 constraints, sounds, sound combinations and

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Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq
prosodic organization of words. If the sound, for example, does not
exist in L2, it is usually substiuted by another sound.
The borrowed words take different forms when imported into L2.
The first form is called “calque”, which means direct translation of
the roiginal word (Yule, 2014, p. 52). The second form is called
“Clipping” where the word is phonetically copied with some kind of
cutting of part of the word (Yule, 2014). We add a third type which
is when the word is fully phonetically copied without any clipping.
However, it is usally phonologically adapted to meet the
requirements of the L2 phonotactics.
The fourth and most relevant change to our work is the gender
change of the borrowed nouns especially in gender-rich languages
like Arabic.
The Function of Borrowing
Borrowing has functions in L2 as suggested by (Gottleb, 2006):
1. Addition of new concepts in the world outside the speech
community,
2. Replacement of already borrowed words or exsiting native
words,
3. Differentiating existing forms.
So, we can briefly state that the function of borrowing is to solve a
problem of a gap in language resulting from renewing developments
in life’s concepts. It is, then, a semantic need based on pragmatic
factors.
Gender Assignment of Loanwords in Arabic
The interest of the present study is in how gender is treated during
the borrowing process in Arabic. But before we look into this issue,
we can have a look at what scholars say about gender in loanwords.
Corbett, (1991, p. 91) suggests that loanwords are assigned to a
gender by the normal assignment rules. What he means by this is the
nature and order of criteria of GA of the respective language is
followed in integrateing borrowed words. In the case of Arabic, we
have two suggested systems: the predominantly semantic system
and the pure formal system. The results of the analysis of borrowing
in Arabic will provide a supporting evidence for the suitable system
of gender assignment in Arabic out of the two.

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The dialects of Arabic are full of borrowed words as

everybody can see and hear when communicating with others. The
rate of borrowing increased proportionately with the speed of the
technological and industrial development. The more things are
invented or discovered; the more extensive borrowing becomes in
addition to the borrowing that took place during the colonial age as
a necessity for maintaining communication between the speakers of
the languages in contact.
Nouns borrowing
We can take one version of MSA namely the Iraqi Arabic to
see how gender of loanword nouns is accomplished. The borrowed
nouns in Iraqi Arabic belong to various elements of the physical
world: animals, inventions, car parts, tools, professions etc.
However, a close look at the loanword nouns reveals that their
gender is in one-to-one correspondence with the gender system of
the native nouns i.e., we find concrete and abstract marked feminine
nouns, common nouns, unmarked feminine nouns and of course
masculine nouns.
Arabic divides all nouns, animate or inanimate, concrete or
abstract, into two genders only: feminine and masculine. So, we find
feminine nouns amongst all types of nouns i.e., animate, inanimate,
concrete and abstract. It seems that Arabic does not depend fully on
the natural gender of things. The sun, for example is feminine; while
the moon is masculine in Arabic. Therefore, we expect that the
borrowed words will be assigned to one of these genders
(Bahumaid, 2015).
Arabic has its own way of dealing with imported concepts. The new
concept is usually dealt with in one of three ways:
1. Translation of the original word with some occasional
modifications,
2. Coining a new Arabic word (neologisms) to use it to refer to
the new concept such as “sayara” (car, fem.) “dababa”
(military tank, fem.)
3. Phonetic copying of the original words with required
phonological adaptation, which comprise the majority of
loanwords in Arabic. Examples of this type are so many e.g.,
“radeeta” (car radiator), “dashbool” (dashboard) etc.

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Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq
The first method of borrowing is the translation of the meaning of
the word or expression. loan translation (calques) is one type of
structural borrowing. It is an item-by-item translation of the source
unit (Haspelmath, 2009, p. 61). In this type, the meaning of the
borrowed concept is translated taking into consideration two things:
the word order of Arabic and the suitable equivalents. The
modification system in Arabic generally follows the head noun.
Therefore, all the words that are in the lending language function as
modifiers of the head will be post-posed after the head e.g.,
spacecraft in which space is a modifier is translated as “safeenat
“fadhaa” (ship space) with the modifier space seated after the head
“safeenat”.
As for the issue of equivalence, the noun “craft” (meaning ship or
boat) is a metaphorical use of the word ship, which is originally a
maritime term. But, first let us review the basic meaning of
“metaphor” as suggested by Lakoff (1980). Lakoff suggests that
metaphor is a general pattern in which one domain is systematically
conceived and spoken of in terms of another. Space is framed as the
sea and hence any vessel that moves on water is also used as a
vessel moving in the air. The Arabic metaphor is identical with the
English metaphor which is in our opinion necessitated by the fact
that there is no other suitable choice in the physical world that
resembles what we see in space. It seems that there is a junction
between metaphor and borrowing in the sense that both draw on a
different sphere.
A metaphor may take place within the same domain. For
example, the word satellite is originally part of the space domain. It
is borrowed for metaphorical use and used to call new objects that
share with satellites the feature of moving around another object. we
believe that this is a form of borrowing in addition to being an
example of a metaphorical use.
Now how does Arabic borrow this term? In MSA satellite is
borrowed by translation of the expression as “moon artificial”. We
can see that there is a big similarity between the Arabic and the
English expression in the sense that satellite and moon mean share
the meaning of an object revolving around another within the same
domain that is space.

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Before we explain how the gender of the borrowed concept is

determined, we need to understand how the Arabic gender system
works. The gender system in Arabic can be summarised as follows:
the nouns that end with one of the sounds /a/, /aa/ or some nouns
with /aɁ/ are feminine. The nouns that do not end with one of these
sounds are either feminine nouns with covert gender or masculine
nouns. All masculine nouns in Arabic are not marked for gender.
If the translated word or expression contains a noun, then the
gender of the Arabic equivalent noun will determine the gender of
the borrowed concept following the same set of rules of the Arabic
gender system i.e., either the noun has an overt or covert gender. If
the Arabic noun is overtly marked for gender i.e., ends with one of
the feminine gender markers, /a/ like “safeena” (ship) or /aa/ like
“dunya” (this world), then the borrowed concept is feminine,
otherwise the noun is either feminine with covert gender or
masculine. (See the reference above)
The second type of borrowing method is coining a new
Arabic word (neologisms). It follows a different strategy in
integrating the new concept into Arabic. One way is to use the verb
that describes what the new object performs to derive a noun e.g.,
“sajjaara” (car, fem.) “dabaaba” (military tank, fem.). The noun
“sayaara” is derived from the verb “saara” (move). The noun
“sajjaara” is derived from the verb using one of the Arabic language
declensional techniques such as when verbs have the second sound
as /aa/, they take the sequence /ajj/ between the first and second
phonemes of the word e.g.,
 “saara” (move) to “sajjaara” (car)
by which the past form of the verb is transformed into a noun.
However, if the coined nouns are going to be long or similar to an
existing noun, then the third choice is opted for.
Another example is “qitˤaar” (train). It is a neologism because it did
not exist prior to the invention of the train. The verb used in coining
this neologism is “qatˤara” (pull). Arabic has a special
morphophonemic way of deriving nouns from verbs: each
declensional class of verbs follow a special way of derivation (for a
full study of this linguistic phenomenon see Arabic books of
morphology).

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Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq
In the third type, the original word or expression is
phonetically copied into Arabic after making the necessary morpho-
phonological adaptations. The phonological adaptation can be seen
in certain phonotactic restrictions of L2. For example, when a
consonant cluster or a sequence of consonants and vowels in the
source language is not found in L2, then the borrower would try to
either drop one of the consonant sounds or change one of them in
order to comply with the L2’s rules. It is worth mentioning here that
we disagree with Bahumaid (2015) who only considers consonant
clusters as separate from vowels. We found out that consonant
clusters broken by intervening vowels have reality in the
phonological adaptations of borrowed words. For example, the
English word “bolt” is borrowed into Arabic as “boltˤ”. The /olt/
cluster is not found in Iraqi Arabic (IA); therefore, the borrower
changed the /t/ to /tˤ/ due to the difficulty of the final /t/ preceded by
/ol/ in Arabic. Another example is the English word “dashboard”
which becomes “dashbool”. The sequence of English sounds /bo:d/
is changed into /bool/ where the close-mid long round vowel
between /b/ and /l/ is changed into close long round vowel for
reasons related to phonotactics. One more point about this latter
example is that the original word is compound comprising “dash”
and “board”, a combination that makes the meaning of one object
that is the front part of the interior of the car. Haspelmath (2009, p.
59) states that loanwords are always words (i.e., lexemes) rather
than lexical phrases, and they are usually unanalysable in the
recipient language. However, the source word in the donor language
can be complex or even phrasal, but this internal structure is lost
when the word is borrowed. In the borrowing Arabic language, this
compound is rendered as one word taking the whole phonetic
structure of the original compound words.
Now, how is the gender of the loanword is preserved or
changed? First of all, it seems that the gender of the words in the
source language have nothing to do with the gender of their
equivalents in Arabic. The gender of the nouns resulting from
translation of the original nouns is usually determined by the
Arabic words used as equivalents of the source words. Thus, if the
equivalent word is a feminine word marked for gender, then the

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borrowed word is feminine and so forth. The noun mouse (a

computer device) is translated as “faara” (the rodent mouse). The
noun “faara” having the feminine gender suffix “a” makes the name
of the computer device feminine because it coincides with the
animal’s name.
In the neologism of imported concepts, Arabic also follows
its rules of gender assignment (GA) because the loanwords are now
Arabic words and no more foreign words. It seems that the gender
of the coined words is determined by the Arabic rules of GA. New
words are not different from translated words as both of them are
parts of the L2 and not affected by the phonological structure of L1.
It is only the meaning that is rendered minus its gender which is
usually added after the rendition. For example, the noun “sajjaara”
(car) is a neologism which is feminine in Arabic due to the fact that
it is marked for gender by ending with the feminine gender marker.
The gender of the loanwords in the third type is determined
by different factors. First of all, if the original noun ends with a
phoneme that is near to one of the Arabic gender markers /a/, /aa/
and /aɁ/, then the noun usually retains the sound and is accordingly
assigned to the feminine gender like “radeeta” (car radiator). Other
types of nouns are usually subjected to phonological adaptation that
may not be identical to the source noun and, hence, treated as other
Arabic unmarked nouns for gender. So, a noun can be unmarked
feminine, unmarked common, or masculine.
Loanwords of animal nouns are usually treated as marked
feminine common gender e.g., “zaraafa” (giraffe fem.) with some
exceptions like “karkadan” (Rhinoceros). It seems that this noun has
undergone double-borrowing (our own term) where it was originally
borrowed into Egyptian Arabic and then it was borrowed from
Egyptian Arabic into Iraqi Arabic. Since the noun is not marked, it
is preferably masculinized unless there is a covert phonological
factor that renders it feminine.
Verbs Borrowing
Matras (2009, p. 176) mentions cases of verb borrowing and
proposes a number of loanwords integration types. We can
summarize what he suggests: first non-modified borrowed verbs;
second, morphologically modified borrowed verbs; third, an

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Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic
Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq
insertion of the borrowed verb in a combination; and finally,
importing the verb with its inflection, Bahumaid (2015, p. 7)
mentions the borrowing of verbs.
What we want to add here is that usually verbs are not
borrowed for the same reasons we stated earlier. It seems that most
cases of verb borrowing stems from different types of needs: filling
a semantic gap, prestige etc. In this case, we find two verbs of the
same meaning and function: one is native and another one
borrowed. However, still some verbs may be encountered during
language contact that do not have their counterparts in L2. For
example, “jbarmidʒ” (program v.) is the only verb in Arabic to
mean “program v.”. First of all, the borrowed verb fills a gap in
Arabic of a new meaning that is programming, which came as a
result of the invention of the computer. The verb is not getting into
Arabic through a phonetic conversion process without undergoing
morpho-phonological changes. First of all, we can see a
morphological change as the verb begins with the prefix /j/ which is
familiar in the Arabic verbs in the present tense. The second change
is phonological: the first phoneme, which is a voiceless bilabial
plosive /p/, which does not exist in most varieties of MSA, is
replaced by a voiced bilabial plosive /b/. This also applies to
borrowed adjectives.
There is a general tendency in Arabic to Arabize borrowed
nouns into either feminine or masculine nouns on the a formal rather
than a semantic basis. The borrowed nouns in Arabic that are
assigned to the feminine gender are usually morpho-phonologically
marked with one of the familiar suffixes: /-a/, /-aa/ and some nouns
ending with /-aɁ/. The absence of the morpho-phonological marker
means a masculine borrowed noun. Examples like ‫“ بنكة‬banka”
(ceiling fan), ‫“ جنطة‬tꭍantˤa” “bag” are all feminine borrowed nouns
while nouns like ‫“ دشبول‬dashbool” (dashboard), ‫ كير‬/ger/ (gearbox)
are all masculine borrowed nouns because they do not carry any
sign of gender.
To sum up, the linguistic phenomenon of borrowing is so
rich and it is not possible to cover all the aspects of the subject, but
it is sufficient to lay the basis for studying this phenomenon so that
researchers can study it in depth.

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ADAB AL-RAFIDAYN, VOL.(90) September (15/9/2022) AD/1444AH

Arabic seems to follow a three-way strategy of integrating

borrowed concepts each of which has its own nature and motivation.
The gender of the borrowed nouns is in congruence with the overall
gender system of Arabic; however, there is a selective process in the
gender marking i.e., all nouns are assigned to either feminine or
masculine but with a general tendency to avoid covert assignment
and in favour of an overt gender system.

Works Cited
Bahumaid, S. (2015). Bahumaid, S. (2015). Lexical borrowing: The
case of English loanwords in Hadhrami Arabic. International
Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2(6), 13-24.
Broselow, E. (2006). Loanword Phonology. Elsivier.
Bussmann, H. K. (2006). Routledge dictionary of language and
linguistics. Routledge.
Corbett, G. (1991). Gender. Cambridge University Press.
Gottleb, H. (2006). Linguistic Influence. Elsevier.
Haspelmath, M. (2009). Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. In
m. Haspelmath, & U. Tadmor (Eds.), Loanwords in the
World’s Languages. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University
of Chicago press.
Mahootian, S. (2006). Code Switching and Mixing. Elsevier.
Matras, Y. (2009). Language Contact. Cambridge University Press.
Matthews, P. H. (2014). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (2014). The Study of Language. Cambridge University
Press.

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‫‪Borrowing and Grammatical Gender in Arabic‬‬
‫‪Mahfoodh Khalaf Mahmood & Marwan Najib Tawfiq‬‬
‫تذكير وتأنيثا في اللغة العربية‬
‫ا‬ ‫الكلمات الأعجمية المعربة‬
‫محفوظ خلف محمود ‪‬‬
‫مروان نجيب توفيق ‪*‬‬
‫المستخلص‬
‫يرسم هذا البحث صورة شاملة لمفهوم استعارة الكلمات من لغات ثانية‪ ،‬وبعد‬
‫ذلك نحاول ربط مفهوم استعارة الكلمات بالكلمات الأعجمية المعربة‪ ،‬والتأكيد خاصة على‬
‫تذكير الكلمات الأعجمية المعربة وتأنيثها؛ ِإذ يقوم البحث بدراسة كيفية تعريب الكلمات‬
‫الأعجمية‪ ،‬والكلمات المستعملة في البحث مستقاة من اللهجة العربية العراقية‪ ،‬وهي إِحدى‬
‫أشكال اللغة العربية العامية الحديثة‪ ،‬وقد تم استعمال النظريات المقدمة من كبار الباحثين‬
‫في مجال الكلمات المستعارة من لغات أخرى‪ ،‬والسيما ج كوربت (‪ ،)1991‬وأظهرت‬
‫النتائج أن اللغة العربية تتبع ثالث طرائق في تعريب الأعجمي ويقابلها ثالث طرائق في‬
‫التذكير والتأنيث للكلمات المعربة باستعمال المعايير الداللية والشكلية‪.‬‬
‫الكلمات المفتاحية‪ :‬استعارة الكلمات من اللغات الخرى‪ ،‬الكلمات المستعارة‪ ،‬اللغة‬
‫العربية‪ ،‬التذكير والتأنيث‪.‬‬

‫* طالب دكتوراه‪/‬قسم اللغة اإلنكليزية‪/‬كلية اآلداب‪/‬جامعة الموصل‪.‬‬

‫** أُستاذ مساعد‪/‬قسم اللغة ِ‬
‫اإل نكليزية‪/‬كلية اآلداب‪/‬جامعة الموصل‪.‬‬

‫‪74‬‬