

Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq

Council of Ministers  
Ministeri of Higher Education &  
Scientific Research
 
Hawler Medical University
University Presidency 

HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

GUIDELINES FOR
WRITING M. Sc. & Ph. D. THESIS

VICE PRESIDENT OFFICE FOR

SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS AND
POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
2015
 Hawler Medical University Guidelines for
Writing M.Sc. and Ph.D. Theses

Tariq Salman Al-Hadithi, M.B.Ch.B., DTM&H, M.Sc., PhD, FFPH

Professor
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical
University

Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil, M.B.Ch.B., DCM, FICMS/CM

Professor
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical
University
1. Structure and layout of the thesis
The general structure of the thesis submitted for the councils of the colleges
of HMU is as follow (in order):
1.1. Preliminary pages.
1.1.1. Title page.
1.1.2. Quotation page (optional).
1.1.3. Certification and approval pages.
• Certification of the supervisor (s) and the head of the department and
forwarding of the thesis for debate by the dean of the college.
• Certification of the examining committee and approval of the
council of the college.
1.1. 4. Dedication page (optional).
1.1. 5. Acknowledgements page.
1.1.6. Abstract.
1.1.7. Table of contents.
1.1.8. List of tables.
1.1.9. List of figures.
1.1.10. List of abbreviations.
1.1.11. List of publications from the thesis
1.2. Body of the text.
1.2.1. Introduction.
1.2.2. Chapters of the thesis:
• Chapter 1. Literature review.
• Chapter 2. Methods.
• Chapter 3. Results.
 • Chapter 4. Discussion.
• Chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations.
1.2.3. References.
1.2.4. Appendices.
1.2.5. Abstract and the title page in Kurdish and Arabic languages.

2. General considerations
2.1. The thesis should be bound with hard cover when finally submitted to

HMU.

2.2. A white blank paper should follow the front board and another

one before the rear board.

2.3. White papers A4 (297 X 210 mm) are used, and printing should be on
one side of the paper.

2.4. The margins of the pages should be as follow: 1.5 inches for the left
margin and 1 inch for other margins; right justification is not necessary.

2.5. Preliminary pages should be paginated with lower case Roman

numerals starting with title page. However, the number on the title page
should not be shown, although the page is counted as (i). Page numbers
should be at the bottom center of the page.

2.6. Pagination in Arabic numerals starts with the first page of introduction
through the appendices pages. Page numbers should be at the upper
right corner of the page. The minimum font size for Arabic numerals is
10, which must be consistent throughout the thesis.
 2.7. The total number of pages is usually 120 pages for M.Sc. theses, and
200 pages for the Ph.D theses.

2.8. The number of references depends on the topic, but generally a

minimum of 50 references is required.

2.9. Titles of the body of text parts should be written in upper case letters,
e.g. INTRODUCTION, PATIENTS AND METHODS, ………
2.10. Line spacing should be 1.5 space of the Microsoft
Word computer program throughout the text.
2.11. New paragraph starts at column 1 of the Microsoft word computer
program (i.e. not indented) leaving a space of 6 pt between the
paragraphs.
2.12. The font type is “Times New Roman” and the font size is the
standard 12- point, with no use of Italic or bold letters (or non-
formal printing such as WordArt or colored printing) in all
sections and chapters of the thesis unless indicated.
2.13. Numerals 1 to 9 in the text are written fully i.e. one, two…

3. The hard cover

3.1. The layout of the outside front board of the hard cover is the same as
that of the title page but the letters are printed in golden prints.
3.2. Logo of the HMU should be above the title of the thesis at
the middle of the front board of the hard cover.
3.3. The degree of the thesis (M.Sc./Ph.D.) should be written
horizontally (if possible) at the top of the spine of the thesis.
3.4. The name of the candidate should be written vertically along the
spine of the thesis centered at the middle.
3.5. The year of the study should be written horizontally (if possible) at
the bottom of the spine of the thesis.
3.6. The color of the hard cover of the thesis is red for all specialties.

4. Title page
The title page should provide the following information in order:
4.1. The officially approved title of the thesis written in capital and bold
letters (font 16), with second and succeeding lines indented on each side
of the page as to form an inverted pyramid. The title should be concise
and descriptive. However titles that are too short may lack important
information. Breaking the title into a title and subtitle when it has too
many words should be considered. Abbreviations should not be used in
the title.
4.2. Submission statement:
It should indicate that the work is submitted to partially fulfill
the degree requirement and it should be written in capitals
(font 14) and arranged in an inverted pyramid as follow:

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE COLLEGE

OF …………….. AT HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF (MASTER OF SCIENCE OR
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY) IN (SPECIALTY)

4.3. Full name of the candidate, followed by his qualifications, and training
center of the study. It should be written as it appears in the university
records and all in capitals and centered. Candidates holding M.B.Ch.B.
degree should not prefix their name with the title "Dr”.
4.4. Academic title and name of the supervisor (s), followed by degree (s).
Supervisors holding M.B.Ch.B. degree should use only their academic
title.
4.5. The month and year of submission of the document in calendar year
(A.D.) on the left side, Islamic calendar (A.H.) on the right side, and
Kurdish calendar in the middle of the title page (Appendix I).

5. Quotation page
The candidate may write a verse from a holy book, a gnome, or a proverb that
pertains to the work he did.

6. Certification and approval pages

The candidate has to stick closely to the format used in a recently approved
thesis according to the requirements of the HMU.

6.1. Certification of the supervisor (s), and the Head of the Department,
and forwarding of the thesis for debate by the dean (on the same page).

I (we) certify that this thesis (title of the study) was prepared by
……….(student name )under my (our) supervision at the Department of
……, College of………, Hawler Medical University in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (or Doctor of
Philosophy) in (specialty) entitled ………………………………..

Academic title and name of the supervisor (s)

Degree (s)
Date
Certification of the Head of the Department of ……………
I certify that this thesis was prepared by (name of candidate)entitled ……. in
the department of …………….

Academic title and name:

Degree (s)
Head of the department of………….
Date

In view of the available recommendations, I forward this thesis for debate by

the examining committee.

Academic title and name:

Degree (s)
The Dean
Date:
6.2. Certification of the examining committee and approval of the college
council (on the same page):

We, the members of the examining committee certify that, after reading this
thesis (title of the study) and examining the candidate (name of the
candidate) in its contents, it is adequate for the award of the degree of Master
of Science (or Doctor of Philosophy) in (specialty).

Academic title and name Academic title and name

Degree (s) Degree (s)
Teaching institution Teaching institution
Member Member

Academic title and name Academic title and name

Degree (s) Degree (s)
Teaching institution Teaching institution
Member and supervisor Chairperson

Approved by the council of the college of …………..

Academic title and name

Degree (s)
The Dean
Date
7. Dedication
This is totally optional. Dedicating the thesis to parents, wife, children, or a
friend is usual. It should be as short as possible.

8. Acknowledgements
This is one of the most read parts of the thesis. The researcher has to be sure
that he thanks, by name, all those who helped him throughout the research. It
is very nice from the researcher to appreciate the contributions and help of
sponsors and friends. The acknowledgement recognizes supervisor's
assistance as well as that of faculty staff and special contributions made by
the librarians, statisticians, computer specialists, research fellows, research
institutions, etc. It should include any financial support offered to the
researcher by governmental / non-governmental, local / international
organizations or authorities, etc.

9. Abstract
9.1. The abstract should be written in one page, and not exceeding 250 words
(can be extended to 300 words in PhD theses). At the foot of the page the
researcher should provide five key words from PubMed’s MeSH (Medical
Subject Headings) database. Available from
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/collections/digital/MeSH/mesh.html

It should contain no references or abbreviations.

9.2. It should be written as a structured abstract, usually has four subheadings

as follows:
9.2.1. Background and objectives:
 It includes a concise definition of the problem, a background for the
study, and the objectives of the study.
9.2.2. Methods:
It includes study design and setting, basic procedures, selection of study
subjects and controls or laboratory animals, experiments, observational
and analytical methods.
9.2.3. Results:
It includes the main findings (giving specific data and their statistical
significance, etc).
9.2.4. Conclusion:
It includes principal conclusions (emphasizing new and important aspects
of the study) and implications.

10. Table of contents

It should include at least headings for all chapters, and titles for sections, first
level sub-sections / sub-headings, and appendices with their corresponding
page numbers aligned at the right hand side of the page.

11. List of tables / figures

These should include the table / figure numbers with their titles and their
corresponding page numbers aligned at the right hand side of the page, as
with the table of contents.

12. List of abbreviations

The nomenclature includes all abbreviations and acronyms found in the thesis
that the researcher uses frequently and does not define at each usage. These
should be listed in alphabetical order, using only standard abbreviations. The
first time an expression is used in the text, the full form followed by the
abbreviation in parenthesis should be given.

13. Introduction
The introduction should provide:

13.1. A brief overview of the problem tackled by the researcher with upto
date background information to allow the reader to understand the
context, referring only to strictly pertinent references with no extensive
review of the subject. Hence, the researcher should not include details
of the data or conclusions from the work referred to.

13.2. A justification statement (rationale). The candidate should give

evidence coupled with reasoning that the specific research work arises
out of needs and that it could fill in gaps in knowledge or add to
substantive or theoretical understanding. The justification should be
phrased in a way or another to answer the questions why the research
needs to be done, and what will be its significance.
13.3. Objective (s) of the study; both the main and secondary objectives
should be specific and clearly written. There is no need to write too
many objectives or over ambitious objectives that can not be
adequately achieved by the research. Objectives are preferably stated at
the end of introduction with a "subheading".
13.4. The number of the pages of the introduction is around three
pages.

13.5. Outline of thesis(adding definitions of terms ,theoretical

practical)
14. Chapters of the thesis
14.1. General considerations

14.1.1. The title of the chapter should be written in upper case letters. Each
chapter should be assigned a number, e.g. Chapter 1. LITERATURE
REVIEW.

14.1.2. The title of the sub-section should have the first letter in upper
case. Each sub-section of a chapter should be given a numerical index,
e.g. the first section of chapter 1 is written as 1.1. . Further subsection
/ subheading of the above is written as 1.1.1. The numerical index for
the next section will be 1.2. and for further subsection as 1.2.1. , e.g.
1.1. Epidemiology of hepatitis. The researcher should avoid having
more than 3 levels as this will make the text messy. If further
subsections are needed, these are better labeled by letters as A, B, C…
14.1.3. The font size of the subsection title is preferably different from
that of the chapter heading and the text.
14.1.4. If the researcher is referring to a particular chapter in his thesis,
here, only the letter – c – is capitalized, e.g. Chapter two
provides an overview of …… The same thing is applicable
when referring to a section (the letter - s - is capitalized, e.g.
Section 1.2.2. provides ………
14.2. Chapter 1: Literature review

14.2.1. The literature review should be up to date including review of most

relevant research works that have been done on the subject. If for
example the researcher is reviewing studies on the prevalence of
hypertension, no purpose is served by discussing the physiology of
 blood pressure regulation, except for adding bulk to the thesis. There
should be an emphasis on recent and regional or local studies. Current
literature and papers published in the last five years should form the
major part of the review.
14.2.2. Literature review should not be a compendium of all the references
available or just a quotation of the contents of the published studies.
Instead it should be a critical synthesis, which comes only from a
thorough study of the literature and a reflection i.e. it should be a
systematic review i.e. a critical assessment and evaluation (not simply
a summary) of researches addressing a focused problem using
scientific methods of assessment. The researcher has to incorporate,
whenever possible, his own ideas and comments on the studies, which
will demonstrate his deeper understanding of the topic.
14.2.3. To make the review more meaningful it is better to be written
chronologically bringing out the progress in the field over the years
and it is a good idea to include the place and setting of the studies.
14.2.4. There is no need to discuss every individual study in depth; only
specific studies which are considered "landmark" studies in the
worker's area of research should be discussed. In fact, it is better to
write a more meaningful and informative sentence followed by a
bunch of references on which the sentence is based. Relevant articles
by researchers who are likely to be examiners of the student should be
included.
14.2.5. For certain types of studies, a table may be the ideal format for
synthesis of information. A few columns may summarize what was
done and what was found, and the last column gives the relevant
references. Controversies may also be summarized in tables,
 categorizing studies in terms of their results, giving possible reasons
for the conflicting results obtained. This type of review takes more
time but less space, and conveys more information in a form that is
easier to grasp.
14.2.6. The contents of this chapter should be divided into logical segments
using sections / headings, subsections / subheadings, e.g. definitions,
historical background, anatomy, physiology, epidemiological and / or
clinical findings, diagnostic and laboratory techniques etc, as relevant
to the area of research, insuring a thorough description of the subject
and a smooth flow of contents to make the chapter more readable.
14.2.7. The size of this chapter should be around one quarter of the whole
thesis; a long literature review can't add much to an otherwise weak
thesis.
14.2.8. The number of references cited in this chapter depends on the topic.
Under-referencing and over-referencing are equally undesirable.

14.3. Chapter 2: METHODS

14.3.1. This chapter can be entitled as:

• Materials and Methods: when the study included patients or subjects,

experimental animals, clinical and laboratory work, etc.
• Patients and Methods: when the study was carried out on patients
only.
• Subjects and Methods: when the study was carried out on healthy
subjects only.
14.3.2. The method should include only information that was available at
the time the plan or protocol for the study was written; all
 information obtained during the conduct of the study belongs to
the Results chapter.
14.3.3. It should provide an in-depth description of the materials used by
the researcher with discussion of the methods in sufficient detail to let
other researchers to repeat the procedure (s).
14.3.4. This chapter should include:
• Full description of:
1. Design of the study.
2. Setting (place of the study area including description of a
hospital).
3. Details of time of the study.
4. Selection of the observational or the experimental participants
(patients, comparison group, laboratory animals, etc) including
inclusion and exclusion criteria and description of the target
(source) population, sampling method and sample size
estimation, etc.
5. Research ethics.
Generally a written approval of the research ethics committee of the
college and an informed consent of the participant are required.
• Identification of the methods or procedures, instruments,
equipments, kits (giving manufacturers' names and addresses),
design of the questionnaire and methods of data collection.
Established methods or procedures should be described briefly;
methods that have been published but not well known should be
fully described, both with references. New or substantially
modified methods should also be fully described. Established
procedures are better included in the appendix.
 • Precise identification of all drugs and chemicals by giving generic
name (s), dose (s), and route (s) of administration (giving also
manufacturers' names and addresses).
• Brief description of statistical methods used and the statistical
significance of the findings (when appropriate) giving references to
the statistical methods and defining statistical terms and
abbreviations. Computer software used should be specified.
14.3.5. Detailed statistical analyses, questionnaires, some scoring
systems, maps, etc are better provided in the appendix.
14.3.6. This chapter can also be divided into subsections / subheadings as
appropriate.

14.4. Chapter 3: RESULTS

14.4.1. Results should be presented in logical sequence in the form of text,

tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first,
but with no interpretation at all. They should be broken into logical
segments using subsections / subheadings as required.

14.4.2. The word "figure" is used for graphs, diagrams, charts, illustrations,
sketches, photographs, etc. The abbreviation "Fig." may be used.
Whatever the choice of the researcher, it should be consistent
throughout the study. The letter – F – should always be written in
upper case even if it is written between parentheses or when it appears
in the middle of a sentence, e.g. Figure 4 shows the mechanism of
……….., The control mechanism scheme is shown in Fig 3.
14.4.3. The word "table" should be written without abbreviation, and the letter
– T – should always be capitalized.

14.4.4. Data in tables or figures should not be fully repeated in the text; only
important observations should be emphasized or summarized.

14.4.5. Numeric results should be presented as the absolute numbers and as

derivatives (e.g., percentages, rates, etc). Statistical methods used to
analyze the findings should be specified. Big tables should be avoided,
except in the appendices. If the table turns out to be too big for an A4
size sheet, all efforts should be made to split it into two or more tables.

14.4.6. As a rule, tables are preferable to figures because they give numerical
data. Figures are used to highlight the most significant results which
might be otherwise lost in a maze of tables. Graphs or diagrams could
make the reader rapidly appreciate the important features of the data.
In fact, figures are best retained in the memory than tables.
Duplication of information in tables and figures is not acceptable.

14.4.7. Tables and figures should be made as self-explanatory as possible,

since many will be used directly in the presentation. Statistical
measures of variations and tests of significance with significance
values should be included in the table.

14.4.8. Tables and figures should be numbered consecutively in the order of

their first citation in the text, and they should have a brief informative
title or legend. Another type of numerical index for both tables and
figures can be used, referring to the chapter number before the table or
figure number, e.g. Table 2.4. , where 2 refers to the chapter number,
and 4 to the table number.
14.4.9. Title of the table is written above the table while legend of the figure
is written below.

14.4.10. In tables, each column and each row should have a short or
abbreviated heading with statement of the units of measurement, if
applicable. There should be no internal horizontal or vertical lines.
Explanatory matter for abbreviated headings should be written in
footnotes.

14.4.11. Both tables and figures should appear in the text after they are first
mentioned. Appending them at the end of the chapter in which they
are cited makes the research unpleasant for reading.

14.4.12. The raw data may be given as an appendix.

14.5. Chapter 4: DISCUSSION

14.5.1. Discussion is a critique on what was done and what was found. It may
start with concise restatement of the study’s purpose and the answers
which the study has given.

14.5.2. This should be followed by discussion of the research design,

including its unique features, why it was chosen, its pitfalls and
limitations, and the justification for adopting it in spite of the
limitations. Depending on the nature of the study a similar critical
account may be written up for other aspects of methodology such as
selection of participants, analytic methods and statistical tools used.
Any significantly innovated or improvised procedure or technique
may be pointed out.
14.5.3. Next, the new and principal findings of the study should be restated
briefly and interpreted thoroughly discussing their generalizability in
light of the available evidence. There is no need for a detailed
repetition of the data given in the results. The findings should be
compared with those reported in previous similar studies giving the
possible mechanisms for the findings and explanations for
discrepancies (when they did not match that of others) taking into
consideration limitations of the study and their contribution to the
results.

14.5.4. Finally the contribution made by the study to scientific knowledge

should be mentioned briefly. Other points included in the discussion
are: the potential implications of the study, its limitations, strengths
and the reasons for the limitations and weaknesses; areas of ignorance
still left; and the new questions emerging from the study and hence
suggestions for further research.

14.5.5. The flow of ideas in this chapter should follow the sequence of the
objectives and results.

14.5.6. This chapter could also be broken up into logical segments by

subsections / subheadings as appropriate. It should be rich in
references to similar works and background information to interpret
the results.
14.6. Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14.6.1. This chapter should include summary of new observations, new

interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from this work.
Often, the researcher uses this chapter to merely restate the research
findings. He should write real conclusions and implications, making
the reader understand what the findings mean and what are the key
ideas that can be drawn from the study.

14.6.2. Conclusions should also be linked with the objectives of the study,
avoiding unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately
supported by the findings.

14.6.3. Similarly, recommendations should emanate from the candidate

experience in conducting the research and from the study findings
stating gaps not covered by the work or unanswered questions
requiring investigation, and those discovered during the conduct of the
study.

14.6.4. Recommendations should include exploration of the practical, applied,

and clinical implications of the findings. The possibility of how this
work can be improved by future research and what needs to be done
should also be clearly addressed. Recommendations should therefore,
include suggestions for further research.

14.6.5. Both conclusions and recommendations should be written starting

with the most important points in descending order of importance,
which may be enumerated for clarity.
15. References
15.1. General considerations:

15.1.1. Including references in the work will show the range of reading the
researcher has done. Without full references, the candidate could be
accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious offence of academic
misconduct. If the researcher likes to find out more about avoiding
plagiarism, he can take a look at the following guides:
Avoiding Plagiarism-Purdue University Online Writing Lab:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Plagiarism-Indiana University:
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml
Plagiarism-University of Leeds Guide:
http://www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/plagiarism/index.php
It is worth to mention here that the university should issue a clear
instructions on plagiarism. The university should assign a
reference web site concerned with plagiarism and define the
acceptable percent of plagiarism in the research. Both the
supervisor and the student should abide by the instructions. The
university should have, in the near future, especial software
system concerned with plagiarism.
15.1.2. References should be formatted in the Harvard style (Author-Date
method).
15.1.3. The best references to cite are original articles published in journals
indexed by PubMed or other comparable databases. Unpublished
observations, personal communications, and even theses or
dissertations are not good references. They should be cited only when
 the information they provide is both vital and not available in more
accessible sources.
15.1.4. Review articles do not always reflect original work accurately,
although they can be an efficient way of guiding research students and
readers to a body of literature. Therefore, candidates should refer to
original research sources, whenever possible.
15.1.5. In case of using abstracts, the article title is followed by the word
abstract in square brackets [abstract].
15.1.6. References to papers accepted but not yet published should be
designated as "In press" after the article title.
15.1.7. Information from manuscripts submitted for publication but not
accepted should be cited in the text as "Unpublished observations".
15.1.8. "Personal communication" may be cited in the text in which case
name of the person, date of communication, place of work or
affiliation, and country should be cited in parentheses in the text, e.g.
(Jameson LI, personal communication, 7th of Aug. 2002, School of
Population Health, USA).
15.1.9. Type of the article may be indicated after the title of the article in
square brackets [letter, editorial], as relevant.
15.1.10. References should be written in the same style and format that is
consistent throughout the thesis.
15.1.11. All statements, opinions, and conclusions, taken from another
writer's work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted,
paraphrased or summarized. Quotations may be included in the text in
quotation marks.
15.1.12. Tables and figures should be referenced if they have been taken
from a published work.
15.1.13. References in the reference list should be identified in sufficient
detail, so that others may locate and consult references cited.
 All authors should be listed when there are six or less. When they are
more than six, only the first six authors are listed followed by et al.
 Names of authors should be listed in the order that appear in
the article.
 The surname of each author should be followed by his
INITIALS. First names and middle names are converted to
initials (if not already converted) for a maximum of two
initials.
 Only the first word of a journal article or a book title (and words that
normally begin with a capital letter) should begin with a capital letter.
15.1.14. References should be verified against the original document to avoid
or minimize citation errors.
15.1.15. Journals frequently change titles over time. The journal title that was
used at the time of publication should be cited, e.g. the British Medical
Journal officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Therefore, journals
from 1987 and earlier are cited as Br Med J, not as BMJ.
15.1.16. The title of a journal article should be entered as it appears in the
publication. A colon is used to separate a title from sub-title, unless
some other form of punctuation (such as question mark, period, or an
exclamation point) is already present.
15.1.17. The title of journal is either fully written, or abbreviated according to
the PubMed style. A list of journals indexed for MEDLINE is
published annually, as a separate publication by the National Library
of Medicine (NLM). The list can also be obtained through the NLM
web site (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html) and
 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/lstrc/new_titles.html). No punctuation
marks are used in the abbreviated journal title. The title of non-
indexed journals is preferably fully written or written as it appears in
the journal. Book titles are not abbreviated.
15.1.18. The use of italic or bold letters to indicate parts of a journal article
should be avoided unless indicated.
15.1.19. For place of publication (of books, conference proceedings, etc), the
city should be given.
 If more than one city is listed, the first one or the location of the
publishers head office should be given.
 If the city is not well known, the country, region or state may be added
in parentheses.
 Where the publisher is a university and the place of publication is
included in the name of the university, there is no need to include the
place of publication.

15.1.20. The basic rules for citing electronic references don't differ markedly
from those of print documents.

 Electronic sources include software and Internet sources such as

Internet journal articles or books, databases, and web sites.
 Citation of an Internet document should include all elements of
citation of print documents. Simply adding the Uniform Resource
Locator (URL), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or another electronic
address to a title is not sufficient.

 Electronic sources may not always contain clear author, publisher

details or even a title. If no author is given, the title is used as the first
 element of a citation. If neither author nor title is available, the URL is
used.
 The date of update/revision (if available) and date of citation of
information are added in square brackets. Date of citation should
include the year, month, and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5.
 The availability should begin with the phrase "Available from"
followed by a colon then the entire URL is added i.e. the http:// www
or other beginning components should not be omitted. The URL is
underlined.

 Web citation should be used only when the web sites are very useful
and authoritative. However, it is not advised to use web-citation where
the researcher could reasonably use a print source.

15.2. In-text referencing in the Harvard style (modified Harvard style):

15.2.1. References in the text are referred to by giving the author (s) surname
(no initials at all) and the year of publication.

15.2.2. Surname of an author or two authors (of an article or a publication)

should be fully written followed by year of publication; e.g. (Johnson,
1994), Matthews and Jones (1997)
15.2.3. In case of more than two authors, the surname of the first author is
written only followed by et al (et al means "and others") and year of
publication. e.g. (Wilson et al, 1997), or Wilson et al (1997).
15.2.4. If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence or the sentence
starts by the author's name, the year is given in parentheses, e.g.
In a popular study, Harvey (1995) argued that……
Clanliffe et al (1997) found that …….
15.2.5. If, however, the author's name does not occur naturally in the sentence
or statement (whether throughout or at the end of the sentence, as
applicable), both name and year are given in parentheses e.g.
A recent study (Johnson, 2007) shows that ….…
Theory rises out of practice and once validated it is used to explain
the practice (Stevens, 1998).
15.2.6. If more than one reference is cited after the sentence or statement they
should be arranged in chronological order (oldest source first) in
parentheses e.g. (Rea et al, 1976; Johnson, 1978; Dalgaed et al, 2003)
15.2.7. When an author has published more than one cited document in the
same year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c,
etc) after the year, e.g. Johnson (1994 a) reported that …
A recent study (Rea et al, 1977 a) revealed that…………
15.2.8. If the work is anonymous (i.e. no author is given), then the word
“Anon.” should be used, e.g.
In a recent article (Anon., 1999) it was found that …………
Internet resources should be treated slightly different. If the
researcher is citing a web page in the text he should cite by title. If
neither author nor title is available, the URL is used, e.g.
The latest study (http://www.........., 2006) revealed....
15.2.9. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopedias or if an
item is the cooperative work of many individuals, none of them have a
dominant role e.g. videos or films, the title may be used instead of the
author.
15.2.10. If the exact year is not known, an approximate date preceded by "ca"
or "c" may be supplied and given in square brackets, e.g. [c1970]. If
no such approximation is possible "no date" is added in square
brackets [no date] or [n.d.].
15.2.11. If a reference is made to a source quoted in another source, both
should be cited in the text, e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited in
Jones,1994) showed that ……
In the reference list at the end of the study, only the work read by
the researcher should be listed i.e. Jones in the above example.
15.2.12. If a reference is made to a contribution (a chapter in a book or an
article in conference proceedings), only the contributor (s) surname is
cited.

15.3. Reference list in the Harvard style (modified Harvard style).

15.3.1. The references are listed in alphabetical order of the first author's
surname (no need to give a numeral for the reference).
15.3.2. The year of publication of the study should follow the author's
INITIALS in parentheses after the last author INITIALS.
15.3.3. Author/editor surnames with their initials are separated from each
other by a coma and a space. In journals, volume and issue numbers of
the journal and page numbers of the article are given but not labled.
There is no need for repetition of unnecessary digits of the page
numbers. A semi-colon follows the journal title and a colon follows
the volume number (issue number).
15.3.4. The second line of the reference should start under the fifth letter of
the first line. The hanging indent for each reference makes the
sequence more obvious. e.g.
 Benge RC (1979). Cultural crisis and libraries in the third
word. London: Clive Bingly.
15.3.5. If more than one article or publication has been published by the same
author (s) at different years, they should be listed chronologically
(earliest first).
15.3.6. If more than one article or publication has been published by the same
author (s) during a specific year, they should be listed by lower case
letters after the year. e.g. WHO (1993a), WHO (1993b), WHO
(1993c), etc.
15.3.7. If no author is given, the word Anon. is written followed by the year.
Similarly as mentioned on page 25, the title of the article may be used
as the first element of the citation.
15.4. Examples of citing references in the Harvard style:
References should have the elements and punctuation given in the
examples of different types of published work and electronic references,
shown below:

15.4.1. Reference to a journal article:

 Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL (2002). Solid organ transplantation

in HIV- infected patients. New Engl J Med; 347 (4): 284-7.

 Forooghian F, Yeh S, Faia LJ, Nussenblat RB (2009 Feb). Uveitic

foveal atrophy: clinical features and associations. Arch

Ophthalmol; 127 (2): 179-86.

 The cardiac society of Australia and New Zealand (1996). Clinical

exercise testing. Med J Aust; 164: 282-4.

  Clauster TA (2002). Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice.

Neurology; 58 (12 Suppl 2): S 6-12.

 Abend SM, Kulish N (2002). The psychoanalytic method from an

epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal; 83 (Pt 2): 491-5.

15.4.2. Reference to a book with personal author (s):

Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH (1988). Clinical epidemiology,

the essentials. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. P. 145-60.

15.4.3. Reference to a book with editor (s):

Gilstrap LC, Cunnigham FG, Van Dorster JP, editors (2002).

Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. P.

160-8.

15.4.4. Reference to a chapter in a book:

Silverman RA (1992). Pediatric mycosis. In: Elewska B, editor.

Cutaneous fungal infection. 3rd ed. New York: Igaku Shoin.

P.212-28.

15.4.5. Reference to conference proceedings:

Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones P, editors (2002). Germ cell

tumors V. Proceedings of the 5th germ cell tumor conference, 13-

15 ep 2001, Leeds, UK. New York: Springer.

15.4.6. Reference to a conference paper:

Silver K (1991). Electronic mail: the new way to communicate. In:

 Roitt DI, editor. 9th international online information meeting, 3-5

Dec1990, London, UK. Oxford: Learned information. P. 323-30.

15.4.7.Reference to a dissertation or thesis:

 Yahia MM (1980). Studies on dermophytes in Mosul and vicinity.

M.Sc. thesis. University of Mosul, College of Medicine (optional).

Iraq.

 Al-Tawil NG (1997). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding

family planning among two groups of women in Baghdad.

FIBMS dissertation. Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations,

Scientific Council of Community and Family Medicine (optional).

Iraq.

15.4.8. Reference to a publication (manual, report) from a corporate body:

UNICEF (2002). The situation of children in Iraq. An assessment

based on United Nations convention on rights of children.
Geneva: UNICEF.

15.4.9. Reference to an article not in English:

Al-Diwan JA (1990). [Cigarette smoking among secondary school

male students in Athawra city of Baghdad]. Iraqi J Comm Med;

3(1): 23-8. Arabic.

15.4.10. Reference to a dictionary:

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (2000). 29th ed. Philadelphia:

 W.B Saunders; 2000. Filamin, P. 675.

15.4.11. Reference to an encyclopedia :

De Quervain's tenosynovitis (1998). In: Stellman JM, editor.

Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety. Vol. I. 4th ed.

Geneva: International labour office. P.623

15.4.12. Reference to a newspaper article:

Tynan T (2002 Aug 12). Medical improvements lower homicide

rate: Study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post; Sect.

A; 2 (col. 4-6).

15.4.13. Reference to a book on Internet:

 Richardson M L (2000). Approaches to differential diagnosis in

musculoskeletal imaging. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of

Washington School of Medicine; [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006

Nov1]. Available from:

http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html.

 Foley K M, Gelband H, editors (2001). Improving palliative care for

cancer. Washington: National Academy Press; [cited 2002 Jul 9].

Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/.

 Moore A, Moore J, Fowler S (2005). Faculty development for the net

generation. In: Oblinger D G, Oblinger J L, editors. Educating the

net generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; [updated

 2006 Jun 15; cited 2006 Nov 17]. [about 9 pages]. Available

from:
http://www.educause.edu/FacultyDevelopmentfortheNetGeneratio
n/6071.

15.4.14. Reference to a journal article with page numbers on Internet:

 Harrison J J, Ceri H.,Yerly J, Stremick CA, Hu Y, Martinuzzi R, et al

(2006). The use of microscopy and three-dimensional

visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial biofilms

cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device. Biol Proc Online

[cited 2007 Jan 8]; 8(1): 194-215. Available from:

http://www.biologicalprocedures.com/bpo/arts/1/127/m127.pdf.

DOI: 10.1251/bpo127

 Polgreen P M, Diekema D J, Vandeberg J, Wiblin R T, Chen Y Y,

David S, et al (2006). Risk factors for groin wound infection after

femoral artery catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control

Hosp Epidemiol [cited 2007 Jan 5]; 27(1): 34-7. Available from:

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/20
04069/2004069.web.pdf

15.4.15. Reference to an article with a numbering scheme in place of

pagination on Internet:
 Boutin-Foster C (2005). In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on
problematic social support interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes.
[cited 2007 Jan 5]; 3(1): 52. Available from:

http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52.

15.4.16. Reference to an article which expresses pagination as paragraphs on

Internet:

Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De Curtis M (2007). Neonatal

anthropometric charts: what they are, what they are not. Arch

Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed) [cited 2007 Jan 9]; 92(1): [12

paragraphs]. Available from:

http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/92/1/F7.

15.4.17. Reference to an article with a numbering scheme (in place of volume

and issue number of the journal) on Internet:

Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R (1995). Effect

of intensive insulin therapy on abnormal circadian blood

pressure pattern in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Online

J Curr Clin Trials [cited 2007 Jan 4]. Doc No 199 [about 10

screens]. Available from: http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/.

15.4.18. Reference to an article without standard volume, issue or article

number on Internet:

O'Neill M, Dupere S (2005). Health promotion: the next generations.

Rev Health Promot Educ Online [cited 2007 Jan 10]; [10
 paragraphs]. Available from:

http://www.rhpeo.org/reviews/2005/10/index.htm.

15.4.19. Reference to an open serial database on Internet:

Online Archive of American Folk Medicine (1996-). Los Angeles:

Regents of the University of California [cited 2007 Feb 1].

Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.

15.4.20. Reference to a closed serial database on Internet:

EARSS (2001-2005): the European Antimicrobial Resistance

Surveillance System. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM

[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:

http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.

15.4.21. Reference to a single database on Internet:

Jablonski S (2001). Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental

Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes. Bethesda (MD): National

Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subjects Headings Section;

[updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available

from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_title.html

15.4.22. Reference to a retrieval system on Internet:

DialogWeb (c1997-). Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog

Corporation. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:

http://www.dialogweb.com/.
15.4.23. Reference to parts of database on Internet:

 Online Archive of American Folk Medicine (1996-). [Internet] Los

Angeles:Regents of the University of California. Record No.

1928, Cataracts, [cited 2007 Feb 27], [about 1 screen]. Available

from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/FMDetail.cfm?UID=1_928

 MeSH Browser (2002-). Bethesda (MD): National Library of

Medicine (US); [cited 2003 Jun 10]. Meta-analysis,

unique ID: D015201, [about 3 pages]. Available

from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html Files

updated weekly.

15.4.24. Reference to a contribution to a database on Internet:

Frank CD, Adler DG (2006). Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its

prevention. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol [cited 2007

Mar 9]; 3(12): 680-8. In: PubMed 1950. Bethesda (MD):

National Library of Medicine (US). [about 1 screen]. Available

from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cm
d=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl
=2&itool=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17130878.
15.4.25. Reference to a homepage on Internet:

Hooper JF (1999 Jan1). Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric

Resource Page. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama,

Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; [updated 2006 Jul 8,

cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from:

http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.

15.4.26. Reference to a part of a website on Internet:

AMA (2007 Mar 26): helping doctors help patients. Chicago:

American Medical Association; 1995-2007. AMA launches
exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical
professionals [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens].
Available from:
http://www.amaassn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html

15.4.27. Reference to books or other individual titles on audiovisual materials

(CD-ROM, DVD):

 Anderson SC, Poulsen KB (c2002). Anderson's electronic atlas of

hematology [CD-ROM]. 2nd version. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

 Rubenstein E (1990), editor. Scientific American medicine

consult [CD-ROM]. Version 2.5a. New York: Scientific
American Inc; [updated 1990 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4
3/4 in.
15.4.28. Reference to personal communication through e-mail.

Johnson DS (2000 Apr 4). ([email protected]). Re: Ischemic

heart disease. e-mail to Cross, P
([email protected]).

16. Appendices
This section contains those parts of the thesis (methods or procedures,
pictures, diagrams, maps, questionnaires, detailed statistical analyses, etc) that
are either well known or do not contribute directly to the main text but need to
be included for completion. The aim of doing this is not to break up the flow
of information or bore the reader when reading the text.
 Appendix I

HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

SMALL GROUP TEACHING IN HAWLER COLLEGE OF

MEDICINE: CHALLANGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
FROM TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
PERSPECTIVES

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE COLLEGE

OF MEDICINE AT HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN COMMUNITY MEDICINE

BY
ABUBAKIR MAJEED SALEH
M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc.

SUPERVISOR
PROFESSOR NAMIR G. AL-TAWIL
M.B.Ch.B, DCM, F.I.C.M.S./C.M.

APRIL NAWROZ JUMADI (II)

2013 AD 2713 K 1434 AH