Question one

1. What is the sample space for the following experiment?

a. Toss a die one time.

b. Toss a coin two times.

c. A water boiler is manufactured. It is tested for its life length by time. ?

Question one ANSWER 1//

a. Sample space: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

b. Sample space: {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}

c. Sample space: {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

### 1. Sample Space for Different Experiments

a. Toss a die one time:

The sample space for a single die toss is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

b. Toss a coin two times:

The sample space for two consecutive coin tosses is {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}.

c. Life Length Testing of Water Boiler:

### a. Toss a Die One Time:

When you toss a fair six-sided die (labeled with the numbers 1 through 6) one time, the sample space \(( S
)\) consists of all possible outcomes that could occur

\[ S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} \]

So, the sample space for this experiment—tossing a die one time—is simply the set of all possible
outcomes—{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

### b. Toss a Coin Two Times:

\ [ S = \ {HH, HT, TH, TT\} \]

So, the sample space for this experiment—tossing a coin two times—is the set of all possible
outcomes—{HH, HT, TH, TT}.

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 The sample space for this experiment would depend on the specific unit of time used in
the test and any potential relevant factors, and may not be easily enumerated.

2 /question two
A student goes to the nearest cafe to have a breakfast. S/He can take tea, coffee, or milk with

bread, cake and sandwich. How many possibilities does he have? And show with tree diagram

Tree diagram:

Here's a simple text-based representation of the tree diagram for the breakfast choices:

Breakfast
// / / /\ /\

Tea Coffee Milk

// /| / \ /| /\ /| / \

Bread Cake Sandwich Bread Cake Sandwich

. The student has 9 possibilities.

This tree diagram visually represents the different possible combinations for breakfast choices, branching
out from the initial beverage selection (Tea, Coffee, Milk) to the subsequent food options (Bread, Cake,
Sandwich). If you have any more requests or need further assistance, feel free to ask!

### Possibilities for Breakfast Choices

The student has 3 choices for the drink (tea, coffee, milk) and 3 choices for the food (bread, cake,
sandwich). By multiplying these possibilities together, we find that the student has 3 x 3 = 9 potential
breakfast combinations.

/question three
3 The digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 are to be used in 5-digit identification card. How many different

cards are possible if

a. Repetitions are permitted.

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b. Repetitions are not permitted.

question three answer

### 3. Different 5-Digit Identification Cards

a. Repetitions Permitted:

Using the digits 0-5 and permitting repetition, there are 6^5 (7,776) different cards possible.

. With repetitions permitted: 6^5 = 7776

b. Repetitions Not Permitted:

Without repetition, there are 6P5 (720) different cards possible.

b. With repetitions not permitted: 6P5 = 720

a 6^5 = 7776

So, there are 7776 different identification cards possible if repetitions are permitted.

In this scenario, for the first position on the identification card, there are 6 possible choices (0 to 5). Once
one digit is selected, there remain 5 choices for the second position, then 4 for the third, 3 for the fourth,
and 2 for the fifth.

b 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 720
So, there are 720 different identification cards possible if repetitions are not permitted

question four
4. Six different statistics books, seven different physics books, and 3 different Economics books

are arranged on a shelf. How many different arrangements are possible if;

a. The books in each particular subject must all stand together

b. Only the statistics books must stand together

question four answer

### 4. Arrangements of Books on a Shelf

a. Books in Each Subject Together:

- For this, we can simply multiply the total arrangements of each subject together.

- Total arrangements = 6! 7! 3!

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b. Only the Statistics Books Must Stand Together:

- Treat the books in each particular subject as a single entity when calculating possible arrangements.

a. (6! * 7! * 3! * 3!) = 181440

b. (6! * 7! * 3!) * 3! = 2177280

1. Arrangements with statistics books together:

Since the statistics books must stand together, we treat the group of statistics books as one entity. We then
have 3 entities: the grouped statistics books, the physics books, and the economics books. These can be
arranged amongst themselves, giving us 3! ways.

2. Arrangements with physics books together:

Similarly, the physics books can also be grouped together as one entity, giving us 7! ways.

3. Arrangements with economics books together:

In the case of the economics books, we have 3! ways to arrange them.

Therefore, the total number of arrangements is given by:

3! × 7! × 3!

### b. Only the Statistics Books Must Stand Together:

If we treat the statistics books as one entity, we essentially have 11 entities: the grouped statistics books
and the individual physics and economics books. These entities can be arranged amongst themselves,
resulting in 11! ways.

However, we have considered the statistics books as one entity, so we need to further account for the
internal arrangement within the statistics books, which adds an additional 6! ways.

The total number of arrangements is given by:

6! × 7! × 3!

So, the total number of arrangements for each scenario is:

a. If the books in each particular subject must all stand together: 3! × 7! × 3!

b. If only the statistics books must stand together: 6! × 7! × 3!

question FIVE
5 Out of 5 Mathematician and 7 Statistician a committee consisting of 2 Mathematician and 3

Statistician is to be formed. In how many ways this can be done if

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a. There is no restriction

b. One particular Statistician should be included

c. Two particular Mathematicians cannot be included on the committee.

question five answer

a. (5C2 * 7C3) = 350

b. (4C1 * 5C1 * 6C2) = 360

c. (4C2 * 5C1 * 6C2)

## . Committee Formation

C(5, 2) = (5!)/(2!(5-2)!) = 10

C(7, 3) = (7!)/(3!(7-3)!) = 35

The total number of ways to form the committee is the product of these two combinations:

10 × 35 = 350

So, there are 350 ways to form the committee without any restriction.

### B . One Particular Statistician Should be Included:

C(5, 2) = 10

C(6, 2) = 15

The total number of ways to form the committee in this scenario is the product of these combinations:

7 × 10 × 15 = 1050

So, there are 1050 ways to form the committee when one particular statistician should be
included.

### C . Two Particular Mathematicians Cannot be Included:

In this case, there are 3 mathematicians left to choose from and 7 statisticians. We need to choose 2
mathematicians from a set of 3, which gives us C(3, 2), and 3 statisticians from a set of 7, which gives us
C(7, 3).

C(3, 2) = 3

C(7, 3) = 35

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The total number of ways to form the committee in this scenario is the product of these
combinations: 3 × 35 = 105

So, there are 105 ways to form the committee when two particular mathematicians cannot
be included.

Question six
6 . If 3 books are picked at random from a shelf containing 5 novels, 3 books of poems, and a

dictionary, in how many ways this can be done if

a. There is no restriction.

b. The dictionary is selected?

c. 2 novels and 1 book of poems are selected?

Question six answer

a. (5 + 3 + 1) = 9

b. 1/9

c. (5C2 * 3C1) = 30

### Picking Books from a Shelf

C(8, 2) = (8!)/(2!(8-2)!) = 28

This means there are 28 ways to choose 2 more books after the dictionary has been
selected.

### c. When 2 Novels and 1 Book of Poems are Selected:

We want to select 2 novels and 1 book of poems out of the provided options.

The number of ways to choose 2 novels from 5 is C(5, 2), and the number of ways to choose 1 book of
poems from 3 is C(3, 1).

C(5, 2) = (5!)/(2!(5-2)!) = 10

C(3, 1) = (3!)/(1!(3-1)!) = 3

This means there are 10 × 3 = 30 ways to select 2 novels and 1 book of poems.

7 Question seven

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. What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only three

minors if she randomly checks the I.D‟s of five students from among ten students of which four

are not of legal age?

Question seven answer

Probability = (4C3 * 6C2) / 10C5

### 7. Probability of Refusing to Serve Alcoholic Beverages

This scenario involves calculating a specific probability of refusal based on the given conditions and
data set.

n = 5 (the waitress checks the I.D's of 5 students)

k = 3 (the waitress refuses to serve alcohol to 3 minors)

p = 4/10 (the probability of a student being a minor)

First, we need to calculate the number of ways to choose 3 minors from the 4 minors, which is given by
the combination formula:

(4 choose 3) = 4

Now we can calculate the total probability:

P(X=3) = (5 choose 3) * ((4/10)^3) * ((6/10)^(5-3))

P(X=3) = (5!/(3!(5-3)!)) * (4/10)^3 * (6/10)^2

P(X=3) = (10) * (0.064) * (0.36)

P(X=3) = 0.2304

Therefore, the probability that the waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only
three minors is 0.2304 or 23.04%.

Probability = (4C3 * 6C2) / 10C5

Question eight / If 3 books are picked at random from a shelf containing 5 novels, 3 books of
poems, and a dictionary, what is the probability that

a. The dictionary is selected?

b. 2 novels and 1 book of poems are selected?

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Question eight answer

a. 1/9

b. (5C2 * 3C1) / 9C3

a The total number of ways to choose 3 books from the total set of 9 is binom93, which is
84.

Out of these, the number of ways to choose 1 book of dictionary and 2 books from the remaining 8 (5
novels + 3 books of poems) is binom11× binom82 = 28.

So, the probability of selecting the dictionary is P(Dictionary) = 28/84 = 1/3, which is approximately
0.3333, or 33.33

### b. Probability that 2 novels and 1 book of poems are selected:

The total number of ways to choose 3 books from the total set of 9 is 84, as mentioned earlier.

The number of ways to select 2 novels from 5 is binom 52, which is 10, and the number of ways to
select 1 book of poems from 3 is binom 31, which is 3.

Hence, the number of ways to choose 2 novels and 1 book of poems is binom52× binom31 = 10 × 3 =
30.

So, the probability of selecting 2 novels and 1 book of poems is P(2 Novels and 1 Book of
Poems) = 30/84 = 5/14, which is approximately 0.3571, or 35.71

Therefore, the probabilities are:

- P(Dictionary) = 1/3, or approximately 0.3333, or 33.33

- P(2 Novels and 1 Book of Poems) = 5/14, or approximately 0.3571, or 35.71

### Probabilities for Book Selection

Based on the given conditions, we calculate specific probabilities for book selection.

. Question nine
9 A lot consists of 20 defective and 80 non-defective items from which two items are chosen

without replacement. Events A & B are defined as A = {the first item chosen is defective}, B =

{the second item chosen is defective}

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a. What is the probability that both items are defective?

b. What is the probability that the second item is defective?

. Question nine answer

9. Probability from a Lot of Items

a. The probability that both items are defective can be calculated using the formula for dependent events:
P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

P(A) = 20/100 = 1/5

P(B|A) = 19/99 (since one defective item has already been chosen, there are 19 defective items left out
of 99 items in total)

P(A and B) = (1/5) * (19/99) = 19/495

b. The probability that the second item is defective can be calculated using the formula for dependent
events: P(B) = P(A) * P(B|A') + P(A') * P(B|A")

P(A') = 80/100 = 4/5

P(B|A') = 20/99 (since the first item chosen is non-defective, there are 20 defective items out of 99 left)

P(A) = 20/100 = 1/5

P(B|A) = 19/99

P(B) = (1/5) * (20/99) + (4/5) * (19/99) = 19/99

Here, we find the probabilities related to the selection of items from a lot without replacement.

Question 10.
A box contains four black and six white balls. What is the probability of getting two black

balls in drawing one after the other under the following conditions?

a. The first ball drawn is not replaced

b. The first ball drawn is replaced

Question ten ANSWER

a. When the first ball is not replaced, the probability of getting two black balls in drawing one after the
other can be calculated as:

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 P(first ball black) = 4/10 = 2/5

P(second ball black) = 3/9 (since one black ball has already been chosen, there are 9 balls left
including 3 black ones)

P(both black) = (2/5) * (3/9) = 6/45 = 2/15

b. When the first ball is replaced, the probability of getting two black balls in drawing one after the other
can be calculated as:

P(first ball black) = 4/10 = 2/5

P(second ball black) = 4/10 (since the ball is being replaced, the probability remains the same as the
first draw)

P(both black) = (2/5) * (2/5) = 4/25

### . Probability of Drawing Balls from a Box

For this problem, we calculate the probability of drawing black balls under two different conditions
related to replacement.

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