CHCPOL003 Session 1 v3.0-2020

HLT54115
Diploma of Nursing
CHCPOL003
Research and Apply
Evidence to
Practice
Session 1
© Copyright BKI, 2016
1
Unit overview
• 11 sessions
• Facilitator led activities
• Assessment:
o Research Assignment

2
Aims of the unit
During this unit you will develop and understand
the following concepts:
• Identify trends in your area of practice
• Identifying what and when you need to research to
support and improve your practice
• How to define specific objectives when
researching
• Identify information from a variety of sources
• Analyse information and identify what is credible,
relevant, current, useful and what is not
• How to use databases and perform searches

3
This Session
At the conclusion of this session you will understand:
• What research is
• What nursing research is
• Importance of research in nursing
• Historical perspective of nursing research
• Acquiring knowledge through nursing research
• Engaging in research
4
What is research?
• Researching is a systematic way of studying an

issue to validate knowledge of the subject.
• Researching leads us to develop a better

understanding of existing knowledge and new
knowledge.
• Researching helps us to avoid making

uninformed assumptions.
(Stainton, 2017)

5
Why is research so important?
• In any field or practice research validates

knowledge that is important to that profession
• It is a link between theory, education & practice
(Stainton, 2017; Whitehead & Philip, 2016)

6
What is nursing research?
“ Nursing research uses

the research process as
a tool to search for,
develop, refine and
expand a body of
knowledge that shapes
and enhances the
”
practice of nursing.
(Borbassi, Jackson & Langford, 2008.p.14)

7
Why is research important in nursing?
• To make better decisions and choices in relation
to our practices as nurses and midwives
• To validate existing practices that have been

created from tradition, intuition, and personal
experience
• To contribute to better health care outcomes for

consumers
8
Why is research important in nursing?
Cont’d
• To examine tried-and-true practices and

make them more efficient, less expensive or
less complicated
• To explore ways to tackle newly evolving

problems in an increasingly complex world
• To provide an evidence base for the delivery

of safe; effective and efficient care
9
Evolution of nursing research
• Initially, nursing research evolved slowly, from

the investigations of Nightingale in the 19th
century to the studies of nursing education in
the 1930s and 1940s and the research of
nurses and nursing roles in the 1950s and
1960s.
• From the 1970s to the present, an increasing

number of nursing studies have focused on
clinical problems, with the goal of developing
an EBP for nursing.
10
• Crimean War, 1854.
• Florence Nightingale
finds hospitals to be
overcrowded; dirty and
lacking in food & supplies
for patients
• High mortality of soldier

patients due to starvation Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016
& disease unrelated to

injury
(Stainton, 2017) © Copyright BKI, 2016
11
First recognised nursing research
• Florence studied ventilation,
cleanliness, purity of water,
and diet to determine their
influence on patients’ health
• She implemented sanitary

reforms such as clean wards;
safe water sources, fresh air &
sunshine
• She commenced the

systematic collection of data
and was able to demonstrate a
Hospital in Skutari, Crimea significant reduction in
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2016
mortality rates as a result off
her reforms
12
• Ever since Florence Nightingale developed her

analytical approach to nursing and taught the
technique in her nursing school, nurses and their
patients have benefitted from the results of
research being integrated into higher standards
of health care.
• However, nursing research developed slowly

over the following 100 years.

13
Evolution of nursing research to
present day
• In the 1950s and 1960s, nursing schools began
introducing research and the steps of the
research process at the baccalaureate level, and
Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) level nurses
were provided a background for conducting
small replication studies.
• The increase in research activities prompted the

publication of the first research journal, Nursing
Research, in 1952, which is still one of the
strongest research journals today.
14
present day
• In the 1960s, an increasing number of clinical
studies focused on quality care and the
development of criteria to measure patient
outcomes.
• 1965 saw the first of a series of nursing research

conferences to promote the communication of
research findings and the use of these findings
in clinical practice.

15
present day
• In the late 1960s and 1970s, nurses developed
models, conceptual frameworks, and theories to
guide nursing practice.
• These nursing theorists generated propositions

that required testing, which provided direction for
nursing research.

16
present day
• In the late 1970s, Professor Archie Cochrane
originated the concept of EBP and advocated for the
provision of health care based on research to
improve its quality.
• The Cochrane Collaboration (1993) and Library

house numerous resources to promote EBP.

17
present day
• The conduct of clinical research was the focus of the
1980s, and clinical journals began publishing more
studies.
• Qualitative research was introduced in nursing in the

late 1970s; the first studies appeared in nursing
journals in the 1980s.
• Qualitative research explored the holistic nature of

people, discovering meaning and gaining new
insights into issues relevant to nursing.
18
present day
• Another priority of the 1980s was to obtain

increased funding for nursing research.
• Building on the process of research utilization,

physicians, nurses, and other healthcare
professionals focused on the development of
EBP for health care during the 1990s.

19
present day
• The vision for nursing research in the 21st

century includes conducting quality studies
using a variety of methodologies, synthesizing
the study findings into the best research
evidence, and using this research evidence to
guide practice.
• The focus of healthcare research and funding

expanded from the treatment of illness to include
health promotion and illness prevention.
20
present day
• Research is now an integral part of nursing
practice and is a speciality area in itself.
• The Australian Nursing & Midwifery Accreditation

Council governs nurse education and supports
the use of research and the application of its
outcomes to the nursing profession.
(Stainton, 2017)

21
Some examples of nursing research
• Wound healing
• Pressure relieving devices for ulcers
• Transition from student nurse to graduate nurse
• Nutritional support for elderly
• Urinary incontinence
• Hypothermia in operating theatre
• Pain management

22
How do nurses acquire
knowledge?
• Knowledge is essential information that is

acquired in a variety of ways and is expected to
be an accurate reflection of reality that is used to
direct a person’s actions .
• There are different ways of acquiring knowledge

and linking to research knowledge or evidence.
(Grove, 2019)

23
knowledge?
• Traditions include “truths” or beliefs based on customs
and trends. Nursing traditions from the past have been
transferred to the present by role modelling and
communication, both written and oral.
• Traditions can positively influence nursing practice but

can also narrow and limit the knowledge sought for
nursing practice.
• Nursing’s body of knowledge needs to be more

research-based than traditional if nurses are to have a
powerful impact on patient outcomes. (Grove, 2019)

24
knowledge?
• An authority is a person with expertise and power
who is able to influence opinion and behaviour.
• Some nursing leaders have described part of

nursing’s knowledge as information borrowed from
disciplines such as medicine, sociology, psychology,
physiology, and education.
• Trial and error, an approach with unknown

outcomes, is used in situations of uncertainty in
which other sources of knowledge are unavailable.
• (Grove, 2019) © Copyright BKI, 2016
25
knowledge?
• Personal experience enables nurses to gain
knowledge, skills and expertise by directly
providing care to patients and families in clinical
settings.
• When acquiring knowledge through role

modelling, nurses are learning by imitating the
behaviours of an expert.
(Grove, 2019)

26
knowledge?
• Intuition is an insight into or understanding of a
situation or event as a whole that a person
usually cannot explain logically.
• Reasoning is the processing and organising of

ideas to reach conclusions. Through reasoning,
people are able to make sense of their thoughts,
experiences, and research evidence.
(Grove, 2019)

27
Acquiring knowledge through
nursing research
• The research knowledge needed for practice is
specific and holistic, as well as process-oriented
and outcomes-focused.
• Thus a variety of research methods are needed

to generate this knowledge and they are
essential to generate evidence.
(Grove, 2019)

28
Acquiring knowledge through
nursing research
• Nurses need a solid research base as a
foundation for implementing selected nursing
interventions and documenting their
effectiveness in treating particular patient health
problems.
• Effective interventions promote positive patient

and family outcomes.

29
How is research utilised in
nursing?
A major goal of research in nursing is to provide
evidence based care that:
• Promotes the understanding of the experience

of health and illness of individuals and families.
• Implements effective nursing care to promote

positive outcomes
• Provides quality cost effective care within the

health care system.
30
Enrolled nurses and research
Enrolled nurse standards for practice (2016)
• Although the scope of practice for each EN will vary

according to context and education, the EN has a
responsibility for ongoing self and professional
development to maintain their knowledge base through
life-long learning
• ENs engage in analytical thinking; use information and/or

evidence
• Standard 8: Provides nursing care that is informed by

research evidence
31
Level of involvement in research
1. Awareness of and access to the research
literature
2. Appreciation or the ability to understand and

critique the language of research
3. Application of research findings to local

practice settings
4. Ability to conduct original (primary) research

independently or in a team. (Degree Level)
(Crook & Davies, 2004 in Halcombe & Newton 2017)
32
Engaging in research
For this unit, you will engage in research to
develop:
• an awareness of where to find information
• appreciation and understanding of basic

research principles
• the ability to perform a basic critique of the

information you identify for its application to
practice
33
Session Summary
• What research is
• What nursing research is
• Importance of research in nursing
• Historical perspective of nursing research
• Acquiring knowledge through nursing research
• Engaging in research

34
References
Benbrook Public Library blog: https://benbrookshelflife.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/dont-believe-everything-that-you-kinda-read-as-you-scroll/
Accessed 15/5/18
Borbasi, S. & Jackson, D. (2011). Navigating the Maze of Research: Enhancing Nursing and Midwifery Practice. (3rd ed.). Australia: Mosby
Crimean War. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/125_1205828/1/125_1205828/cite. Accessed 15 May 2018.
Crook & Davies, 2004 in Halcomb Elizabeth,Newton Phillip, Chapter 8 - Research in nursing, Contexts of Nursing (Fifth Edition), edited by
Daly John,Speedy Sandra,Jackson Debra, 2017, Pages 129-142, ISBN 978-0-7295-4246-3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7295-4246-
3.00008-0.(https://www.clinicalkey.com.au/nursing/#!/content/3-s2.0-B9780729542463000080)
Florence Nightingale. Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.

quest.eb.com/search/139_1942129/1/139_1942129/cite. Accessed 15 May 2018.
Grove Susan K., Chapter 1 - Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Importance in Building an Evidence-Based Practice, Understanding
Nursing Research (Seventh Edition), edited by Grove Susan K. PhD RN ANP-BC GNP-BC,Gray Jennifer R. PhD RN FAAN, 2019, Pages
1-28, ISBN 978-0-323-53205-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-53205-1.00001-3. (https://www.clinicalkey.com.au/nursing/#!/content/3-
s2.0-B9780323532051000013)
Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising the Evidence for Nursing Practice. (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D., LoBiondo-Wood, G. & Haber, J. (2013). Nursing and Midwifery Research: Methods and Appraisal for Evidence
Based Practice. (4th ed.). Australia: Elsevier
Stainton Kate, Chapter 3 - Nursing research and evidence-based practice, Tabbner's Nursing Care (Seventh Edition), edited by Koutoukidis
Gabrielle MPH BN(Mid) DipAppSci(Nurs) AdvDipN(Ed) DipBus Voc Grad Cert Business (Transformational Management) MACN
International Specialised Skills Institute Fellow Candidate EdD(Research),Stainton Kate MA HlthSc(Nurs) GDipNurs(Ed) BN(Mid)
DipAppSci(Nurs) Cert IV TAE,Hughson Jodie MPH GCHP Cert IV TAE RN, 2017, Pages 50-71, ISBN 978-0-7295-4227-2,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7295-4227-2.00003-1.(https://www.clinicalkey.com.au/nursing/#!/content/3-s2.0-B9780729542272000031)
35
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Copyright Act 1968
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Warning
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The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any
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Do not remove this notice.

36

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HLT54115

• Facilitator led activities

© Copyright BKI, 2016

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• What nursing research is

• Importance of research in nursing

• Historical perspective of nursing research

• Acquiring knowledge through nursing research

• Researching is a systematic way of studying an

• Researching leads us to develop a better

• Researching helps us to avoid making

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• In any field or practice research validates

• It is a link between theory, education & practice

(Stainton, 2017; Whitehead & Philip, 2016)

“ Nursing research uses

(Borbassi, Jackson & Langford, 2008.p.14)

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• To validate existing practices that have been

• To contribute to better health care outcomes for

• To examine tried-and-true practices and

• To explore ways to tackle newly evolving

• To provide an evidence base for the delivery

• Initially, nursing research evolved slowly, from

• From the 1970s to the present, an increasing

• Crimean War, 1854.

• High mortality of soldier

& disease unrelated to

• She implemented sanitary

• She commenced the

• Ever since Florence Nightingale developed her

• However, nursing research developed slowly

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• The increase in research activities prompted the

• 1965 saw the first of a series of nursing research

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• These nursing theorists generated propositions

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• The Cochrane Collaboration (1993) and Library

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• Qualitative research was introduced in nursing in the

• Qualitative research explored the holistic nature of

• Another priority of the 1980s was to obtain

• Building on the process of research utilization,

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• The vision for nursing research in the 21st

• The focus of healthcare research and funding

• The Australian Nursing & Midwifery Accreditation

© Copyright BKI, 2016

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• Knowledge is essential information that is

• There are different ways of acquiring knowledge

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• Traditions can positively influence nursing practice but

• Nursing’s body of knowledge needs to be more

© Copyright BKI, 2016

• Some nursing leaders have described part of

• Trial and error, an approach with unknown

• When acquiring knowledge through role