MATH

Decimals & Fractions

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 SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

Since 4 can be expressed as 2 × 2 = 22, 9 can be

expressed as 3 × 3 = 32, all such numbers can be
expressed as the product of the number with itself. Such
numbers like 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... are known as square
numbers.
In general, if a natural number m can be expressed as n2,
where n is also a natural number, then m is a square
number.
Properties of Square Numbers
1. All these numbers end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at units
place. None of these end with 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place.
2. If a number has 1 or 9 in the units place, then it’s
square ends in 1.
3. When a square number ends in 6, the number whose
square it is, will have either 4 or 6 in unit’s place.
Some More Interesting Patterns
1. Numbers between square numbers
Between 12(=1) and 22(= 4) there are two (i.e., 2 × 1) non
square numbers 2, 3.Between 22(= 4) and 32(= 9) there
are four (i.e., 2 × 2) non square numbers 5, 6, 7, 8.

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Now, 32 = 9, 42 = 16, Therefore, 42 – 32 = 16 – 9 = 7
Between 9(=32) and 16(= 42) the numbers are 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15 that is, six non-square numbers which is 1 less
than the difference of two squares.
We have 42 = 16 and 52 = 25, Therefore, 52 – 42 = 9
Between 16(= 42) and 25(= 52) the numbers are 17, 18, ... ,
24 that is, eight non square numbers which is 1 less than
the difference of two squares.
Consider 72 and 62. Can you say how many numbers are
there between 62 and 72?
If we think of any natural number n and (n + 1), then,(n +
1)2 – n2 = (n2 + 2n + 1) – n2 = 2n + 1.
We find that between n2 and (n + 1)2 there are 2n
numbers which is 1 less than the difference of two
squares.
Thus, in general we can say that there are 2n non perfect
square numbers between the squares of the numbers n and
(n + 1).
2. Adding odd numbers
Consider the following
1 [one odd number] = 1 = 12

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1 + 3 [sum of first two odd numbers] = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 [sum of first three odd numbers] = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 [sum of first four odd numbers] = 16 = 42
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 [... ] = 25 = 52
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 [... ] = 36 = 62
So we can say that the sum of first n odd natural numbers
is n2.
Looking at it in a different way, we can say: ‘If the number
is a square number, it has to be the sum of successive
odd numbers starting from 1.
We can also say that if a natural number cannot be
expressed as a sum of successive odd natural numbers
starting with 1, then it is not a perfect square.
We can use this result to find whether a number is a
perfect square or not.
3. A sum of consecutive natural numbers
Consider the following
32 = 9 = 4 + 5
52 = 25 = 12 + 13
72 = 49 = 24 + 25

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92 = 81 = 40 + 41
112 = 121 = 60 + 61
152 = 225 = 112 + 113
We can express the square of any odd number as the
sum of two consecutive positive integers.
4. Product of two consecutive even or odd natural
numbers
11 × 13 = 143 = 122 – 1
Also 11 × 13 = (12 – 1) × (12 + 1). Therefore, 11 × 13 = (12
– 1) × (12 + 1) = 122 – 1
Similarly, 13 × 15 = (14 – 1) × (14 + 1) = 142 – 1
29 × 31 = (30 – 1) × (30 + 1) = 302 – 1
44 × 46 = (45 – 1) × (45 + 1) = 452 – 1
So in general we can say that (a + 1) × (a – 1) = a2 – 1.
5. Some more patterns in square numbers
Observe the squares of numbers; 1, 11, 111 ... etc. They
give a beautiful pattern:
12 = 1
112 = 1 2 1
1112 = 1 2 3 2 1

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11112 = 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
111112 = 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1
111111112 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Square Roots
We need to find a number whose square is known.
Finding the number with the known square is known as
finding the square root.
Finding square roots
The inverse (opposite) operation of addition is
subtraction and the inverse operation of multiplication is
division. Similarly, finding the square root is the inverse
operation of squaring.
Finding square root through prime factorization
Prime factorisation Prime factorisation
of a Number of its Square
6=2×3 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
8=2×2×2 64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
15 = 3 × 5 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5

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How many times does 2 occur in the prime factorization
of 6? Once. How many times does 2 occur in the prime
factorization of 36? Twice. Similarly, observe the
occurrence of3 in 6 and 36 of 2 in 8 and 64 etc.
You will find that each prime factor in the prime
factorization of the square of a number, occurs twice the
number of times it occurs in the prime factorization of
the number itself.
Let us use this to find the square root of a given square
number, say 324.
We know that the prime factorization of 324 is324 = 2 × 2
×3×3×3×3
By pairing the prime factors, we get
324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 22 × 32 × 32 = (2 × 3 × 3)2
So, 324 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 18
Ex 1: Find the square root of 8100.
Sol: Write 8100 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5. Therefore
√8100 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90
Ex 2: Is 180 a perfect square?
Sol: We have 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5. The prime factor 5
does not occur in pairs. Therefore, 180 is not a

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 perfect square. That 180 is not a perfect square
can also be seen from the fact that it has only one
zero.
Ex 3: Is 3920 a perfect square? If not, find the smallest
multiple of 3920 which is a perfect square. Find the
square root of the new number.
Sol: We have 3920 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 7. As the
prime factor 5 has no pair, 3920 is not a perfect
square. If 5 gets a pair, then the number will
become perfect square. So, we multiply 3920 by 5
to get, 3920 x 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
Now each prime factor is in a pair. Therefore, 3920
x 5 = 19600 is a perfect square. Thus the required
smallest multiple of 3920 is 19600 which is a
perfect square.
And, √19600 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 140
Ex 4: Find the smallest number by which 4032 must be
divided so that the quotient is a perfect square.
Find the square root of the quotient.
Sol: We have, 4032 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7. If
we divide 4032 by 7, then we get 4032 ÷ 7 = 576 = 2
× 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 which is a perfect square.

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 Therefore, the required smallest number is 7.And,
√576= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24.
Finding square root through Division Method
Illustration 1: Find the square root of 64516.

Sol: 2 5 4
2 6 45 16
4
45 2 45
2 25
504 20 16
20 16
X
In the first place, when 6 is the single number left, after
making pairs from the RHS, then you should take a
number, which can be multiplied by the same number
itself, and the result is less than equal to 6, which is 2.
After subtracting 4 from it, the new pair 45 is taken. The
number now becomes 245. The previous quotient is
doubled and 4 is obtained. Then a number ‘x’ is written

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with 4, in such a way that the product of ‘4x’ and ‘x’ is
less than or equal to 245. So the value of x is 5.
The remainder of the next step is 20 and the last pair 16
is written with it.
Then the previous quotient 25 is doubles and 50 is
obtained and a number ‘y’ is written with it in such a way
that the product of ‘50y’ and ‘y’ is less than or equal to
2016.
When y is substituted by 4, the product is 2016.
In this way, the final quotient 254 is the square root of
64,516.
Illustration 2: Find the square root of 328329.
Sol: 5 7 3
5 32 83 29
25
107 7 83
7 49
1143 34 29
34 29
x

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Applying the square root calculation method, in the first
place after making pairs from the RHS, you are left with
the number 32. Now you should take a number, which
can be multiplied by the same number itself, and the
result is less than equal to 32, which is 5.
After subtracting 25 from it, the new pair 83 is taken. The
number now becomes 783. The previous quotient is
doubled and 10 is obtained. Then a number ‘x’ is written
with 10, in such a way that the product of ‘10x’ and ‘x’ is
less than or equal to 783. So the value of x is 7.
The remainder of the next step is 34 and the last pair 29
is written with it. Then the previous quotient 57 is
doubled and 114 is obtained and a number ‘y’ is written
with it in such a way that the product of ‘114y’ and ‘y’ is
less than or equal to 3429. When y is substituted by 3,
the product is 3429. In this way, the final quotient 573 is
the square root of 328,329.
Solved Examples based on Square Root:
Ex. 1: Find the smallest number with which 60 should
be multiplied so that it becomes a perfect square.
Sol: In order to answer such questions, firstly the
prime factorisation of the number is done. The
factors of 60 are 2 × 2 × 3 × 5.

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 In this, it can be seen that ‘2’ is occurring twice,
but 3 and 5 are occurring only once. In order to
make a number a perfect square every prime
factor should be there twice or an even number of
times. So a ‘5’ and ‘3’ is required, the product of
which is 15. Therefore 15 is the smallest number.
Ex. 2: In a class, each of the students contributed as
many paise as there is number of students. If the
total collection was Rs. 144, what is the number
of students in the class?
Sol: Let the number of students in the class be x. Now
each of these students contributed ‘x’ paise each.
So the total collection will be x2 paise.
Now the total collection is given to be Rs. 144,
which is 14400 paise.
As per the statement of the question x2 = 14400
 x = 120. Thus there are 120 students.

Ex. 3: What is the value of 10  25  108  154  225 ?

Sol: Given exp.

10  25  108  154  15
=
 10  25  108  169

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  10  25  108  13  10  25  121

 10  25  11  10  36  10  6  16  4

Ex. 4: What is the value of 176  2401 ?

Sol: Given exp. = 176  49  225  15
Ex. 5: What is the value of 0.01  0.81  1.21  0.0009 ?
Sol: Given exp.
1 81 121 
   
100 100 100 10000
1  11 3
   
10 10 10 100

= 0.1 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 0.03 = 2.13

Ex.6: If 18225  135 , then what is the value of
 182.25  1.8225  0.018225  0.00018225 ?

Sol: Given exp.

18225 18225 18225 18225
 2
 4
 6

10 10 10 108

18225 18225 18225 18225

  2
 3

10 10 10 10 4
135 135 135 135
   
10 100 1000 10000

= 13.5 + 1.35 + 0.135 + 0.0135 = 14.9985

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Ex. 7: An Armyman wants to arrange his men in the
form of a perfect square, but he finds there are 52
men too many. What will be the total number of
men in front row, if the total number of men with
him is 14693?
Sol: Required number of men in the front row
= 14693  52  14641  121 .
Note: No perfect square ends with 2, 3, 7, 8, and an odd
number of zeroes, i.e. any number, which has 2, 3, 7 and
8 at its unit’s place and any number ending with an odd
number of zeroes can never be a perfect square.
Cubes & Cube Roots
Before learning how to find the cube root, let us first
learn the meaning of cube. The process of cubing a
number is multiplying the number three times. The
exponent used for cubes is 3, which is also denoted by
the superscript³ e.g. the cube of 4 will be calculated as 4
× 4 × 4 = 4³ = 64 or 8³ = 8 × 8 × 8 = 512.
Now in order to find the cube root of a number the only
method available is prime factorization. The approach
applied is that each of the number, which is a perfect
cube, will have every prime factor appearing in a group of
3. This is done because unlike square root there is no

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other conventional method to find the cube root. After
the prime factorization, each of the prime factors is
selected once for every three times it is appearing in the
number. You will understand the concept better with the
help of the following examples.
Solved examples based on cubes and cube root:
Ex.1: Find out the cube root of 1728.
Sol. First we will do prime factorization.
Prime factorization of 1728 is = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
× 3 × 3 × 3 = (2 × 2 × 3) × (2 × 2 × 3) × (2 × 2 × 3). =
12 × 12 × 12  the cube root of 1728 is 12.
Ex. 2: Find the cube root of 9261.
Sol. The factors of 9261 are 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7. = (7 ×
3) × (7 × 3) × (7 × 3) = 21 × 21 × 21  the cube root
of 9261 is 21.
Ex. 3: Find the cube root of 15625.
Sol. The factors of 15625 are = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5. = (5
× 5) × (5 × 5) × (5 × 5) =25 × 25 × 25  the cube
root of 15625 is 25.
Ex. 4: Find the smallest number with which 43904 should
be multiplied so as to make it a perfect cube.

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Sol. The prime factorization of 43904 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
× 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7. As you can see 2 appears in this
7 times, so groups of three 2s can be made 2 times
and still one 2 will be left and 7 appears in a group
of three only. Thus the groups can be made as 2 ×
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7 and as you see a
single 2 is left out and now it needs two more 2s to
make it a perfect cube i.e. it should be multiplied by
4.
Ex. 5: Find the smallest number by which 73002 should
be divided so as to make it a perfect cube.
Sol. The prime factorization of the number 73002 is 23
× 23 × 23 × 2 × 3. As you can see 23 already
appears three times, there is a single 2 and a single
3. This implies if this number is divided by 6, it will
become a perfect cube. Hence the answer to the
question will be 6.
Fraction
A fraction means a part of a group or of a region.
7/8 is a fraction. We read it as “seven- eighths”. What
does “8” stand for? It is the number of equal parts into
which the whole has been divided.

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What does “7” stand for? It is the number of equal parts
which have been taken out.
Here 7 is called the numerator and 8 is called the
denominator.
Proper Fractions
All these fractions lie to the left of 1as they are less than
1. These are proper fractions. A proper fraction is a
number representing part of a whole. In a proper fraction
the denominator shows the number of parts into which
the whole is divided and the numerator shows the
number of parts which have been considered. Therefore,
in a proper fraction the numerator is always less than the
denominator.
Improper and Mixed Fractions
The fractions, where the numerator is bigger than the
denominator are called improper fractions. Thus,
fractions like 5/3, 9/5, 13/7….., are all improper fractions.
Fractions such as 2 3/4 and 3 1/3 are called Mixed
Fractions. A mixed fraction has a combination of a whole
and a part.
Ex 1: Express the following as mixed fractions:
(a)15/4 (b) 13/7 (c) 18/5 (d) 21/8

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Sol: (a) 15/4 = 3 whole and 3/4 more or 3 3/4
(b) 13/7 = 1 whole and 6/7 more or 1 6/7
(c) 18/5 = 3 whole and 3/5 more or 3 3/5
(d) 21/8 = 2 whole and 5/8 more or 2 5/8
Thus, we can express an improper fraction as a mixed
fraction by dividing the numerator by denominator to
obtain the quotient and the remainder. Then the mixed
Re mainder
fraction will be written as Quotient
Divisor
Ex 2: Express the following mixed fractions as improper
fractions:
4 2 5
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 7
5 7 6
4 4 5  5 4 29
Sol: (a) 5 = 5 + =  =
5 5 5 5 5
2 2 8  7 2 58
(b) 8 = 8 + =  =
7 7 7 7 7
5 5 7  6 5 47
(c) 7 = 7 + =  =
6 6 6 6 6
Thus, we can express a mixed fraction as an improper
( Whole  Deno min ator)  Numerator
fraction as
Deno min ator

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Equivalent Fractions
Fractions like 1/2, 2/4, 3/6, 36/72……………. are all
equivalent fractions. They represent the same part of a
whole.
To find an equivalent fraction of a given fraction, you may
multiply or divide both the numerator and the denominator
of the given fraction by the same number.
Ex3: Find five equivalent fractions of each of the
following:
(i) 4/5 (ii)7/8 (iii) 3/7 (iv) 2/9
Sol: (i) 8/10, 12/15, 16/20, 20/25, 24/30
(ii) 14/16, 21/24, 28/32, 35/40, 42/48
(iii) 6/14, 9/21, 12/28, 15/35, 18/42
(iv) 4/18, 6/27, 8/36, 10/45, 12/54
A fraction is said to be in the simplest (or lowest) form if
its numerator and denominator have no common factor
except 1.
The shortest way to find the equivalent fraction in the
simplest form is to find the HCF of the numerator and
denominator, and then divide both of them by the HCF.

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Like & Unlike Fractions
Fractions with same denominators are called like
fractions. Thus, 1/15, 2/15, 3/15, 8/15 ……are all like
fractions. Are 7/27 and 7/28 like fractions? Their
denominators are different. Therefore, they are not like
fractions. They are called unlike fractions.
Comparing like fractions
Let us compare two like fractions:3/8 and 5/8. In both
the fractions the whole is divided into 8 equal parts. For
3/8 and 5/8, we take 3 and 5 parts respectively out of the
8 equal parts. Clearly, out of 8 equal parts, the portion
corresponding to 5 parts is larger than the portion
corresponding to 3 parts. Hence 5/8 > 3/8. Note the
number of the parts taken is given by the numerator. It is,
therefore, clear that for two fractions with the same
denominator, the fraction with the greater numerator is
greater. Between 4/5 and 3/5, 4/5 is greater. Between
11/20 and 13/20, 13/20 is greater and so on.
Comparing unlike fractions
Unlike fractions with the same numerator: Consider a pair
of unlike fractions 1/3 and 1/5, in which the numerator is
the same.

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In 1/3, we divide the whole into 3 equal parts and take
one. In 1/5, we divide the whole into 5 equal parts and
take one. Note that in 1/3, the whole is divided into a
smaller number of parts than in 1/5. The equal part that
we get in 1/3 is, therefore, larger than the equal part we
get in 1/5. Since in both cases we take the same number
of parts (i.e. one), the portion of the whole showing 1/3 is
larger than the portion showing 1/5, and therefore 1/3 >
1/5.
We can see from the above example that if the
numerator is the same in two fractions, the fraction with
the smaller denominator is greater of the two. Thus,
1/7>1/9, 3/8>3/13, 4/7>4/9and so on.
Suppose we want to compare 3/5 and 5/6. Their
numerators are different and so are their denominators.
We know how to compare like fractions, i.e. fractions
with the same denominator. We should, therefore, try to
change the denominators of the given fractions, so that
they become equal. For this purpose, we can use the
method of equivalent fractions which we already know.
Using this method we can change the denominator of a
fraction without changing its value.
Let us find equivalent fractions of both 3/5 and 5/6.
3/5 = 6/10 = 9/15 = 12/20 = 15/25 = 18/30....

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Similarly, 5/6= 10/12 = 15/18 = 20/24 =25/30….
The equivalent fractions of 3/5 and 5/6 with the same
denominator 30 are 18/30 and25/30 respectively.
i.e. 3/5 = 18/30 and 5/6 = 25/30. Since, 25/30 > 18/30 we
have, 5/6 >3/5.
Adding or subtracting like fractions
The sum of two or more like fractions can be obtained as
follows:
Step 1: Add the numerators.
Step 2: Retain the (common) denominator.
Step 3: Write the fraction as: Result of Step 1 ÷ Result of
Step 2
Let us, thus, add 3/5 and 1/5. We have 3/5+ 1/5 = (3+1)/5
= 4/5.
Finding the difference
The difference of two like fractions can be obtained as
follows:
Step 1: Subtract the smaller numerator from the bigger
numerator.
Step 2: Retain the (common) denominator.

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Step 3: Write the fraction as: Result of Step 1 ÷ Result of
Step 2
Adding and subtracting fractions
We have learnt to add and subtract like fractions. It is
also not very difficult to add fractions that do not have
the same denominator. When we have to add or subtract
fractions we first find equivalent fractions with the same
denominator and then proceed.
What added to 1/4 gives 3/5? This means subtract 1/4
from 3/5 to get the required number.Since1/4 and 3/5
are unlike fractions, in order to subtract them, we first
find their equivalent fractions with the same
denominator. These are 5/20 and 12/20 respectively.
Therefore, 3/5 – 1/4 = 12/20 – 5/20 = (12 - 5)/20 = 7/20.
Note that 20 is the least common multiple (LCM) of 4
and 5.
Ex 4: Find 1/5 + 5/7
Sol: We can find equivalent fractions with the same
denominator of 1/5 as 7/35 and 5/7 as 25/35, so
1/5 + 5/7 = 7/35 + 25/35 = (7+25)/35 = 32/35

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Ex 5: Find 1/2 – 2/5
Sol: We can find equivalent fractions with the same
denominator of 1/2 as 5/10 and 2/5 as 4/10, so
1/2 - 2/5 = 5/10 – 4/10 = 1/10
How do we add or subtract mixed fractions?
Mixed fractions can be written either as a whole part plus
a proper fraction or entirely as an improper fraction. One
way to add (or subtract) mixed fractions is to do the
operation separately for the whole parts and the
fractional parts and the other way is to write the mixed
fractions as improper fractions and then directly add (or
subtract) them.
1 1
Ex 6: 2  1
5 4

Sol: we can write it as

1 1 1 1 4 5 9 9
2   1   (2  1)    3    3   3
5 4 5 4 20 20 20 20
(Note that 20 is the least common multiple (LCM)
of 4 and 5)
2 1
Ex 7: 3  2
3 5
Sol: we can write it as

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 2 1 2 1 10 3 13 13
3  2   (3  2)    5    5   5
3 5 3 5 15 15 15 15
(Note that 15 is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3
and 5)
Fractions as decimals:
Let us try to find decimal representation of (a) 11/5
(b)1/2
(a) We know that 11/5 = 22/10 = (20+ 2)/10 = 20/10 +
2/10 = 2 + 2/10 = 2.2. Therefore, 22/10 = 2.2 (in decimal
notation.)
(b) In ½, the denominator is 2. For writing in decimal
notation, the denominator should be 10. We already
know how to make an equivalent fraction. So, 1/2 = 5/10
= 0.5. Therefore, ½ is 0.5 in decimal notation.
Decimals as fractions
Till now we have learnt how to write fractions with
denominators 10, 2 or 5 as decimals. Can we write a
decimal number like 1.2 as a fraction? Let us see 1.2= 1 +
2/10 = 10/10 + 2/10 = 12/10

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Comparing Decimals
Let us now compare the numbers 32.55 and 32.5. In this
case, we first compare the whole part. We see that the
whole part for both the numbers is 32and, hence, equal.
We, however, know that the two numbers are not equal.
So, we now compare the tenth part. We find that for
32.55 and 32.5, the tenth part is also equal, then we
compare the hundredth part.
We find, 32.55 = 32 + 5/10 + 5/100 & 32.5 = 32 + 5/10 +
0/100, therefore, 32.55>32.5 as the hundredth part of
32.55 is more.
Ex 8: Which is greater?
(a) 1.099 or 1.99
(b) 2.889 or 2.89
Sol:(a) we first compare the whole part. We see that the
whole part for both the numbers is 1 and, hence equal.
We, however, know that the two numbers are not equal.
So, we now compare the tenth part. We find that for
1.099 and 1.99, the tenth part is not equal
Therefore, 1.99 > 1.099 as the tenth part of 1.99 is more.

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(b) Similarly in this example, we first compare the whole
part. We see that the whole part for both the numbers is
2 and, hence equal. Again we know that the numbers are
not equal, so, we now compare the tenth part. We find
that for 2.899 and 2.89, the tenth part is also equal, now
compare hundredth part. We find that for 2.889 and 2.89
hundredth part is not equal, hence 2.89 > 2.889 as
hundredth part of 2.89 is greater than hundredth part of
2.889.
Addition of Numbers with Decimals
Ex 9: Aisha spent Rs. 14.50 for buying a notebook and
Rs. 3.50 for one pencil. How much money did she
spend?
Sol: Money spent for notebook = Rs. 14.50. Money
spent for pencil = Rs. 3.50
Total money spent = Rs. 14.50 + Rs. 3.50, Total
money spent = Rs. 18.00
Ex10: Smriti travelled 6 km 25 m by bus, 3 km 275 m by
car and the rest 2 km 40 m she walked. How much
distance did she travel in all?
Sol: Distance travelled by bus = 6 km 25 m = 6.025 km
Distance travelled by car = 3 km 275 m = 3.275 km

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 Distance travelled on foot = 2 km 40 m = 2.040 km
So total distance travelled = 6.025 + 3.275 + 2.040
= 11.340 km
Subtraction of Decimals
Ex 11: Avinash had Rs. 6.35. He bought candies for Rs.
4.30. Find the balance amount left with Avinash.
Sol: Total amount with Avinash = Rs. 6.35.
Amount spent on candies = Rs. 4.30.
Balance amount of money = Rs. 6.35 – Rs. 4.30 =
Rs. 2.05
Ex12: Radha’s school is at a distance of 4 km 650 m from
her house. She travels 2 km 170 m on foot and the
rest by bus. How much distance does she travel by
bus?
Sol: Total distance of school from the house = 4.650
km.
Distance travelled on foot = 2.170 km.
Therefore, distance travelled by bus = 4.650km –
2.170 km= 2.480 km.
Thus, distance travelled by bus = 2.480 km or 2 km
480 m

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MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
You know how to find the area of a rectangle. It is equal
to length × breadth. If the length and breadth of a
rectangle are 7 cm and 4 cm respectively, then what will
be its area? Its area would be 7 × 4 = 28 cm2.
What will be the area of the rectangle if its length and
1 2
breadth are 4 cm and 3 cm respectively?
6 3
1 2 25 11 2
You will say it will be 4 × 3 =  cm . The
6 3 6 3
25 11
numbers and are fractions. To calculate the area of
6 3
the given rectangle, we need to know how to multiply
fractions. We shall learn that now.
Multiplication of a Fraction by a Whole Number
To multiply a whole number with a proper or an improper
fraction, we multiply the whole number with the numerator
of the fraction, keeping the denominator same.
3
Ex 13: Multiply 5 and
7
3 15
Sol: We have 5  
7 7
To multiply a mixed fraction to a whole number, first convert
the mixed fraction to an improper fraction and then multiply.

28
‘of’ represents multiplication.
Farida has 20 marbles. Reshma has 1/5thof the number
of marbles what Farida has. How many marbles Reshma
has?
As, ‘of’ indicates multiplication, so, Reshma has 1/5 × 20
= 4 marbles.
Ex 14: In a class of 60 students 1/4 of the total number
of students like to study English, 2/5 of the total
number like to study Mathematics and the
remaining students like to study Science.
(i) How many students like to study English?
(ii) How many students like to study Mathematics?
(iii) What fraction of the total number of students
like to study Science?
Sol: Total number of students in the class = 60.
(i) Of these 1/4 of the total number of students
likes to study English.
Thus, the number of students who like to study
English =1/4 of 60 =1/4 × 60 = 15.
(ii) Of these 2/5 of the total number of students
likes to study Mathematics.

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 Thus, the number of students who like to study
Mathematics =2/5 of 60 =2/5 × 60 = 24.
(iii) The number of students who like English and
Mathematics = 15 + 24 = 39. Thus, the number of
students who like Science = 60 – 39 = 21.Thus, the
required fraction = 21/60 = 7/20
Multiplication of a Fraction by a Fraction
1
Ex15: Sushmita reads part of a book in 1 hour. How
4
1
much part of the book will he read in 2 hours?
4
Sol: The part of the book read by Sushmita in 1 hour
1
= .
4
1
So, the part of the book read by her in 2 hours =
4
1 1 9 1 9
2 × =  
4 4 4 4 16

So, we find that we multiply two fractions

as Pr oductofNumerators
Pr oductofDeno min ators

When two proper fractions are multiplied, the product

is less than each of the fractions. Or, we say the value

30
 of the product of two proper fractions is smaller than
each of the two fractions.
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
John has a paper strip of length 12 cm. He cuts this strip
in smaller strips of length 3cm each. You know that he
would get 12 ÷ 3 = 4 strips.
John cuts another strip of length 12 cm into smaller
1
strips of length cm each. How many strips will he get
2
1
now? He will get 12 ÷ = 24 strips.
2
So, we are required to divide a whole number by a
fraction or a fraction by another fraction. Let us see how
to do that.
Division of Whole Number by a Fraction
To divide a whole number by any fraction, multiply that
whole number by the reciprocal of that fraction.
4
Ex 16: Divide 4 by
7
7
Sol: 4 7
4

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While dividing a whole number by a mixed fraction, first
convert the mixed fraction into improper fraction and then
solve it.
3
Ex 17: Divide 11 by 2
4
4
Sol: 11 4
11

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