CL9 Science K.B.

AcademyBY:- BY:- Imran Sir

CH1 Notes
 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
01

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter
All things which we see around us and use in our everyday life together constitute matter.
Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Matter is made up of particles.
Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and properties (physical and
chemical).

Physical Nature of Matter

• A physical property is that aspect of the matter that can be observed or measured without
changing its nature or composition.
• It is independent of the amount of matter present.
• Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture, melting point, boiling
point, solubility, etc.
• For a long time, two schools of thought prevailed regarding the nature of matter. One school
• believed matter to be continuous like a block of wood, whereas, the other thought that
matter was made up of particles like sand.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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Particles are very small

Particles of matter have spaces between them
This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a substance in other
substances. For example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in water level because the
particles of sugar get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
Particles of matter are always in motion
Particles of the matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they
possess. A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move
more vigorously.
Particles of matter attract each other
In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. To
break a substance, we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one
substance to another.
Diffusion
When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is called
diffusion. For example, spreading of ink in water.
During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
The rate of diffusion increases with increase in the temperature, due to increase in kinetic energy
of the particles.
Examples of diffusion in gases:
• The aroma of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable distance
due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a burning incense stick spreads all around due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a perfume spreads due to the diffusion of the perfume particles into air.
Examples of diffusion in liquids:
• Colour of potassium permanganate is acquired by water, on its own, due to the diffusion of
potassium permanganate particles in water.
• The spreading of ink in water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of ink particles in the water.
Examples of diffusion in solids:
• If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years, then the
particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other metal.
• If we write something on a blackboard and leave it undisturbed for atleast 10 to 15 days,
we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards. This is due to the
fact that some of the particles of chalk have diffused into the surface of the blackboard.

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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States of Matter
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid and gas on the basis of interparticle forces and the
arrangement of particles.
• These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or decreasing pressure and
temperature. For example, ice can be converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the
temperature.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Neither definite
Fixed shape and No fixed shape but
Shape and volume shape nor
volume has volume
volume

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Random and
Arrangement of Regular and Random and little
more sparsely
molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged
arranged

Flows from higher Flows in all

Fluidity Cannot flow
to lower level directions

Depends on
Free, constant
Movement Negligible interparticle
and random
attraction

Interparticle space Very less More Large

Interparticle attraction Maximum Medium Minimum

Density Maximum Medium Minimum

It depends on
Rate of diffusion Negligible interparticle Maximum
attraction.

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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Atomic view of the three states of matter

Solid

Liquid

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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Gas

States of Matter
Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State

The space between The space between The particles are much
the particles is very less. the particles is slightly more farther apart from one
as compared to solids, but another as compared to
still very less as compared solids and liquids. They have
to gases. The particles of a a very disorderly
liquid can slip and slide over arrangement of particles
each other. compared to the solids and
liquids.
The force of The force of The force of attraction
attraction between the attraction between the between the particles is
particles is strong. Thus, particles is strong enough negligible, hence particles of
particles in a solid are to hold the particles a gas move freely in all the
closely packed. together but not strong directions. Gases thus can
enough to hold the particles mix or diffuse
in a fixed position. into other gases.

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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The kinetic energy of The kinetic energy of The particles of a gas

the particles is very less and the particles is more than have maximum kinetic
so solids have an orderly that of solids. Thus, liquids energy. They move with high
arrangement of the have a disorderly speed in all directions and
particles. Therefore, solids arrangement of particles can exert pressure on the
have a fixed shape and compared to solids. walls of its container.
volume.

Effect of change of temperature on state of matter

On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases and they
begin to vibrate with a higher energy. Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the
particles reduces and particles get detached from their position and begin to move freely.

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.

Change of State of Matter (Phase transition)

Interconversion of States of Matter
The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the
original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.

Melting point (Solid → Liquid)

• The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid, at atmospheric pressure,
is called its melting point.
• Melting point is the characteristic property of a substance. For example, melting
point of ice is 0 C (273 K).
• The process, in which a liquid changes to its solid form, on cooling at a specific
temperature, is called freezing or solidification.
Latent heat: The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is
known as the latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is
called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion.

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 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
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• When we supply heat energy to water, the particles start moving faster.
• At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy
to break free from the forces of attraction of each other.
• At this temperature, the liquid starts changing into a gas.
Boiling Point: (Liquid → Gas)
• The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called its
boiling point.
• Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
• Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain energy to change into the gaseous state.
• For example, boiling point of water is 1000C. (Or 1000C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)

Latent heat of vapourisation: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into
gas, at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of
vapourisation.
Condensation (Gas → Liquid)
• The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
• Formation of clouds is due to the condensation of water vapour from the Earth’s surface.
• The heat removed from the surface through evaporation is released into the
atmosphere by the formation of clouds. This process cools the Earth’s climate.
Freezing point (Liquid → Solid)
The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.
Effect of Change of Pressure
• Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature.
• When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature
is lowered, the gas is liquefied.

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Evaporation (Liquid to Gas)

The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation or vapourisation.
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
• The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the liquid.
• The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
• Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
• An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Cooling due to evaporation
During evaporation, the particles of a liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to overcome
the inter-particle forces of attraction and undergo the phase change. The absorption of heat from
the surrounding makes the surrounding cool.
For example, sweating cools down our body.
Difference between Evaporation and Boiling

Evaporation Boiling

• It is a surface • It is a bulk phenomenon.

phenomenon.
• It is a slow process. • It is a rapid process.

• It takes place at all • It takes place at a

temperatures but definite and constant
below the boiling temperature.
point.

• It causes cooling • It does not causes

effects cooling effects

More to Know
Lately, scientists are talking about five states of matter or five phases of matter. These are -
solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and the Bose–Einstein condensate.
Plasma
The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the
form of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.

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Bose - Einstein Condensate

Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of matter.
Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein
Condensate. The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely
low density to super low temperatures.

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