Histo HW 2& Suggested Answers

NAME:
ID: 012224***
COURSE CODE: HISTOPATHOLOGY PRACTICAL
COURSE: CODE: MLP 412
ASSESSMENT 2
1). You are provided with a fresh brain tssue organ.
a). Give a gross descripton of the fresh organ.
b). Briefl describe how lou will fi the fresh brain
tssue organ received.
c). Describe and sketch a neuron of the brain tssue
organ.
ANSWERS
Summarl Descripton
The specimen was a whole fresh brain tssue
obtained from an adult human, weighing
approiimatell 1,350 grams. The cerebral cortei was
gralish, indicatng the presence of gral mater, with
well-defned convolutons of glri and sulci. The
central sulcus distnctll separated the frontal and
parietal lobes, while the lateral sulcus demarcated
the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal
lobes. The occipital lobe was located posteriorll.
The surface of the brain was covered with
numerous blood vessels, including prominent
branches of the middle cerebral arterl. The vessels
appeared engorged, refectng the freshness of the
specimen. The brain tssue was sof, gelatnous, and
moist, indicatve of high water content and the
presence of cerebrospinal fuid.No gross
pathological features such as masses, discoloraton,
lesions, or hemorrhages were observed. The
anatomical landmarks were intact, with no
deformites or structural abnormalites noted.
External Appearance
i) Cerebral Hemispheres
 Color:The cerebral cortei eihibited a gralish
hue tlpical of gral mater.
 Glri and Sulci: The surface was convoluted with
prominent glri and sulci. Major sulci, such as
the central sulcus and lateral sulcus, were well-
defned and distnctll separated the lobes.
 Lobes: The frontal, parietal, temporal, and
occipital lobes were clearll demarcated bl the
sulci and fssures.
ii)Cerebellum:
 Locaton: It was situated posteriorll and
inferiorll beneath the occipital lobes.
 Appearance: The cerebellum had a more
intricate folding patern, with smaller glri and
sulci compared to the cerebral hemispheres.
 Color: Similar to the cerebral cortei, it had a
gral outer laler and lighter inner white mater.
iii) Brainstem:
 Color and Teiture: The brainstem had a miied
appearance due to the interspersed gral and
white mater. It appeared more compact and
robust compared to the cerebral hemispheres
and cerebellum.
 Surface Vasculature
Numerous blood vessels were visible on the
surface, with major arteries such as the middle
cerebral arterl branching prominentll over the
cortcal surface.
 The vessels appeared engorged and were flled
with blood, indicatng the specimen’s freshness.
2. FiXATION OF FRESH BRAIN TISSUE USING 10%
FORMOL SALINE
MATERIALS NEEDED
 Fresh brain tssue
 Large container with a lid (suitable for
submerging the brain)
 10% formol saline soluton (prepared bl miiing
formalin with saline)
 Dissectng instruments (scalpel, scissors)
 Labels and markers
FIXATION PROCEDURE
 The brain tssue was carefulll placed on a
dissectng board. To ensure adequate
penetraton of the fiatve, the brain was
sectoned into coronal slices approiimatell 1 to
1.5 cm thick.
 The slices were made perpendicular to the long
aiis of the brain, ensuring all major regions
(cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem)
were adequatell represented in the slices.
 The brain sectons were placed into the
container flled with 10% formol saline,
ensuring that the tssue was fulll submerged in
the fiatve.
 The container was labeled with relevant
informaton (patent ID, date, and tlpe of
tssue).
 The brain tssue was allowed to fi in the
formol saline soluton for at least 24 to 48
hours.
 The container was occasionalll agitated gentll
to promote even distributon of the fiatve
around the tssue.
 The formol saline level was checked periodicalll
and topped up if necessarl to ensure the tssue
remained fulll submerged.
3. A neuron, or nerve cell, is the fundamental
working unit of the brain, responsible for receiving,
processing, and transmitng informaton through
electrical and chemical signals.The structure of the
Brain tssue organ include:
1. Cell Bodl (Soma):
The cell bodl is the neuron's core, containing the
nucleus, which houses the cell’s genetc material. It
is responsible for maintaining the cell's health and
metabolic functons. The soma also contains
cltoplasm, mitochondria (for energl producton),
and other organelles necessarl for cellular
processes.
2. Dendrites:
These are tree-like eitensions from the cell bodl
that receive signals from other neurons. Dendrites
have numerous branches, increasing the surface
area for slnaptc inputs. Thel contain receptors
that bind neurotransmiters released bl other
neurons, initatng electrical changes in the neuron.
3. Aion:
The aion is a long, slender projecton that
transmits electrical impulses awal from the cell
bodl to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It varies
in length from a fracton of an inch to several feet in
some cases. The aion hillock, located where the
aion joins the cell bodl, is the site where acton
potentals (electrical signals) are generated.
4. Mlelin Sheath:
The aion is ofen covered bl a mlelin sheath, a
fatl laler that insulates the aion and accelerates
the transmission of electrical signals. Mlelin is
produced bl glial cells (Schwann cells in the
peripheral nervous slstem and oligodendrocltes in
the central nervous slstem). The mlelin sheath is
interrupted at regular intervals bl nodes of Ranvier,
which facilitate rapid signal conducton through
saltatorl conducton.
5. Aion Terminals (Slnaptc Boutons):

The aion terminates in multple endings known as
aion terminals. These structures are involved in the
release of neurotransmiters into the slnaptc clef,
the space between the aion terminal and the
dendrite of the neit neuron. When an acton
potental reaches an aion terminal, it triggers the
release of neurotransmiters stored in slnaptc
vesicles.
6. Slnapse:
The slnapse is the juncton between the aion
terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cell
bodl of another neuron. It includes the preslnaptc
ending (aion terminal), the slnaptc clef, and the
postslnaptc membrane (dendrite or soma of the
receiving neuron). Neurotransmiters released into
the slnaptc clef bind to receptors on the
postslnaptc membrane, modulatng the electrical
state of the receiving neuron.
7. Neurotransmiters:
These are chemical messengers that transmit
signals across the slnaptc clef. Eiamples include
glutamate (eicitatorl), GABA (inhibitorl),
dopamine, serotonin, and acetllcholine. Each
neurotransmiter binds to specifc receptors,
elicitng diferent responses in the postslnaptc
neuron.
8.Node of Ranvier:The Nodes of Ranvier are tnl

gaps in the mlelin sheath that covers an aion. Thel
help speed up the electrical signals traveling down
the aion. The signal jumps from one node to the
neit, making the transmission much faster than if it
traveled along the entre length of the aion without
gaps.
9. Schwann Cell:Schwann cells are cells that wrap
around the aion to form the mlelin sheath in the
peripheral nervous slstem.
DIAGRAM OF BRAIN TISSUE ORGAN

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5. Aion Terminals (Slnaptc Boutons):

8.Node of Ranvier:The Nodes of Ranvier are tnl

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