PROJECT TITLE: WATER CLOSET

PRESENTED BY: FELIX OTIENO OTIENO

CENTRE CODE: 7371010

INDEX NO: 7371010041

INSTITUTION: RAMOGI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY.

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF CERTIFICATE IN PLUMBING.

SUPERVISOR NAME: MR. TOM ANGUJO

EXAM SERIES: JUNE-JULY 2022

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original work and has not been presented to KNEC for the award

of certificate in any other institution.

NAME: FELIX OTIENO OTIENO

SIGNATURE:

DATE: 18/5/2022

The project report is submitted for examination with my approval as the department supervisor.

NAME: MR. TOM ANGUNJO

SIGNATURE:

DATE:

Lecturer Department of Building and Civil Engineering of Ramogi Institute.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply indebted to all those who in their own individual ways contributed directly or

individually to the successful completion of this project. I salute Mr. Tom Angujo, the research

project supervisor for his scholarly advice and timely interventions in aligning my work without

his support I would have not reached this far.

My gratitude goes to the Head of Department Building and Civil Engineering who spared

their time and knowledge to provide necessary information to support my project.

May I also tank my colleagues who provided constructive critism in various sections of my study

and to my family and friends for their love, support and prayers.

Most of all may I thank the Almighty God for the gift of life and the ambition and strength

He inspired into me to pursuit of my program a midst challenging time.

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 DEDICATION

I wish to dedicate this work to my parents, my lecturer and to my fellow students for the support

they gave me so as to achieve this project.

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 ACRONIMS AND ABREVIATIONS

W.C- Water Closet

RIAT- Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology.

P.V.C- Polyvinyl Chloride

W.C.A- Waste Control Authority

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 ABSTRACT

Water closet has been considered as one of the hygienic and most efficient means of disposing

waste products in an organized manner, using this mechanism.

It has been easier and simpler way of managing waste both in public places and domestic

residential places more and more advancement has secured leading to invention of more

and more ways.

Under domestic closet a lot has come in place including closet which are recommended for

children and their size and easy way of cleaning and citation, different types of closet has

come into existence i.e. different types of wash down and many more has come in place. They

are designed in easy and simple way to use in public and have been developed to suit the

public domestic in public places.

Kenya has a county has move step ahead in advancement of this sector and more has

government has put in place measure of waste treatment like manufacturing of bio- digester,

recycling of waste product, under local authority, sewage management has been given first

priority in management of wash from city sewers companies and residential Manson.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................. iii

DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iv

ACRONIMS AND ABREVIATIONS............................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT................................................................................... 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT................................................................. 2

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS.................................................................................................... 2

1.4 THE BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT TO COMMUNITY...................................................3

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 4

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT MATERIALS REQUIRED AND

FUNCTIONS...............................................................................................................................4

2.1.1 Main features of water closet.......................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Materials for water closet................................................................................................4

2.1.3 Advantages of water closet............................................................................................. 5

2.1.4 Disadvantages..................................................................................................................5

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING DESIGNS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF WATER

CLOSET...................................................................................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Water closet location.......................................................................................................6

2.3.2 Floor space...................................................................................................................... 7

2.3.3 Turning space.................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.3 Grab bars......................................................................................................................... 7

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 2.4 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER CLOSET............................................7

2.5 WATER CLOSET INSTALLATION.................................................................................11

2.6 FINISHING TOUCHES......................................................................................................18

2.7 HOW FLUSHING CISTERN OPERATES........................................................................ 19

2.8 HINDRANCE TO PERFORMANCE OF A CISTERN..................................................... 19

2.9 WORK SCHEDULE........................................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................23

3.0 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 23

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.........................................................................................................23

3.2 DATA COLLECTION........................................................................................................ 23

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................23

CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 25

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS........................................................25

4.1 RESEARCH CONTEXT.....................................................................................................25

4.2 FINDINGS...........................................................................................................................25

RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................28

CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 29

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

th
In the late 19 century when indoor plumbing began being installed into homes, people had to

make rooms for their toilet that were to be installed, since it was one place into the home that

had indoor water, it was called the ‘ Water closet’ fun fault modern day building codes still

refers to designation.

Water closet is plumbing texture fitted with a seat and device for flushing the bowl and trap

made in one piece, which is connected to the city water and server system or other approved

water supply and sewer system.

Water closet come in various shape, designs and colors. The device is design for waste

properly in a sanitary sewer system. Most water closet have various designs features which

create different flushing actions principles.

There are several types of water closet but almost have smooth and easily cleaned surfaces

and be made in one piece wherever possible.

They are made from glazed fireclay, vitreous china or stainless steel and must be connected to

low or high level or be coupled depending on the type of water closet.

1.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

 Fostering thinking and analytical skills through hands on learning.

 Developing one or one connection with distinguished facility in their field of study
outside classroom.

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  Expanding knowledge and understanding of a chosen field study of study
outside classroom.
 Developing academic carriers and personal interest.

 Obtain clear idea on how utility work is to be served.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT

A research objective describes in the words, the results of the research project other

its implementation. It answers the questions. Example are;

 The study aims to find out if there is difference in question scums between students
exposed to direct instruction and flipped classrooms.

 To identify which items of project interacting are commonly legally required to be

released into the public domain.
 To assess them simple set to a more complex ones items.

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS

 To release of project information require time and resources and could distract from other
duties.
 Low management

 Inaccurate data

 It is more costly as for require a lot of money to do it.

 Confidentially on private sector may be doubtful as some people are not ready to
share with you various information.

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1.4 THE BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT TO COMMUNITY
 Strengthen cords ability and reputation of a learner

 Use of objective data to make informed decision.

 Get the holistic view of the researched.

 Validate international research.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT MATERIALS REQUIRED AND

FUNCTIONS.

The water closet is academic sanitary waste product which is used as toilet, this kind of toilet is

more hygiene and easy to clean. The toilet which is designed to sit known as water closet.

Usually sitting height of the water closet will be 400mm of (16 inches) is not going to be away

some but its standard height preferred when designing a water closet toilet, water closet is

attached by a tank for flushing, the water, the tank can be made of plastic material or cement

mostly plastic seat and cover will be connected with the water closet.

2.1.1 Main features of water closet

 Seating arrangement

 Cover

 Sitting cover

 Rat trap ‘S’, ‘U’ ‘J’ or ‘P’

 Syphon

 Flusher with proper flush tank and flushing chain push buttons.

 Push buttons

2.1.2 Materials for water closet

 Toilets, urinals and locatives are usually made of stable purloin or vitreous
china, although they are some tires made of glazed cast iron and stainless steel.

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2.1.3 Advantages of water closet
 Good for elderly people and sick people to use.

 Easy to clean

 More hygiene compared to squatting pen

 It is quite stylish

2.1.4 Disadvantages
 More water consumption

 Flushing requires six liters but in consent unit.

 It gives free problem in future.

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING DESIGNS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF WATER

CLOSET

a) Pressure Assisted Toilet System

The pressure assisted toilet design ported for big toilet bowls. It is a power pressured system

which is to use air. The air is under pressure which crosses water to be forced down straight to

the bowl. If others among substituential flushing power. The only down side to the flush

system is a bit noisy.

b) Gravity flush toilet system

One of the oldest flushing system is the greasy flushing toilet system. This kind of toilet make use

flushing pressure that compares from the water. They forcefully limit the waste in the toilet

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to the trap way from the bowl. There is siphoning action after each flush to help keep the bowl

clean. Operation is very gentle.

c) Double cyclone toilet system

The most modern toilet system on the market; is the double cyclone toilet system. The toilet

system has two nozzles that direct more water to the system or siphon crabbing more powerful

flush. The force system support the nozzles and force water to circle the bowl cleaning as it

flushes the adequate water flow across the bowl making the siphon more attractive. The

system is designed to use gravity to carry out the flush.

d) Wash down toilet system

A toilet system like this is made with big trap ways meant to make water from each trap. The

method used in its toilet flush system involves forcing water into the toilet bowl. The waste is

then taken out with the water via the trap. It usually has a gurgling sound which is caused by the

vacuum seal being broken.

e) Dual flush system

With the dual flush valve, you will have the option to do a half flush or fill flush with the same

valve. This kind of flush valve are designed depending on the toilet.

Large flush valve tend to move water taste which leads to a better flush. The type of flush

valve will differ for different types of toilet flush system.

2.3.1 Water closet location

The water closet mostly is located 16” (405mm) minimum to 18” (455) maximum from the floor.

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2.3.2 Floor space

The clearance around water closet is required to be 60” (15-25) minimum. Measure perpendicular

from the side wall and 56” (1420mm) measured perpendicular from the near wall.

The door swing is allowed to overlap the chime for water closet and century in a toilet room of

long there is ‘30°’ (760mm) x 48” (122mm) door space and the area of the door.

2.3.3 Turning space

Turning is required inside a toilet room. It can either be circular or T- shaped.

2.3.3 Grab bars

They are required to be installed of water closet of the side wall and near wall. They must be 33°

(860mm) minimum and 36” (915mm) maximum above the finish floor measured to the top of

the gripping surface (6094 position of grab bars).

Side wall

The side wall grab bar must be 42” (1065 mm) long minimum located 12” (305mm)

maximum from the near wall and extended 54” (1300mm) maximum from the near wall.

The wall grab bar must be 36” (915 mm) long minimum and extended from the coordinate of

the water closet 12” (305mm) minimum one side and 24” (40mm) minimum on the other side.

2.4 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER CLOSET

 The route to public facilities shall not pass through kitchen, storage room access to the

required facility shall be from within the building and from exterior of the building.

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  Toilet room shall not open directly into a room used for the proportion of food for

several to the public.

 In carried malls it shall be located not to move than one store above or below the space.

 Required public facilities shall be provided with sign that designate the set as

required. The signs should be variable located near the extends.

 Direction sign indicating the route to be required public toilet facilities shall be posted in

a lobby, corridor such that the sign can be needy from the main.

 Toilet room shall not open directly into room to avoid for the preparation of food

for service to the public.

Water closet for public facilities

 The structure and tenant space intended for public utilization for customers’ patrons

and visitor shall be provided with public toilet facilities.

 Exception

 Public toilet shall not be required parking gangers urban operated without attendants.

 Structure and tenants space intended for quick transactions including picking and drop

off, hiring a public access area less than or equal to 300 square feet (20m2).

 Access

 The route to public toilet shall not pass through the kitchen storage rooms or closet.

Access to the required touching shall be from within the building or from exterior of the

building. Rates shall comply with the accessibility requirement of this code.

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Door locking

 Where a toilet room is provided for the use of multiple occupant the egress door for

the room shall not be lockable from the inside of the room. This section does not apply

to family or assisted toilet rooms.

 Pay facilities

 Where pay facilities are installed, such facilities shall be in the required minimum

facilities, required facilities shall be free of charge.

Catastrophes you can avoid

 Don’t over tighten the toilet base mounting bolt or you risk breaking the toilet.

 The diameter of the cu stood opening for the waste pipe must be small enough than the
mounting flange for the toilet can best securely for the waste pipe and can be secured to

the sub floor.

 Allow toilet will leak into the floor structure and its present the calling below risking
costly not, insect damage or maid contamination or odours and sewer gas leak.

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2.5 WATER CLOSET INSTALLATION

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 a. Prepare the floor and soil pipe

Stuff a ray into the pipe to block sewer gas and mount hard care from failing in.

Check that the hole in the flow is long to accommodate the closet hanged of the collar. If the hole

need to be enlarge hanged base with a pencil then cut away the excess flowing with jigs, don’t

cut any joints.

Dry- feet the soil pipe into the closet bend, phase the hanged over the soil pipe the measure the

gap between the bottom, the hanged collar and the finish door.

Remove the soil pipe and use hand saw to trim it to the measurement into the permits stop.

Remove bars by scrapping the cut edge with utility.

Dry fit the plunge to the soil pipe and the soil pipe to the closet bend to ensure the hanged

collar not on the flow.

b. Install the soil pipe and closet flange

Replace toilet is to wipe. PVC primer on the inside other closet bend and on the outside of

one end of the soil pipe. Apply PVC to those same surface and immediately twist the soil pipe

into the closet bend.

Prime and apply cement to the bar end of the soil pipe and the inside of the closet. Twist

and porous the hanged on the soil pipe until the collar is seated on the flow.

Push the collar until its slobs are pushed to the right and left of the hole.

Secure the collar to the flow with stainless steel screws slow enough to bite into the sub- floor.

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 c. Solder the stop valve
 Shut off the both rooms supply value.

 Place a bucket beneath supply line then sever the line with a tubing cutter. Level about
inch of pipe to attach the stop valve and remove the valve handle and steam.

 Dry the pipe and outside with ray. Clean the inside and outside of the pipe and the inside
of the valve inlet using wire brush pipe cleaner apply the both areas.

 Heat the supply line stop valve joint with a proper torch once the joint is hot enough to
melt the soldier, remove the flame and non the soldier around the joint when a drop of

soldier appear at the bottom the joint is filled.

d. Install toilet wax ring set the bowl.

Invert the long brass closet bolts threaded drop into the plunged collar slots, slip and

brass washer over each.

Gently press the wax ring flat, side down, over the plunged.

Lift the toilet bowl over the plunge, align the holes in the base with the closet bolts and lower the

base on the plunged.

Press the bowl down into the wax ring until the bowl base rest on the floor, if the floor is vacuum

shrimp the bowl with stainless steel washes.

Slip nylon was over each bolt then bend thread nuts, tighten the nuts with a wrench one quarter

turn at the time. Alternating between the two stop when the washer meet from resistances over

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lightening will resistance over frightening will once the bowl with a hacksaw him the closet

holes as part two thread above the top of the not snap the plastic bolt cover into place.

e. Install the tank

Make sure the large diameter rubber into bowl. Wash on the outside and the bottom is

timely seated.

Fit the small diameter rubber tank washer into the small tank holes from inside of the tank

the inside the tank bolts.

Gently lower the tank onto the back of the bowl guiding the end of the tank bolts into the holes.

Slip nylon washer onto each bolt them hand thread the nuts.

Holding each bolt heed in place with the screw driver, hand tighten the nuts alternating from

not to not end checking repeatedly to make sure the tank is level over tightening will crack the

porcelain.

f. Install supply line and sort assembly

Using a tubing bender cover the supply line to fit between the stop valve outlet and the tank

supply biting fitting. Then build the proper flared end up between those two pantie lines

and mark it half an inch below the outlet. This will leave enough line to sit inside the outlet.

Cut the supply line of the mark made above using a tubing cuter.

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Slip the plastic nut compassion nut and compassion ring (in that older) into the supply line add a

thin coat of Teflon paste to the values outlet threads then seat the line in the outlet and fit the

compression ring.

2.6 FINISHING TOUCHES

Position the seat assembly over the bowl, then insert ½ plastic bolts through the seat back and

the bowl seat holes, tighten the knot by hand.

Turn the main supply line, open the stop value and allow the tank to fill. Flush six times the final

stop to check the leak.

Tools used for Installation

 Propane torch

 Sticker

 Paper cutter

 Tubing bender tool

 Drill

 Adjustable wrench

 Jig saw

 Tape measure

 Spirit level

 Screw driver

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2.7 HOW FLUSHING CISTERN OPERATES

As washer rises inside the cistern and inside the siphon, it compress the air under the

dome which creates pressure to prevent the water rising any further inside the siphon.

As the level continuous to rise outside the siphon, the pressure will eventually built up under

the dome and force the level of water in the trap down the flush pipe.

Water trice ling down the flushing pipe will also absorb source of the air inside the siphon which

will reduce the pressure, causing the greater atmospheric pressure sure acting on the water in the

cistern to force it through the siphon and down the flush pipe.

Features of water closet

 Bowl

 Ring

 Flange

 Wax seal

 Chain

 Flapper

2.8 HINDRANCE TO PERFORMANCE OF A CISTERN

a. Toilet won’t fill

The first thing to check is that the water supply behind the toilet is open call, the way to the right if

you haven’t accidentally closed off the water out of your taps then the problem is in the tank.

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Take a look of the float, because if control the water level in the tank its position is important ,

try adjusting the float, adjustment screw a little higher and sue it that works.

Some toilets have a fill in marked on the insides of the tank if it doesn’t a good rule of thumb

is to fill it to about an inch below the top of the overflow tube.

b. Toilet won’t flush or won’t flush A” the way

i. Clogs

You may have a clog or partial clog, if you have small children in the house, they may have

tried full experiments with flushing toys that didn’t quite wash out.

If you’ve some guest, they may have tried to flush paper towels, hygiene product, flushable

wipes (we didn’t consider this flushable) or simply for much toilet paper.

Our first step is to apply plugging the toilet with plunger to reduce splashing and get a good sized

plunge and wiggle it into place so it entirely covers the hole of the bottom of the bowl, you don’t

have to pull quickly. Just thoroughly that doesn’t work you can try using from hardware store.

Water on the floor around the toilet.

Assuming no one has raised the target it generally means one way or another the issue is

serious and usually requires plumber the common cause include;

 The wax seal between the bottom of the toilet and the main train has come loose offer
will leak only when you flush.

 There is a crack somewhere in the base of the toilet. This is often the case when he leak
is constant even if you don’t flush.

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TOILET TEST

a) Ball test: Double ball test

The ball should be made of non- absorbent material. The relative density of the ball should be

between 1.075 and 1.080. The diameters of the ball shall be 43+ 10.5mm place the ball shall be

discharged in the normal manner.

b) Fifty ball test

Fifty balls on non- absorbent having a mass each of 3.7+ 1.01gm and diameter 20+ 0.1 shall be

dropped into the water closet and should be fused out in the test.

c) Holding capacity test

The water closet who’s scaled up the outlet and vent (if fitted) with water tight seal shall be

capable of holding not less than 10litres between the normal water level and the hihest possible

water closet inserted.

d) Toilet paper test

The water closet shall be fitted with water, its normal water seal level and charged with six

pieces of used toilet paper or polythene sheet thickness of 0.05mm approximately and size of

150x115 and loosely crumbled. It shall then be repeated four times and the water should be

discharged the full charged paper.

Compliant of water closet

When selecting the water closet in commercial constructive. It requires the water closet bowls

be off the elongated type rather than the type you usually adherence to the standard when

submitting drawings for permit.

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Water closet shall be equipped with seats but these are typically used for residential homes.

Integral water closet seats shall be of the same interval.

2.9 WORK SCHEDULE

The work will be done in one day where of will commence of 10: 00 a.m. in the morning and end

in the evening of basic begins by solving the right position where the pan will be laid and hence

in the fixing the findings.

Construction procedure

Prepare the floor and sew the pipe

Install the pipe and closet flange

Soldier the stop valve

Install the total wax ring, set the bowl

Install the tank

Install the supply link and seat assembly

Position the seat assembly over the bowl then insert the bowl

Plastic bolts through the seat back and the bowl

Turn the main supply line, open the stop valve and allow the tank to fill. Flush six times and

finally check the leak.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Finds the nature of activities

The chapter presents the methodology that was applied in the study; it outlines the design,

data collection method and how data was analyzed.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was conducted through a case study; a case study method gives in depth and

detailed.

Understanding of a single entity to be studied in respect of case study. Efforts are made to

know the mutual interrelationship of the casual factor.

Cause study is a powerful form of qualitative analysis provided a detailed and in depth

information with minimum expenditure of time, effort and money. It involved gathering

opinions and views of challenges of study.

3.2 DATA COLLECTION

For the proposed study primary data was collected by use of interviewer guide consulting of

open ended question failure made in referencing to the responsibilities of different members of

contractions.

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS

Content analysis is adopted in analyzing data collected which was qualitative in nature either

edition for consisting and completeness. Content analysis is action of qualitative analysis of

data that is no empirical in nature and it’s where researches obtain detailed information about a

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phenomenon being studied and try to establish trends and relationship from information

gathered; further to the above the method measure the systematic and the emergency.

Finding nature of activities

Description of the proposed project materials required and functions

ITEM FUNCTIONS

PVC GLUE -joining pvc pipes

SILICON -To help in mounting of pipes together.

CISTERN FLUSHING -For holding water for flushing.

PAN -Place for sitting during the cells

CLOSET BOLT -For tightening the pan on the floor to make of firm.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

4.1 RESEARCH CONTEXT

Despite the long term interest in finalizing the project, the final information is collected from

different sources and put together to make it successful. The information has come from

different sources like; institution, organizations and unions. I.e. National Construction Authority

(NCA), sewerage and waste management Authority.

Authority International Plumbing Codes, Local Authority on water supply and Ramogi Institute

of Advanced Technology (RIAT.

Although there are, notable expectations the majority of research has focused on water

closet installation and requirement

4.2 FINDINGS

Water closet has a lot of things to be discussed from the type of water of water closet, installation

and how it’s being install.

This research project has enabled me as a student to gather a lot on water closet, installation

procedure.

Key notes on how it is being installed

More shore, I have come across different types of water closet like pressure assisted toilet

system, gravity flush toilet system, doubled cyclone toilet system, wash down toilet, dual flush

system and how they are being installed.

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I dearly gained a lot on the requirement on sizes and dimensions required for a toilet and water

closet at large.

Lastly, limitations of research problems and possible solutions on how it is being solved.

Furthermore. The research will enable solve problems that might occur in real work

situations and develop more skills and how the real work is done.

Possible limitations of the researcher

a) Assess; if the study depends on having asses to people, organizations or documents and

for whatever reason, asses is otherwise limited.

b) Fluency in language; if the study focuses on measuring the perceived value after school

tutoring among (English has a second language) there will be limitations to interpret what

you are being told maybe it’s in another language.

c) Longitudinal effect; due to distances, it might be very difficult for you to assess the

information, sometimes it require you to walk longer distances in order to acquire

information or get access to it.

Possible methodological limitations

a) Sample size – the type of the project is dictated by the type of the research problem.

Note that if your sample size is too small, it will be difficult to find significant

relationships from the data. As a test normally require a larger sample size to ensure a

representative distribution.

b) Lack of prior research studies on the topic – citing prior research studies forms the basis

of your literature review and help in foundations for understanding the research

problems you are investigating.

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 c) Measures used to collect data. Sometimes it is the case that after completing your

interpretation of findings. You discover the way in which you gathered data inhibit

your ability to conduct thorough analysis of the results.

d) Self – reported – whether you are relying on pre- existing self-reported data or you are

conducting qualitative research study gather data yourself. Self – reported data is limited

by the fact that it rarely can be independently verified. You have to take what people

say, focus group or on questionnaires at face value, however, self-reported contain

several potential.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS

I will recommend that the project is of good importance to us as students who are taking

different courses pertaining engineering.

It is my original work and I would recommend it to be used for study in coming future. As

is talk’s and dwell a lot on modern installation of water closet.

It would be of more pleasure to me to complete this my project and recommends it for use

and foe making.

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 CONCLUSIONS

During my study I would conclude that, there are a lot of problems I have come across during

my research project work. Some of which were assess information was a hindrance as some

people were not ready to air out the information and in case the information is availed out it

might be bias. In that the information might be irrelevant, another one is lack of proper research

which makes the work inappropriate of make it incomplete.

Overall, I would conclude that, due to many problems that I came across during my research, my

work is complicated successfully and I gained a lot of knowledge and experience during my

study and my work. This will enabled me get courage on how will handled my day today work

activities in my field of study.

Under water closet, I have come to learn a lot of different type of water closet, there installation

and many things behind it.

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