Bahar Dar Project

DESIGN REPORT ON BAHIR DAR TOWN
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

PROJECT
Arba Minch Institute of Technology
Department Of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering
June, 2013
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled design of Bahir Dar town water supply system. Project
is a genuine work done and submitted by the group mentioned below in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Water supply and
environmental engineering at Arba Minch University
1. GEDEFAW ABEBE
2. GEZAHEGN MOLITO
3. ISA KEDIR
4. JEMAL MOHAMMED
5. KELELA W/GEBRIEL
6. KELEMUAKUME
7. KUFA WAKO
8. NASREDDIN ALIYI
9. REMLA KAMEILA
10. TESHIBELAY ASHAGRE
Under Guidance of
Ato Beshah Mogesse (MSc.) ___________________
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises, glory and honor are to the almighty GOD who enabled us to complete our study in
Arba Minch University. We would like to express our special thanks and heartfelt appreciation to
our project advisors Ato Beshah Mogosse for his supporting and valuable advising during the
course of the project and for his support by providing necessary material that help us to safe
completion of our project. And also we would like to express our appreciation and good feelings to our
project advisor, Ato Beshah Mogesse, for his genuine participation and intelligent guidance who solved
varieties of difficulties in the process of our project work. It is with his motivation and persuasion that we
come up with the completion of the project.
Last but not least, the group member would like to express thank those who helped us materially,
manually and financially for successful completion of this project. .We would like to express our
gratefulness to Arba Minch University librarians for providing us access to the reference materials and
books. Finally, we are very much happy to express our heartfelt thanks to our families and friends
who have supported throughout our study in AMU.
II
ABSTRACT
This Report consists of the design of water supply and sanitation of Bahir Dar town as per the
information on feasibility study. The existing water supply system for Bahir Dar town is more or
less functional. Regards to the alarmingly increasing of population and the development of the
town, the existing water supply is not sufficient. Therefore, additional water supply is a must. By
this case to meet the present and future demand, a new project has been designed for the next 25
years, until the year 2038.
In forecasting the population geometric increasing method was used and the design populations
of 324900 and 485600 estimated for phase I and II respectively. Similarly the average daily
demand for the two phases found to be 345 l/s and 829.2 l/s. To satisfy this demand three springs
( Areke, Lomi and Tikur wuha ) and Lake Tana have been selected.
Eleven service reservoirs have been designed with the capacity of 2000m3. This report includes
the structural design of the reservoir. Moreover, the distribution system designed thoroughly to
meet the pick hour demand using Epanet 2.0. Generally, the project needs a capital cost of
265,456,836.6 Birr to implement.
III
ABREVATION
PVC polyvinylchloride
L/C/P Liter per capital per day
HTU House connection tap users
YTU Yard connections tap users
PTU Public tap users
NTU Neighbor taps users
TSU Traditional shared users
CSA Central statistical Authority
WHO World health organization
EWWCA Ethiopian water works constructions Authority
LL Live load
DL Dead Load
DWL Dynamic water level
ML Million liters
DCI Ductile Cast Iron
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
IV
Contents
CERTIFICATE .............................................................................................................................................. I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ II
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. III
ABREVATION............................................................................................................................................ IV
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 General.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Location and topography .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Geology ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Economic activities........................................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Objective of the Project ................................................................................................................ 2
1.7 Existing Water supply and sanitation............................................................................................ 2
1.7.1 Existing water supply ............................................................................................................ 2
1.7.2 Source of water and supply system ...................................................................................... 3
1.7.3 Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 3
2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESEMENT ............................................................... 4
2.1 Design period ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Population forecasting ................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Water demand assessment .......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Water demand ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 Classification of water demand............................................................................................. 5
2.3.3 Domestic demand projection ............................................................................................... 5
2.3.4 Non-domestic demands ........................................................................................................ 8
2.3.5 Total demand ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.6 Summary of water demand ................................................................................................ 10
3. WATER SOURCE AND INTAKE STRUCTURE ............................................................................ 12
3.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Source selection .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Intake structure........................................................................................................................... 13
4. PUMP.................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.1 Pumping design parameters ....................................................................................................... 17
V
4.2 Design of raising mains ............................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Economical pumping main diameter .......................................................................................... 19
5. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT ......................................................................................... 21
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 21
5.2 Water quality analysis of the source........................................................................................... 21
5.3 Water treatment plant................................................................................................................ 21
5.4 Treatment plant design............................................................................................................... 21
5.4.1 Chemical used for the treatment ........................................................................................ 21
5.4.2 Design of approach channel................................................................................................ 22
5.4.3 Design of the mixing tank ................................................................................................... 22
5.4.4 Design of hydraulic flocculation .......................................................................................... 22
5.4.5 Design of horizontal baffle channel flocculator .................................................................. 23
5.5 Plain sedimentation .................................................................................................................... 24
5.5.1 Design of horizontal flow sedimentation tank .................................................................... 25
5.5.2 FILTRATION ......................................................................................................................... 26
5.5.3 Under Drainage System ...................................................................................................... 27
5.6 Back wash arrangements ............................................................................................................ 28
5.6.1 Pump for Lifting Wash Water ............................................................................................. 29
5.6.2 Wash water supply mains ................................................................................................... 29
5.6.3 Wash water trough ............................................................................................................. 29
5.6.4 Wash water tank ................................................................................................................. 29
5.7 Disinfections................................................................................................................................ 30
5.8 Clear Water Well ......................................................................................................................... 30
6. SERVICE RESERVOIR ..................................................................................................................... 31
6.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 31
6.2 Site of Distribution Reservoir ...................................................................................................... 31
6.3 Determination of storage Capacity of Reservoirs ....................................................................... 31
6.4 Accessories of Reservoir ............................................................................................................. 35
6.5 Types of service reservoir ........................................................................................................... 35
6.6 Design of water retaining structure ............................................................................................ 35
6.7 Structural analysis ....................................................................................................................... 35
6.7.1 Design of circular tank with fixed base and free at the top ................................................ 35
VI
6.7.2 Design of reservoir wall....................................................................................................... 35
6.7.3 Detail Reinforcement .......................................................................................................... 36
6.7.4 Design of roof slab .............................................................................................................. 38
6.7.5 Design of circular base –slab ............................................................................................... 40
7. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 43
7.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 43
7.2 Lay Out Of Distribution System ................................................................................................... 43
7.3 Design procedure of the distribution system ............................................................................. 43
7.4 Selection of Pipe Materials ......................................................................................................... 43
7.5 Hydraulic Design Consideration .................................................................................................. 44
7.6 Appurtenances ............................................................................................................................ 44
7.7 Analysis of water distribution net work ...................................................................................... 45
7.7.1 Nodal demand computation ............................................................................................... 45
7.7.2 Computer analysis of distribution system .......................................................................... 45
8. SANITATION ........................................................................................................................................ 46
8.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems ............................................................................................... 46
8.2 Sanitation facilities in domestic area .......................................................................................... 46
8.2.1 Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines ....................................................................................... 46
8.2.2 Pour-flush Toilets ................................................................................................................ 47
8.2.3 Septic Tanks ........................................................................................................................ 48
8.2.4 Design of sewer water ........................................................................................................ 48
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT .................................................................................. 49
9.1 Possible impacts on the project .................................................................................................. 49
9.1.1 Positive impacts .................................................................................................................. 49
9.1.2 Negative impacts................................................................................................................. 49
9.2 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................... 50
10. COST ESTIMATION ..................................................................................................................... 51
11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................. 52
11.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 52
11.2 Recommendation........................................................................................................................ 53
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................................. 54
VII
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Design periods for various units of water supply system ............................................................. 4
Table 2-2 Given population data................................................................................................................... 5
Table 2-3 Percentage of population by demand category ........................................................................... 6
Table 2-4 consumption of per capital water demand (1995) ....................................................................... 6
Table 2-5 projected per capital water demand by demand categories........................................................ 7
Table 2-6 Adjustment due to mean annual precipitation............................................................................. 7
Table 2-7 Adjustment due to socio- economic condition ........................................................................... 7
Table 2-8 Projected of domestic water demand by mode service ............................................................... 8
Table 2-9 Projected public demand .............................................................................................................. 9
Table 2-10 Estimated losses as percentage of domestic plus public demand.............................................. 9
Table 2-11 Summarized water demand ...................................................................................................... 11
Table 6-1 The analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase one ..................................................... 32
Table 6-2 The analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase two ..................................................... 33
Table 6-3 Coefficients of vertical moment and hoop tension (tanks wall with fixed base and free at top)
.................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 10-1 Summarized Cost Estimate for two phases. ............................................................................. 51
List of Figures
Figure 6-1Mass-curve diagrams for phase one........................................................................................... 33

Figure 6-2M ass-curve diagrams for phase two.......................................................................................... 34
List of Annex
Annex I Distribution network for Phase 1 ................................................................................................ 55

Annex II: Distribution network for Phase 2 ............................................................................................. 62
Annex III: Cost estimation ........................................................................................................................ 71
VIII
Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Water is one of the necessities for human being and for all living things. Water means nothing
but just life as it constitutes the major part of the core of the cell, the protoplasm which is about
70% in content of the cell , even though water is a critical necessity for life , it has on adverse
effect to life unless and other wise properly handled.
Ethiopia is very well known for its enormous potential all of which is generated in its own
tertiary and it is still known the water towers in Africa. However, most towns of Ethiopia have a
problem of adequate and potable supply of water. Similarly Bahir Dar has a series water
problem. The design study includes brief assessment of physical and social conditions of
infrastructures, water sources and potentially existing and future water requirement of the town
.Therefore the study sets out the forecast of water demands throughout the design period and
identification of sources capable of supply in those demands both quantifiably and qualitatively.
This project report presents the reassessment and design of water supply system for Bahir Dar
town. The work consists of assessment of existing water supply system, population forecasting,
demand assessment, suitable source identification, design of treatment plant, selection of pumps
for suitable heads and capacity design of service reservoir and distribution of networks.
1.2 Location and topography

Bahir Dar is located in the northwestern part of the country at a distance of 565 kms by road
from Addis Ababa on the Gondar high way. The town is the center of the Amhara National
Regional State and it is bounded to the north by Lake Tana and marks the sources of the great
Blue Nile River. The town is approximately enclosed between 110 35’ N altitudes and 370 23’ W
longitudes. The landscape is flat with some small hills to the east and west. The average
elevation in the town is about 1795 m.a.s.l.
1.3 Climate
Climate, which is a long-term view of the weather pattern of a particular locality, is frequently
more useful as an environmental tool. In order to understand the environment and the possible
impact of human activity on it a basic knowledge of climate is required.According to the
Ethiopian temperature zoning of the town of Bahir Dar having an average elevation of 1795 m
above mean sea level lies between the Kolla and Weyna Dega zones. It has a very pleasant
climate with warm days and cool nights.
The mean annual precipitation is about 1037 mm, 54% of the falls in july and august and only
3% falls during the four dry months. The mean annual ambient temperature is 160c. Maximum
temperature usually occurs in March to May. The mean monthly maximum exceeds 260c.
Minimum temperatures are at their lowest in November to February.
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Final Year Project
Introduction
1.4 Geology
Bahir Dar area, which is located in the southern part of Lake Tana basin, is characterized by
volcanic rocks of different age. The volcanic in Lake Tana region is divided into two major
parts; the first part is the older part, which belongs to Tertiary, while the second and younger part
is the quaternary volcanic product. The quaternary volcanic, which occupied large part of the
southern and southwestern Lake Tana basin, also outcrop in most part of the study area. This
group is sometimes known as the ‘Aden group’. In the southern part of Lake Tana basin where
the study area is located one can see numerous widely spaced small crates and cinder cones,
which covered several hundred square kilometers. The relatively recent lava flows, cinder cones,
and dikes occurring at Bahir Dar area are the youngest phases of volcanic activity in the Lake
Tana sub basin.
1.5 Economic activities

Bahir Dar town has a considerable potential to be an industrial center. Presently there are two
factories, namely textile and edible oil factories. The textile factory has a capacity of producing
20 million square meters of textile and 800 tons of yarn. It is envisaged that factory’s production
capacity will double. Two other manufacturing industries that are envisaged to be established in
the town are the match factory and a tannery. The production capacity of the match factory, in a
single shift is estimated to be 75 million match boxes per annum. The town is also an important
centre where trade and commercial activities are lively. There are three market places and the
main market day is Saturday. The major agricultural activities being practiced in the town of
bahir dar are fish farming; horticulture and animal husbandry .in order to expand the fishing
industry studies have been conducted on Lake Tana rcently but are not yet implemented.
1.6 Objective of the Project

The objective of the project is to identify the suitable source to fulfill the demand of the rapily
increase population both in quality and quantity at a reasonable cost without affecting the
environmental circumstance of the project area.
1.7 Existing Water supply and sanitation

1.7.1 Existing water supply
The water supply system of Bahir Bar was first designed and constructed in 1961.the system was
installed using lake tana as a source.since then, an additional intake on lake tana was constructed,
new boreholes were drilled in system has taken place. Most of the town is supplied by system
except the textile factory and edible oil mill. They have their own water supply system from
Abbey river & boreholes respectively.
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Final Year Project
Introduction
1.7.2 Source of water and supply system

The existing water supply source of bahar dar town is Lake Tana and six boreholes drilled in the
town. The lake source has three intakes equipped with low lift pumps. The two intakes where
constructed recently to augment the old intake.
The capacity of two steel clarifiers each initially having 14m3/hr and the clarifier gravitates into
single settled water tank having a volume 60m3 where chlorine is added into the water by a gas
chlorinator. Most of the treatment plant equipment is not functioning. The water from the 1873m
elevated reservoir is flowing by gravity through the distribution system supplying the western
and eastern part of the part of the town and areas around the reservoir.
In general, the distribution network coverage is inadequate due to pipe sizes are small and system
pressure is low. The major problem of the water supply service is shortage of water.
1.7.3 Sanitation
Bahir Dar town has no sewerage system and only few households have flushed toilets. The
majority of the population uses dry pit latrines. The town has nine public toilets constructed by
the municipality, 16 constructed by UNICEF. The town used individually 59.7% of the sanitary
facilities and 14.7% are shared. Some 33.5% of the households are not satisfied with their
present latrine system because of lack of privacy and sanitation problem of the facilities.
The existing storm water sewers are not effective at present because of small diameters and
blockage by dirt and rubbish carried by the flood water. Due to lack of finance, timely
maintenance of the sewer system is not being done. (source Feasibility study Bahir Dar town ).
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESEMENT
2.1 Design period

Design period is the number of years for which the design of water works has been done. Before
designing and construction of water supply scheme, it is necessary to assure that the water works
have sufficient capacity to meet the future water demand of the town for the fixed design period.
Design period should be neither long nor short.
Table 2-1 Design periods for various units of water supply system
s.no Name of units Design period

1 Pump house 30
2 Pump 12
3 Generator 25
4 Water treatment unit 25
5 Distribution pipe 30
6 Service reservoir 50
7 Weir 50
Source (Dr.B.C punmia, water supply Engineering)
The expansion rate of the town is very high, the fund available for completion of water supply
project enough and long durable period of materials that are used in water supply system for
shown in the Table 2.1. For these reasons to fix 25 year design period for Bahir Dar town.
2.2 Population forecasting

After the design period has been fixed, the population of the town in various periods has to be
determined. As population of the area increases in the future, the correct present and past
population data have to be taken form census office to determine design population the area by
considering growth rate of the town. The population will be changed from time to time by factors
such as birth, death, migration and annexation .The most common techniques in population
forecasted are Arithmetic increase method, Geometric increase method, Incremental increase
method and Method used by Ethiopian Statistics Authority.
 From above methods we selected geometric increase method due to the Bahir Dar town
constantly developed for future and the population growth rate very high expansion for
year to year and also it is fastly growing city.
 The population growth rate of bahir dar town is very high and difficult to distribute water
supply equal amount of water. For this case to reduce the shortage of water and to be
economical until the design period of our project and then the project has two phases.
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
Table 2-2 Given population data
Year 1989 1994 1997 1998 2003 2008 *2013 *2028 *2038
Phase I Phase II
Population 67000 87767 95076 98957 120866 145427 17778 324900 485600
*indicates forecasting values
Therefore, according to the selected forecasting method the design populations for the 1st and 2nd
phases are 324,900 and 485600 respectively.
2.3 Water demand assessment

2.3.1 Water demand
The design and execution of any water supply scheme requires an estimate of the total amount of
water required by community. The total amount of water demand is affected by the expected
development of the city, presence of industries, quality of water and its cost, characteristics of
the population and efficiency of the water work administration.
2.3.2 Classification of water demand

Water demand can classified in to the following branches depending up on the type of consumer.
 domestic water demand
 Public water demand
 Commercial and industrial water demand.
 unaccounted water demand
 Fire water demand.
2.3.3 Domestic demand projection

The water demand for actual household activity is known as domestic water demand. It includes
water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing, toilet, etc. The demand will depend on
many factors, the most important of which are economic, social and climatic factors.
For reasonable and procedural projection of domestic demand, it is always necessary to analyses
the situation in the step wise manner.
A) Population percentage distribution by mode of service.
B) Establishment of per capital demand by purpose for each mode of service.
C) Projection of consumption by mode of service.
D) Adjustment due to climate and socio-economic condition.
E) Projection of domestic water demand
A) Population percentage distribution by mode of service

In the Bahir Dar town five demand categories have been adopted. These are:-
 House tap users (HTU)
 Yard tap users (YTU)
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
 Public tap users (PTU

 Traditional source user (TSU)
 Neighborhood tap user(NTU)
In the case of Bahar Dar the distribution of population for each mode of service is given in Table
2.3 below.
Table 2-3 Percentage of population by demand category
Mode Year
of 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 *2013 **2028 **2038
service
TSU 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4.4% 1.4% 0.6%
PTU 0% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
NTU 42% 35% 30% 25% 20% 19 19.4% 16.4% 14.4%
YTU 37% 40% 42% 45% 47% 46% 46.4% 43.4% 41.4%
HTU 15% 15% 18% 20% 23% 26% 24.8% 33.8% 39.8%
(Source: Feasibility study of Bahr Dar town) *interpolated value and **extrapolated values
B) Establishment of per capital demand

When the new system will be operational the consumption will be higher and according to the
feasibility study the following per capital water demand are established for 1995 on the basis of
the requirements for different uses.
Table 2-4 consumption of per capital water demand (1995)
Mode of service
Purpose TSU PTU YTU HTU NTU
Drinking 4 4 4 4 4
Cooking 1 4 6 10 5
Ablution 1 3 10 12 5
Washing(utensils& - 2 7 16 4
house)
Cloth washing - 2 8 8 2
Flushing water - - - - -
Closet - - - 12 -
Total 6 15 35 62 20
(source: Feasibility study of Bahr Dar water supply)
C) Projection of per capital demand by mode of service
There are factors that affect the growth rate of mode of service. The most common and important
factors are:-
 Capacity of the community to afford the water tariff
 Availability and quality of water
 The water institution capacity in terms of staffing, equipment & other facilities
etc.
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
Table 2-5 projected per capital water demand by demand categories
Year
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 *2013 *2028 *2038
Demand
category
TSU - 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
PTU - 15 15.8 16.6 17.4 18.3 17.7 21 22.4
NTU 7 20 21.6 23.3 25.1 27.0 26 32 35.7
YTU 9 35 38.6 42.7 47.1 52.0 50 64.7 74.5
HTU 17.5 62 68.5 75.6 83.4 92.0 88.7 114.4 131.6
(Source: Feasibility study on Bahr Dar town) *projected value
D) Adjustment due to climate
A change in climate is one of the factors, which affect the water demand of the population under
consideration. Bahr Dar town is categorized under mean annual rainfall between 900- 1200mm
which is 1037mm. the appropriate climate adjustment factor is 1 from the table 2.6. Due to the
annual precipitation and socio-economic condition of the town necessary to adjust the above
demand based up on the following guide line.
Table 2-6 Adjustment due to mean annual precipitation
Group Mean annual precipitation Adjustment factor

A Less 900 1.1
B 900-1200 1.0
C More 1200 0.9
Table 2-7 Adjustment due to socio- economic condition
Group Description Adjustment factor

A Town with high living and very high 1.1
potential development
B Town with high potential and lower living 1.05
standard
C Town under normal Ethiopian condition 1.0
D Advanced rural town 1.09
In the case of Bahr Dar, the annual mean precipitation is about 1037mm and the socio-economic
condition of the town is high living standard & very potential development that belongs to group
B & A respect in both cases.
Thus, the overall adjustment of the projected per capital demand for the town can be calculated a
D adjusted = climatic factor* socio-economic factor*D
D adjusted = D * 1.0* 1.1= 1.1D
Where: - D adjusted = adjusted per capital domestic demand
D= domestic demand
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
E) Projection of Domestic Water Demand.

The whole purpose of assessment of the available mode of services, estimation of water demand
by mode of service, estimation of population distribution by mode of service and application of
adjustment factors leads to the calculation of the domestic water demand. The projected domestic
water demand is presented in the table 2.8.
Table 2-8 Projected of domestic water demand by mode service
Unit Year
2013 2028 2038
Population 177786 324900 485600
Coverage by mode of service %
TSU 4.4% 1.4% 0.6%
PTU 5% 5% 5%
NTU 19.4% 16.4% 14.4%
YTU 46.4% 43.4% 41.4%
HTU 24.8% 33.8% 39.8%
Population served by
TSU 7823 4549 2914
PTU 8889 16245 24280
NTU 34490 53284 69926
YTU 82493 141007 201038
HTU 44091 109816 193269
Domestic per capital demand
TSU 6 6 6
PTU 17.7 21 22.4
NTU 26 32 35.7
YTU 50 64.7 74.5
HTU 88.7 114.4 131.6
Adjustment factor 1.0*1.1 1.0*1.1 1.0*1.1
Consumption per day
TSU 51.6 30 19.2
PTU 173 375.3 598.3
NTU 986.4 1875.6 438.4
YTU 4537 1035.5 16475
HTU 4301.9 13819.2 27977.6
Total domestic demand 10049.9 17135.6 45508.5
2.3.4 Non-domestic demands

1. Public demand
The water required for. When school, hospital, hotel, public facilities, parks, offices, commercial,
military camps, etc is called public demand the time of consumption of new water supply
system. , the number of domestic connection will increase. The following table 2.9 of percentage
estimation as daily domestic demand is given below from feasibility study.
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
Table 2-9 Projected public demand
Year public demand as% of daily Public demand

domestic demand M3/d
1990 36 -
2000 35 -
2010 30 -
2015 30 -
*2013 31 3062.7
**2028 26 7041.4
**2038 22 1347.7
( Source: Feasibility study of Bahir Dar town) *interpolated value & ** extrapolated values
2. Industrial demand
The demand for industrial water supply is generally assessed separately. In case of Bahir Dar
town some categories of industries will be included in domestic demand. But industries having
high water consumption are often expected to have their own source of supply. For example, the
existing textile, match and edible oil factories have their own water source. Hence future
industrial water demand is not considered at this stage.
3. Fire requirements
The quantity of water needed to extinguish fire depends upon population, contents of Buildings,
density of buildings and their resistance to life. If fires are not properly controlled and
extinguished in minimum possible time, they lead to serious damages and may burn the city.
Therefore, by above case to taken more accurate & life sever is 6% of domestic demand for fire
fighting in the up to end of design period.
4. Uncounted for water loss

Defective joints in the main, broken and cracked pipes, defective house connections and faulty
plumbing, an authorized water connection causes the water loss. This allows continuous flow of
water going to waste. Care full maintenance and universal metering can minimize this.
Given data from feasibility study of Bahir Dar town for the year 1990,1995 & 2015 water loss
are 42%,15% & 20% respectively and calculated in table 2.10.
Table 2-10 Estimated losses as percentage of domestic plus public demand
Year % of loss M3/d

2013 20 2622.5
2028 23.3 5633.2
2038 26 14782.6
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
2.3.5 Total demand

In considering the design of the different element of each water supply scheme, the following
demand conditions will be taken in to consideration:
 Average Day Demand -ADD
 Maximum Day Demand -MDD
 Peak Hour Demand -PHD
A) Average Day Demand
The average day demand is taken to be the sum of domestic demand s, public demand, industrial
and unaccounted for water. The water demand in a day varies with time according to the
consumer’s life style.
B) Maximum day demand
The maximum day demand is the highest demand of any one 24hour period over any specific
year. It represents the change in demand with season. In this case the maximum day factor
adopted by the consultant for Bahir Dar is 1.2.
C) Peak hour demand
The peak hour demand is the highest demand of any one hour over the maximum day. The peak
hour factor (PF) utilized to calculate the peak hour demand shows similar dependencies as the
maximum day factor for the maximum day demand. It is also greatly influenced by size of the
town, mode service and social activity pattern. Depending on the size of mode of service and the
population number we select the peak hour factor is 1.7.
2.3.6 Summary of water demand

The total water demand used for designing the water supply system components of Bahr Dar
town is summarized below in the table 2.11.
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Final Year Project
Water Demand
Table 2-11 Summarized water demand
Description Unit Year

2013 2028 2038
Population NO 177786 324900 485600
Average L/C/D 37.7 47.6 54
Per capital
demand
Domestic M3/d 10049.9 17135.6 45508.5
demand
Public demand M3/d 3062.7 7041.4 11347.7

Losses % 20 23.3 26
Unaccounted M3/d 2622.5 5633.2 14782.6
water losses
Average day M3/d 15735.1 29810.2 71638.8
Demand L/S 182.1 345 829.2
Fire demand 602.9 1028.1 2730.5
Total average M3/d 16338 30838.3 74369.3
day demand
Maximum day 1.2 1.2 1.2
factor
Maximum day M3/d 19605.6 37005.9 89243.2
demand L/S 226.9 428.3 1032.9
Peak hour factor 2.2 2.2 2.2
Peak hour M3/d 35943.6 67844.3 163612.5
demand L/S 416.01 785.2 1893.6
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Final Year Project
Water sources
3. WATER SOURCE AND INTAKE STRUCTURE
3.1 General
The existing system water supply source of Bahir dar town is Lake Tana and three springs (i.e.
lomi, Areke and Tikur wuha spring. Determining the water source is the main task in water
supply scheme. Knowing the water demand required for the population at the design period, the
next step is to search water source, which may be able to supply the required quantity of water at
the end of the design period. According to the literature review of Bahar Dar locality an alternate
water supply source options are identified, this includes an investigation of potential capacities of
ground water and surface water.
3.2 Source selection

The criterion for the selection of suitable public water supply is depending upon the
development of community and the location of the source from user. The quantity and location
of water of Bahir Dar town having high potential source of water supply is surface sources.
Lakes
The area of Lake Tana is cover 3035km2 and area of drainage without lake itself is 100km2. The
maximum depth is 300m.There are number of islands, the largest being Dek and Degga. The lake
lies in large formed by structural deformation, erosion and volcanic rock extrusion. The reason to
select this Lake Tana has good discharge and small variation of quantity at dry and wet season
throughout the year, due to this reason and future development town Lake Tana is suitable source
of water supply for Bahir Dar town.
Spring
A number of springs have been located at the vicinity of Bahir Dar airport. Since a large number
of springs located around the Bahir dar have get probable chance to obtain high potential source
of water supply. The closet located being only 8km away from the town. Those springs has a
steady yield, even during the driest months. The yield of Areke, lomi, and Tikur wuha springs
are 140l/s, 60l/s, and 60l/s respectively for the driest season. According to feasibility study Tikur
wuha is locate 600m from Lomi spring. This Tikur wuha is connected with Lomi spring and
collected in one intake structure. Therefore, lomi, areke, Tikur wuha spring are recommended as
the source of water supply for Bahir Dar town.
Generally, the location of Lake Tana and springs are the nearest to the town and also the quantity
of Lake Tana provide high satisfactory of discharge water supply for Bahir Dar town.
Therefore,lake tana and springs( Areke, lomi and tikur wuha) are selected for sources of the
Bahir Dar town water supply system.
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Final Year Project
Water sources
3.3 Intake structure

Intake structure are the structure that are essential for water supply scheme which are consist of
opening, grating or stringer through which raw water from the river, canal or reservoir enter and
have carried out different sump well. This sump well occur at different level that collect water
flow through pipe (i.e. suction pipe) to the pump house. There are different types of intake
structure. Among this we use submerge intake and wet intake power for spring and Lake
respectively.
Design of Sump Well

The raw water will enter the wet well from the intake by gravity.
Design of wet (sump) well care must be taken
 to avoid vortex formation
 to maintain depth of water
 to obtain uniform distribution of water
Design criteria
Minimum detention time =30 minute, Velocity of suction pipe = 2.5m/s
Ratio of bell mouth diameter and section pipe =1.5 to 2, Submergence of pump H>D
(Source:-Akalank’s manual on water supply and treatment)
For Areke spring
The volume of sump well=30*60s*140*10-3m3/s=252m3
Diameter of suction pipe
Velocity in suction =2m/s <3m/s (recommended)
Provide d= 300mm of suction pipe

Opening of bell mouth D is given by
D=2*d=2*300=600mm
Minimum water level to prevent entry of air drawn dawn is
Hmin=2*D=2*600=1200mm….(source: water and waste water engineering hydraulics T.J
LASEY)
 Assume the depth of ground water well below spring bed is 1.5m
 Depth from the top of ground level to spring is 3.5m
 Provide free board of 0.5m
Total depth= (1.5+3.5+0.5) m=5.5m
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Final Year Project
Water sources
Providing circular area of sump, √

From the above calculation the diameter sump well estimates to 8m.
For lomi and Tikur wuha

The volume of sump well=30*60s*60*10-3m3/s=108m3
Diameter of suction pipe
Velocity of suction pipe=2m/s to 3m/s (recommended)
2
Therefore, provided d= 200mm of suction standard pipe.

Opening of the bell mouth D is given by
D =2*d = 2*200 = 400mm
Minimum water level to prevent entry of air during draw dawn is
Hmin= 2*D = 2*400mm = 0.8m
Assume depth of ground well below spring bed is 1.5m
Depth from top of ground level to spring or river bed 3.5m
Provide free board 0.5m
Total depth 1.5m+3m+0.5m=5.5m
Providing circular area of sump √

We say diameter of sump well is=5000mm.
Design of intake structure for phase 2

Phase 1 maximum day demand with safety factor =430l/s
Phase 2 maximum day demand with safety factor =1038l/s
Therefore the design discharge of phase 2=1038l/s-430l/s =608l/s
In phase 2, all design discharge is taken from Lake Tana because lake Tana is appropriate more
than other due to high amount of discharge.
Design of intake opening

Assume a number of intake structure are three due to fast growth of city and improved standard
living of population and growing technology.
Design discharge for each intakes =
The velocity inflow of intake opening < 0.15m/s (recommendation by American water works
authority (AWWA) water treatment plant)
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Final Year Project
Water sources
Assume inlet velocity, v = 0.13m/s and Q = 203l/s

=1.56m2
Therefore the opening of intake is 1.3m needed to provided.
Design of course screen
 Spacing between bars 50 to 100mm recommendable range
 Provide bars with size of 20mm
 Assume spacing 50mm
Check for head loss
…… Using Akalanks formula for head loss
Where, h = head loss in meter
W = Width of bar in meter
b = clear spacing between bar meter
v = approach velocity in m/s
= angle which screen makes horizontal
= dimension less parameter of bar geometry (1.76 circular bar)
=2.85*10-4m < maximum head loss 0.15m
Design of sump well

Design criteria of sump well are follows:-
 Minimum detention period of sump well is 30min
 Velocity of suction pipe 2m/s
 Ratio of bell mouth diameter and section pipe = 1.5 to2
 Submergence of pump H>D
For Areke spring

The volume of sump well =30*60s*203*10-3m3/s=365.4m3
Diameter of suction pipe = 2 < 3m/s (recommended)
m2
√ =0.406m or 406mm
Therefore the standard diameter of suction pipe is provided 450mm
Opening of bell mouth D is given by
D=2*d=2*400mm=800mm
The minimum water level to prevent entry of air during draw dawn is
Hmin=2*800mm=1600mm 0r 1.6m
Assume depth of ground well below the spring bed 1.5m
Depth from top of ground level to spring or river bed level is 3m
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Final Year Project
Water sources
Provide free board of 0.5m

(source: water and waste water engineering hydraulics T.J LASELY)
Total depth= (1.5+3+0.5)m=5m
40.8m2
Provide circular diameter of sump √ =7.8m

Therefore the diameter of circular sump d=8m
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Final Year Project
Pump
4. PUMP
In a water supply system, it is necessary to inject external energy in to the system and almost all
pumps increase the pressure energy of the liquid which is subsequently converted in to potential
energy as the liquid is lifted from a lower level to a higher level Compensate for the inherent
friction loss associated with the pumping network and Lift the water from lower to higher level.
For proper selection of pump, it is necessary, to brave certain essential data on the pump
installation .The information selection of pump should include: Number of pump units required,
Nature of liquid to be pumped, Capacity of pump, Suction conditions, Discharge conditions,
Total head, Position of pump (i.e. horizontal or vertical), Intermittent or continuous service and
Location geographical, in door, outdoor elevation etc.
In our case that is for Bahir Dar water supply system pumping is required to pump the raw
water to balancing reservoir then go to treatment plant by gravity. Among the two types of
pumps, i.e. Reciprocating and Centrifugal pumps.
Among the different types of pumps centrifugal pumps are selected for Bahir Dar water supply
system due to the above mentioned factors.
4.1 Pumping design parameters

Capacity
The capacity of a pump is the volume of liquid pumped per unit of time, which is usually
measured in liter per second or cubic meters per second.
Head
In a pump system, the head refers to both pump system having one or more pumps and
corresponding piping system. The head against which the pump must work when water is being
Pumped is called total dynamic head.
Efficiency
The pump should be selected to operate near its peak efficiency point. In typical water supply
applications, pumps operate over a bond of head conditions. Therefore, they cannot operate at
their peak efforts all the time.
Shut – off and Run – out
Continued operation conditions will result in damage to the pump from overheating.
The higher discharge head can damage pipes and values from excessive pressure, and the
Higher power requirements can over load the pump driver.
Pumping power
In order to calculate pumping power first it is necessary to calculate total head.
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Final Year Project
Pump
Determination of total dynamic head of the pump

According to the elevation of the lomi, Areke and Tikur wuha all spring are estimate located
nearly as the same level. Then total dynamic head of spring are as follows
TDH = HST + HL + HV
Where, TDH – total dynamic head
HST – total static head or lift.
HL – total head loss
HV – velocity head
Hst = elevation of spring – elevation of service reservoir
= 1990 -1790 =200m
80.96m
Entry loss he = = =0.09m

Head loss due to valve, bends and constriction of pipe
= = =0.04m and k =0.5 f0r circular pipe
Head loss due to velocity in pipe HV =

TDH = 80.96 +0.09 +0.04 +0.078 +200 =281.31m
Pump power requirement for spring

For Areke Spring
Water horse power =
Assume efficiency 80% then the power input in pump
= =986Hp
For Lomi and Tikur wuha spring

WHP = 0.09*1000*281.31/75 =337.57
Power input in pump =337.57/0.8 =422Hp
Since the yield of spring is the same in both Phases - I and Phase –II there is no fluctuation
power requirement in among spring and because of this no further calculation is important.
Pump power requirement for Lake Tana

For phase –I
Water horse power =
Assume efficiency 80% and then pump power input =3551.155Hp
For Phase -II
Water horse power ( =12557.3245Hp
Power input in pump if efficiency is 80% = =15696.66HP
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Final Year Project
Pump
From the above result we conclude that the pump power increase due to the fast growing of city
and additional pump is required in phase –II of Lake Tana.
4.2 Design of raising mains

For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger Diameter
pipe at low velocity, or through lesser diameter pipe at very high velocity.
But if the diameter of the pipes is increased, it will lead to the higher cost of the pipe line. On the
other hand if the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the increased velocity will lead to higher
friction head loss and will require more horse power for the required pumping ; there increasing
a cost of pumping. As a result of these the design of economical pumping main diameter is
required maximum Pressure Limit and minimum Pressure Limits due to the topographical profile
of the pipe line.
4.3 Economical pumping main diameter

Determination of economical diameter of pumping main involves optimization of hydraulic
design, cost and economics of main. The optimum economical will be selected using
optimization technique. In absence of all the above information an alternatively the empirical
formula given by Lea’s can be adopted
D = 0.97 to1.22 √
Where, Q = discharge to be pumped in m3/sec
D = economical diameter of pipe in m.
And these formulas give optimum velocity of water flow between 0.8 to 1.35m/sec.
(source :water supply and sanitary Engineering By GS Bridie)
Diameter of suction pipe – for phase I

For Lake Tana
Generally, velocity of flow in the pipe may vary from 0.8 to 3m/s. For our case we have assumed
that V = 1.9m/s.
Average daily demand=324900*114l/c/day=37.04Ml/day
=0.43m3/s
Assume maximum daily demand 1.5 times average daily demand
Max-daily demand=1.5*0.43m3/s = 0.645m3/s
Since a pump has work 16hr a day then the capacity of reservoir should be designed for max-
daily demand. First phase daily demands are
The design discharge Qdes = 1.5*average daily demand
Since the discharge is high to be lifted by a single pump, five pumps, are necessary which
parallel connected, are recommended to lift the total discharge and there should be a stand by
Pump to maintain the flow during the break down of any pump.
Then the design of discharge for each pump = 0.129m3/s
From continuity equation
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Final Year Project
Pump
0.067895m2 Where,
D =0.292m = 292mm
Provide, the pipe size available in the market is taken 300mm.
The velocity of flow, V
1.82m/s<1.9m/s …..Ok!
Design of delivery pipe

The diameter of the delivery pipe is obtained from continuity equation, Q = AV.
Qdesign =0.645m3/s and V =1.5m/s
= 0.43m2
D =0.740m
However, pipe size available in the market is 750mm and 800mm.so for our case we adopt
750mm diameter of pipe.
The new velocity of flow, V
1.45m/s < 1.5m/s……..ok!
Therefore, provide 750mm diameter delivery pipe to lift the water from the pump to the
Balancing chamber during phase I.
Design of delivery pipe

The diameter of the delivery pipe is obtained from continuity equation, Q = AV.
Qdes = 2.851m3/s , assume V=1.5m/s
=1.9m2 then the required diameter ( D) = 1.49m
However, pipe size available in the market is 1500mm and the available diameter 500mm so for
our case we adopt 500mm diameter of pipe.
The new velocity of flow, V
= = 1.25m/s < 1.5m/s
Therefore, provide 500mm diameter delivery pipe to lift the water from the pump to the
balancing reservoir during phase II for Lake Tana.
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Final Year Project
Water Quality and Treatment
5. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
5.1 General
Water found in nature contains a number of impurities in varying amounts. Absolutely, rain
water is pure water is found in nature. The runoff water has large number of impurities and this
water before supplying to the public should be treated and purified so that wholesome water,
which consists of essential minerals, is to be used.
5.2 Water quality analysis of the source

The analysis of water source is done to evaluate the various elements present in it.
Based on these elements, the requirement and design of a treatment unite is done. Thus, the
analysis of surface source of water is very crucial for a water supply project before designing the
supply scheme. Treated water before supply to the public is checked for its quality whether it
fulfills the requirements of the standards laid down by WHO.
5.3 Water treatment plant

The row water which is found in varies sources cannot direct used by the public for the various
purpose, before removing the impurities. Therefore, the purpose of water treatment is to convert
the water taken from a source into a drinking water suitable for domestic use. The amount and
type of treatment process will depend on the quality of raw water and the standards of quality to
be required after treatment.
5.4 Treatment plant design

As per the need of the treatment plant ,the various of its units should be designed or fixed on the
basis of their capacity to process the required amount of water, for example on daily basis such
as maximum daily demand.
5.4.1 Chemical used for the treatment

The efficiency of plain sedimentation is low especially when water contains very fine suspended
matters and colloidals. The chemicals called coagulants are used then to neutralize the negative
protective charge on the colloidal particles and allow them to coagulate. In addition to this, the
chemicals convert the impurities from finely divided form in to particles of size that they may be
readily removed by settlement. The advantages of chemicals used for coagulatin, alum is
universal because of to reduce taste and odor in addition to turbidity, cheap and to produces
crystal clear water. Thus using alum as a coagulant the quantity of chemical and the capacity of
the tank is determined.
Quantity of water to be treated per day for the maximum daily demand = 89243.2m3
Assuming normal dosage value of alum as coagulant 5.5mg/litter to 8.0 mg/liter
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Final Year Project
Quantity of alum used per day is = 89243.2*103*5.5 to 89243.2*103*8.0 = 490.84kg to 713.94kg
The maximum requirement in summer is 1.5 times of the above value
1.5*490.84 to 1.5*713.94 = 736.3kg/day to 1070.9kg/day
The max Capacity of the solution feed device = 1070.9*20 l/day

=21418 l/day = 14.87l/min
Maximum dose feed during average demand =14.87 l/min/1.5
= 9.9 l/min
The quantity of solution to be feed in one shift of 8 hours = 14.87*60*8
= 7137.6litres
Provide a single solution tank of capacity 7137.6litres.
Taking depth of solution = 1.1 and 0.25 as free board with square base tank
=2.547m
Dimension of tank is 2.547m*2.547m*1.35m
5.4.2 Design of approach channel

This is a channel, which conveys water directly to the mixing tank. For safe conveyance, the
cross-section of it has to be fixed. Providing a velocity of 0.6m/s, the cross-sectional area of the
channel with maximum flow rate of 1.0329m³/sec is
, Assuming width of the channel as 0.9m
Depth of channel is and allowing a free board of 0.25m
Thus, the dimensions of the approach channel of 0.9m*2.15m can be provided.
5.4.3 Design of the mixing tank

Taking the advantage of the flash mixer, mixing of the coagulant solution with water is done.
Allowable detention time = 1.0min.to 2.0min.
Take 1.0min detention time
Capacity of the flash mixer = 1.0329m³/sec*60sec
= 61.97m³
Providing depth of 3m and square plan mixing tank
Side of tank(s)
Dimension of 4.5m*4.5m*3m mixing chamber with flocculation can be provided.
5.4.4 Design of hydraulic flocculation

Flocculation is the process of gentle and continuous agitation during which suspended particle in
water coalesces in to large masses so that they may be removed from the water in the subsequent
treatment process. The horizontal flow type is selected for the treatment palnt due to the easier to
drain, clean and easily to change the head loss.
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Final Year Project
5.4.5 Design of horizontal baffle channel flocculator

Horizontal baffle channel flocculator like other treatment units is designed based on maximum
daily demand (89243.2m³) plus 5% for loss.
=
Design of first flocculation basin section
Detention time = 6min.
Velocity gradient = 50sec-1
Water velocity = 0.2m/s
Depth of water = 1.5m
Flocculation time = 15min
Length of flocculator is taken as 20m
Total volume of flocculator, V
Top width of flocculator, W
Width of each of the three sections , Assuming each sections having constant
velocity gradients of 50, 40, 30 respectively and μ = 1.14*10-3kg/ms for water at 15°
ρ = 1000kg/m3 & f = 0.3
Number of baffles in the first flocculation section is given by:
√
Where n = number of battles in the basin, H = depth of water in the basin (m)
L = length of the basin (m G = velocity gradient (S-1)
Q = design flow rate (m3/s) t = time of flocculation (s)
μ = dynamic viscosity (kg/ms) ρ =density of water (kg/ms)
f = coefficient of friction of the battles
Spacing between baffles ... (ok)
Spacing between baffles and the walls is = 1.5*120cm =1.8m … (ok)
Head loss in the flocculation section
= (say 0.105m)
Design of second flocculation basin section

Detention time = 6min
Velocity gradient=40sec-1
Number of baffles in the second flocculation section,
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Final Year Project
Spacing between baffles, s,
Spacing between end of baffles and the walls is = 1.5*spacing between baffles
= 1.95m
=
Design of third flocculation basin section

Detention time = 6min.
Velocity gradient = 30sec-1
Number of baffles in the third flocculation section, n
Spacing between baffles, s
Spacing between end of baffles and the walls is = 1.5*spacing between baffles
= 2.55m
=
Total head loss through the flocculation sections = 0.105m + 0.07m + 0.04m
= 21.5cm (15 to 60cm) ok
5.5 Plain sedimentation

The sedimentation process in water treatments provides for the settling and removal of
flocculated particles prior to filtration like silt, clay, sand etc. The removal efficiency of
sedimentation basin determines the subsequent loading on the filters and accordingly has a
marked influence on their capacity, the length of filter runs and the quality and the quantity of
the filtered water. The two major classifications for the design of sedimentation basins are
Horizontal – flow unit and up flow unit.
The horizontal – flow sedimentation basin is preferable and chosen for our treatment due to:-
 Its efficiency and inherent simplicity.
 It is without mechanical sludge removal, so that does not require equipment and labor for
cleaning.
 Constriction cost is low, permitting over sizing.
 Operational and maintenance are simple.
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Final Year Project
5.5.1 Design of horizontal flow sedimentation tank

A horizontal flow sedimentation basin if designed properly can have 95% removal efficiency of
particles following effective coagulation and flocculation.
A horizontal flow basin is designed considering are inlet zone, settling zone, outlet zone and
sludge zone. The design of sedimentation tank is governed by;
 the quantity of water to be treated
 the selected detention period
 the selected surface loading rate (over flow rate)
Design of inlet zone

The velocity through the perforated baffle is about 0.2-0.3m/sec.
The head loss is estimated to be 1.7 times the velocity head.
Diameter of holes is 5cm; recommended range is 3-5cm and design flow 1.0845m3/s.
Taking a velocity of 0.25m/s

-Total area of opening =
Area of each opening with a diameter of 50mm;
-Number of baffle holes required
-Head loss
Design of settling zone

The assumptions for design of settling zone are:-
For installation planed with new technology and good operation the surface loading rate is taken
within a range of (30-40m/day)
Surface loading rate=40m/day = 4.63*10-4m/sec
Detention time = 2 hr (2-3hr)
Length to width ratio = 6 (>3)
Volume of tank (V) = detention period*design flow
Surface loading rate Where, L=6*W
Therefore, W=19.8m and L=118.8m
Check for detention period

(2-3hr) …ok!
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Final Year Project
Check for horizontal flow

(4-36m/hr)…ok!
Therefore provide a rectangular settling tank with,
Length= 118.8m, Width= 19.8m and Depth= 3.30m
The some standard and number of unit should be provided for the phase II.
Design of sludge zone

The sludge zone is designed to accommodate all the settled particles during the process of
sedimentation. To facilitate drainage of the basin, the floor should be slope about 10% from the
side walls to the center line and 5-8% from the outlet end to the inlet end. Provide depth of
sludge zone =0.3m
Therefore total depth of sedimentation tank with a free board of 0.3m will be;
Design of outlet Zone

Weir or perforated bounders are the most common structures for withdrawing the effluent water
from the basin. Weir lengths should be selected to prevent high velocities of approach and
disturbance of the sludge layer.
The formula for acceptable weir length (adopted, from IRE, 1981)
Where, L = Combined weir length (m)
Q = Flow rate (m3 / day)
H = Depth of tank (m)
Vs= Settling velocity (40m/day)
For phase I,
For phase II,
Provide width of each weir as 1.5m.
5.5.2 FILTRATION
Filtration is a physical, chemical and biological process for separating suspended impurities from
water by passage through a porous media. It consists of passing water through a thick layer of
sand. Filters may be classified as Slow sand filters and Rapid sand filters.
Rapid sand filters:-are suitable for big cities where land cost is high and variation in demand of
water is considerable and Rate of filtration is high. For Bahir Dar town rapid sand filter is
recommended from economical point of view because the population growth is high and the
town expands extensively.
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Final Year Project
Design of rapid sand filter

The design consideration for rapid sand filter included filter unit, Filter media, under drains, back
washing arrangement and Filter control system.
Filter Unit
.The size of a filter unit is determined by the required amount of water needed. It consists of two
or more units of sizes depending upon the capacity of the plant.
- Depth of tank ranges between (2.5-3.5m)
- Length to breadth ratio of between (1.25-1.33)
- Surface area of each filter ranges between (10-80m2)
- Rate of filtration is between (4000-5000l/m2/hr) (source:-okun, 1984)
Based on the above recommendations:
Assume rate of filtration =5000l/m2/hr
Total quantity of water to be treated (Q)
Total area of filter bed required (A)
Number of filter units required,
(Water Supply Eng ’g Santosh K. Garg 1995)
Where; Q = maximum day demand in million liters per day
=89.2432
Providing two units for safety as a stand by unit, total number of filter unit is equal to 14.
Area of each filter unit (10-80m2)….ok!
Assuming length to width as 1.3,
A but L=1.3*W
2 2
62m =1.3*W , W=6.9m L=8.9m
Therefore, provide fourteen numbers of rapid sand filters with the size of each unit 6.9*8.9.two
unit is required for standby or during repair work of any other units. The same standard and
number of filter units will be provided in the 1st phase.
5.5.3 Under Drainage System

It is laid at the bottom of the filter to collect the filtered water and to distribute wash water
uniformly over the gravel bed and filter medium. The total area of perforation in the under
drainage system to the entire filter area as 0.003.
Total area of perforation = 0.003*6.9*8.9.
= 0.184m2
Using 12mm diameter perforations, for which the desired cross sectional area of laterals, is kept
equal to twice the total area of perforations
Total area of laterals = 2*0.184m2=0.368m2
Keeping Am =2*Al
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Final Year Project
Am=2*0.368=0.736m2 √
Where, Am=area of manifold
Dm=diameter of manifold
By placing the 97cm diameter manifold along the length of the filter unit and let the Spacing
between laterals be 20cm, hence the number of later = take 45m
Hence providing 45 laterals on either side of the central manifold, thus requiring 2*45
=90 laterals in each filter unit.
Length of lateral =
Let n= the total number of perforations
No of perforation in each laterals = take 18

Provide 18 perforations per lateral
Area of perforation per lateral=
Area of each lateral =2*area of perforation per lateral =9156mm2
Diameter of lateral, D l √
Hence provide 108mm diameter laterals, at 20cm c/c, each having 18 perforations of 12mm
diameter.
Check;
…ok!
Also, spacing of perforations
5.6 Back wash arrangements

A filter is washed when the loss of head via it has reached the maximum permissible. Rapid
gravity filter are washed by sending air and water up wards via the bed by reverse flow via the
collector system. The water used for washing should be clear water of quantity less than 2% of
the total treated water.
Design of Wash water discharge &velocity
Assume rate of washing = rise of 60cm/min which gives wash water rate of 0.6*60
=36m3/hr/m2.
Wash water discharge in one filter
Wash water flow velocity in laterals
Wash water flow velocity in the manifold …0k!
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Final Year Project
5.6.1 Pump for Lifting Wash Water

Let the total quantity of water is lifted in 8 hours.
Total pump capacity required
But the total quantity of wash water required is assumed to be 2.5% of the total treated water and
assuming 30minute as time taken for washing of filter unit and the filtration rate to be 5000.
The total quantity of wash water required
The capacity of pump required
5.6.2 Wash water supply mains

Assuming 30cm diameter of down water pipe bringing water to the filter and time taken for back
washing as 30minute.
The flow velocity in the pipe …ok!
5.6.3 Wash water trough

The wash water trough receives the rising wash water after passing via the filter media. The lips
of the trough are horizontal and are all placed at the same height, usually at a distance equal to
the rate of wash water rise per minute. Its arrangement depends upon the size of the units.
Assume 4 troughs in a width of 6.9m so that spacing of trough is 6.9/4=1.7m (1.5-2m)…ok!
The trough runs parallel to the longer dimension of the filter units.
Discharge per trough=0.614/4 =0.15m3/sec. For the width of 0.5m the water depth of upper end
is given by (source:- Steel and GC Ghee 1979)
Where, Q =total water received by the trough in m3/sec
b = width of trough in m
h = depth of water at the upper end of the trough in (m)
Substituting Q=0.15m3/sec and b =0.5m in equation above; we can get h =0.36m say
36cm. by providing a free board of 10cm, the depth of trough =36+10 =46cm.
The wash water troughs have size of 50cm*46cm.
5.6.4 Wash water tank

Quantity of wash water=
The tank should have storage capacity to store wash water for at least two units.
Therefore; capacity of wash water tank =
Depth of storage tank for wash water should be between 2.3-3.5m.
Taking d=3m
For a circular tank of depth 3m, the diameter will be;
, then √
Therefore provide wash water tank of 12.4m diameter and 3m deep with free board of 0.3m.
29
Final Year Project
5.7 Disinfections
Disinfection is the process of killing the pathogenic bacteria from water and making it safe to the
public use. The aim of disinfection is to reduce the number of micro organisms to a safe limit.
The most common disinfection methods are: By boiling the water, by using excess lime, by
using ultra-violet rays, by potassium permanganate, by using Iodine & Bromine and by using
chlorine. All the above methods are Used for disinfection but we selected by using chlorine
method due to the most available and very cheap to comparative others.
Chlorination
When chlorine is added to water, it produces nascent oxygen which kills the bacteria. Types of
chlorination depending up on the amount of chlorine added are Plane chlorination, Supper
chlorination, pre chlorination, post chlorination, double chlorination, break point chlorination
and chlorine demand.
Post Chlorination
Usually it refers to the addition of chlorine to the water after all other treatment. The calcium
hypochlorite solution used for this project has 56% of available chlorine assumed.
Design discharge =1.0845m3/sec
Chlorine dose required =1.5mg/liter (assumed)
Quantity of chlorine required
Since we have assumed bleaching powder contains 56% available chlorine, the amount of
bleaching powder =140.5*56/100 =78.7kg/day.
5.8 Clear Water Well

The maximum capacity of a filter plant depends up on the water consumption and the storage
available for filter water. The greater the storage the nearer may the plant capacity is to the
annual average consumption. It will often be economical therefore to add storage in order to
reduce the size of the filter plant needed. In any case a clear well is constructed in connection
with the filters as; a reserve storage to allow the plant to be operated without too frequent
variation of its output rate. There is much variation in the size of clear wells but ¼ to 1/3 of the
daily capacity of the plant is most common.
Capacity of clear water well=
Assuming depth of tank = 8m
Surface area of the tank
Assuming rectangular tank of length to width ratio of 1.3
, Then, W=48.8m, L=63.5m
Hence, reservoir of plan area 48.8*63.5m2 and depth of 8m will be provided with the addition of
50cm as a free board.
30
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
6. SERVICE RESERVOIR
6.1 General
Distribution reservoir is also called service reservoir, which are mainly provided for storing the
treated water, for supplying water to the town or city. These reservoirs are provided for meeting
the water demand during breakout of fires, break down of pumps, repair etc.
The reservoirs avoid the hourly fluctuations in the water demand.
6.2 Site of Distribution Reservoir

The place where we put our reservoir and its corresponding elevation has a factor for efficient
distribution of water to all the required points. It is also necessary to site the service reservoir at
such elevation that a steady pressure is maintained at all points of the distribution system,
together with sufficient additional pressure to enable a good flow to be maintained to those top
most points. The location of service reservoir is at an elevation of 1965m a.m.s.l. The elevation
at which it is desirable to position a service reservoir depends up on both the distance of the
reservoir from the distribution area and the elevation of the highest building to be supplied.
Pressure control valves are sometimes installed in inlet mains from service reservoir in order to
reduce the pressure to low laying zones, or to limit increase of pressure at night to reduce
leakage.
6.3 Determination of storage Capacity of Reservoirs

The capacity of distribution reservoir depends on the maximum pumping capacity, minimum
safe yield of source of supply, the requirements for the fire extinguishing and maximum rate of
consumption. The total capacity of the reservoir is determined by adding the quantity of water
required for various purposes. The total capacity of the service reservoir of Bahir Dar town water
supply project required for proposal of balancing reserve, break down reserve and fire reserve
can be determined from the mass curve using the hourly demand factor from feasibility study.
When water is supplied for balancing the variable demand against a constant rate of pumping for
16 hours a day, in which pumping is to be done from 5:00 am to 12:00 am and from 4:00 pm to
11:00 pm. The analysis of storage capacity for the two phases is as follows.
For phase-I (2013 – 2028)

Total demand of the town = 75005.9m3/d
Total demand of the town in liters = 75.0059*106 lit
Hourly demand of the town = 3.125*106 lit
Pumping rate (for 16 hours)
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Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
Table 6-1 The analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase one
Time Hourly Hourly Cumulative Hourly Cumulative Excess

6
factor demand hourly supply(*10 ) hourly
(*106) in demand in lit supply(*106) demand Supply
liters (106) in lit
1 0.25 0.781 0.781 0 0 0.781
2 0.25 0.781 1.562 0 0 1.562
3 0.25 0.781 2.343 0 0 2.343
4 0.25 0.781 3.124 0 0 3.124
5 0.5 1.562 4.686 4.687 4.687 0.001
6 0.75 2.343 7.029 4.687 9.374 2.345
7 1 3.125 10.154 4.687 14.061 3.907
8 1.3 4.062 14.216 4.687 18.748 4.532
9 1.55 4.844 19.06 4.687 23.435 4.375
10 1.7 5.312 24.372 4.687 28.122 3.75
11 1.6 5 29.372 4.687 32.809 3.437
12 1.5 4.687 34.059 4.687 37.496 3.437
13 1.4 4.375 38.434 0 37.496 0.938
14 1.33 4.156 42.59 0 37.496 5.094
15 1.32 4.125 46.715 0 37.496 9.219
16 1.35 4.218 50.933 4.687 42.183 8.75
17 1.35 4.218 55.151 4.687 46.87 8.281
18 1.35 4.218 59.369 4.687 51.557 7.812
19 1.3 4.062 63.431 4.687 56.244 7.187
20 1.2 3.75 67.181 4.687 60.931 6.25
21 1 3.125 70.306 4.687 65.618 4.688
22 0.75 2.343 72.649 4.687 70.305 2.344
23 0.5 1.562 74.211 4.687 74.992 0.781
24 0.25 0.781 74.992 0 74.992 0 0
From the above table 6.1
Maximum excess surplus = 4.532
Maximum excess demand = 9.219
Storage volume is equal to the sum maximum excess surplus and maximum excess demand.
i.e =4.532+9.219
= 13.661*106 lit
For fire requirement (10%) = 0.1*13.661*106 = 1.3661*106 lit
Accounting 5% for miscellaneous losses = 0.05*13.661*106 = 0.683*106 lit
Total capacity of reservoir =storage volume + fire demand + losses
= 13661+1366.1+683
= 15710m3
For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity of 16000m3.
32
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
80
70
Comulative demand & Comulative supply
60
50
in M liters
40
comulative demand vs time
30 comulative supply vs time
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time in hr
Figure 6-1Mass-curve diagrams for phase one
For phase II (2028 up to 2038)

Total demand of the town = 89243.2m3/d
Total demand of the town in liters = 89.2432*106lit
Hourly demand of the town = 3.718*106 lit
Pumping rate (for 20 hours) =4.462*106 lit
Table 6-2 The analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase two
Time Hourly Hourly Cumulative Hourly Cumulative Excess

factor demand hourly supply(*106) hourly
(*106) in demand in lit supply(*106) demand Supply
liters (106) in lit
1 0.25 0.929 0.929 0 0 0.929
2 0.25 0.929 1.858 0 0 1.858
3 0.25 0.929 2.787 4.462 4.462 1.675
4 0.25 0.929 3.716 4.462 8.924 5.208
5 0.5 1.859 5.575 4.462 13.386 7.811
6 0.75 2.788 8.363 4.462 17.848 9.485
7 1 3.718 12.081 4.462 22.31 10.229
8 1.3 4.833 16.914 4.462 26.772 9.858
9 1.55 5.762 22.676 4.462 31.234 8.558
10 1.7 6.32 28.996 4.462 35.696 6.7
11 1.6 5.948 34.944 4.462 40.158 5.214
12 1.5 5.577 40.521 4.462 44.62 4.099
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Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
13 1.4 5.205 45.726 0 44.62 1.106

14 1.33 4.944 50.67 0 44.62 6.05
15 1.32 4.907 55.577 4.462 49.082 6.495
16 1.35 5.019 60.596 4.462 53.544 7.052
17 1.35 5.019 65.615 4.462 58.006 7.609
18 1.35 5.019 70.634 4.462 62.468 8.166
19 1.3 4.833 75.467 4.462 66.93 8.537
20 1.2 4.461 79.928 4.462 71.392 8.536
21 1 3.718 83.646 4.462 75.854 7.792
22 0.75 2.788 86.434 4.462 80.316 6.118
23 0.5 1.859 88.293 4.462 84.778 3.515
24 0.25 0.929 89.222 4.462 89.24 0.018
From above table 6.2
Maximum excess surplus = 10.229
Maximum excess demand = 8.537
Storage volume is equal to the sum maximum excess surplus and maximum excess demand.
I.e. 10.229 +8.537 = 18.766*106 lit
For fire requirement (10%) = 0.1*18.766*106 = 1.8766*106 lit
Accounting 5% for miscellaneous losses = 0.05*18.766*106 = 0.9383*106 lit

Therefore, the capacity of reservoir = 18766+1876.6+938.3 = 21580.9m3
For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity of 2200
100
90
Comulative demand & comulative supply
80
70
60
in M liters
50
Comulative demand vs time
40
Comulative supply vs time
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time in hr
Figure 6-2M ass-curve diagrams for phase two
34
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
6.4 Accessories of Reservoir

Following are the various accessories, which are commonly provided in the reservoirs.
a) Inlet pipe - for the entry of water
b) Out let pipe - for the with drawls of the water
c) Over flow pipe - to prevent overflow of water from the reservoir. This over flow pipe is
generally connected to the drain.
d) Float gage - to show the depth of water in the tank.
e) Float switch - to stop the pump when the tank is full.
f) Manholes - for providing entry to the tank.
g) Ladder - to reach the top and bottom of the tank.
h) Ventilation - for fresh air circulation. Steel mesh is provided which allows the entry of
fresh air, as well as prevents the entry of the birds.
6.5 Types of service reservoir

There are different types of reservoir in use depending on the geometry. For our project, we
adopt circular reservoir due to for geometrically the most economical and gives the least amount
of walling for a given volume and depth.
6.6 Design of water retaining structure

The design of water retaining structure should consider the load cases where the structure is full
of water and when it is empty, the structure when empty must have the strength to withstand the
active pressure of any retained earth. Since the passive resistance of the earth is never certain to
be acting, it should be generally be ignored when designing for structure full of water. To take all
the design consideration criteria for water tank is given in Annex III.
6.7 Structural analysis

6.7.1 Design of circular tank with fixed base and free at the top
For phase I
The Capacity of one the reservoir =2000m3
Depth of water in the reservoir =4.5m.
Free board = 0.25m.
Total height of reservoir = 4.5 + 0.25 = 4.75m
, (inside diameter)
Assume top and bottom thickness of the wall =250mm and 300mm respectively.
The average thickness of the wall (tavg) = 275mm
6.7.2 Design of reservoir wall

For determining internal forces of the tank wall of fixed base and free top tank coefficients are
available in standard tables for a given
35
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
The value of and use table, vertical moment and hoop tension coefficients is
calculated as follows.
Table 6-3 Coefficients of vertical moment and hoop tension (tanks wall with fixed base and free
at top)
Depth Coefficient at point

0h 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h 1.0h
Coefficient - 0.42 1.86 3.56 5.66 7.56 8.5 7.22 1.86 -9.56 -29.4
For MV(*10-
3
)
Coefficient
For -TH(*10- 0.9 1.79 2.6 3.43 3.84 4.02 3.77 3.05 1.88 0.646
1
)
Considering alternative exposure of wetting and drying the allowable stress based on BS: 5337
(elastic design method)
For strength design
Fs, allow= 100N/mm2 (direct tension)
Fc, allow=11N/mm2 (due to bending), n=15
For no crack design
Fct, allow=2.02N/mm2 (due to bending)
Fct, allow=1.444N/mm2 (due to direct tension)
6.7.3 Detail Reinforcement

A. Horizontal Reinforcement
For analysis, let us divide the wall in to two parts.
i. For the top half of the wall i.e. from 0.0h to 0.5h.
From the above table the maximum coefficient for hoop is equal to 0.402
Hence, hoop tension, TH can be calculated as,
Where, r = D/2, by consider water pressure at
h=4.5m and D =20m
= 0.402*9.81*4.5*10
= 177.46KN per meter depth of wall.
Therefore area of hoop tension steel required assuming concrete section is cracked
of the concrete area.

…0k
Spacing of Φ16 ring bars required
< Smin =twall =275mm
Provided: Φ16 ring bars at 110mm c/c in one layer placed on water face of for lower half Wall.
Check trial thickness of wall for no crack in concrete;
36
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
Case 2:
For hoop reinforcement applied on upper half of the wall, hoop tension developed at depth of
(0.5h=2.25m) from top may be used as given below.
Therefore, Area of reinforcement required the hoop for unit strip of wall
> Amm=825mm2 …ok!
Spacing of ring bars using φ 16
…ok!
Therefore, provide Φ16 ring bars @ 120mm c/c in one layer placed on water face for upper half
of wall.
B) Vertical reinforcement
The maximum positive and the maximum negative moment is calculated as follows
(+ve) max.coeff=0.0085 @0.6h and (-ve) max coeff= -0.0294 @1H

Therefore, (+ve) moment KN-m per meter width
(-ve) moment KN-m per meter width
Take absolute value of the result, the maximum moment is therefore
M max =|−26.28| =26.28KN-m per meter width
Check thickness of wall for flexure
fs, allow=130N/mm2 and fc, allow=11N/mm2
Design constant of balanced section
, ( ) 0.8135
=
Then the effective depth of section (dreq) is given by
√ √
Thickness of wall taking Φ16 bars and 40mm cover

…ok!
Therefore, the thickness of wall is adequate for flexure.
Then will be
Use tavg = 275mm and treq = 227mm

Vertical reinforcement to be placed on water face is obtained for maximum negative moment
Then area of reinforcement
37
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
(-ve) AS =1094.7mm2 >ASmin = 825mm2 …ok

Spacing: Φ16 vertical bars required on water face.
Provide: Φ16 vertical bars @180mm c/c placed on inner face of wall.
Check the thickness for no crack,
Taking a unit width of tank and 300mm bottom thickness the centroid of the section is
∑ ∑
̅ ∑ ∑
Moments of area of equivalent concrete sections
̅̅̅̅ ̅
A ̅̅̅
Then, check tensile stress in concrete

̅̅̅
⁄
Therefore the thickness is adequate for no crack
Spacing of Φ16 bars
…ok!
Provide: Φ14 bars at 240mm c/c in the outer face
Design of roof slab

6.7.4
Cover slab of service tank (reservoir) is treated as roof slab, which is simply supported by the
circular wall.
Consider cover slab as freely supported at edges and load uniformly Using strength limit design
state
For C-30MPa,
Where =1.5& fcu=30MPa, fy=300MPa
For S-300MPa, ,
Where γm – partial safety factor for materials
Fcu – characteristic concrete cube strength
fy - characteristic strength of reinforcement or yield strength of steel
38
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
For S =300Mpa, maximum design constant for single reinforcement according to ACI code
recommendation,
, The top thickness of slab as 250mm and
2
assume load on slab per m .
Dead load (own weight
= 0.25*25=6.25 KN/m2
Live load (LL) =0.5 KN/m2 (based on EBCS; 1995)
Therefore the design load on the slab
Wd = 1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*6.25+1.6*0.5= 8.925KN/m2
Design load on the base slab

1. Design moment at the center of slab
Where,
KN-m
2. At the edge of the slab
KN-m
Check thickness for flexure
Balanced mechanical reinforcement ratio
Then effective depth of section (dreq) is given by
√ √
Using Φ16 bars and cover of 40 mm
and
Reinforcement
a) At the center of slab
, Then √
…ok!
Spacing using Φ16 bars
…ok!
39
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
Therefore, provide Φ16 bars at 100 mm c/c in the form of mesh at the center of slab
b) At the edge of the slab
Then, √
Therefore, …ok!
Spacing of bars using Φ16 bars
We
Therefore provide Φ16 bars at 140mm c/c in the form of ring at the edge of slab just above mesh
reinforcement.
Check thickness for shear.
Shear capacity of the slab, Vc

……EBCS-2
Where,
6.7.5 Design of circular base –slab

Assuming, simply supported around edge and qd =wt. of base slab + wt. of water +wt. of roof
slab
Allowable stresses used for strength calculation
fc, allow = 11N/mm2 (c-30Mpa
fs, allow = 130N/mm2 (continuous liquid contact) , n = 15
Consider thickness of wall t= 400mm

Effective depth of slab considering φ18 bar and 40mm cover
Design constant of balanced section for flexural member
3,
( ) 0.8135
Shear at the base of wall = direct tension developed in the base slab
Thus, the coefficients of from table is 0.246
Therefore direct tension developed in the base of slab
40
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
Per meter width of the slab

Section of base slab monolithic with the wall of the tank is designed for combined action of
direct tension caused by water pressure on the wall. Maximum moment of slab caused by
uniform load on the base slab and restraints moments of the wall caused by water pressure
Consider thickness of wall t= 400mm
Effective depth of slab considering φ18 bar and 40mm cover
D=t- cover-ϕ/2=400-40-9=351mm
 Wt. of base slab =0.351m*25KN/m3=8.78KM/m2
 Wt. of roof slab= =8.925KN/m2
 Wt. of water =4m*9.81KN/m3=39.24KN/m2
 Total load =qd=8.78+8.925+39.34=56.945KN/m2
For simply supported circular slab (with radius a =4m) the maximum radial and circumferential
moments are obtained by
-m ….. At center of slab
Msupport= (-ve) Mbase wall= 26.28KN-m …. Restraint moment at the base of wall
Reinforcement of base of slab
Minimum area of reinforcement for base of slab of unit width (BS: 5337)
At the center of the slab design for combined action of TH= 38.6KN and M=170.8KN-m
Therefore the required reinforcement is determined by
Spacing of Φ20 bar

We
Provided: Φ20bars at 60 mm c/c in the form of mesh placed at the bottom of slab.
At the support:
Design for combined action of T=38.6KN and M=-26.28KN-m Therefore required
reinforcement is determined by
Take
Therefore extra bars are required in addition to vertical bars of wall.
Spacing of  16 bars
We
Provide: -16 bars @ 150mm c/c placed at bottom in the form of ring reinforcement
Check trail thickness of slab for no crack due negative moment & direct tension Location of
neutral axis of equivalent un-crack concrete section of wall.
∑
̅ ∑
41
Final Year Project
Service Reservoir
Moments of inertial and area of equivalent un-cracked concrete section of wall

̅ ̅̅̅
̅̅̅
Then tensile stress due to moment and direct tension

̅̅̅
Then check tensile stress interaction equation for no concrete crack

….ok!
Therefore trial thickness of wall is adequate for no concrete crack!
 For phase II
The structural design of the reservoir for the second phase is the same as that of the first phase
since the capacity of the reservoirs for the two phases have the different capacity by case of the
density of population.
42
Final Year Project
Distribution System
7. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
7.1 General
The water distribution system is the part of the water work which receives the water from the
pumping station or the conduit by the gravity flow or by pumping and deliverers it throughout
the district to be served. The water distribution system includes pipe, valves, hydrants, and
appurtenances for conveying water stand posts, distribution reservoirs etc. It is necessary to
maintain a sufficient pressure in the distribution system in order to protect it against
contamination by in the press of polluted seepage water.
The distribution systems are, generally, supplied by gravity from the associated reservoirs and
pumped from treatment plant in to reservoirs. Therefore, the distribution system of Bahir Dar
town is used to dual system.
7.2 Lay Out Of Distribution System

Due to fast growth of urban development and then the distribute system always functional for
consumes from the different junction. It mean when one pipe line sedenly damage, the other pipe
line system is not subjective each other. For this case grid Iron system is selected for Bahir Dar
town.
Grid Iron System (Looped Network)
In this system mains sub mains and branches are inter connected with each other looped network
system has advantages in most cases because the water supply will be available even during the
repair works as water is supplied from both sides to every point. Grid iron system is very
convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads and town that has a large house
connection.
7.3 Design procedure of the distribution system

The first step in designing a distribution system is preparing the layout of the distribution pipes
with valves, fire hydrants etc. marked on it.
 Then the total population to be served at each mode is also marked on the plan. Having
completed the above the minimum pressure head required at the tail end and near the highest
building of the city are also determined and noted on the plan. Finally the main work is to
determine the sizes of the distribution pipes, which could carry the required quantity of water
at the desired pressure.
 The reduced levels of the town at various points are also marked on the plan
7.4 Selection of Pipe Materials

The suitability or selection of pipe in a give situation is influenced by its availability in market,
cost, effectiveness, diameter and pressure classes, syscoptibity to corrosion or mechanical
damage, traffic over load and unique characteristics. In general for pipe of small diameter i.e.
less than 150mm, PE and PVE are best. Cast iron and steel pipe are generally only used for lesser
43
Final Year Project
Distribution System
diameter mains and also in cases where very high pressure necessitates there in smaller diameter
pipes. Based on the comparison related to the above factors, ductile cast iron for main
transmissions, pipes for higher pressure areas and smaller diameter pipes; and PVC pipes are
suitable to Bahir Dar town water supply. PVC pipes are cheap and available in the market.
7.5 Hydraulic Design Consideration

The system has been designed, where possible, to supply the projected each phase nodal
demands within the following ranges of pressures:
 Minimum working pressure 10m
 maximum working pressure 70m
7.6 Appurtenances
Appurtenances are different devices used for controlling the flow of water, for preventing
leakage and other similar purposes in the distribution system. The following appurtenances are
used for this distribution system:
1. Valves
Valves are required to control the flow of water, to regulate pressures, to release or to admit air,
to prevent flow of water in opposite direction and other purposes.
2. Fire hydrants
These devices are used for tapping water from mains for fire extinguishing, street washing,
watering gardens, and flushing sewer lines and for other purposes. These are provided at all
junctions of roads and at 100 to 130 meters apart along the roads.
3. Pipe fittings
Various types of pipe fittings such as unions, caps, plugs, flanges, nipples, crosses, tees, elbows,
bends etc are used during lying of distribution pipes.
4. Water meters
Meters are required to determine the quantity of water flowing through pipes and quantities of
water supplied to private houses, industries, public buildings etc.
5. Service connections
A service connection is primarily a connection from the distribution system to the consumer.
6. Man holes
At every change of alignment, manholes are constructed for giving access for inspection,
cleaning, repairs and maintenance.
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Final Year Project
Distribution System
7.7 Analysis of water distribution net work

7.7.1 Nodal demand computation
In fact, domestic demand & non-domestic demand, all including the unaccounted for water
/losses/ and fire fighting, are distributed to the nodes according to the land use plan as per the
following procedure.
1. From land use plan the spatial distribution of the existing and proposed infrastructures are
identified.
2. For simplicity, the land use plan is classified into categories such as Domestic, Commercial
and institutional, Industrial etc.
3. Using the land use map the area that will be supplied from each node is marked, measured and
tabulated under each category.
4. The total water demand for each category is computed for each phases.
5. The demand area ratio for each category is computed.
6. Finally, the node demand is computed by multiplying the area at each node with the demand
area ratio.
But, we haven’t full data to do in above procedure. Therefore, to compute the nodal demand we
used the following procedure.
1. From Google earth we get elevation and length using x-y coordinate.
2. The total water demand for each category is computed for each phases.
3. By using the maximum hourly demand at the present and previous maximum hourly demand
ratio.
4. Finally, the node demand is computed by multiplying the present and previous maximum
hourly demand ratio factor at each node base demand.
The nodal demand should be designed for maximum hourly demand of the maximum
requirement days.
7.7.2 Computer analysis of distribution system

Computer analysis was carried out for extended period using a program Epanet 2.0. The analysis
is began by feeding assumed diameter of distribution pipes in to computer, elevation, length,
base demand and the pressure, velocity and head loss are checked for peak flow and minimum
flow .the result of computer analysis is presented in table for Annex.I . The system net work is
also shown in Annex II for each phase.
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Final Year Project
Sanitation
8. SANITATION
8.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems
Most of the excreta disposal facilities comprise pit latrines that are poorly constructed, with
offensive smell and are over filled due to lack of a vacuum truck to de-sludge when a latrine is
full or due to lack of space in the compound or money to build a new one. The overall sanitation
situation of the town is poor and sanitation associated diseases are found prevalent.
The socio-economic survey conducted under this project depicted that 20% of the sampled
households defecate in open fields, 75% use either private or shared pit latrines while the
remaining 5% use public toilets. The main reason for open field defecation is either due to lack
of space in the compound for construction of a new latrine facility or due to financial constraint
for de-sludging or construction of alternative toilet facility.
In Bahir Dar town there is no excreta disposal system for commercial areas, such as the bus
station and the open market areas and shops. However, some hotels have water dependent toilet
facility while some have VIP latrines. Some of the governmental offices have water dependent
latrines while others have dry pit latrines. Schools have toilet facilities in poor conditions.
The main purpose of sanitation is to maintain such environments as will not affect the public
health in general. This project considered to the financial aspects, Population, Source of sewage
and Rate of sewage.
8.2 Sanitation facilities in domestic area

8.2.1 Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines
The VIP latrines recommended for Bahir dar town are of two types. These are the single pit VIP
latrine and the double pit VIDP latrine. The VIDP latrine is recommended in areas where
desludging of pit latrines is difficult due to lack of finance or accessibility problem. In such cases
one pit is used until it is full and left to compost for at least for two years while using the other
pit. The composted sludge can then be removed manually and used as organic fertilizer.
Design of the latrines:
Ve = S*P*T
Where; Ve = effective volume of pit
S = sludge accumulation rate (m3/person/year)
P = number of users
T = filling time in years
Sludge accumulation rates are taken to vary between 0.04 - 0.06 m3/person/year. (Source
Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, Sandy Cairn cross and Richard G, Feachem,
John Wiley & Sons, 1990)
For T = 8 years, S = 0.08 m3/person/year, P = 6 persons
Ve = 0.06 m3/person/year*8 year*6 persons = 3.84 m3
About 50 percent should be added to compensate for sullage from body wash and bulky anal
cleansing materials, leaf etc.
46
Final Year Project
Sanitation
Therefore, Ve = 5.76 m3. Freeboard of 0.5 m should be added. The design procedure for VIDP
latrine is also the same. But, the VIDP latrine in hard rock formation is made watertight as part
of the latrine is above the ground.
8.2.2 Pour-flush Toilets

The pour-flush toilet is recommended for households with yard tap users. The excreta from pour-
flush toilet are carried to a septic tank by a pipe system. The septic tank is designed to serve a
group of households; in this case it is designed to serve 70 persons. The sludge from the septic
tank is collected using a vacuum tanker and disposed off into a sludge drying pond. The design
for pour-flush toilet is based on the per capita demand for yard tap users which is assumed to be
40.0 l/c/d for year 2028 and 70.0l/c/d for year 2038. Let us use 60.0 l/c/d for the design purpose.
Design of septic tank with pour-flush
Where, Q= flow in (m3/s)

A =area in (m2)
V = velocity in (m/s), v =0.6m/s in order to prevent settlement of sewage solids.
Therefore, √
However, for practical purposes and to prevent blockage from some bulky
material, use 100 mm diameter.
Volume of the septic tank is determined using the following formula
Where V = volume of septic tank ( m3 )

Q = per capital flow ( m3/day )
P = number of users
T = detention time in days
The detention time for a small tank is taken as 1 day and with sludge removal interval of 2 years.
Length of the tank (L) = 2 to 4 times the width of the tank,

Minimum depth of liquid (d) =1 meter,
Freeboard = 0.30 meter
Therefore, Surface area = 4.2 m3/1 m = 4.2 m2
Take and
Then, √ , and d = 1.02m

Total depth of the tank including freeboard= 1.32 m.
47
Final Year Project
Sanitation
8.2.3 Septic Tanks

The septic tank is recommended for a household or group of households with water-dependent
latrines and for institutions with the same type of toilet facility. It is also recommended to be
used along with water dependent communal latrines. The design for a septic tank is based on the
per capita demand for in-house connection users which is 58l/c/d and 88 l/c/d for year 2028 and
for year 2038, respectively. The liquid part from the septic tank is directed to drainage ditches.
Let us use 75l/c/d for the design purpose.
Volume of the septic tank for 70 persons use and freeboard =0.5m
The Surface area = 5.25 m3/1 m= 5.25 m2

Take Then,
Therefore, W = 1.45m, L=3.62m, d = 1m
Total depth of the tank including freeboard= 1.50 m.
The design of drainage ditches is determined using the following formula; (Source
Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, Sandy Cairn cross and Richard G, Feachem,
John Wiley & Sons, 1990)
Where, L=trench length (m)

P = number of users
Q = waste water flow (L/c/d)
D = effective depth of trench (m)
I = design infiltration rate ( /m2/day)
Effective depth of trench (D) is taken as 1 m and infiltration rate is taken as 100 l/ m 2/day. The
minimum spacing between trenches should be 2 m or twice the depth of the trench.
The drainage ditch length should be limited to 30 meters.

Hence, the number of ditches required = 262.5/30 = 8.75. Provide 9 drainage ditches.
8.2.4 Design of sewer water

The sewer should be designed large enough to carry the maximum discharge while flowing two-
third full (for large sewers greater than 75cm diameter ) and about half full less than 75cm
diameter ,usually for Quantity of sewage 80% of water supply may be expected to reach the
sewers. This means 75l/s *0.8 = 0.06m3/s.
, R = A/P and Where, A= area, P = perimeter, n = 0.013& S=0.05
D = 0.1858m = 18.58cm
48
Final Year Project
EIA
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
Development of water resource is the one, which control the development of a society.
Obviously, such a large-scale water resource development would change in the environmental
situation around the project and even at far places as far as there is an ecosystem i.e. like
environment, which are found in the d/s of the diversion. Such changes could have a result of
positive or negative impacts. The positive impacts have to be enhanced where as the negative
impacts should be avoided if possible, else minimized to the extent that they would not be
significant compared to the usefulness of the project. For examining and identifying such effects
environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a tool and should be under taken in adequate and
comprehensive manner.
The main purpose of EIA in project is:

 Identify the beneficial and adverse effect of a project
 Suggest mitigation measures.
 Identify appropriate monitoring strategies.
 Increase environmental information in to the decision making process related to the
development of the project.
Nevertheless, in our cases there is no full data to know the environmental conditions of the
project area therefore we introduce the usual problems that every water supply project faces and
its mitigation that we suggest.
9.1 Possible impacts on the project

There are two possible impacts that occur during the implementation of water supply project;
positive & negative impacts.
9.1.1 Positive impacts

As far as the project implemented for potable water distribution throughout the town, it will have
the following core importance:
 The project would increase the water supply for various uses such as domestic,
commercial, institutional and industrial demands.
 The project would contribute potable water so that the community could advance in
better sanitation which results in safeguarding himself from health problems.
 As there are enough water supplies, there will be commercial and business center
promotion, which leads to the strategically development of the town.
 Starting from the beginning of assessment to the end of the project lifetime, the project
will bring different job opportunities for skilled as well as unskilled workers.
9.1.2 Negative impacts

 Loss of agricultural land due to lying of pipelines, construction of treatment plant,
reservoirs, pump station etc.
49
Final Year Project
EIA
 Impacts on grazing land and vegetation mainly for construction of access road.
 Due to the diversion of water, in the downstream community there will be endangering
of life. For example, the flora and the fauna will come to dangerous scarcity of water and
probably dead or otherwise migration will happen.
 Although temporary and not that much significant during construction vehicles and
machines will have an atmospheric pollution effect.
 As there is a natural disturbance of the river during flooding it will result significant
catastrophe.
9.2 Mitigation Measures

 Compensation is to be provided for those individuals who permanently loss their land.
 Financial compensation for loss of crops, grazing land etc should be given.
 A continuous amount of water should be spilled through the natural water way and in
addition rainwater collection will be a mitigation measure.
 Water flashing by tracks along the road to reduce the raising of dust particles
50
Final Year Project
Cost
10. COST ESTIMATION
The estimation of costs of water supply and sanitation schemes and their component for the
project town requires considering a number of factors including the implementation time, the
available infrastructural facilities, availability and cost of labor and the distance of the specific
town from Addis Ababa. To facilitate and standardize the task of estimating costs for alternative
scheme a systematic approach has been use. Engineering cost estimate of project components for
phase I and II are summarized and presented in table 10.1. But to briefly estimate the individual
items for each material used and other resources are detailed in Annex II.
Table 10-1 Summarized Cost Estimate for two phases.
S.n0 PROJECTCOMPON Phase- I Phase-II Total

ENT
Item COST Item. Cost
No No
1 Intake 1 109578.99 1 342897.07 187957.99
construction(spring)
Lake intake 2 1031945.22 3 1,903845 3,871,580.44
2 pump house 2 169211.114 1 1,543289 3,384226.229
3 Generator Room 3 141154.867 2 182387.87 1,234654.56
Raising main 2 1435168 2 876146.45 3,870,336
4 pipe and fitting No 8,811,755.9 No 2,564765.86 10,865,892.08
5 Admin. building 2 2418700.07 1 34531809.6 4837400.14
6 treatment unit 1 34,564789 1 40,654789.3 75,219,578.42
7 balance reservoir 2 5,648,356.5 2 7,689,723.67 2,338,080.23
8 service reservoir 4 4532678.06 2 2341876.8 6874554.868
9 public fountain 35 35230.8638 27 65438.46 68959.2386
10 Inspection manhole 45 1270624 55 1,66468 1337092
11 auxiliary building 4 3812097.67 2 282567.5 16,378,660.48
12 light vehicle No 1,000,000 N0 1.5M 3M
13 pipe laying No 3812345.78 No 4895310.14 5,707,655.92
14 Elevated reservoir 3 145234 5 234152.9 379386.9
Total summery 240,432,123
Contingency 15% 22564786.04
Supervision 1% 2478900.54
Grand Total 265,456,836.6
The breakdown of each project component is depending up on per drawing and price of material
on the market.
Note: The price quoted for the supply of pipes and fittings of the raising main is for DCI. If the
there is option to supply the pipes and fittings of steel pipe, the supplier should provide new price
quotation for approval and amendments of contract.
51
Final Year Project
Conclusion
11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
11.1 Conclusion
The existing water supply system for Bahir Dar town is more or less functional even if it is
executed on a quite low technical standard and it also contains all the components that exist in a
water supply project such as a good source of water, transmission, intake structure, service
reservoir, distribution network and soon. But it can’t afford the demands of the population.
The economic design period is selected depending on the life of materials used and high
expansion rate. The population forecasting methods are tested to determine which one is the
most appropriate for the town. It is shown that the method of geometric forecasting is the
selected method with inadequate data of central statically authority. The water demand analysis
made to satisfy the domestic water demand, nondomestic water demand, fire demand and loss
demand for the population to be served in each service mode, water demand growth rate, and
projected water demand by mode of service and adjustment of water demand due to climatic and
socio-economic factors are made.
At present , the population number of Bahir Dar is estimated from population forecasting to be
324900 by the year 2028 and 485600 by the year 2038. The associated water demand on
maximum day is 37005.9m3/d and 89243.2m3/d respectively. The demand of the population is
calculated based on two phases i.e. the first phase is up to 2028 and the next one is to 2038. They
are used to identify the suitable sources for satisfying for the first 15 years and for the next 10
years and for design of each components of the scheme to make economical for both phases.
For the selected three springs and lake source appropriate site is selected for the intake structure
location. The design of intake structure as well spring developments are under taken so that the
required amount of water demand can be extracted well. The selected source for our scheme is
surface water (mainly Lake Tana) and spring near the town for all phases.
The water treatment for Bahir Dar town water supply consists of chlorination, coagulation,
flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. After proper disinfections the treated water is pumped
to service reservoir from which it goes to the distribution system. The distribution system
consists of eight service reservoirs for the first phase and eleven service reservoirs for the second
phase situated at higher ground elevation to allow flow of water by gravity through the
distribution networks. At various point on the distribution network, important valves and fittings
have been used. The distribution net work should be done in two distinctive phases by
considering the town’s expansion at 2028 and 2038.
52
Final Year Project
Conclusion
11.2 Recommendation
However, springs (i.e. Areke, Lomi and Tikur wuha) are not sufficient to fulfill the demand
requirement for both phases completely; there may be reduce the amount of water during winter
season. Thus, Lake Tana is used for water supply more sufficient amount of water have been
taken for future. The foundation of the intake structure should be well treated if it is differ from
the assumed foundation because there is no clear data about the weir site, to resist the over
turning moments. At the intake the rounded screen must be properly controlled to improve the
design discharge and to make the intake structure free from silt, blockage and any damage
frequent up must be done.
The treatment plant must be fenced, the surrounding area must be kept to avoid migration of dust
by wind action, and properly designed sanitation networks have to be implemented, the tank
should be washed out regularly and filters back washed as schedule and pH of the mixed water
should be checked and if necessary time be added. It is good to optimize the pipeline routes, so
that the length is minimized and cost is saved.
Pipes should not be in position where it is difficult to use it for extension or repairs.
Where corrosive condition exists the pipe work must be thoroughly cleaned and protected by
suitable means and liable to mechanical damage it must be protected by adequate guards and
vertical risers.
Generally, the water supply and sanitation facilities are among the primary needs of the people.
Therefore it is always the essential things in order to maintain project for its design period
effectively by satisfying the required demand. So the users should understand the invested capital
on the project and use properly.
53
Final Year Project
References
REFERENCE
1. A.K.Jain. Reinforced Concrete Design. 1989.
2. Birdie, Gs. water supply and sanitary enginerring. 1989.
3. Christopher R.schulz, Danial A. Okun. surface water treatment communities in developing counteries.
may 1984.
4. Devecon/shawel. Feasibility study o f Bahir Dar town Volume I. Addis Ababa: Water supply and
sewerage Authority, 1990.
5. LASELY, T.J. Water and waste water engineering, hydraulics. 1981.
6. Okun, Gordon. M.Fair/Johan. Geger/Daniel A. water supply and waste water removal.volume I. 1981.
7. Punmia, Dr. B.C. water supply engineering . August 2001.
8. S.K.Garg. water supply engineering . Khana Publisher, 1977.
54
Final Year Project
Annex
Annex I Distribution network for Phase 1
55
Annex
Network Table - Nodes at 6:00 Hrs (phase1)
Base Demand Head Pressure

Node Demand Lps m m
ID Lps
Junc2 2.523 2.397 1845.12 21.28
Junc3 1.261 1.577 1845.03 22.11
Junc4 0.631 0.631 1844.71 25.44
Junc5 1.009 0.757 1845.04 19.52
Junc7 0.378 0.505 1844.96 21.22
Junc8 0.757 0.252 1844.55 23.64
Junc11 0.315 0.568 1844.28 24.39
Junc12 0.378 0.505 1844.55 19.74
Junc13 0.757 0.946 1844.29 23.52
Junc15 0.694 0.126 1844.25 20.04
Junc16 0.252 0.378 1844.56 18.88
Junc17 0.441 0.441 1844.62 35.8
Junc18 0.883 0.883 1844.1 23.01
Junc21 0.757 0.570 1844.1 18.24
Junc22 1.261 1.261 1844.13 20.86
Junc23 0.820 0.757 1844.14 36.46
Junc24 0.694 0.694 1844.21 35.62
Junc25 0.631 1.451 1844.34 35.68
Junc26 1.135 1.135 1844.5 31.85
Junc42 0.631 0.757 1843.82 22.02
Junc44 0.820 0.252 1844.81 23.75
Junc45 0.757 0.505 1844.84 23.76
Junc78 0.820 0.820 1844.86 23.34
Junc85 0.820 0.568 1844.93 23.37
Junc86 0.631 0.631 1844.94 24.67
Junc110 0.631 0.757 1844.94 21.64
Junc109 0.820 0.820 1844.98 21.22
Junc106 1.009 0.315 1844.99 18.2
Junc102 0.946 0.946 1882.14 26.06
Junc101 1.892 1.892 1885.2 25.65
Junc99 0.883 0.883 1885.19 26.08
Junc98 1.261 0.631 1857.63 17.17
Junc97 1.009 1.009 1856.6 20.19
Junc96 0.757 1.955 1856.39 25.3
Junc13 0.883 0.883 1844.96 19.48
Junc87 0.631 0.252 1844.96 22.95
56
Annex
Junc114 0.757 0.757 1844.94 20.34

Junc89 0.946 0.946 1845.39 19.67
Junc90 0.820 0.820 1848 20.36
Junc93 0.820 0.378 1856.36 21.82
Junc94 0.883 0.883 1857.83 24.62
Junc91 0.946 0.946 1861.56 25.81
Junc83 0.820 1.955 1858.68 28.89
Junc84 0.883 0.883 1846.68 24.13
Junc81 0.757 0.946 1846.68 25.43
Junc80 0.946 0.946 1853.06 27.76
Junc77 1.009 0.757 1852.78 27.2
Junc46 0.883 0.883 1844.06 23.86
Junc43 0.820 0.820 1843.97 22.95
Junc41 2.523 2.523 1843.82 23.32
Junc100 0.568 0.568 1885.19 23.91
Junc58 0.757 0.757 1844.08 18.67
Junc40 1.261 1.261 1843.84 22.46
Junc39 0.757 0.757 1843.91 22.06
Junc37 0.631 0.631 1843.98 25.99
Junc38 1.009 1.009 1844.14 23.46
Junc35 0.378 0.378 1844.21 26.96
Junc31 0.631 0.631 1844.15 27.8
Junc32 0.946 0.946 1844.22 19.16
Junc29 0.883 0.883 1844.11 36.01
Junc48 0.378 0.378 1844.76 23.29
Junc47 0.505 0.505 1845.45 24.03
Junc60 0.820 2.144 1846.9 24.22
Junc76 0.820 0.820 1851.05 26.88
Junc79 0.883 0.820 1853.47 27.94
Junc82 1.892 1.892 1859.57 29.71
Junc62 0.694 0.694 1846.9 25.09
Junc61 0.757 1.577 1846.9 25.52
Junc69 0.757 0.757 1844.84 18.99
Junc68 0.820 0.820 1844.77 19.4
Junc67 1.009 1.514 1844.5 17.98
Junc65 1.009 1.009 1844.31 19.2
Junc49 0.757 0.757 1844.31 19.63
Junc51 1.135 1.135 1844.24 17.44
Junc50 1.261 2.207 1844.24 19.17
Junc52 0.757 0.757 1844.23 14.83
Junc55 1.009 1.514 1844.75 18.96
57
Annex
Junc54 0.883 0.883 1844.22 10.49

Junc64 2.523 2.397 1844.21 14.82
Junc53 2.838 1.829 1844.23 18.3
Resvr1 -42.170 1845.2 0
#N/A
Resvr6 -27.229 1845.2 0
#N/A
Resvr12 552.686 1840.2 0
#N/A
Resvr16 -139.459 1885.2 0
#N/A
Resvr27 -50.134 1885.2 0
#N/A
Resvr39 -161.204 1863.2 0
#N/A
Resvr41 -238.410 1863.2 0
#N/A
Resvr42 32.007 1844.2 0
#N/A
Network Table - Links at 6:00 Hrs (phase 1)

Link ID Length Diameter Flow Velocity Status
m Mm Lps m/s
Pipe 1 165 400 168.5141 1.30 Open
Pipe 2 168 250 -50.7901 1.00 Open
Pipe 3 193 250 -219.334 2.00 Open
Pipe 5 191 400 -231.845 1.79 Open
Pipe 6 176 300 -120.247 1.65 Open
Pipe 7 166 250 -77.1047 1.52 Open
Pipe 8 352 250 -64.5626 1.27 Open
Pipe 9 306 150 -44.1511 2.42 Open
Pipe 10 22 300 31.52072 0.43 Open
Pipe 11 36 300 73.06967 1.00 Open
Pipe 12 123 200 142.0457 2.00 Open
Pipe 13 162 200 -76.4286 1.76 Open
Pipe 14 39 150 7.834772 0.43 Open
Pipe 15 120 150 41.92735 1.97 Open
Pipe 16 29 150 -34.8487 1.91 Open
Pipe 17 104 200 -84.5793 1.83 Open
Pipe 18 156 300 41.73563 0.57 Open
Pipe 19 109 250 126.3351 1.93 Open
Pipe 20 122 200 97.73063 2.00 Open
Pipe 21 28 50 -6.93796 1.82 Open
Pipe 22 73 250 -25.0696 0.49 Open
58
Annex
Pipe 23 159 225 5.118491 0.12 Open

Pipe 24 141 200 55.95022 1.73 Open
Pipe 25 265 300 184.2745 1.82 Open
Pipe 26 312 300 -35.0052 0.48 Open
Pipe 27 254 300 -28.5023 0.39 Open
Pipe 28 40 50 -6.94427 1.99 Open
Pipe 29 671 350 -184.959 1.86 Open
Pipe 30 267 250 -127.198 1.99 Open
Pipe 31 11 350 -127.829 1.29 Open
Pipe 32 64 650 -458.41 1.34 Open
Pipe 33 68 900 213.41 0.33 Open
Pipe 34 248 250 69.24279 1.37 Open
Pipe 35 157 175 -16.8703 0.68 Open
Pipe 36 88 750 142.9059 0.31 Open
Pipe 37 40 400 51.37221 0.40 Open
Pipe 38 721 250 21.30833 0.42 Open
Pipe 39 129 200 31.00862 0.96 Open
Pipe 40 119 700 90.7769 0.33 Open
Pipe 41 52 350 29.43258 0.30 Open
Pipe 42 114 225 7.723144 0.35 Open
Pipe 43 135 100 3.986444 0.49 Open
Pipe 44 109 150 -7.22744 0.40 Open
Pipe 45 73 200 51.52484 1.59 Open
Pipe 46 45 150 -10.5826 0.58 Open
Pipe 47 241 500 114.6483 0.57 Open
Pipe 48 39 900 200.7614 0.40 Open
Pipe 49 60 550 200.0046 0.30 Open
Pipe 50 238 550 152.9751 0.35 Open
Pipe 51 40 900 83.96318 0.30 Open
Pipe 52 11 550 55.26091 0.51 Open
Pipe 53 20 400 24.05426 0.51 Open
Pipe 54 6 400 23.42359 0.78 Open
Pipe 55 119 550 28.0716 0.37 Open
Pipe 56 99 650 27.44094 0.80 Open
Pipe 57 113 750 26.62107 0.34 Open
Pipe 58 85 600 25.612 0.35 Open
Pipe 59 28 100 24.666 1.99 Open
Pipe 60 13 600 24.59915 0.37 Open
Pipe 61 36 250 -1.82515 0.91 Open
Pipe 62 2 400 9.455585 1.40 Open
Pipe 63 9 350 8.887985 0.91 Open
Pipe 64 36 100 -12.1637 1.50 Open
Pipe 65 78 250 -27.3924 0.54 Open
Pipe 66 17 250 -28.4014 0.56 Open
Pipe 67 20 100 -22.5407 2.00 Open
Pipe 68 42 300 -6.61759 1.83 Open
59
Annex
Pipe 69 66 150 -28.684 1.57 Open

Pipe 70 21 150 -29.5038 1.62 Open
Pipe 71 45 250 -30.4498 0.60 Open
Pipe 72 278 250 21.24653 0.42 Open
Pipe 73 645 300 13.96737 0.31 Open
Pipe 74 33 150 34.33097 1.88 Open
Pipe 75 124 250 33.38497 0.66 Open
Pipe 76 104 200 -45.1009 1.39 Open
Pipe 77 82 250 -21.1671 0.42 Open
Pipe 80 176 200 2.141744 0.30 Open
Pipe 81 110 400 -86.933 0.67 Open
Pipe 82 62 150 3.024677 0.30 Open
Pipe 84 39 200 -46.2096 1.43 Open
Pipe 85 60 350 -1.31872 0.91 Open
Pipe 86 406 250 46.77087 0.92 Open
Pipe 87 55 250 68.19209 1.35 Open
Pipe 88 367 250 65.99107 1.30 Open
Pipe 89 95 150 3.358931 0.30 Open
Pipe 90 114 150 2.980531 1.52 Open
Pipe 91 434 300 16.41941 0.30 Open
Pipe 92 140 200 42.44134 1.31 Open
Pipe 93 82 150 19.44535 1.07 Open
Pipe 94 55 200 86.40701 2.00 Open
Pipe 98 90 250 22.84149 0.45 Open
Pipe 100 181 200 -22.1761 0.68 Open
Pipe 101 166 250 21.89107 0.43 Open
Pipe 102 168 350 143.657 1.45 Open
Pipe 103 305 400 228.172 1.76 Open
Pipe 104 98 350 -535.174 2.00 Open
Pipe 105 565 50 -1.8201 0.90 Open
Pipe 106 143 300 -127.136 1.74 Open
Pipe 107 78 350 -146 1.47 Open
Pipe 108 13 300 -217.079 2.00 Open
Pipe 109 200 250 60.44435 1.19 Open
Pipe 110 220 300 77.41623 1.06 Open
Pipe 111 178 250 67.06509 1.32 Open
Pipe 112 42 150 65.34716 1.78 Open
Pipe 113 7 300 25.76715 0.35 Open
Pipe 115 26 300 -26.8418 0.37 Open
Pipe 116 110 300 -1.76839 0.30 Open
Pipe 117 564 250 45.95353 0.91 Open
Pipe 118 452 250 -8.89808 0.61 Open
Pipe 119 124 250 0.961136 0.55 Open
Pipe 120 79 100 -9.34143 1.15 Open
Pipe 121 195 300 9.482704 0.30 Open
Pipe 122 26 100 -8.47364 1.05 Open
60
Annex
Pipe 123 34 150 7.716837 0.42 Open

Pipe 124 93 250 -65.718 1.30 Open
Pipe 125 124 200 -68.556 2.00 Open
Pipe 126 150 300 17.98094 0.25 Open
Pipe 127 356 300 124.5592 1.71 Open
Pipe 128 213 250 -72.2996 1.43 Open
Pipe 129 249 250 -59.6983 1.18 Open
Pipe 130 171 250 135.8992 1.98 Open
Pipe 131 235 300 -85.3563 1.17 Open
61
Annex
Annex II: Distribution network for Phase 2
Network Table - Nodes at 6:00 Hrs (phase 2)
62
Annex
Elevation Base Demand Head Pressure

Node ID m Lps Lps m m
Junc2 1796 3.052 2.523 1845.03 21.24
Jun 3 1794 1.526 1.261 1844.87 22.04
Jun 4 1786 1.908 1.577 1844.32 25.27
Jun 5 1800 1.221 1.009 1844.82 19.42
Jun 7 1796 0.458 0.378 1844.61 21.06
Jun 8 1790 0.916 0.757 1843.3 23.1
Jun 11 1788 0.382 0.315 1842.5 23.61
Junc12 1799 0.458 0.378 1843.34 19.21
Jun 13 1790 0.916 0.757 1842.52 22.76
Jun 15 1798 0.839 0.694 1842.42 19.25
Jun 16 1801 0.305 0.252 1843.37 18.36
Jun17 1762 0.534 0.441 1843.53 35.33
Junc18 1791 1.068 0.883 1841.85 22.03
Junc21 1802 0.916 0.757 1841.93 17.3
Junc22 1796 1.526 1.261 1842.94 20.34
Junc23 1760 0.992 0.820 1843.08 36
Junc24 1762 0.839 0.694 1843.43 35.28
Junc25 1762 0.763 0.631 1843.53 35.33
Junc26 1771 1.908 1.577 1843.54 31.43
Junc42 1793 0.763 0.631 1840.31 20.5
Junc44 1790 0.992 0.820 1840.59 21.92
Junc45 1790 0.916 0.757 1840.74 21.98
Junc78 1791 0.992 0.820 1840.95 21.64
Junc85 1791 0.992 0.820 1841.44 21.86
Junc86 1788 0.763 0.631 1841.5 23.18
Junc110 1795 0.763 0.631 1841.61 20.19
Junc109 1796 0.992 0.820 1841.72 19.81
Junc106 1803 1.221 1.009 1841.95 16.88
Junc101 1826 2.289 1.892 1885.16 25.63
Junc99 1825 0.763 0.631 1852.35 11.85
Junc98 1818 1.526 1.261 1852.3 14.86
Junc97 1810 1.221 1.009 1851.85 18.13
Junc96 1798 0.916 0.757 1843.52 19.72
Junc113 1800 1.068 0.883 1841.52 17.99
Junc87 1792 0.763 0.631 1841.52 21.46
Junc14 1798 0.916 0.757 1841.51 18.85
Junc89 1800 1.145 0.946 1841.63 18.04
Junc90 1801 0.992 0.820 1841.66 17.62
Junc93 1806 1.221 1.009 1843.52 16.26
63
Annex
Junc94 1801 1.068 0.883 1847.25 20.04

Junc91 1802 1.145 0.946 1846.78 19.4
Junc83 1792 0.992 0.820 1846.53 23.63
Junc4 1791 1.068 0.883 1841.44 21.86
Junc81 1788 0.916 0.757 1841.01 22.97
Junc80 1789 1.145 0.946 1847.34 25.28
Junc77 1790 1.221 1.009 1848.25 25.24
Junc46 1789 1.068 0.883 1840.38 22.26
Junc43 1791 0.992 0.820 1840.35 21.38
Junc41 1790 3.052 2.523 1840.3 21.79
Junc100 1830 0.687 0.568 1852.37 9.69
Junc58 1801 0.916 0.757 1841.48 17.54
Junc40 1792 1.526 1.261 1840.31 20.93
Junc39 1793 0.916 0.757 1840.33 20.51
Junc37 1784 0.763 0.631 1840.34 24.41
Junc38 1790 1.221 1.009 1840.34 21.81
Junc35 1782 0.458 0.378 1846.17 27.8
Junc31 1780 0.763 0.631 1843.18 27.38
Junc32 1800 1.145 0.946 1843.54 18.87
Junc29 1761 1.068 0.883 1842.7 35.4
Junc48 1791 0.458 0.378 1846.48 24.04
Junc47 1790 0.610 0.505 1849.43 25.75
Junc60 1791 0.992 0.820 1849.43 25.32
Junc76 1789 0.992 0.820 1849.43 26.19
Junc82 1800 2.289 1.892 1889.76 38.89
Junc61 1788 0.916 0.757 1849.26 26.54
Junc69 1801 0.916 0.757 1848.6 20.62
Junc68 1800 0.992 0.820 1848.54 21.03
Junc67 1803 1.221 1.009 1844.52 17.99
Junc65 1800 1.221 1.009 1844.3 19.2
Junc49 1799 0.916 0.757 1844.09 19.54
Junc51 1804 1.374 1.135 1844.02 17.34
Junc50 1800 1.526 1.261 1843.92 19.03
Junc52 1810 0.916 0.757 1844.08 14.77
Junc55 1801 1.221 1.009 1844.51 18.85
Junc4 1820 1.526 1.261 1844.16 10.47
Junc64 1810 3.052 2.523 1844.18 14.81
Junc53 1802 3.434 2.838 1844.07 18.23
Junc9 1790 0.763 0.631 1841.53 22.33
Junc10 1800 0.916 0.757 1852.3 22.66
Junc11 1760 0.458 0.378 1843.39 36.13
64
Annex
Junc14 1765 0.916 0.450 1849.38 801.34

Resvr1 1845.2 #N/A -63.7806 1845.2 0
Resvr6 1845.2 #N/A -39.5718 1845.2 0
Resvr12 1840.2 #N/A 521.929 1840.2 0
Resvr16 1885.2 #N/A -815.246 1885.2 0
Resvr27 1885.2 #N/A -308.962 1885.2 0
Resvr42 1844.2 #N/A -25.9929 1844.2 0
Resvr13 1840.2 #N/A 864.5721 1840.2 0
Resvr17 1890 #N/A -178.909 1890 0
Resvr18 1890 #N/A -28.899 1890 0
Junc2 1796 3.052 2.523 1845.03 21.24
Junc3 1794 1.526 1.261 1844.87 22.04
Junc4 1786 1.908 1.577 1844.32 25.27
Junc5 1800 1.221 1.009 1844.82 19.42
Junc7 1796 0.458 0.378 1844.61 21.06
Junc8 1790 0.916 0.757 1843.3 23.1
Junc11 1788 0.382 0.315 1842.5 23.61
Junc12 1799 0.458 0.378 1843.34 19.21
Junc13 1790 0.916 0.757 1842.52 22.76
Junc15 1798 0.839 0.694 1842.42 19.25
Junc16 1801 0.305 0.252 1843.37 18.36
Junc17 1762 0.534 0.441 1843.53 35.33
Junc18 1791 1.068 0.883 1841.85 22.03
Junc21 1802 0.916 0.757 1841.93 17.3
Junc22 1796 1.526 1.261 1842.94 20.34
Junc23 1760 0.992 0.820 1843.08 36
Junc24 1762 0.839 0.694 1843.43 35.28
Junc25 1762 0.763 0.631 1843.53 35.33
Junc26 1771 1.908 1.577 1843.54 31.43
Junc42 1793 0.763 0.631 1840.31 20.5
Junc44 1790 0.992 0.820 1840.59 21.92
Junc45 1790 0.916 0.757 1840.74 21.98
Junc78 1791 0.992 0.820 1840.95 21.64
Junc85 1791 0.992 0.820 1841.44 21.86
Junc86 1788 0.763 0.631 1841.5 23.18
Junc110 1795 0.763 0.631 1841.61 20.19
Jun 109 1796 0.992 0.820 1841.72 19.81
Junc106 1803 1.221 1.009 1841.95 16.88
Junc101 1826 2.289 1.892 1885.16 25.63
Junc99 1825 0.763 0.631 1852.35 11.85
Junc98 1818 1.526 1.261 1852.3 14.86
65
Annex
Junc97 1810 1.221 1.009 1851.85 18.13

Junc96 1798 0.916 0.757 1843.52 19.72
Junc113 1800 1.068 0.883 1841.52 17.99
Junc87 1792 0.763 0.631 1841.52 21.46
Junc114 1798 0.916 0.757 1841.51 18.85
Junc89 1800 1.145 0.946 1841.63 18.04
Junc90 1801 0.992 0.820 1841.66 17.62
Junc93 1806 1.221 1.009 1843.52 16.26
Junc94 1801 1.068 0.883 1847.25 20.04
Junc91 1802 1.145 0.946 1846.78 19.4
Junc83 1792 0.992 0.820 1846.53 23.63
Junc84 1791 1.068 0.883 1841.44 21.86
Junc81 1788 0.916 0.757 1841.01 22.97
Junc80 1789 1.145 0.946 1847.34 25.28
Junc77 1790 1.221 1.009 1848.25 25.24
Junc46 1789 1.068 0.883 1840.38 22.26
Junc43 1791 0.992 0.820 1840.35 21.38
Junc41 1790 3.052 2.523 1840.3 21.79
Junc100 1830 0.687 0.568 1852.37 9.69
Junc58 1801 0.916 0.757 1841.48 17.54
Junc40 1792 1.526 1.261 1840.31 20.93
Junc39 1793 0.916 0.757 1840.33 20.51
Junc37 1784 0.763 0.631 1840.34 24.41
Junc38 1790 1.221 1.009 1840.34 21.81
Junc35 1782 0.458 0.378 1846.17 27.8
Junc31 1780 0.763 0.631 1843.18 27.38
Junc32 1800 1.145 0.946 1843.54 18.87
Junc29 1761 1.068 0.883 1842.7 35.4
Junc48 1791 0.458 0.378 1846.48 24.04
Junc47 1790 0.610 0.505 1849.43 25.75
Junc60 1791 0.992 0.820 1849.43 25.32
Junc76 1789 0.992 0.820 1849.43 26.19
Junc82 1800 2.289 1.892 1889.76 38.89
Junc61 1788 0.916 0.757 1849.26 26.54
Jun 69 1801 0.916 0.757 1848.6 20.62
Junc68 1800 0.992 0.820 1848.54 21.03
Junc67 1803 1.221 1.009 1844.52 17.99
Junc65 1800 1.221 1.009 1844.3 19.2
Junc49 1799 0.916 0.757 1844.09 19.54
Junc51 1804 1.374 1.135 1844.02 17.34
Junc50 1800 1.526 1.261 1843.92 19.03
66
Annex
Junc52 1810 0.916 0.757 1844.08 14.77

Junc55 1801 1.221 1.009 1844.51 18.85
Junc54 1820 1.526 1.261 1844.16 10.47
Junc64 1810 3.052 2.523 1844.18 14.81
Junc53 1802 3.434 2.838 1844.07 18.23
Junc9 1790 0.763 0.631 1841.53 22.33
Junc10 1800 0.916 0.757 1852.3 22.66
Junc11 1760 0.458 0.378 1843.39 36.13
Junc14 1765 0.916 0.450 1849.38 801.34
Reser1 1845.2 #N/A -63.7806 1845.2 0
Resvr6 1845.2 #N/A -39.5718 1845.2 0
Resv12 1840.2 #N/A 521.929 1840.2 0
Resvr16 1885.2 #N/A -815.246 1885.2 0
Resvr27 1885.2 #N/A -308.962 1885.2 0
Resvr42 1844.2 #N/A -25.9929 1844.2 0
Resvr13 1840.2 #N/A 864.5721 1840.2 0
Resvr17 1890 #N/A -178.909 1890 0
Resvr18 1890 #N/A -28.899 1890 0
Network Table - Links at 6:00 Hrs(phase 2)

Length Diameter Flow Velocity Status
Link ID M Mm Lps m/s
Pipe 1 165 400 63.781 0.491 Open
Pipe 2 168 300 28.695 0.393 Open
Pipe 3 193 300 51.702 0.710 Open
Pipe 5 191 300 39.572 0.543 Open
Pipe 6 176 300 32.563 0.445 Open
Pipe 7 166 250 20.304 0.402 Open
Pipe 8 352 250 15.303 0.302 Open
Pipe 9 306 150 11.250 0.616 Open
Pipe 10 22 200 -13.518 0.418 Open
Pipe 11 36 300 -27.298 0.375 Open
Pipe 12 123 200 -35.229 1.088 Open
Pipe 13 162 200 24.011 0.741 Open
Pipe 14 39 150 -3.353 0.830 Open
Pipe 15 120 150 -13.401 0.735 Open
Pipe 16 29 150 9.292 0.509 Open
Pipe 17 104 200 27.049 0.835 Open
Pipe 18 156 300 -20.703 0.830 Open
Pipe 19 109 250 -40.559 0.802 Open
67
Annex
Pipe 20 122 200 -30.681 0.948 Open

Pipe 21 28 50 -1.280 0.631 Open
Pipe 22 73 250 -26.213 0.518 Open
Pipe 23 159 225 -20.874 0.509 Open
Pipe 24 141 200 -8.674 0.682 Open
Pipe 25 250 200 -1.785 0.550 Open
Pipe 26 312 300 48.360 0.664 Open
Pipe 27 254 300 23.002 0.314 Open
Pipe 28 40 200 0.122 0.300 Open
Pipe 29 671 100 1.766 0.321 Open
Pipe 30 267 250 46.869 0.927 Open
Pipe 31 11 350 46.238 0.466 Open
Pipe 33 88 850 -176.693 0.302 Open
Pipe 34 248 250 -42.014 0.829 Open
Pipe 35 157 175 -23.672 0.954 Open
Pipe 36 88 750 -135.940 0.299 Open
Pipe 37 40 450 -35.118 0.300 Open
Pipe 38 721 250 -34.470 0.680 Open
Pipe 39 129 200 -18.257 0.564 Open
Pipe 40 119 700 -101.579 0.560 Open
Pipe 41 52 350 -1.278 0.390 Open
Pipe 43 135 100 8.691 1.073 Open
Pipe 44 109 150 -9.036 0.497 Open
Pipe 45 73 200 12.893 0.396 Open
Pipe 46 45 150 -17.097 0.939 Open
Pipe 47 241 700 -301.520 0.759 Open
Pipe 48 50 1000 1261.971 1.558 Open
Pipe 49 70 1000 1262.728 1.558 Open
Pipe 50 248 1000 1007.154 1.244 Open
Pipe 51 40 1050 1003.970 1.125 Open
Pipe 52 11 700 -267.473 0.674 Open
Pipe 53 20 750 -127.853 0.802 Open
Pipe 54 11 800 -128.483 0.472 Open
Pipe 55 119 1050 -737.128 0.826 Open
Pipe 56 99 1000 -737.759 0.911 Open
Pipe 57 113 900 -786.829 1.198 Open
Pipe 60 50 1125 -815.246 0.796 Open
Pipe 62 2 450 -308.394 1.881 Open
Pipe 63 420 300 -308.962 4.237 Open
Pipe 64 36 700 307.763 0.774 Open
Pipe 65 78 250 47.301 0.933 Open
68
Annex
Pipe 66 17 100 46.292 5.712 Open

Pipe 67 20 150 56.977 2.000 Open
Pipe 68 42 300 -11.442 0.155 Open
Pipe 69 66 200 61.401 1.893 Open
Pipe 70 21 500 141.323 0.698 Open
Pipe 71 45 450 140.377 0.856 Open
Pipe 72 278 250 -73.853 1.457 Open
Pipe 73 645 450 259.191 1.579 Open
Pipe 74 33 350 184.455 1.859 Open
Pipe 75 124 400 91.650 0.707 Open
Pipe 76 104 200 -30.654 0.945 Open
Pipe 77 82 350 -161.035 1.622 Open
Pipe 80 176 150 2.287 0.521 Open
Pipe 81 110 400 95.058 0.735 Open
Pipe 82 62 200 -7.340 0.622 Open
Pipe 84 39 625 256.394 0.811 Open
Pipe 85 60 350 -127.716 1.286 Open
Pipe 86 406 300 -129.435 1.774 Open
Pipe 87 55 350 -4.003 0.400 Open
Pipe 88 367 300 -121.484 1.664 Open
Pipe 89 95 150 -9.070 0.497 Open
Pipe 90 114 100 -9.448 1.164 Open
Pipe 91 434 600 -9.953 0.340 Open
Pipe 92 140 650 -32.542 0.094 Open
Pipe100 181 400 -172.555 1.332 Open
Pipe105 565 100 -1.596 0.198 Open
Pipe106 143 300 -21.576 0.296 Open
Pipe107 78 350 -20.834 0.210 Open
Pipe108 13 300 -33.027 0.454 Open
Pipe109 200 200 -7.034 0.216 Open
Pipe110 220 200 -10.048 0.311 Open
Pipe111 178 100 -8.855 1.091 Open
Pipe112 42 150 -21.013 1.152 Open
Pipe119 124 250 11.402 0.603 Open
Pipe120 79 50 2.202 1.088 Open
Pipe121 195 100 8.380 1.033 Open
Pipe122 26 100 -7.371 0.908 Open
Pipe123 34 150 6.614 0.363 Open
Pipe124 93 200 -6.833 0.310 Open
Pipe125 124 200 -9.671 0.299 Open
Pipe126 680 150 -2.004 0.410 Open
69
Annex
Pipe127 356 300 19.223 0.562 Open

Pipe128 213 250 -12.311 0.440 Open
Pipe129 249 250 -22.876 0.451 Open
Pipe130 171 150 7.398 0.405 Open
Pipe131 1000 300 19.099 0.622 Open
Pipe 4 70 300 813.354 2.000 Open
Pipe 78 70 100 24.769 1.997 Open
Pipe 79 300 400 -48.250 0.372 Open
Pipe 83 80 250 -0.011 1.000 Open
Pipe 95 48 550 72.389 0.296 Open
Pipe 96 80 250 24.794 0.491 Open
Pipe 99 60 200 24.416 0.753 Open
Pipe114 64 750 -864.572 1.896 Open
Pipe132 250 100 -10.510 1.295 Open
Pipe133 80 300 21.770 0.299 Open
Pipe134 90 250 21.770 0.430 Open
Pipe135 540 250 -11.118 0.519 Open
Pipe136 95 400 -787.838 1.075 Open
Pipe137 620 300 -91.860 1.259 Open
Pipe140 250 600 -178.909 0.613 Open
Pipe141 250 300 -28.899 0.396 Open
Pipe143 56 800 -521.929 1.006 Open
Pipe144 450 250 -205.917 4.066 Open
70
Annex
Annex III: Cost estimation
s. no Description unit Qty Rate Amount

1 RISING MAINS
1.1 Rising Main from Treatment plant
to Bahir Dar reservoir
Site Clearance
General clearance of site, along m2 34516.21
proposed route to a width of max 4.0 10,000.00 3.45
m of where there is no bushes or shrubs
proposed route to a width of max 4.0 800.00 4.79
m in scattered bushes
m in dense bushes
m in boulder area
Sub total 44782.21
1.2 Trench excavation for DN 600mm

Steel/DCI Pipe
Trench excavations in ordinary soil m3 200.00 4992.174
depth not exceed 1.5m 24.96
Trench excavations in ordinary soil m3 3947.383
depth greater than 1.5 and not exceed 123.00 32.09
3m
Excavation in soft rock m3 54.00 3790.932
70.20
Excavation in hard rock m3 54.00 12040.67
222.98
Fill and compact 10 cm average depth m3 2,000.00 54756.11
of bedding material beneath pipe with 27.38
native soil
Fill and compact 10 cm average m3 89.00 11850.2
depth of bedding material beneath pipe, 133.15
transported from maximum distance of
3 km
71
Annex
Fill and compact depth of 10 cm m3 86.00 12723.06

bedding material beneath pipe 147.94
transported from distance exceeding 10
km
Gravel road crossing including m 56.00 41552
excavation,structural work as per the 742.00
drawing and reinstatement
Sub total 145652.5
steel/DCI Pipe
depth greater than 1.5 and not exceed 32.09
3m
70.20
222.98
Fill and compact 10 cm average depth m3 1,020.00 135811.3
of bedding material beneath pipe, 133.15
10 km
Fill and compact depth of 10 cm m3 1,530.00 226352.2
km
Sub total 642702.7

steel/DCI Pipe
depth greater than 1.5 and not exceed 32.09
3m
72
Annex
70.20
222.98
Fill and compact 10 cm average depth m3 543.00 72299.54
of bedding material beneath pipe, 133.15
10 km
Fill and compact depth of 10 cm m3 213.00 31511.77
km
Total 677559.7
s. no Description Unit Qty Rate

(ETB) Amount(ETB
)
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
1 GENERAL SITE-WORKS
Stripping & site clearing ha 1 9,315.00
17,250.00
Excavation, subgrade preparation & -
back-filling for structures
a) Operation Building m3 2.00 80.58
40.29
b) Operators Dwelling m3 12.00 483.48
40.29
c) Clear water well m3 3.00 120.87
40.29
d) Clarifier & Filter m3 2.00 80.58
40.29
e) Guard House m3 3.00 120.87
40.29
Precast concrete curb stone 150 x m 60 15,000.00
300mm 250.00
73
Annex
Dressed Stone Paving m2 150 30,000.00

200.00
Chain link fence m 60 17,100.00
285.00
2 Gates -
a) 2 x 4m No 1.00 6,000.00
6,000.00
b) 1 x 2m No 1.00 1,500.00
1,500.00
2
Top soil placement m 86 12,733.16
148.06
2
Grass Seeding m 40 3,000.00
75.00
2
Red ash 100mm thick m 32 4,737.92
148.06
Carried to Summary of Bills 100,272.46
s .no Description unit Qty Rate(ETB) Amount(ETB)

1 CLARIFIERS
1.1 thickness
Concrete class C15, 5cm thick under m2 95.60 37770.45971
floor slab of clarifier 395.07
Concrete class C15, 5cm thick under m2 95.60 6554.642766
floor slab of clarifier manhole 68.56
Concrete class C-30 for floor slab of m3 2,399.97 21359.72935
clarifier manhole 8.90
Ditto, but for floor slab of drain channel m3 2,399.97 21359.72935
(Clarifier) 8.90
Ditto, but for walls of drain channel m3 2,399.97 20759.73696
(Clarifier) 8.65
1.2 Supply, cut, bend and fix in position
mild steel reinforcement bar for calrifier
man-hole
- 10 mm dia. kg 21.31 554.1526427
26.00
- 12 mm dia. kg 21.31 1449.322296
68.00
74
Annex
Selected material fill for clarifier m3 119.89 105022.5903

876.00
1.3 Supply, cut, bend and fix in position 0
mild steel reinforcement bar for clarifier
- 10 mm dia. kg 21.31 32886.82799
1,543.00
- 12 mm dia. kg 21.31 13939.07032
654.00
- 16 mm dia. kg 21.31 1193.559538
56.00
- 20 mm dia. kg 21.31 1321.440917
62.00
1.4 Ditto, but for clarifier wall I & IA 0
- 12 mm dia. kg 43.00 21.31 916.4832167
- 16 mm dia. kg 56.78 21.31 1210.184117
- 20 mm dia. kg 26.00 21.31 554.1526427
1.5 Ditto, but clarifier wall II
- 12 mm dia. kg 24.00 21.31 511.5255163
- 16 mm dia. kg 84.46 21.31 1800.143546
- 20 mm dia. kg 24.12 21.31 514.0831439
1.6 Ditto, but for clarifier wall III
- 12 mm dia. kg 65.40 21.31 1393.907032
- 20 mm dia. kg 123.00 21.31 2621.568271
1.7 Ditto, but clarifier wall IV
- 12 mm dia. kg 675.00 21.31 14386.65515
Ditto, but for clarifier wall V
- 12 mm dia. kg 128.00 21.31 2728.136087
1.8 Ditto, but clarifier wall VI
- 12 mm dia. kg 987.00 21.31 21036.48686
- 16 mm dia. kg 234.00 21.31 4987.373784
- 12 mm dia. kg 675.00 21.31 14386.65515
1.9 Ditto, but for clarifier inlet chamber
- 6 mm dia. kg 14.54 21.31 309.8992086
- 12 mm dia. kg 86.00 21.31 1832.966433
1.1 Ditto, but for clarifier drain channel
- 10 mm dia. kg 123.00 21.31 2621.568271
- 12 mm dia. kg 1,231.00 21.31 26236.99627
1.11 Ditto, but for clarifier passage & support
beam
75
Annex
- 6 mm dia. kg 128.56 21.31 2740.071682

- 12 mm dia. kg 1,543.00 21.31 32886.82799
- 16 mm dia. kg 215.53 21.31 4593.712272
Excavation to formation level for m3 231.00 24.96 5765.961081
foundation and floor of clarifier
Excavation for manhole of clarifier m3 34.00 32.12 1092.0732
Concrete C-30 for clarifier floor slab m3 231.00 2,399.97 554392.9753
Supply and construct joints between m 108.68 334.02 36301.59132
floor slab & walls consisting of 25 mm
rubber water stop
Concrete C-30 for clarifier wall m3 235.92 2,399.97 566200.8257
Excavation for valve chamber of m3 78.56 2,399.97 188541.611
clarifier
Selected material fill and compaction m3 8.23 119.89 986.6848385
under lean concrete
Concrete class C15, 5mm thick for valve m2 25.76 200.38 5161.7888
chamber of clarifier
Concrete C-30 for valve chamber floor m3 4.12 2,399.97 9887.874712
slab of clarifier
Concrete C-30 for valve chamber wall of m3 8.65 2,399.97 20759.73696
clarifier
Concrete C-30 for wall of manhole along m3 8.28 2,399.97 19871.74821
drain channel of clarifier
Concrete C-30 for manhole wall m3 9.10 2,399.97 21839.72327
(Flucculator)
Selected material fill and compaction for m3 0.87 119.89 104.3032575
column footing of inlet chamber of
clarifier
Lean concrete class C15, 5cm thick m2 5.34 200.38 1070.0292
under footing
Ditto, but column of inlet chamber of m3 0.68 1,912.09 1300.220852
clarifier
Ditto, but inlet chamber wall of clarifier m3 6.37 1,912.09 12180.01004
Ditto, but for inlet chamber floor slab & m3 6.54 1,912.09 12505.06525
cover
1.13 Supply, cut, bend and fix in position
mild steel reinforcement bar for sludge
pit of clarifier
- 12 mm dia. kg 67.00 21.31 1428.008733
76
Annex
Ditto, but for inlet chamber roof

- 8 mm dia. kg 9.78 21.31 208.4466479
- 10 mm dia. kg 45.00 21.31 959.1103431
- 12 mm dia. kg 67.32 21.31 1434.829073
External wall plastering for clarifier m2 70.00 21.31 1491.949423
Rendering in cement mortar with spatter m2 45.00 66.25 2981.16
(TYRELEON) fifnish as specified on
external surfaces for wall
Free drain gravel m3 23.00 650.00 14950
Laying DN 500 mm DCI drain pipe m 123.00 128.82 15844.45262
including excavation and backfilling
Laying DN 400 mm DCI pipe between m 78.00 94.82 7395.661728
balancing chamber and inlet to clarifier
including excavation and backfilling
Laying DN 300 mm DCI inlet pipe to m 77.86 778.56688
clarifier including excavation and 10.00
backfilling
Initial filling of basin and leakage test LS 7.00 9,000.00 63000
Chlorination of basin and pipe work LS 4.00 6,000.00 24000
Supply, cut, bend and fix in position kg 21.31 11978.22251
mild steel reinforcement bar for clarifier 562.00
precast concrete
Concrete C-15 for flocculator floor 2nd m3 1,912.09 170175.9645
phase concrete 89.00
Carried to Summary of Bills 4245136.245
S .no Description Unit Qty Rate Amount

Reservoir 2000m3
1 Earth Work
3
1.1 Excavation for foundation m 897.45 86.45 77584.55
1.2 Excavation for footing pad m3 65.34 34.67 2265.3378
1.3 Back fill & compaction m3 234.212 1236 289,486.03
1.4 Cart away excavated m3 86 2341 201326
surplus material at a
distance of 100m
2 Masonary Work
3
2.1 placing of hard core & stone m 688.45 231.98 159,706.63
77
Annex
pitch
3 Concrete Work
3
3.1 10 cm lean concrete m 87.43 1432 125,199.76
3.2 32 cm RCC floor slab m3 432 3120 1,347,840
3.3 30 cm RCC concrete Wall m3 234.43 3120 731421.6
3.4 Footing pad (120*120) m3 3.4 3120 10608
3.5 RCC colon (40*40) m3 12.45 3120 38844
RCC circular ring beam 3
3.6 m 6.32 3120 19718.4
20cm RCC roof slab 3
3.7 m 165.45 3120 516204
4 Finishing
2
4.1 Plastering the internal part m 1653.57 300 496071
of reservoir
4.2 Plastering the external part m2 934.34 300 280302
of reservoir
4.3 Ladder Ls 3400
4.4 Pipe & Fittings Ls 10,865,892.09
4.5 Form work m2 2341.78 324.68 760329.1304
Total 12,345,567.87
78

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DESIGN REPORT ON BAHIR DAR TOWN

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Arba Minch Institute of Technology

Department Of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering

Ato Beshah Mogesse (MSc.) ___________________

Figure 6-1Mass-curve diagrams for phase one........................................................................................... 33

Annex I Distribution network for Phase 1 ................................................................................................ 55

1.2 Location and topography

1.5 Economic activities

1.6 Objective of the Project

1.7 Existing Water supply and sanitation

1.7.2 Source of water and supply system

2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESEMENT

2.1 Design period

s.no Name of units Design period

2.2 Population forecasting

Table 2-2 Given population data

2.3 Water demand assessment

2.3.2 Classification of water demand

2.3.3 Domestic demand projection

A) Population percentage distribution by mode of service

 Public tap users (PTU

B) Establishment of per capital demand

Table 2-5 projected per capital water demand by demand categories

Group Mean annual precipitation Adjustment factor

Table 2-7 Adjustment due to socio- economic condition

Group Description Adjustment factor

E) Projection of Domestic Water Demand.

2.3.4 Non-domestic demands

Table 2-9 Projected public demand

Year public demand as% of daily Public demand

4. Uncounted for water loss

Table 2-10 Estimated losses as percentage of domestic plus public demand

Year % of loss M3/d

2.3.5 Total demand

2.3.6 Summary of water demand

Table 2-11 Summarized water demand

Description Unit Year

Public demand M3/d 3062.7 7041.4 11347.7

3. WATER SOURCE AND INTAKE STRUCTURE

3.2 Source selection

3.3 Intake structure

Design of Sump Well

Provide d= 300mm of suction pipe

Providing circular area of sump, √

For lomi and Tikur wuha

Therefore, provided d= 200mm of suction standard pipe.

Providing circular area of sump √

Design of intake structure for phase 2

Design of intake opening

Assume inlet velocity, v = 0.13m/s and Q = 203l/s

Design of sump well

For Areke spring

Provide free board of 0.5m

Provide circular diameter of sump √ =7.8m

4.1 Pumping design parameters

Determination of total dynamic head of the pump

Entry loss he = = =0.09m

Head loss due to velocity in pipe HV =

Pump power requirement for spring

Quantity of alum used per day is = 89243.21035.5 to 89243.21038.0 = 490.84kg to 713.94kg

1.5490.84 to 1.5713.94 = 736.3kg/day to 1070.9kg/day

Accounting 5% for miscellaneous losses = 0.0518.766106 = 0.9383*106 lit