© IJEDR 2019 | Volume 7, Issue 2 | ISSN: 2321-9939

A Smart Real Time Fire and Smoke Detection

System
1
Mr. Aneesh . A, 2Mr. Austine Cyriac, 3Mr. Shafeek Basheer
PG Scholer, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Government Engineering College Idukki, Painavu, kerala, India
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Abstract - Fire plays an important role in our daily life, but it is also a serious threat to human life and properties. Along
with the growing science and technology, fire prevention technologies are also constantly innovating. This system is
designed to detect the fire and smoke at the early stage and notify the nearest fire station through a push notification.
The notification contains the fire or smoke warning and the location information. Whenever a fire occurs, the fire sensor
senses the fire at very early stage itself. In case of a smoke, the smoke sensor detects it and sends a notification saying
there is a chance of fire which helps the fighters to subdue it before the fire causes damage at a greater extend. Tensilica
ESP 8266 processor is used as the brain of the system. This processor contains a built in Wi-Fi and is available at a cheap
cost.

IndexTerms – Tensilica ESP 8266, Real Time Fire Detection, Real Time Smoke Detection.
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I. INTRODUCTION
The fire prevention technologies are constantly innovating along with the growing science and technology, because fire is a
serious threat to human life and properties. The appearance of the fire is often accompanied by the generation of smoke. Actually
in the early stages of the fire, a lot of smoke is produced due to the fuel temperature and combustion is not high enough. Smoke
cannot be covered by a large area, and the mobility is relatively high. If the fire can be detected before the occurrence of fire
and sent an early warning to the nearest fire station, the occurrence of fire and a large area spreading of fire can be avoided so
as to reduce people's material and financial damage.
There are a number of fire and smoke detection systems are available nowadays. But all these systems provide a warning signal
on the building premises only. Then the fire detection was done mainly by visual inspection and confirmation by a human being
and the fire station only informed when someone make a call to the fire station.
A real time fire and smoke detection system can solve this issue and inform nearest fire station. This system is cheaper compared
to all currently available systems in market. This real time fire and smoke detection system is designed to detect the fire and
smoke at the early stage and notify the nearest fire station through a push notification. The notification contains the fire or smoke
warning and the location information’s. Tensilica ESP 8266 processor is used in this system. This processor is selected for the
system only because it contains a built in Wi-Fi and is available at a cheap cost.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section topics related to A Real Time Fire and Smoke Detection System are included. These provide a sampling of
problems appropriate for application of A Real Time Fire and Smoke Detection System. The references are summarized below.
A. Need for Wireless Fire Detection Systems using IOT[1]: The interconnection of physical devices embedded with electronics,
software and sensors, which is capable of collecting required data from the surrounding and sent those data over internet is called
IOT. The fire detection composed of all of the techniques and processes that ensures the early detection of a fire. There are three
main categories Smoke detection, Flame detection and Temperature detection. The automatic fire detection system will do a
real-time surveillance. Mainly an automatic fire alarm system is designed for high-rise buildings. To do early extinguishing of
a fire disaster, large numbers of detectors are deployed in buildings, which will periodically measure smoke concentration or
temperature. There are many techniques we had been already used to detect fire, such as fire detection using sensors, image
processing, CCTV technology.
B. Unified Smoke and Flame Detection for Intelligent Surveillance System[2]: This paper explains the way ofunification of
flame and smoke detection algorithms by merging the common steps into a single processing flow. Smoke detection and flame
detection can be done using colour probability, boundary roughness, edge density and area variability filtering processes. The
obtained preliminary results show that, by processing smoke and flame in parallel, we can reduce the processing time. The
results obtained from unified processing part can be used to feed as input for different tasks of intelligent surveillance systems.
C. Design and Implementation of Smoke Early Warning System[3]: In this paper the author proposes a simple hardware design,
which consists of different fire sensors that enables every user to use this wireless fire security system. The challenges, while
designing the nodes with different types of fire sensors are discussed and the methods to overcome this problem is analysed.
The system is interfaced with the many types of sensor to sense different fire sources like gas leakage, smoke, and heat. This
circuit is fully controlled by the PIC microcontroller. All the sensors and detectors are wired to PIC microcontroller. The PIC
microcontroller will periodically monitor all the connected sensors and when it senses any security problem then notification
sent to the PC central monitoring station wirelessly. The distance should be in a range of 300m indoor/1500m outdoor using
zigbee. Also gas, light, smoke, IR, temperature & humidity sensors can be interfaced with this microcontroller to find out

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abnormal fire conditions in the surroundings in all possible ways. ARM7 based microcontroller can also be used to build such
systems.
D. Development of System for Early Fire Detection using Arduino UNO[4]: The fire alarm system proposed in this paper only
uses affordable things. The Fire alarm system monitor real-time, when it detects the presence of fire, it will automatically capture
images and display it on a screen. The time when output of the associated sensors such as temperature, humidity, CO2 and fire
is increased above the threshold limits, the controller start sending signals to GSM module. The main feature of this system is
its ability to remotely send an alert whenever a fire and smoke is detected. The system can also alert the users through a GSM
module.

III. DESIGN OVERVIEW

The block diagram depicts the total blue print of the proposed project, A Smart Real Time Fire and Smoke Detection System.
The total essence and functioning of the project is represented in a single block diagram, shown in figure 1. The Tensilica
ESP8266 processor acts as the brain of the system. All other components are linked with this processor. The fire sensor and
smoke sensor will send high values towards the Tensilica ESP8266 processor when the flame of the fire or smoke crosses the
threshold limits.

Fig. 1: Block diagram of smart real time fire and smoke detection system
A. Tensilica ESP8266:
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability produced by Espressif
Systems. This processor simply connects to a Wi-Fi network and make TCP/IP connections simply using Hayes-style
commands. The ESP8266 have 1 MB of built-in flash, which makes the single-chip device capable of connecting to Wi-Fi. The
price is very low and very few external components are present on the module which suggested that it could eventually be very
inexpensive in volume, this attracted everyone.
Espressif’s ESP8266 delivers highly integrated Wi-Fi SoC solution to meet users continuous demands for efficient power usage,
compact design and reliable performance in the industry, with the complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking capabilities,
ESP8266 can perform either as a standalone application or as the slave to a host MCU. If the ESP8266 is subjected to host an
application, it will promptly boots up from the flash. The integrated high speed cache in the processor helps to increase the
system performance and optimize the system memory. Also, ESP8266 can be applied to any microcontroller design as a Wi-Fi
adaptor through SPI / SDIO or I2C / UART interfaces. ESP8266EX integrates antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low
noise receive amplifier, filters and power management modules. This compact design minimizes the PCB size and it requires
minimal external circuitries. Besides the Wi-Fi functionalities, the ESP8266 integrated with an enhanced version of Tensilica’s
L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor and on-chip SRAM. The ESP8266 can be easily interfaced with external sensors and
other devices through its GPIOs. ESCP platform enables many sophisticated features, which includes fast switch between sleep
and wakeup mode for energy-efficient purpose.

Fig. 2: Tensilica ESP8266 processor Fig. 3: Tensilica ESP8266 processor pin definitions

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TABLE I SPECIFICATIONS OF ESP8266

Specifications of ESP8266
CPU : 32-bit processor
Peripheral Interface : UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
GPIO/ADC/PWM/LED Light & Button
Operating Voltage : 2.5V ~ 3.6V
Operating Current Average value : 80 mA
Operating Temperature Range : –40°C ~ 125°C
Storage Temperature Range : –40°C ~ 125°C
Package Size : QFN32-pin (5 mm x 5 mm)
Wi-Fi Mode : Station/SoftAP/SoftAP+Station
Security : WPA/WPA2
Network Protocols : IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP
User Configuration : AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/iOS App

B. Fire Sensor:
Basically the fire sensor is an IR sensor. The working of IR sensor is just like a photo sensor. Its working principle is, when a
photon with sufficient energy knocks out electrons, the resistance of the circuit will be changed. The IR sensor circuit consists
of two parts; the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit. The emitter circuit consists of an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and
the detector part consists of an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR
LED. If IR light fall on photodiode, its resistance will be changed and its output voltage changes in proportion to the magnitude
of the IR light that is received by the photodiode.

TABLE II SPECIFICATIONS OF YG1006

Specifications of YG1006
Package type : Leaded
Dimensions : 5mm
Peak Wavelength : λp = 940 nm
Reliability : High
Response Time : Fast
Photo Sensitivity : High
Forward Voltage : 1.2V ~ 1.5V
Operating Voltage : 3.3V - 5V Fig. 4: Fire sensor YG1006

C. Smoke Sensor:
The Smoke Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO2 and Smoke. Due to it's high sensitivity and fast
response time we get measurements very fast. The sensitivity of the smoke sensor can be adjusted by the potentiometer, which
is present on it. Since it is highly sensitive, it is most suitable for early smoke warnings. Smoke sensor needs 5 volt to power it
and it indicate smoke by the voltage in it's outputs. More smoke will give more output. Sn02 is the sensor used in it, which will
be in low conductivity when the air is clean. But when smoke exist in the environment the sensor provides an analog resistive
output, which will be based on the concentration of smoke. The circuit contains a heater. Power is provided to the heater by
VCC and GND from the power supply. Also the circuit contains a variable resistor. The resistance across the pin of variable
resistor depends on the smoke in the air, where the sensor is placed. The resistance will be pulled to low value when the smoke
content in the air is more and it will increase the voltage between the sensor and load resistor.

TABLE III SPECIFICATIONS OF MQ-2 SMOKE SENSOR

Specifications of MQ-2 Smoke Sensor
Power Supply : 4.5V to 5V DC
Highly sensitive to : Propane, Smoke, LPG and Butane
Durability & Cost : Long life and Low cost
Indicator Type : On-board visual indicator (LED)
Output Type : Analog and Digital output available
Pin Configuration : Simple 4 PIN header interface
Driver Circuit Type : Simple
Sensor Type : Semiconductor
Concentration : 300-10000ppm ( Combustible gas)
Supply Voltage : 5V
Size : Compact design and easily mountable Fig. 5: MQ-2 smoke sensor module

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D. Power Supply Unit:

A regulated power supply is actually an embedded system, which provides energy for the proper functioning of the system. It
can convert unregulated AC into a constant DC voltage. It uses a rectifier to do so. The main function of power supply unit is to
supply a stable voltage (or less often current) to a circuit or device, which was working under certain power supply limits. The
output from the power supply unit may be alternating or it can be unidirectional, but it is nearly always a DC. The type of
stabilization used will be restricted to ensure that the output remains within the required limits under various conditions of load.
For this system 7805 voltage regulator IC is used for getting 5V supply and AP111733 voltage regulator IC for getting 3.3V
supply.

Fig. 6: Circuit diagram for power supply unit

IV. RESULT
Experiment using smart real time fire and smoke detection system was completed successfully and the results obtained is given
in Table IV. The prototype of smart real time fire and smoke detection system is given in figure 7 and it is ready to be
implemented on any building. When we implementing this system on a building, we have to add the GPS address of the location
with the notification message through programming the system. This will help the fire fighters to reach the place faster.

TABLE IV
EXPERIMENT RESULTS

Sl. Trials Using No. of No. of Times

No. Times Results Obtained
Checked Correctly
1 Fire Only 20 20
2 Smoke Only 20 20
3 Fire and Smoke 15 15

Fig. 7: A smart real time fire and smoke

detection system
V. CONCLUSION
This paper describe an idea to built “A Smart Real Time Fire and Smoke Detection System”. It gives an easy and less expensive
way to implement a fire and smoke detection system with a notification to nearest fire station. By using this system, the fighters
can subdue fire before it causes damage at a greater extend. This system is one of the useful, costless and fastest system for
safety precaution. Thus an efficient microprocessor based system that provide an early warning to the nearest fire station, if
there is a chance of fire is successfully developed.

VI. FUTURESCOPE
Besides notification to the fire department the smart real time fire and smoke detection system can have lot of additional
functions, since this processor can support even digital signal processing. Some of the additional function examples are listed
below:
A. Can use digital signal processing (DSP) to predict fire.
B. Supervision of fire sprinkler systems.
C. Surveillance of control valves.
D. Indication of water flow.
E. Monitoring of fire pumps.
F. Release of fire doors.
G. Release of some extinguishing systems.
H. Activation of smoke control systems.

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REFERENCES
[1] Reshma Shinde, Ritika Pardeshi, Archana Vishwakarma and Nayan Barhate, ” Need for Wireless Fire Detection Systems
using IOT ” , International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 04, Issue 01, pp-1078-1081, January
2017.
[2] Alexander Filonenko, Danilo Caceres Hernandez, Ajmal Shahbaz and Kang-Hyun Jo , ” Unied Smoke and Flame Detection
for Intelligent Surveillance System ” , IEEE, Volume 08, Issue 03, pp-953-957, May 2016.
[3] Xiaofei Ji, Xuan Xie, Xinmeng Zuo and Jiangtao Cao, ” Design and Implementation of Smoke Early Warning System ” ,
IEEE, Volume 03, Issue 17, pp-351-356, July 2017.
[4] Digvijay Singh, Neetika Sharma, Mehak Gupta and Shubham Sharma , ” Development of System for Early Fire Detection
using Arduino UNO ”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Volume 07, Issue 05, pp-10857-10860,
May 2017.
[5] Robert Sowah, Abdul R. Ofoli, Selase Krakani and Seth Fiawoo , ”Hard- ware Module Design of a Real time Multi-Sensor
Fire Detection and Notica- tion System using Fuzzy Logic ” , IEEE, Volume 08, Issue 14, pp-653-659, July 2016.
[6] Suneel Mudunuru, V. Narasimha Nayak, G.Madhusudhana Rao and K.Sreenivasa Ravi , ” Real Time Security Control
System for Smoke and Fire Detection Using ZigBee ” , International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume
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