ICE-3103, Microwave Engineering

(Smith Chart)

Tanvir Zaman Khan

Assistant professor
Dept. of Information & Communication Engineering
Noakhali Science and Technology University
Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
We have to find out using Smith chart

a) Voltage reflection coefficient, Г

b) Voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR
c) Finding input impedance, 𝒁𝒊𝒏
d) Finding load impedance, 𝒁𝑳
e) the distances of the voltage maximum and voltage
minimum, 𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙 , 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 OR 𝒍𝒎𝒂𝒙 , 𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏
Set: A1 Question
A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load impedance,
𝒁𝑳 = (25+j50). Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.14
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 𝝀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 = (25+j50)

Solution:
25 Ω 50 Ω
Normalized load impedance, 𝑍𝐿 = +𝑗 = 0.5 + 𝑗1
50 Ω 50 Ω
Ans: Normalized, 𝑍𝐿 = 0.5 + 𝑗1
a)Γ = 0.62 ∠83°
b) VSWR = 4.2
c) Normalized 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 03 – j1.8;
Point B= reflection coefficient angle C 0.135 λ
Point C= wavelength Point A= load impedance
B 83°
Point D= VSWR

A
Point D= VSWR
VSWR=4.2

0.0 λ O D 0.25 λ
0.5 λ

Point B= Angle
= ∠𝟖𝟑°
VSWR = 4.2
Voltage reflection coefficient, Γ= 0.62∠83°

Magnitude Angle

B
Input impedance Towards 0.14λ At C= 0.135 λ
C 0.135 λ Moving 0.14 λ ;
(0.135+0.14)= 0.275 λ reached at point Hʹ
B 83° At Hʹ(0.135+0.14)= 0.275 λ

0.0 λ O D 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
H
Hʹ

At Hʹ= 0.275 λ
Input impedance Towards 0.14λ
C 0.135 λ
(0.135+0.14)= 0.275 λ Total Movement:
B 83° (0.135+0.14)= 0.275 λ

0.0 λ O D 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
H
Hʹ

At Hʹ= 0.275 λ

Add O and Hʹ
H is the input
impedance point
At H= 𝟑 − 𝒋𝟏. 𝟖
 S= 4.2
At H= 𝟑 − 𝒋𝟏. 𝟖

R X

So the input impedance, 𝒁𝒊𝒏 at H = (3−𝒋𝟏. 𝟖) 𝒁𝟎 𝜴

= (3−𝒋𝟏. 𝟖) 𝟓𝟎 𝜴
= (𝟏𝟓𝟎 − 𝒋𝟗𝟎) 𝜴
Set: A2 Question

A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load impedance,

𝒁𝑳 = (25+j50). Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.12
𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝝀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 = (25+j50)

Solution:
25 Ω 50 Ω
Normalized load impedance, 𝑍𝐿 = +𝑗 = 0.5 + 𝑗1
50 Ω 50 Ω
Input impedance Towards 0.12λ At C= 0.135 λ
C 0.135 λ Moving 0.12 λ ;
B 83° reached at point Dʹ
At Dʹ(0.135+0.12)= 0.25 λ

At Dʹ=0.25 λ
0.0 λ O D Dʹ 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
Input impedance Towards 0.12λ C 0.135 λ
B 83°

At Dʹ=0.25 λ
0.0 λ O D Dʹ 0.25 λ
0.5 λ

Add O and Dʹ
D is the input
impedance point
At D= 4.2+𝒋𝟎
S= 4.2
At D= 𝟒. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟎

R X
So the input impedance, 𝒁𝒊𝒏 at D = (𝟒. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟎 )𝒁𝟎 𝜴
= (𝟒. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟎 )𝟓𝟎 𝜴
= 210 𝜴
Input impedance Towards 0.29λ C 0.135 λ Point D’=After Moving 0.12 λ
(0.135+0.29)= 0.42 λ B 83° Point H’= After
Moving 0.14 λ

0.0 λ O D Dʹ 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
H
Hʹ

Point I’= After I

Moving 0.29 λ
Add O and Iʹ
(0.135+0.29)= 0.42 λ
So I is the input
Iʹ impedance point
At Iʹ=0.42 λ
Input impedance Towards 0.6λ C 0.135 λ

A
Moving 0.6λ

0.0 λ O 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
Input impedance Towards 0.6λ C 0.135 λ Total Movement:
(0.135+0.6)= 0.735 λ

Kʹ is the
A resultant
point

Moving 0.6λ
Kʹ
K Kʹ = 0.23λ
0.0 λ O 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
G

Add O and Kʹ
So K is the input
At Point G= impedance point
(0.135+0.12+0.25)= 0.5 λ
Input impedance Towards 0.73λ B 0.135 λ Total Movement:
(0.135+0.73)= 0.865 λ

F-B= (0.25 -0.135)λ

= 0.115 λ
A

0.6λ
G

0.0 λ O
0.25 λ
(0.115+0.5+0.115+0.115)= 0.73 λ

0.5 λ
F

F-G= 0.5λ

F-H= 0.115λ
H
Set: B Question
A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load impedance,
𝒁𝑳 = (50+j100). Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.15

𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝝀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 = (50+j100)

50 Ω 100 Ω
Normalized load impedance, 𝑍𝐿 = +𝑗 = 1 + 𝑗2
50 Ω 50 Ω
Set: C Question
A lossless transmission line is terminated in a normalized load
impedance, 𝒁𝑳 = (2-j1). Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.1
Set: C Question
A lossless transmission line is terminated in a normalized load
impedance, 𝒁𝑳 = (2-j1). Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.1

Ans:
a) voltage reflection coefficient= 0.45∠ − 26.6°
b) the voltage satanding-wave ratio= 2.65
c) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 0.1, = 0.6 − 𝑗0.66
Set: C Question
Solution
Set: C Question
Solution
 Finding Load Impedance, 𝑍𝐿
Set: D Question

𝟎. 𝟐 𝝀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 =(100 – j 100) Ω 𝒁𝑳

 Finding Load Impedance, 𝑍𝐿
Set: D Question

𝟎. 𝟐 𝝀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 =(100 – j 100) Ω 𝒁𝑳

Solution:
Given:
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = (100 – j 100) Ω

100 Ω 100 Ω
So, Normalized input impedance, 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = −j
50 Ω 50 Ω

= 2 − 𝑗2

Ans: 𝑍𝐿 = 0.35 + 𝑗0.55 𝑍0 Ω

Finding Load Impedance, 𝒁𝑳 0.41 λ
Total Movement:
Set: D Question (0.21+0.2)= 0.41 λ
Solution A’ Add O and Aʹ
So A is the load
Point A impedance point
= (0.35 + j 0.55) A

0.0 λ O
D 0.25 λ
0.5 λ
G F
E
E’
0.21 λ
Maxima and Minima
We have to find the
location of minimum
and maximum values
Maxima and Minima
Practice:
Use the smith chart to find the distances of the first voltage maximum and
first voltage minimum from the load

Ans:
first voltage maximum= 0.037 𝜆
first voltage minimum= 0.287 𝜆
Maxima and Minima

Practice:
Solution
Practice:
A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load 𝑍𝐿 = (25+j50).
Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the distances of the first voltage maximum and first voltage minimum
from the load,
d) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 3.3
Practice:
A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load 𝑍𝐿 = (25+j50).
Use the smith chart to find
a) voltage reflection coefficient,
b) the voltage standing-wave ratio,
c) the distances of the first voltage maximum and first voltage minimum
from the load,
d) the input impedance of the line, given the line is 3.3

Ans: 𝑍𝐿 = 0.5 + 𝑗1
a) Γ = 0.62 ∠83°
b) VSWR = 4.26
c) 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.115 λ, 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.365 λ
d) Normalized 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 0.28 + j0.40; 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = (14-j20)Ω
Practice: Solution

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)
Smith Chart slotted line example:
Given:
Z0 = 50 Ω, SWR = 3, first voltage min, 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is 5 cm from load and
𝜆
distance between adjacent minima, = 20 cm. Find load
2
impedance 𝑍𝐿

Solution:
𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 5 𝑐𝑚
Find 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 in wavelength format. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.125 λ
𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 40 𝑐𝑚
Smith Chart slotted line example.
Given:
Z0 = 50 Ω, SWR = 3, first voltage min, 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is 5 cm from load and
𝜆
distance between adjacent minima, = 20 cm. Find load
2
impedance 𝑍𝐿

Solution:
𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 5 𝑐𝑚
Find 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 in wavelength format. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.125 λ
𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 40 𝑐𝑚

If λ is given in 0.6m then it should be converted into cm, so λ= 60 cm

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 14.2 𝑐𝑚

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.355 λ
𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 40 𝑐𝑚

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.2 λ
𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 60 𝑐𝑚
Smith Chart slotted line example.
4.2-10

Smith Chart - 35