Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 9 views

    14.0 Electronics My NC Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    ignatiousmugova

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    14.0 Electronics My NC Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    ignatiousmugova
    9 views10 pages

    Original Title

    14.0 Electronics My Nc Notes-PDF

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views10 pages

    14.0 Electronics My NC Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    ignatiousmugova

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    ELECTRONICS

    14.0 ELECTRONICS
     Electronics is the branch of engineering in which electronic components and
    their utilization are studied.
     The flow of electrons through a conductor gives us electric current. This electric
    current can be produced by batteries and generators.
     Devices which control the flow of electrons are called electronic components.
     Examples of electronic components are diodes, transistors, capacitors,
    resistors, vacuum tubes (cathode ray tubes) etc. These devices are the main
    building blocks of electronic circuits in electronic devices.
     Examples of electronic devises we use on a daily basis include computers,
    mobile phones, calculators, ATMs, digital cameras, pen drives, televisions, radars
    etc.

    14.1 THERMIONIC EMISSION

     Thermionic emission is the release of electrons from a hot metal surface.


     Thermionic emission is the process by which free electrons are emitted from
    the surface of a metal when external heat energy is applied.

    How applying heat causes thermionic emission

     The metallic bond in the metal consists of free electrons which are held by the
    nuclear attraction.
     When very high heat energy is applied to the metal, the free electrons gain
    enough energy to overcome the attractive force of the atomic nucleus, which
    holds the free electrons in the metal. The free electrons, which overcome the
    attractive force of the nuclei, break from the metallic bond and escape from the
    metal surface.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 1


    ELECTRONICS

    Applications (uses) of thermionic emission


     Thermionic emission is used to produce electron beams in electronic devices
    called cathode ray tubes.
     Cathode ray tubes are used in television sets, computer monitors and C.R.Os.
    (Cathode ray oscilloscopes).
     Cathode ray oscilloscopes (C.R.Os) are used to display a.c. waveforms.

    THERMIONIC EMISSION IN A CATHODE RAY TUBE (a.k.a. electron gun)


     The cathode ray tube is called a thermionic diode valve since it has two
    electrodes.

    How the cathode ray tube (electron gun/thermionic diode valve) works
     Metal filament is heated by current from 6V supply.
     The filament is the cathode (negative electrode).

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 2


    ELECTRONICS

     Hot metal filament emits electrons by process called thermionic emission.


     The anode is positive. It attracts electrons and accelerates them.
     There is a large p.d. of 2000V between the cathode (filament) and anode.
     Since the anode is at a higher potential compared to the cathode, it attracts the
    electrons and accelerates them towards the fluorescent screen.
     The beam of electrons forms a bright spot on the fluorescent screen.
     N.B. If the current supply is reversed to make the anode negative, the electrons
    are repelled and stop flowing. No electron beam will be produced because the
    electrons will stick to the emitting surface.
     The purpose of the vacuum in the tube:
    1. No air resistance, no opposition to movement of electrons. So electrons
    reach screen. Otherwise electrons collide with air molecules, are slowed
    down and scattered.
    2. A vacuum prevents the hot filament from burning up.
     The electron beam is deflected by magnetic and electric fields.
     Two types of deflecting plates and their functions:
    1. X-plates. Deflect rays (electron beams) horizontally.
    2. Y-plates. Deflect rays (electron beams) vertically.
     The electron beam is deflected towards the positive plate of an electric
    field and towards the North Pole of a magnetic field, indicating that the
    beam consists of negatively charged particles (electrons).Reason: Unlike
    charges attract (see figs below).

    Two functions of the electron gun: acceleration and collimation of electrons


    1. Accelerates emitted electrons giving them more kinetic energy to reach the
    fluorescent screen.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 3


    ELECTRONICS

     The attraction to the anode and the huge p.d. between the anode and the
    cathode causes the acceleration.
    2. Collimates the electron beam. (To collimate is to focus the electron beam
    and make it parallel).
     A beam of electrons tends to spread out because electrons repel one
    another.
     The control which surround the beam of electrons ensure the electrons are
    collimated and do not spread out.

    TRY THIS QUESTION


    The diagram below shows the structure of a cathode ray tube.

    (a). Explain how parts K and A produce cathode rays (electron beams). [4]
    (b). Explain the purpose of the X-plates and Y-plates. [3]
    (c). Explain the purpose of the vacuum inside the tube. [2]

    ANSWERS
    (a). K is cathode/negative. Hot cathode emits electrons.
    A is anode/positive. Attracts and accelerates electrons. [4]
    (b). X-plates. Deflect rays (electron beams) horizontally.
    Y-plates. Deflect rays (electron beams) vertically. [3]
    (c). Eliminates collisions between electrons and air atoms. Electrons are not
    decelerated or scattered. [2]

    14.2 DIODES

    The symbol of a diode is

     A diode is a device that allows electricity to flow in one direction only.


     A diode is a two terminal, one-way device which allows current to flow in one
    direction only.
     Diodes are made from semi conductors especially silicon and germanium.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 4


    ELECTRONICS

    USES (APPLICATIONS) OF DIODES


    1) Diodes are used in circuits to rectify a.c. that is, to convert a.c. to d.c. This
    is particularly important in appliances that are connected to an AC supply
    but use DC instead.
    2) Diodes are also used in battery charging.
    3) Diodes are used to protect damage to appliances against reversed polarity.

     The diode symbol arrowhead indicates the direction of convectional current flow.
     Which means electron current flow occurs in the opposite direction.

    DIODE OPERATION
    1. A diode conducts when it is forward biased
     When voltage is applied across a diode and the diode permits current to
    flow, the diode is said to be forward-biased (Fig (a) below).
     When voltage is applied across a diode and the diode prohibits current to
    flow, the diode is said to be reverse-biased (Fig (b) below).

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 5


    ELECTRONICS

    14.3 RECTIFICATION

    THE USE OF A DIODE AS A RECTIFIER

     Diodes are used to CONVERT alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
    This is known as RECTIFICATION.

     Therefore a diode can act as a RECTIFIER.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 6


    ELECTRONICS

     A RECTIFIER is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to


    direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.

     RECTIFIERS have many uses including as components of power supplies and as


    detectors of radio signals.

     Rectification by diodes is particularly important in appliances that are


    connected to an AC supply but use DC instead.

     Diodes are also used in battery charging.

     Diodes are used to protect damage to appliances against reversed polarity.

     There are TWO ways to convert an alternating current into a direct current.
    a. Half-wave rectification
    b. Full-wave rectification

    HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

     The current can only flow in the forward direction through the diode.

     The process of rectification using a diode which ALLOWS CURRENT TO FLOW IN


    THE HALF-CYCLE is known as half wave rectification

    FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

    FIG: The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 7


    ELECTRONICS

     A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge circuit


    configuration which provides the same output polarity for either input
    polarity. It is used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a
    direct current (DC) output.
    How the full wave bridge rectifier works:
     For the positive half cycle, D1 and D2 remain forward biased, while D3 and
    D4 are reversed biased. So, current flows through the path (Source - D1 -
    Load - D2- Source) and positive polarity appears across the load.
     In the negative cycle, D3 and D4 remain forward biased while other two
    remains forward. And current flows through the path (Source - D3 - Load -
    D4 - Source) and positive polarity appears across the load even the input is
    of negative polarity.
     And the output waveforms of it are shown below.

    FIG: Output Waveform

    FIG: A.c. rectified into d.c.

    The advantages of full wave rectification over half wave rectification


     The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave.
     The output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the
    half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 8


    ELECTRONICS

    Smoothing
    1. The output from a rectifier can be SMOOTHED by connecting a CAPACITOR
    across the load.
    2. During the forward peaks (positive half-cycles), the capacitor is charged up.
    Energy is stored in the capacitor.
    3. In between the forward peaks (negative half-cycles), the capacitor releases
    its charge (discharge). It discharges partly through the load. The energy
    stored in the capacitor acts as a reservoir and maintains the potential
    difference across the load.
    4. A capacitor with greater capacitance produces a smoother current. This is
    because the capacitor can store more charge.

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 9


    ELECTRONICS

    PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE >>> MR TEE 2018 Page 10

    You might also like