2| • 19

1.1 Select one or more of the following modern items Golf clubs
or devices and conduct an Internet search in order Golf balls
to determine what speci c material(s) is (are) Kayaks
used and what speci c properties this (these) Lightweight bicycle frames
material(s) possess(es) in order for the device/ 1.2 List three items (in addition to those shown in
item to function properly. Finally, write a short Figure 1.9) made from metals or their alloys. For
essay in which you report your ndings. each item, note the speci c metal or alloy used
Cell phone/digital camera batteries and at least one characteristic that makes it the
Cell phone displays material of choice.
Solar cells 1.3 List three items (in addition to those shown in
Wind turbine blades Figure 1.10) made from ceramic materials. For each
Fuel cells item, note the speci c ceramic used and at least one
Automobile engine blocks (other than cast characteristic that makes it the material of choice.
iron)
Automobile bodies (other than steel alloys) 1.4 List three items (in addition to those shown in
Space telescope mirrors Figure 1.11) made from polymeric materials. For
each item, note the speci c polymer used and at
Military body armor
least one characteristic that makes it the material
Sports equipment
Soccer balls of choice.
Basketballs 1.5 Classify each of the following materials as to
Ski poles whether it is a metal, ceramic, or polymer. Justify
Ski boots each choice: (a) brass; (b) magnesium oxide (Mg0);
Snowboards (c) Plexiglas"; (d) polychloroprene; (e) boron car-
Surfboards bide (B,C); and () cast iron.
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Most of the material in this chapter is covered in college- Learning, Boston, MA, 2006.
level chemistry textbooks. Two are listed here as Jespersen, N. D., and A. Hyslop, Chemistry: The Molecular
references. Nature of Matter, 7th edition, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ,
Ebbing, D. D., S. D. Gammon, and R. O. Ragsdale, 2014.
Essentialsof GeneralChemistry, 2nd edition, Cengage

exoibotcloei orobwiod noil3ni1 loboro1

6ro sioiinsasg00T
Fundamental Conceptsos eshybidi four quantumnumbers for all of the electrons in
Electrons in Atomns the L and M shells, and note which correspond to
the s, p, and d subshells.
2.1 Cite the difference between atomic mass and
atomic weight. 2.7 Give the electron con gurations for the following
2.2 Chromium has four naturally occurring iso-
ions: Fe, AP*,Cut, Ba, Br, and0
topes: 4.34% of 9Cr, with an atomic weight of 2.8 Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly
49.9460amu;83.79% of Cr, with an atomic weights ionic bonding. The Nat and C ions have electron
of 51.940S amu; 9.50% of SCr, with an atomic o Structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
weight of 52.9407 amu; and 2.37% of $Cr, with an
atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these ThePeriodic Table rto0oE
data, con rm that the average atomic weight of Cr
2.9 With regard to electron con guration, what do all
is 51.9963 amu. the elements in Group VIIA of the periodic table
have in common?
2.3 (a) How many grams are there in one amu ofa ow ISTSQ
material? 2.10 To what group in the periodic table would an
element with atomic number 114 belong?
(b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken
in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many 2.11 Without consulting Figure 2.8 or Table 2.2, de-
atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance? termine whether each of the following electron
con gurations is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali
2.4 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical con-
metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition
cepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom.
metal. Justify your choices.
(b) Cite two important additional re nements that
resulted from the wave-mechanical atomic model. (a) 122p°3s3p'3d'4S
(b) 1s2s2p°3s3ps
2.5 Relative to electrons and electron states, what does
each of the four quantum numbers specify? () 1s22p³
19 (a) 1s22p3s
2.6 For the K shell, the four quantum numbers for
each of the two electrons in the 1s state, in the (e) 1s2s2p'3s3p°3d4s
order of nlmm, are 100 and 100(-). Write the () 122p°3s3p°4s!

Note: In each chapter, most of the terms listed in the Important Terms and Concepts section are de ned in the Glos-
sary, which follows Appendix E. The other terms are important enough to warrant treatment in a full section of the
text and can be found in the Contents or the Index.
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 • 55
2.12 (a) What electron subshell is being lled for ergy values are 0.35 nm and -6.13 eV, respectively.
the rare earth series of elements on the periodic f it is known that n in Equation 2.17 has a value
table? of 10, using the results of Problem 2.14, determíne
(b) What electron subshell is being lled for the explicit expressions for attractive and repulsive ener-
gies E, and Eg of Equations 2.9 and 2.11.
actinide series?
2.17 The net potential energy Ey between two adjacent
BondingForcesand Energiesibood siicrok/ (E ions is sometimes represented by the expresion
2.13 Calculate the force of attraction between a K*
and an 0 ion whose centers are separated by a
distance of 1.5 nm.
Ey- +Dexp (2.18)

2.14 The net potential energy between two adjacent in whichris the interionic separation and C, D,
ions, EN may be represented by the sum of and p are constants whose values depend on the
Equations 2.9 and 2.11; that is, speci c material.
(a) Derive an expression for the bonding energy

EN
A
r
B oolooth E(2.
(2.17)
E, in terms of the equilibrium interionic separa-
tion r, and the constants D and p using the follow-
ing procedure:
Calculate the bonding energy E in terms of the para- i)) Differentiate Ey with respect to r, and set the
meters A, B, and n using the following procedure: resulting expression equal to zero.
1. Differentiate Ey with respect to r, and then set
(ii) Solve for C in terms ofD, p, and ro-
the resulting expression equal to zero, because the
curve of Ey versusris a minimum at Eo- (iii) Determine the expression for E, by substitu-
tion for Cin Equation 2.18.
2. Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields
ro, the equilibrium interionic spacing. (b) Derive another expression for E, in terms of
To, C, and p using a procedure analogous to the
3. Determine the expression for E, by substituting one outlined in part (a).
ro into Equation 2.17.
2.15 For a K*-CI ion pair, attractive and repulsive Primary Interatomic Bonds
energies EĄ and ER, respectively, depend on the 2.18 (a) Brie y cite the main differences among
distance between the ions r, according to ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.

1,436
(b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.
E = 2.19 Make a plot of bonding energy versus melting
r
temperature for the metals listed in Table 2.3.
5.86 X 10"
E Using this plot, approximate the bonding energy
for copper, which has a melting temperature of
1084°C.
For these expressions, energies are expressed in
electron volts per Kt-CI pair, and ris the dis-
tance in nanometers. The net energy Ey is just the Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding
sum of the preceding two expressions. 2.20 Explain why hydrogen uoride (HF) has a higher
boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride (HCI)
(a) Superimpose on a single plot E, ER and E
(19.4°C vs. -85°C), even though HF has a lower
versus r up to 1.0 nm.
molecular weight.
(b) On the basis of this plot, determine (i) the
equilibrium spacing ro between the K* and Ci Mixed Bonding
ions, and (i) the magnitude of the bondingener8Y 2.21 Compute the %IC of the interatomic bonds for the
E, between the two ions.
following compounds: TiO, ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and
(c) Mathematically determine the ro and E, values MgCl,.
using the solutions to Problem 2.14, and compare
these with the graphical results from part (b). Bonding Type-Material Classi cation Correlations
2.16 Considerahypothetical X*-Y ion pair for which 2.22 What type(s) of bonding would be expected for
the equilibrium interionic spacing and bonding en- each of the following materials: brass (a copper-
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 56• I2/A9 7} IZ
zinc alloy), rubber, barium sul de (BaS), solid (C) 12s2p'3s3p°4s nee tet a) S15
xenon, bronze, nylon, and aluminum phosphide
(AIP)?SSaldo o aurn stanins2
(D) 1s2s2p3s3p3dP42 io o
2.2FE What type(s) of bonding would be expected for
Spreadsheet
Problom olanot eat
Spreadsheet
Problemsollaus o bk eo brass (a copper-zinc alloy)?
2.1SS Generate a spreadsheet that allows the user to (A) Ionic bonding
input values of A, B, and n (Equation 2.17) and
then does the following: (B)Metallic
bonding bo o be
(C) Covalent bonding with some van der Waals
(a) Plots on a graph of potential energy versus
bonding
interatomic separation for two atoms/ions, curves
for attractive (E), repulsive (ER), and net (EN) (D) van der Waals bonding
energies, and 2.3FE What type(s) of bonding would be expected for
(b) Determines the equilibrium spacing (ro) and rubber?
the bonding energy (Eo).
:1L.Sbtt, .Saiaup3
(A) Ionic bonding
2.2SS Generate a spreadsheet that computes the per- (B) Metallic bonding
cent ionic character of a bond between atoms of
(C) Covalent bonding with some van der Waals
two elements, once the user has input values for
the elements' electronegativities. bonding

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
ENGINEERING aT
(D) van der Waals bonding
o
QUESTIONS
AND
PROBLEMS o avloz (i)
2.1FE Which of the following electron con gurations
is for an inert gas?
o (A) 1s22p3s3pzedons srnoCD ()
(B) 1s252p632s2oghnias so
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