Choose the correct answer:

1. The element 9A,10B, 11C,the …………….can combine together

a) C and B b) B and B c) B and A d) A and C
2. The bond in hydrogen chloride is polar covalent bond ,since the
two atoms are different in ……………………..
a) their location in periodic table b ) electron affinity
c) electronegativity d ) .ionization potential
3. The chemical formula of the produced compound as combining of
element Y:[10Ne],3S2,3P4 with element X:[10Ne],3s1 is………………
a) XY2 b) X2Y C) YX d) XY
4. Aluminum chloride is a covalent compound because the difference
in electronnegativity between chlorine and aluminum is …………
a) equal 1.7 b) more than 1.7 c) less than1.7 d) equal zero
5. The molten………………………..doesn’t conduct electricity
a) LiCl b) AlCl3 c) MgCl2 d) NaCl
6. from the properties of hybrid orbital’s SP that they are …………
a) three orbital‟s b) linear c) two orbital‟s d) (b) and (c)

7.the type of hybridization in the carbon atom in the methane

molecule is …………………………..

a) dsp2 b) sp3 c) sp2 d) sp

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What is meant by:
1.chemical reaction :It is the breaking of bonds between atoms of reactants
molecules and forming new bonds between atoms of the products molecules

2 .lone pair of electrons: electron pair which is found in one of the outer
orbital‟s and doesn‟t share in bond formation

3. Octet rule [the electronic theory of valency ‘Lewis and Kossel’]:

Excluding hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium, the atoms of the elements tend
to reach the octet structure of the nearest inert gas

4. The valence bond theory (V.B.T):

The formation of covalent bonds in the molecule is a result of the overlap

of some atomic orbitals in the combined atoms, the rest of the atomic
orbitals which did not take a part in the formation of bonds remain as they
were in the free atom

5. The molecular orbital theory [M.O.T]:The molecule is one unit (or a

big atom with multinuclei ) in which all the atomic orbitals of the combined
atoms are mixed or hybridized forming molecular orbitals

6.the pi bond (Π): it is the bond that is formed as a result of the overlap of
two atomic orbitals „collateral overlap‟ side by side

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 7.the sigma bond(σ): it is the bond that is formed as a result of the
overlap of two atomic orbitals on one line „collinear overlap‟‟head to head

8.hydrogen bond: it is physical bond formed between hydrogen atom

binds by a polar bond like N-H,O-H,H-F) with high electronegative bonded
atom [like N,O,F]

9.Metallic bond: it is bond produced from the electron cloud of valence

electrons which decreases the repulsive forces between the positive metal
ions in the crystal lattice

Give reasons for:

1- .Although chlorine is a nonmetal and aluminum is a metal, aluminum

chloride has some characteristics of covalent bond

-because the differences in electronegativity between aluminum and

chlorine atom is less than 1.7

2- .Although the central atom of each of them is bonded to two atoms,BeF2

molecule has a linear shape while SO2 molecule has an angular shape

-because the central atom in BeF2 molecule has no lone pairs of electrons

so the repulsive force between bond pair increases then takes the linear

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 shape while the central atom of SO2 molecule has lone pair of electrons
which repel strongly with the bond pair pair so the angle between the
covalent bond decreases then takes the angular shape

3- Hydrogen bond between Hydrogen fluoride are stronger than that

between water molecule

-because the difference in electronegativity between fluorine and

hydrogen is more than that between oxygen and hydrogen

4- On dissolving strong acids in water ,positive hydrogen ions are not

formed

-because hydrogen ions combine with water molecules by coordinate

bonds thus forming the positive hydronium ions (H3O+)

5-Aluminum is much harder and its melting point is higher than that of

sodium

-because the number of valence electrons in aluminum is three but in

sodium is only one and the strength of metallic bond increases by

increasing the number of valence electrons

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6- The bonding in boron trifluoride and the phosphorous pentachloride can‟t

be explained on the basis of the octet rule

-because in the boron triflouride molecule the boron atom is surrounded

by only six electrons while in the phosphorous pentachloride molecule is

surrounded by ten electrons and not eight as the theory proposed

Answer the following Questions

1- by using the following table which shows the elactronegativity of some

elements

element Na Cl Al C Br S N P O
electronegativity 0.9 3 1.5 2.5 2.8 1.8 3 2.1 3.5

Arrange the following in descending order according to the trends in

(a)Ionic bond

1- Br-Cl , Al-Cl , Na-Cl , C-Cl

(b)polar property:

2- P-O , S-O , C-O , N-O

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Answer
1.Na-Cl > Al-Cl > C-Cl > Cl-Br
2. S-O> P-O >C-O > N-O

2- Explain by drawing Lewis electron-dot symbol method to represent

the reaction that occurs between

1- sodium with chlorine for formation of NaCl [Na=11, Cl=17]

2- Nitrogen with hydrogen for formation of NH3 molecule [N=7,H=1]

3- Show the hyperdization type and the shape of the molecule in each

of the following

1- Ethylene molecule 2- Acetylene molecule

P.O.C 1.Ethylene 2.Acetylene

Hyberdization Sp2 Sp
Shape Triangle planar Linear

4. Compare between
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Sp3 hybridization of C Sp2 hybridization of SP Hybridization of C atom
atom in CH4 molecule carbon atom C2H4 in C2H2
1.Overlap of (2s)orbital 1.overlap of 2s orbital 1.overlap of 2s orbital
and 3(2p) orbitals with two 2p orbitals and 2p orbital
2.number of hybrid 2.number of hybrid 2.number of hybrid
orbitals =4 orbitals =3 orbitals =2

3.angle between orbitals 3.angle between 3 angle between orbitals

=109.5 orbitals =120° =180°
4.tetrahedron form 4.planar triangle Linear

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Chapter (4)

A.give reasons for

1- Alkali metals are characterized by chemical activity

-because they have large atomic size and low ionization energy so they

lose the valence electron easily

2- the superoxide compounds act as a strong oxidizing agent

because they react with water and acids giving hydrogen peroxide and

oxygen 2k2O(S)+2HCl(aq) 2kcl(aq) + H2O2(l)+O2

3- Potasium nitrate is used in manufacture of bomb

-Because it partially decomposes by heat with an explosion

2KNO3(S) Δ 2KNO3 +O2(g)

4 - On adding sodium hydroxide solution to aluminum chloride a white

precipitate is formed which dissolves in excess of sodium hydroxide

-because A white gel precipitate is formed due to the formation of

aluminum hydroxide which does not dissolve in water

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 AlCL3(aq)+ 3NaOH(aq) 3NaCl(aq)+ Al(OH)3(S) White gel.ppt

5- nitrogen gas has several oxidation numbers

-because through electrons sharing it may gain up to three electrons or lose

up to 5 electrons

6- Antimonial –lead alloy is used in manufacturing of car battery rather than

lead

-because antimonial –lead alloy is harder than lead

2.Write the scientific term

1- the phenomenon of liberation electrons from the outer surface of some

alkali metals when they are exposed to light (photoelectric phenomenon)

2- they are ionic compounds in which hydrogen has oxidation number (-1)
(hydrides)

3- the presence of element in more than one form which is of different

physical properties ,but of similar chemical ones (Allotropy)

4- Liquefied ammonia which has the highest nitrogen content over all
fertilizers (the nitrogenous future fertilizers)

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5- The inorganic ammonium salts which are synthesized by a neutralization
reaction between and the suitable acid (Nitrogenous fertilizers)

6- A substance which absorbs water vapor from the atmospheric air

(Hygroscopic substance)

7- A non porous layers of oxide is formed on the surface of the metal which

protects it from further reaction with acids or atmospheric air

(passivity phenomenon)

8- he prepared sodium carbonate “washing soda”from table salt

(solvay)

9- he prepared ammonia gas in industry from nitrogen and hydrogen gases

(Haber –bosh )

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3- mention uses and function of

1.Potassium and Used in photo electric cell

cesium
2.Potassium super In replacing carbon dioxide by oxygen (purifying
oxide the air) in closed atmosphere such as submarines
3.washing soda Manufacturing of glass, paper industry, textile
industry and water softening
4.Antimony Semiconductors used in making instruments of
detecting the infrared rays
5.bismuth In making electric fuses due to their low melting
point
6.ammonia gas Starting material for most of the inorganic
nitrogenous fertilizers
7.Arsenic Used as a preservative substance for wood

How can you prepare nitric acid and nitrogen gas in lab

a. preparation of nitric acid :

2KNO3(S) + H2SO4(L) Conc K2SO4(aq) + 2HNO3(l)

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preparation of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride solutions

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NaNO2(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) Δ NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(L) +N2(g)

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How can you differentiate between ?

1- (lithium ,sodium. potasium cesium )

by dry test „flame test‟

Element Color
Lithium Crimson
Sodium Golden yellow
Potassium Pale violet
Cesium Bluish violet

2- Al+3 ,Cu+2 cations[salt solution +solution of sodium hydroxide ]

Al+3 Cu+3
A white ppt of aluminum A blue ppt of Copper hydroxide is formed
which turns black on heating
hydroxide is formed which
dissolves in excess reagent NaCH + CuSo4 NaSO4 + Cu(OH)2
(NaOH)TO form the
Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
solublesodium meta aluminate
3NaOH + AlCl3 3NaCl + Al (OH)3

NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O

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 3- How can you detect the nitrate ion NO3-

By the brown ring experiment

1- add nitrate salt solution to a freshly prepared conc solution of ferrous

sulphate

2- add carefully on the internal wall of the tube few drops of conc H2SO4 a
brown ring appears at interface and disappears by shaking or heating

3- .How can you differentiate NO- AND NO-3 Anions

salt solution +solution of violet potassium permanganate acidified with

conc H2SO4

NO-3(Anion)Violet color disappears NO-3 violet color doesnot change

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