UNIVERSITY ODF ZAMBIA

NATURAL SCIENCES
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

CHE 1010 Introductory Chemistry for Medical and Health Sciences

TUTORIAL SHEET 3 March 2021

QUESTION ONE

(a) Nickel is a metal with a high melting point.

(i) State the block in the Periodic Table that contains nickel.

(ii) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why nickel has a high melting point.

(b) Nickel forms the compound nickel(II) chloride (NiCl2). Give the full electron
configuration of the Ni2+ ion.

QUESTION TWO

(a) Complete the electronic configuration of aluminium.

1s2

(b) State the block in the Periodic Table to which aluminium belongs.

QUESTION THREE

(a) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom.
(b) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg2+ ion.

1s2

(c) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.
(d) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionization energy of
magnesium is measured.
(e) The Ne atom and the Mg2+ ion have the same number of electrons. Give two reasons why
the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionization energy of magnesium.
(f) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na– Ar

(i) State and explain this general trend.

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be predicted
from the general trend.

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QUESTION FOUR

The elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and argon are in the p block of the Periodic Table.

(a) State why these elements are classified as p block elements.

QUESTION FIVE

(a) The element rubidium exists as the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb.
State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom of the isotope 85Rb
(b) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when the first
ionisation energy of rubidium is measured.
(c) The table shows the first ionisation energies of rubidium and some other elements in the
same group.

Element Sodium Potassium Rubidium

First ionization 494 418 402

State one reason why the first ionisation energy of rubidium is lower than the first
ionisation energy of sodium.

(d) (i) State the block of elements in the Periodic Table that contains rubidium.

(ii) Deduce the full electron configuration of a rubidium atom.

(e) Predict whether an atom of 88Sr will have an atomic radius that is larger than, smaller
than or the same as the atomic radius of 87Rb. Explain your answer.

QUESTION FIVE

State the general trends in the following properties as you go across a given period in PT

Ionization potentials ……………………………….……………

Atomic sizes/radius …………………………………….…………….

Electron affinities……………………………….…………….

Electronegativity ………………………………………………

State the main reason for the above trends:

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QUESTION SEVEN

(a) Complete the following table on fundamental particles:

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton +1

Neutron

Electron 1/1800

(b) Give the name and formula of each of the binary compounds formed from the following
elements.

(i) Li and N
(ii) Na and Br
(iii) K and S
(c) The bright yellow light emitted by a sodium vapor lamp consists of two emission lines at
589.0 and 589.6 nm. What are the frequency and the energy of a photon of light at each
of these wavelengths? What are the energies in kJ/mol?
(d) Predict the atomic number of the next alkali metal after francium and give its ground-
state electron configuration.
(e) A carbon–oxygen double bond in a certain organic molecule absorbs radiation that has a
frequency of 6.0 x1013 s-1.

(i) What is the wavelength of this radiation?

(ii) To what region of the spectrum does this radiation belong?

(iii) What is the energy of this radiation per photon?

(iv) A carbon-oxygen bond in a different molecule absorbs radiation with a frequency

(f) Consider atoms with the following electron configurations:

(i) 1s22s22p6
(ii) 1s22s22p63s1
(iii) 1s22s22p63s2

Which atom has the largest first ionization energy, and which one has the smallest second
Ionization energy? Explain your choices.

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 (g) Calculate the wavelength of light emitted when each of the following transitions occur in
the hydrogen atom. What type of electromagnetic radiation is emitted in each transition?
Use the Rydberg equation.

(i) n=3 → n=2

QUESTION EIGHT

(a) Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following molecules. Then predict and draw
the 3-D shapes. State the approximate bond angles in each case.

(ii) SiCl4 (ii) H2S

(iii) XeF4 (iv) PCl3

(v) CH3+ (vi) XeF2

(vii) PCl6- (viii) ICl5

(ix ) PCl4+ (x) AlCl3

(b) Give Lewis structures to show the bonding in:

(i) ammonia, NH3

(ii) boron trifluoride, BF3

(c) Ammonia and boron trifluoride react when mixed to form a compound with the formula
BF3.NH3.

(i) Give a diagram to show the bonding in this molecule, using the normal symbols for
covalent and dative covalent bonds.

(ii) Give and explain the molecular shapes of using the VSPER theory:

Ammonia Boron trifluoride

(iii) What geometry would you expect around the nitrogen atom in BF3.NH3?

(iv) Explain why the H-N-H bond angle in BF3.NH3 differs from that in NH3

(v) How and why would you expect the F-B-F bond angle in BF3.NH3 to differ from that
in boron trifluoride?

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QUESTION NINE

(a) Acetylene (C2H2) can be produced from the reaction of calcium carbide (CaC2) with
water. Use both the localized electron and molecular orbital models to describe the
bonding in the acetylide anion (C22-).
(b) Draw NO2+ and NO2-. Which ion has a localized charge and which has a delocalized
charge. Explain using resonance.
(c) Consider the following structures:

O O

H O S O H H O S O H

(A) O (B) O

(i) Find the formal charges of all the atoms in both structures.
(ii) Which molecule do you select to be the correct structure?
(iii) What is the name of your selected molecule?

END OF QUESTIONS