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    Elements - Compounds and Mixture

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    Adv. Muhammad Mehmood
    The document discusses elements, compounds, and mixtures, describing their properties and how they differ. It also covers metals and nonmetals, how they form ions, examples of ionic formulas, and how to calculate average atomic mass. Finally, it describes what alloys are and some of their properties.

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    Elements - Compounds and Mixture

    Uploaded by

    Adv. Muhammad Mehmood
    7 views21 pages
    The document discusses elements, compounds, and mixtures, describing their properties and how they differ. It also covers metals and nonmetals, how they form ions, examples of ionic formulas, and how to calculate average atomic mass. Finally, it describes what alloys are and some of their properties.

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    Elements, Compounds

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    Elements- Compounds and Mixture.pptx

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    The document discusses elements, compounds, and mixtures, describing their properties and how they differ. It also covers metals and nonmetals, how they form ions, examples of ionic formulas, and how to calculate average atomic mass. Finally, it describes what alloys are and some of their properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views21 pages

    Elements - Compounds and Mixture

    Uploaded by

    Adv. Muhammad Mehmood
    The document discusses elements, compounds, and mixtures, describing their properties and how they differ. It also covers metals and nonmetals, how they form ions, examples of ionic formulas, and how to calculate average atomic mass. Finally, it describes what alloys are and some of their properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    Elements, Compounds

    and Mixture
    Elements, compounds and mixtures
    • All substances can be classified into one of these three types
    • Element
    • A substance made of atoms that all contain the same number of
    protons (one type of atom) and cannot be split into anything simpler
    • There is a limited number of elements and all elements are found on the
    Periodic Table
    • Eg hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
    Compound
    • A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
    • There is an unlimited number of compounds
    • Compounds cannot be separated into their elements by physical means
    • Eg copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), carbon dioxide
    (CO2)
    Mixture
    • A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds)
    that are not chemically combined
    • Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or
    evaporation
    • Eg sand and water, oil and water, sulphur powder and iron filings
    Metals and nonmetals
    ∙ The Periodic Table contains over 100 different elements
    ∙ They can be divided into two broad
    types: metals and nonmetals
    ∙ Most of the elements are metals and a small number of elements
    display properties of both types. These elements are
    called metalloids or semimetals
    •
    • Properties of metals
    • Conduct heat and electricity
    • Are malleable and ductile (can be hammered and pulled into different
    shapes)
    • Tend to be lustrous (shiny)
    • Have high density and usually have high melting points
    • Form positive ions through electron loss (Cations)
    • Form basic oxides
    Properties of nonmetals
    • Do not conduct heat and electricity
    • Are brittle and delicate when solid and easily break up
    • Tend to be dull and nonreflective
    • Have low density and low melting points (many are gases at room
    temperature)
    • Form negative ions through electron gain (except for hydrogen) Anion
    • Form acidic oxides
    The Formation of Ions
    • Ions
    • An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by
    the loss or gain of electrons
    • This loss or gain of electrons takes place to gain a full outer shell of
    electrons
    • The electronic structure of an ion will be the same as that of a noble gas –
    such as helium, neon and argon
    Ionisation of metals and non-metals
    • Metals: all metals lose electrons to other atoms to become positively charged ions
    • Non-metals: all non-metals gain electrons from other atoms to become negatively
    charged ions
    • Electrostatic attraction
    • The positive and negative charges are held together by the strong electrostatic
    forces of attraction between opposite charges.
    • This is what holds ionic compounds together
    Formula
    • NaCl
    • HBr
    • NH4
    Finding Average Mass number
    • Avg Mass=[ ISOTOPE 1 Mass number x abundance/100]+[ ISOTOPE 2 Mass number x abundance/100]
    • E.G B11 (80.1%) B 10(19.9%)
    • [11 x 80.1/100]+[10 x 19.9/100]
    • 10.80 amu
    • Cu 63 (69.17), Cu 65 (30.83)
    • 63.61 amu
    • Mg 24, Mg 25, Mg 26 with Mg 24 abundance of 79% find the percentage of other which are in equal amount .
    And find avg atomic mass
    • Percentage 100-79/2
    • Mg 25 and Mg 26 is 10.5%
    • [24 x 79/100]+[25 x 10.5/100]+[26 x 10.5/100]
    • 24.3 amu
    Describing Alloys
    • Alloys are mixtures of metals, where the metals are mixed together but are not chemically
    combined
    • They can be made from metals mixed with nonmetals such as carbon
    • Alloys often have properties that can be very different to the metals they contain, for
    example they can have more strength, hardness or resistance to corrosion or
    extreme temperatures
    • Alloys contain atoms of different sizes, which distorts the regular arrangements of atoms
    • This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other, so they are usually
    much harder than the pure metal
    • Brass is a common example of an alloy which contains 70% copper and 30% zinc

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