The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

 Mendeleev
• In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeléev
created the first accepted version of
the periodic table.
• He grouped elements according to
their atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties.
• Blank spaces were left open to add
the new elements he predicted would
occur.
 REVISION
Metal: Elements that are usually solids at room
temperature.
Most elements are metals.

Non-Metal: Elements in the upper right corner of the

periodic Table. Their chemical and physical properties
are different from metals.

Metalloid: Elements that lie on a diagonal line between

the metals and non-metals. Their chemical and
physical properties are intermediate between the two.
 Properties of Metals
• Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal
is its reaction with water
which results in corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals

• Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are
gases.

Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids

• Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.

Silicon
 Hydrogen
• The hydrogen square sits atop GROUP I, but it
is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a
class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.

• It has one proton and one electron in its one

and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
valence shell Follows Helium’s electron
configuration
 Elements are arranged:

Vertically into Groups

Horizontally Into Periods

Why?
 If you looked at one
atom of every element
in a group you would
see…
Each atom has the same number of
electrons in its outermost shell.

• An example…
The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons
in their outer shells

Be (Beryllium)
Atom

Mg (Magnesium) Atom
 Electron Configuration and
Reactivity
• The number of outer or “valence” electrons
in an atom affects the way an atom bonds.

• The way an atom bonds determines many

properties of the element.

• This is why elements within a group usually

have similar properties.
 What does it mean to be
reactive?
• We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
• Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
• Some elements are only found in nature bonded with
other elements.
• What makes an element reactive?
– An incomplete valence electron level.
– All atoms want to have a full valence shell- 2 electrons for
hydrogen-Lithium-Boron- 8 electrons for the rest - (This is
called the rule of octet.)
– Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence
electrons lose them during bonding (Groups 1,2,3). Atoms with
5, 6, or 7 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
 Practice
COPY THIS TABLE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
AND FILL IT OUT

GROUP NUMBER OF HOW MANY EASIER TO WHAT IS

NUMBER VALENCE ELECTRONS GAIN OR FORMED AS
ELECTRONS ARE NEEDED LOSE? HOW A RESULT
(ON THE TO HAVE A MANY? (ION CHARGE
LAST SHELL) FULL OUTER AND VALUE)
SHELL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
 Practice
GROUP NUMBER HOW MANY EASIER TO GAIN WHAT IS
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS ARE OR LOSE? HOW FORMED AS A
VALENCE NEEDED TO HAVE A MANY? RESULT (ION
ELECTRO FULL OUTER SHELL CHARGE AND
NS (ON VALUE)
THE LAST
SHELL)

1 1 ADD 7 OR REMOVE 1 LOSE 1 +1

2 2 ADD 6 OR REMOVE 2 LOSE 2 +2
3 3 ADD 5 OR REMOVE 3 LOSE 3 +3
4 4 ADD 4 OR REMOVE 4 SHARE NA
5 5 ADD3 OR REMOVE 5 GAIN 3 -3
6 6 ADD 2 OR REMOVE 6 GAIN 2 -2
7 7 ADD 1 OR REMOVE 7 GAIN 1 -1
8 8 0 NO CHANGE NO CHARGE
 What does it mean to be
reactive?
• We judge a given elements’ reactivity according to the
ease with which it can lose, gain or share electrons
during a given reaction.
• Two most important factors that affect that are:

1. How many electrons need to be lost or gained.

2. How strong is the pull of the nucleus on the outer

electrons & and is it helping or resisting the process of
gaining/losing/sharing electrons.
If you looked at an atom from each
element in a period

you would see…

Each atom has the same number of
electron shells.

An example…
The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron
containing shells

4th Shell

K (Potassium) Kr (Krypton)
Atom
Atom
Fe (Iron) Atom
 Each group has distinct properties
• The periodic Table is divided into several
groups based on the properties of different
atoms.
• FOUR chemical families of the
periodic table: the Alkali
metals (I), Transition
elements, Halogens (VII), and
the Noble gases (VIII).
 ALKALI METALS-GROUP I

Element Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium

Appearance Silvery Silvery Silvery Silvery Silvery
at room white White white Grey gold
temp
Alkali Metals

Soft, silvery coloured

metals
Very reactive!!!
Group
Group 1/I:
1/I: Alkali
Alkali Metals
Metals

Reaction of
potassium + H2O

Cutting sodium metal

 ALKALI METALS-PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 ALKALI METALS-PROPERTIES
Physical properties. Chemical properties.
1. Good conductors of heat and These elements show similar chemical properties since
electricity. they all belong to the same group and have the same
2. Shiny and lustrous however number of electrons on their valence shell.
tarnish very quickly when 1.Very reactive metals (the most reactive among the
exposed to air. metals). They are stored under oil.Reason: they only need
3. Soft can be cut by a knife ( to lose one electron to achieve stability easily achieved!
as we go down a group, they (Reactivity increases as we go down the group).
become softer) 2.They react with water vigorously to form an alkaline
4. Less dense than other metals, solution and hydrogen gas  Indicator changes color!
some float on water. (Density Na(s) + H2O(l)  H2 (g) + NaOH (aq)
increases as we move down a 3. They react with halogens to give salts: Halides (white
group)exception solids which give colorless solutions).
potassium! Example: Na(s) + Cl2 (g)2NaCl(s)
5. Low melting and boiling 4. They burn in oxygen producing a characteristic color
points. (melting and boiling flame and forming white solids called oxides give a basic
points decrease as we go solution when dissolved in water.
down the group) 5. All the compounds they form are ionic
Alkali Metals reacting with water:

• Li (Lithium) – least reactive

• Na (Sodium)
• K (Potassium)
• Rb (Rubidium)
• Cs (Cesium) – more reactive
What would you expect
from Francium?!?!
Group 2/II: Alkaline Earth
Metals
Magnesium

Magnesium
oxide
 Alkaline Earth Metals

Silvery-White Metals
Fairly reactive
Many are found in rocks in
the earth’s crust
 ALKALINE EARTH METALS-
GROUP II
• Alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium, Magnesium,
Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium.
• They are less reactive than group I metals they need to
lose 2 electrons instead of only 1.
• They are denser than group I metals.
• They form +2 Ions. All their compounds are ionic.
• They follow the same trend in: chemical reactivity, boiling
point and melting point, density values variation as the
ALKALI METALS.
Transition Metals

Most are good Malleable (easily

conductors of bent/hammered into
electricity wires or sheets)
 TRANSITION METALS
• The transition metals are the 30 elements forming the d-block in
the middle of the periodic table.
• Common transition elements are:
Element Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper

Symbol Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Appearance Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic
silver silver grey Grey silver bronze
How many things can you think
of that have Transition Metals in
them?
 TRANSITION METALS-MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Physical properties- Chemical Properties
Typical metals (they show no clear trend) textbook p174-
175
1. Hard, tough and 1. They are less reactive than GI and GII
strong. metalsThey do not corrode easily
2. High melting and (except Iron).
boiling points. 2. Most form colored
3. Malleable and ductile. compounds(chemical analysis)
4. Good conductors of 3. They do not have a single charge-
heat and electricity. VARIABLE VALENCIES
5. High density (> than 5. These metals can form more than one
water they sink). compound with the same element.
6. Some are magnetic Example: CuO and Cu2O.
6.Many are catalysts.
 Metalloids lie on
either side of the
“staircase”

They share properties with

both metals and non-metals
Si (Silicon) and Ge
(Germanium) are very
important “semi-conductors”
What are semiconductors used in?
NON METALS
 Nonmetals

Brittle
Do not conduct
electricity
 Halogens

Most are
poisonous
Fairly reactive –
react with alkali
metals (eg) Na+
and Cl-
 Halogen Family
• The elements in this
family are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
• Halogens have 7
valence electrons,
which explains why Halogen atoms only need to gain 1
they are the most electron to fill their outermost
energy level.
active non-metals. They react with alkali metals to
They are never found form salts.
free in nature.
HALOGENS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 HALOGENS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Physical Characteristics
-Melting point and boiling point increases as we go
down the group this affects the state at which these
elements exist at room temperature-/TEXTBOOK
PAGE 268- TABLE 13.4 please make sure to learn
the colors + states at room temp.

- They have typical non metal properties in general.

- Color of the elements and their compounds gets

darker down a group.
- Density increases as we go down a group.
HALOGENS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 HALOGENS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chemical Characteristics
-They need to gain or share one electron to satisfy their octet  negatively
charged ions -1 with metals.
- They are the most reactive group of the non metals. (Since they have the
least Valency  they only need to gain 1 electron).
- They exist as diatomic molecules. Each atom forms a single covalent bond
with an identical atomCl2, F2, Br2, I2

- Their reactivity DECREASES as we go down the group since the shielding

effect becomes stronger and the nucleus attractive power that allows the
element to gain an electron becomes weaker please learn the table on p
170 discussing the reaction of halogens with Iron as an example of the
reactivity trend.
- They form ionic compounds with metals and covalent compounds with non
metals their compounds are called HALIDES.
- They displace the less reactive halogens from solutions of their
compounds another proof of their reactivity trend! Discuss page 269 table
13.5 and physical observations VERY IMPORTANT IN ANSWERING
QUESTIONS
HALOGENS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

REACTIONS WITH HALOGENS WITH HALIDE

SOLUTIONS IS AN EXAMPLE OF SINGLE
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS!
CHLORINE
 Noble Gases

Unreactive
Gases at room
temperature
 Noble Gases

• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

• One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.
They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
• Because they do not readily combine with other elements to
form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
• The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon.
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere.
 NOBLE GASES SUMMARY

Noble Gases: Group 88 e in their valence/Group

0Valence=0 (except Helium)
Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics
- Gases at room temperature -Monoatomic exist as single
atoms.
- Low boiling and melting - Stable non-reactive--. They
point, however, it increases have a complete valence
down a group. shell….no need to gain or
lose or share.
- Density increases down a - Referred to as Group 0
group. since their valency =0
Jellyfish lamps made with noble
gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger
 Colors Noble Gases
produce in lamp tubes:
• Ne (Neon): orange-red
• Hg (Mercury): light blue

• Ar (Argon): pale lavender

• He (Helium): pale peach

• Kr (Krypton): pale silver

• Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE USES OF NOBLE
GASES ON PAGE 173
 TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD
What happens to:
1.Number of Valence electrons.
2. Metallic character.
3. Melting and Boiling point.
4. Reactivity

5. VALENCY
TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
VALENCY
 TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
REACTIVITY
• In the same period- The Periodic Table is divided into
two parts:

• Conclusion 1- Metals: As we go from Group 1 Group

2Group 3Transition metals, reactivity DECREASES
because the number of the valence electrons that need
to be lost becomes greater and the size of the nucleus
pulling on the valence electrons becomes larger.
 TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
REACTIVITY
• Conclusion 2- Non-Metals: As we go from Group
5Group 6Group7, reactivity INCREASES because the
number of electrons needed to be gained becomes less
and the size of the nucleus pulling on the electron to be
gained becomes greater gaining the electron becomes
easier.
• Additionally, the change from metal to non-metal across
a period shows itself as a change in bonding type as well

GIANT METALLIC  GIANT COVALENT SIMPLE MOLECULAR

 TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
METALLIC CHARACTER
As we go across the period the metallic character fades-
becomes weaker” Elements become less metallic until
we reach metalloids- Afterwards, the Nonmetallic
character becomes more evident-Elements become
more “Nonmetallic”
TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
BOILING AND MELTING POINT
As we go across the period, the boiling and
melting points increase until the peak at the
level of the transition metals then they decrease
again until the reach the noble gases which
have the lowest values in the periodic table
 TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD-
DENSITY
As we go across the period, the DENSITY increases until
the peak at the level of the transition metals then they
decrease again until the reach the noble gases which
have the lowest values in the periodic table
• Chemical “Groups” SUMMARY
– I are called alkali metals because they react with
water to form an alkaline solution (basic)
• They are very reactive
– Group II are called the alkaline earth metals
because they are reactive, but not as reactive as
Group I.
• They are also soft metals
– Group VII are the halogens
• These need only one electron to fill their outer shell
• They are very reactive
– Group VIII are the noble gases as they have
completely filled outer shells
• They are almost non-reactive.