Module 2. Research Techniques N Methods Feb 8 9

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February 8, 2024
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES (METHODS)
Techniques (methods) in research
1. Quantitative Techniques (from the root word QUANTITY). Collect data in the form of
numbers (quantitative observation). Examples of quantitative data are height, weight,
age of person, income of an employee, and grades in academic subjects.
2. Qualitative Techniques (from the root word QUALITY). Collect data in the form of words
or statements (qualitative observations).
3. Mixed technique/method. A combination of qualitative techniques and quantitative

techniques.
Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Researches
Qualitative Researches Quantitative Researches

Subjective Objective
Research questions answer WHAT and WHY Research questions answer HOW MANY or
STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP OR DIFFERENCE
Develops Theory Test Theory
Interpretive Measurable
Reports rich narrative, individual Reports statistical analysis.
interpretation. Basic element of analysis is Basic element of analysis is NUMBERS
WORDS IDEAS
Researcher is part of the process Researcher is separate
Participants Subjects
Context dependent Context free
Reasoning is dialectic and inductive Reasoning is logistics and deductive
(Reasonable)
Describes meaning, discovery Establishes relationships and causation
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Methods used in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Take note:
a. Quantitative Methods. Are more structured following a specific procedure.

b. Qualitative Methods. Are less structured and use in-depth interviews and
observations.
Quantitative and Quantitative Methodologies
Qualitative Methodologies Quantitative Methodologies

Precisely for narrative/literary descriptions Preference for precisely describing
of procedures procedure
Preference for narrative descriptions Data reduced to numerical scores
Preference for expert informant samples. Preference for random sampling for
obtaining meaningful samples
Preference for narrative summary of Preference for statistical summary of
results results
Unwillingness to tamper with naturally Willingness to manipulate aspects,
occurring phenomena situations, or conditions in studying
complex phenomena
STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. In a qualitative research, issues can be examined in detail and in depth.

2. Interviews are not restricted to specific questions and can be guided/redirected by the
researcher in real time.
3. The research framework and direction can be quickly revised as new information
emerges.
4. The data based on human experience that is obtained is powerful and sometimes more
compelling than quantitative data.
5. Subtleties and complexities about the research subjects and/or topic are discovered that
are often missed by more positivistic enquiries.
6. Data usually are collected from a few cases or individuals so findings cannot be
generalized to a larger population. Findings can however be transferable to another
setting.
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Limitations of Qualitative Research
1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the individual skills of the researcher and more
easily influenced by the researcher’s personal biases and idiosyncrasies (Characteristics
or Features).
2. Rigor is more difficult to maintain asses and demonstrate.
3. The volume of data makes analysis and interpretation time consuming.
4. It is sometimes not as well understood and accepted as quantitative research within the
scientific community.
5. The researcher’s presence during data gathering, which is often unavoidable in
qualitative research, can affect the subjects’ responses.
6. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present problems when presenting findings.
7. Findings can be more difficult and time consuming to characterize in a visual way.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
1. ETHNOGRAPHY. The ethnographic approach to qualitative research is basically derived

from anthropology. In this approach, the ethnographer studies the entire culture of a
particular group (its geographic location and ethnicity). The most common
ethnographic approach is PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION, in which the research becomes
immersed in the culture under study as an active participant, taking extensive notes
about observations and impressions.
2. PHENOMENOLOGY. This qualitative research approach explores the WORLD OF THE

PARTICIPANTS by gaining thoughts, insights, and perceptions to a particular
phenomenon. The researcher tries to investigate an individual thoughts and perceptions
and find the common ground to experience. Example for this is the experiences of
athletes who played in the national and international events, student-artist who joined
art competitions, students who volunteer in relief operations.
3. NARRATIVE RESEARCH. This is a qualitative research that narrates the life experiences
of an individual told to the researcher or from available document or material. This
could either be biography or autobiography. In biography, the researchers narrate the
experiences of the person, while in autobiography, the written account of the individual
who is the subject of the study.
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4. GROUNDED THEORY. This qualitative research approach aims to generate a theory from
the data which are analyzed and interpreted inductively. The theory that that can be
generated does not start from the beginning but only surfaced after all the data have
been analyzed inductively. This is the result of thorough interviews and observations.
Examples are the system of disciplines of skilled workers and how coaches maintain
discipline among his team players.
5. CASE STUDY. This qualitative research approach presents a detailed analysis of a specific
case. Usually, a case of an individual, or one group of people or one school. The
researcher focuses only on one particular case. For example, you can perform a case
study on student who excels both in Mathematics and Science, or, on student who is
poor in reading and yet a black belter in taekwondo.
IMPORTANCE OF AND STEPS IN DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
NOTE: Qualitative research methods are becoming popular in MEDICAL and ALLIED
HEALTH FIELDS, nowadays.
The outcomes of qualitative researches can give better understanding on
1. Healthcare which will enable healthcare providers to understand the client’s attitude on
healthcare services. Furthermore, qualitative studies can give a better understanding of
the healthcare provider’s and patient’s experiences which can further improve
healthcare delivery.
2. Behavioral and social sciences, qualitative research involves the understanding of

attitudes and behavior of groups of people.
3. Natural Sciences, basically qualitative data gathered first in scientific investigation

through observation; and, from these observations, you can infer predictions as basis
for interpretations.
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STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Frankel and Wallen, 2010)
1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied. (Phenomenon is something such as

an interesting fact or event that can be observed and studied and that typically is
unusual or difficult to understand or explain fully. Tardiness and bullying among
students are examples of phenomenon.
2. Identification of the participants of the study. (Participants are selected
PURPOSIVELY).
3. Generation of hypothesis. In qualitative research, hypothesis is not usually
formulated at the beginning of the study. Hypothesis emerges from the data
collected. This can be discarded, modified, or refined as the study progresses.
4. Data Collection. Manipulation of data is not observed. Researcher studies the
participants in their setting as they are. The collection of the data is a continuous
process until data is sufficient, and relevant information is obtained.
5. Data Analysis. Inductive reasoning is used in the collected data. While some analysis
involves numbers, only simple statistics such as mean or percentage can be used in
qualitative research. Data analysis in qualitative research involves more of
descriptions.
6. Interpretation and Conclusions. Interpretation is crucial in this process and this is
done continuously all throughout the study.

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1

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES (METHODS)

Techniques (methods) in research

3. Mixed technique/method. A combination of qualitative techniques and quantitative

Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Researches

Qualitative Researches Quantitative Researches

Methods used in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

a. Quantitative Methods. Are more structured following a specific procedure.

Quantitative and Quantitative Methodologies

Qualitative Methodologies Quantitative Methodologies

STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. In a qualitative research, issues can be examined in detail and in depth.

Limitations of Qualitative Research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

1. ETHNOGRAPHY. The ethnographic approach to qualitative research is basically derived

2. PHENOMENOLOGY. This qualitative research approach explores the WORLD OF THE

IMPORTANCE OF AND STEPS IN DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The outcomes of qualitative researches can give better understanding on

2. Behavioral and social sciences, qualitative research involves the understanding of

3. Natural Sciences, basically qualitative data gathered first in scientific investigation

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Frankel and Wallen, 2010)

1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied. (Phenomenon is something such as

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