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BUILDING
Any structure constructed of whatsoever materials and used for residential, business or other purposes is called building. Purpose of building:1)

The preliminary object the inmates.

of a building is to provide shelter to

2) To provide sufficient accommodation for the purpose for which it is constructed. 3) To provide protection to the inmates from the heat and glare of the sun.
4)

To provide protection against thieves and house breakers.

Parts of a building: Sub-structure Super structure Sub structure The part of the building below the ground level is called sub structure. In major buildings the ground level are constructed to provide accommodation. These portion is mainly used as basements and parking lots. Super structure The part of the building above the ground level is called super structure.
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Parts of Super Structures:1) Walls 2) Roof 3) Floors 4) Verandah 5) Doors 6) Windows

Classification of Buildings:

Based on occupancy Based on type of construction

Classification based on occupancy:i) Residential Building:The building in which the sleeping accommodation is provided fro normal residential purpose.

ii) Educational Building:The building used for school, colleges or the day care purpose.

iii) Institutional Buildings:The buildings used for purpose such as medical or other treatment purpose.

iv) Assembly Buildings:The buildings where the groups of people gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and other similar purpose.

v) Business Building:The building used for truncation for business, for the keeping of accounts and records and other similar purpose.

vi) Industrial Buildings:The building in which products of all kinds are produces, assembled, or processed.
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vii) Storage Building:The building used primarily for the storage or sheltering of the goods, wares or merchandise, vehicles, or animals.

Foundations:The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the whole structure to the soil lying underNeath is called foundation. The foundation is constructed below the structure to transfer the load of the structure equally on a large portion. It is also constructed below the ground level so as to obtain the max. lateral stability.

Purpose of the foundation:1)

To distribute the load of the structure over a large area so as to bring intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil under-Neath.

2) To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal settlement. 3) To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material. 4) To secure a level and firm bed for a building operations.
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5) To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

Factors Affecting Selection Of Foundations

Type of intensity of loads acting on the various parts of the structures, which may be dead load, live load, wind load, snow load etc. Nature and bearing capacity of the soil on which the structure directly rests.

Foundations used in project site

Shallow foundation

The foundation provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure, near to the ground level. Such foundation are mostly used where the bearing capacity of the soil is higher that it is enough strong to carry the load of the building.

Raft foundation

The foundation of thick R.C.C slabs covering the whole area In the form of a mat. This is useful for the public buildings, office buildings, school building, residential building, etc.

It is useful in following cases: When the bearing capacity of the soil is less and the load of the building is heavy.

When the soil below is highly compressible and likely to be settle down later.

When the use of spread footing covers more than half of the total area, it may probe more economical to use mat footing.

Preparation Building:

Of

The

Foundation

Plan

Of

The

After the foundation design is ready for the building its foundation plan is prepared to any convenient scale showing all necessary measurement.

The orientation of the building should be kept in the consideration while preparing the plan.

Setting Out Foundation Plan On Ground

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Before the commencement of building operation the

whole area should be cleared the position of the site building should be carefully marked on the ground.

The leveling of the site must be done.

The trenches to receive the foundation are then set on

the surface of ground before their actual excavation is started.

Excavation of foundation
After setting out the trenches there excavation work is carried out between there outer line by mean of the pick area or kassies.

The foundation should be commended over the entire foundation width and work is carried on layer by layer.

The excavated material lies earth should be

dumped (1.5

mts) away from the outer edges of trenches excavation work is usually carried out with a spade kassies or pick axes and
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then excavated earth is carried out by means of iron pans and basket.

Proper protection should be made against damage from surface water flowing into excavation trenches from neighboring sides of street.

Laying of foundation concrete

For foundation preparation we use P.C.C (fly ash & cement) layer to prepare a layer between earth work and R.C.C work.

It also work as D.P.C before It we gave anti-termite treatment is given to protect the building

After this work we use 150 mm thickness is height. After this D.P.C coats are provided (40mm dpc1:2:4) after this all work is done by R.C.C.

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Structural Steel
The manufactured steel rolled to be sections and weights as specified by bureau of Indian standards is called structural steel. The rolled steel section should be free from defects and the structural flaws like cracks, roughness, sharp edges etc. standardized steel sections easily available in the market. In the design of the steel structures it is always economical to make used of steel sections.

The standards for structural steels of different qualities are: Is:226-1975(standard quality) Is:1977-1975(ordinary quality)

Is :2062-1984(fusion welding quality) Is: 961-1975(high tensile structural steel) Is: 8500-1977(wieldable medium and high strength quality)

Advantages Of Steel As A Structural Material:1) The steel members have high strength. Therefore, the steel members can be resist heavy loads with comparatively light weight and small size of members.

2)

The steel members can be conveniently handled and transported because of their small and light weight.
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3) Properly maintained steel structures have long life.

4) The properties of steel dont changes with the time.

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CEMENT CONCRETE:Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, fine aggregates(sand) and coarse aggregates (gravels, broken stone etc.) which when packed in forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like stone. Concrete grows stronger with age. Weight of cement concrete is 24000n/m2. It is mainly for foundation work and flooring work of buildings.

Stages In Making The Concrete:14

 Design of the concrete for strength and durability Selection of the materials and their proportioning for requisite properties. Mixing the ingredients of the concrete and placing the same in the position Curing of concrete.

Factors Affecting Properties Of The Concrete:(a) Quantity of cement (b) Size, grading and moisture of aggregates (c) Water-cement ratio (d) Proportioning of ingredients (e) Methods of measuring materials by volume or weight (f) Machine mixing or hand mixing (g) Methods adopted for placing and compaction
(h) Methods

of curing.

Requirements Of Good Concrete: The aggregates should be hard and durable

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 The aggregate should be properly graded in size from fine to coarse Cement should be of sufficient quantity to produce the required water tightness and strength

The water used while mixing should be free from organic materials or any deleterious materials.

Water cement ratio should be correct Mixing should be done thoroughly to make the concrete homogenous Concrete should fill every part in the forms
Group Designation Characteristics Compressive strength of 150mm cube in 28 days in N/mm

Ordinary Concrete Standard Concrete

High Strength Concrete

M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50 M55 M60 M65 M70 M75 M80

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

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Characteristic Strength
The strength of material below which not be more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.

Note:i.

Concrete of compressive strength lower than M20 may be used for lean concrete based and simple for masonry walls.

ii.

Grade lower than M20 should not be used in Reinforced concrete works.

iii.

Grade lower than M30 should not be used in the Post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete.

Concept Of (R.C.C.):-

Reinforcement

Cement

Concrete

The tensile strength of cement concrete is just About 10%of the compressive strength. In other Words, cement concrete is very strong in compression and very weak in tension.

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Steel is equally strong in tension as well as in compression. Steel is high strength material as compared with concrete. The compressive yield strength of ordinary steel bars in about 25 times, the compressive strength of cement concrete and tensile strength of steel bars is about 70 times the tensile strength of cement concrete.

Application of R.C.C:R.C.C. is the most commonly used construction material, consumed at the rate of 01 tone for every living human being.

R.C.C. is used for Construction of:o

Beams, Columns and slabs in residential commercial and industrial buildings. Highway and railway bridges. Water retaining structures like ground and overhead water tanks.

o o

Thermal and nuclear and hydro-electrical power plants. Marine structures (watch towers, light houses.) Tunnels and irrigation works. Pavements for highways and airport runways. Poles for electric power transmission.
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o
o o o

Advantages of R.C.C.
It can be easily molded to any desired shapes and size. It makes the construction work look easy due to the availability of its material. It is fire resistant It is impermeable to moisture It is durable as it can resist the action of weathering agencies

It is cheap in long run as its maintenance cost is very low It can resist the earthquake shocks.

Limitations of R.C.C.:

The initial cost of R.C.C is high. The dead loads of the structure is increased. Its construction requires large quantity of timber or steel plates for formwork. It requires skilled labour for construction.

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Reinforcing materials
The material which develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase opts strength is called reinforcing material.

Characteristics of a reinforcing material: It should be cheap and easily available It should be durable It should be able to develop a good bond with concrete so that the stresses are easily transferred from the one material to another It should have high modulus of elasticity It should be easy to cut, bend or weld

Suitability of steel as a reinforcing material

Steel fulfills almost all the characteristics required for a reinforcing material. Hence it is the most suitable reinforcing material. It has high tensile strength It is highly elastic

It can be developed good bond with concrete as its coefficient of expansion is nearly equal to that of concrete.
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Loads Acting On Structure

All structure are designed for the worst combination of dead and live load. Wind loads and seismic forces are also considered in the design of the structure.

Dead Load
The load acting on the structure are permanently loads. Dead loads includes self weight of the weight of the structures walls, partitions if any, finishes, floors and roofs, These loads are due to the gravitational pull of the earth. These are also known as gravity loads

Live Loads
Live loads are either movable or moving loads without any acceleration or impact. Live loads on the floors and roofs shall comprise all loads which are placed temporarily on it.

Wind Load
Wind is a horizontal load caused by movement of air relative to the earth. Wind loads have to considered in the design of multistory buildings, tower and poles. Wind loads depends upon the intensity of wind prevailing in the locality of the structure.

Snow Loads
The snow loads are also called exceptional loads is:8751987 may be used to note values of snow load.

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Preparation of Concrete
Cement
Cement shall be Portland or Portland pozzolana cement and shall be stored in a dry water proof go down Storage capacity shall be 1000 bags at a time & it also depends upon the scale of project work.

Fine aggregates
For all concrete work shall be coarse and/coarse stone dust confirming the relevant is

Coarse Aggregates
For all the concrete work shall be broken/crushed locally best available grade coarse aggregated size shall be as specified in structural drawings.

Steel
TMT FE 415/FE 500 steels to be shall be factory rolled and should be processed only sail or any other I.S.I mark.

Plinth protection
P.C.C 1:3:6 of 50mm thick 600,, wide shall be laid in alternate panels over 75mm thick bars rammed and consolidated brick ballast around the buildings excepts in the portion covered by steps, ramps and plate form.

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Design Principles
The basic aim of structural design is:i) Safety ii) Serviceability iii) Economy Methods of Design
There are two methods of designing structures:1. Working stress method 2. Limit state method

Limit State Method

Limit state method is based on the safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads
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The limit state.

acceptable

limit

of

safety

and

serviceability

requirements before failure of a structure takes place is known as

In limit state method, the structure is designed to:-

i)

Withstand safety all the loads liable to act on it throughout its life span. Therefore, collapse of a structure will not take not place.

ii) Satisfy serviceability requirement. As such, the failure of

a structure will not occur due to excessive deflection, cracking etc.

The limit states which are considered in design are: Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability Other limit state

Characteristic strength of material

The strength of material below which now more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall is known as the characteristic strength
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The characteristic strength of concrete (fck) is defined as the compressive strength of 150mm cube at 28 days expressed in n/mm2 below which not more than 5% of the test results may be expected to fall.

CHARACTERSTICS LOADS
Characteristic load is that value of load which has a 95% probability of not being exceeded during the life of the structure. It is denoted by (f).

Characteristic load is given:-

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PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

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These are the factors which applied to characteristic loads and characteristic strength of materials given design values.

Partial safety factors for loads:The partial safety factor for the loads is the factor by which characteristic loads are multiplied to get the design values for loads It is denoted by vf. The values of vf depends upon Types of loading and number of loadings acting together.
a. b.

Importance of the limit state.

Partial safety factor for strength of materials

The partial safety factored for strength of materials is the factor by which the characteristic strength of material is multiplied to get the design values for materials. A higher value of vm is recommended for concrete as it may be expected that the actual strength of the concrete in the structure may deviate from that found from the tests by an amount more than that may be expected for steel, due to several construction operation.

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Total safety factors

Total safety factors may be multiplying vf and vm Total safety factors=vf x v

Types of Beams:1) 2) 3)

Singly reinforced beams- rectangular section. Doubly reinforced beams- rectangular section. Singly or double flanged beams.

Singly reinforced section :-

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The reinforced concrete beam in which the steel reinforcement is provided only on tension side, are known as singly reinforced beams. In singly reinforced beam, the tension developed due to bending moment is mainly resisted by the steel reinforcement and the compression is resisted by the concrete alone.

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Balanced, Under-Reinforced and Over-Reinforced Section

Balanced section
The section in which the tension steel reaches the yield strain (0.87fy/es+0.002) simultaneously as the concrete the failure strain is called balanced section.

Under Reinforced Section

The section in which the tension steel reaches the yield strains at loads lower than the load at which concrete reaches the failure strain is called under reinforced section.
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Over Reinforced Section The section in which the failure strain in concrete reaches earlier than the yield strain is called over reinforced section.

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T-BEAMS
When the slab and beams are cast monolithically and if the beam deflects under applier loads it drags along with it a portion of slab. This portion of the slab assists in resisting the effect of the loads and is called the flange of the t-beam. The portion of the beam below the slab is called Web or Rib.

In this type of beam, the R.C.C floor slab is cast monolithic with the beam. The stirrups and the bent-up bars of the beam extent into the slab and a portion of the slab acts with the beam for resisting compressive stresses. This results in increasing the moment of resistance of the beam. In the T-Beam the slab extends an equal distance on either side of rib. A similar beam at the end of slab is called L-beam.

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

Beams reinforced with steel in both tension and compression zones are called doubly reinforced beams. Conditions under which doubly reinforced beams are used:a.

When the depth of the beam is restricted due to headroom considerations, architectural or some other reasons.

b.
c.

When the B.M. due to external loading is larger than limiting value of the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam and the size of the beam is restricted.

d.

When the member of subjected to eccentric loading.

e.

The external live loads may be alternate may occur on either face of member.

f.

When the beam is continuous over several supports the section of the beam at the supports is usually designed as a double reinforced section. Note:The doubly reinforced beams are considered as uneconomical beams, as strength compression reinforcement is not fully utilized.

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Shear length
When the beam carry transverse loads, the bending of the beam take place. The bending of beams creates a tendency in the particles to slide upon each other within the beam. This tendency of the particles to slide upon each other is called shear strength

Shear Stress
When a beam is loaded, the shear forces at a section always come into play, along with the bending moments. This shear caused by the shear force at a section of the beam is called shear stress.

Four types of cracks are seen in simply supported beams i) Flexural cracks
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ii) Diagonal tension cracks(web shear cracks) iii) iv)

Flexural shear cracks Secondary or splitting cracks

Flexural Cracks
This type of crack occurs in the regions where bending moment is large in relation to shear force, bending stress is more than shear stress. Such cracks are normally at 90*with the axis of beam

Diagonal tension crack

This type of cracks occur when magnitude of shear force is large is relation to bending moment. Such cracks are normally at 45* with the axis of the beam.
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PREVENTION OF CRACK
The cracks can be prevented by providing reinforcement for diagonal tension. Reinforcement provided to avoid such cracks is called shear reinforcement.

It can be provided in any form of following forms:1) In the forms of stirrups (vertical or inclined). 2) In the forms of bent-up bars. 3) Combination of (i) &(ii).

CRITICAL SECTION FOR SHEAR DESIGN

1) Compressive reaction. 2) Tensile reaction.

COMPRESSIVE REACTION
Support a compressive reaction in case of beams resting on walls and column .when the support offers compressive reaction in the end region, the diagonal crack gets displaced away from the face support.

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TENSILE REACTION
Support of a tension reaction in case of tank walls supporting the bottom slab, or slab /beam connected to the underside of supporting beam or secondary beam connected to main beam at the same level etc.

SHEAR STERNGTH OF THE CONCRETE

Shear strength of the concrete is considered in design. For beams, the shear strength of concrete varies according to the grade of concrete and the %age of the concrete.

P=100As/bd Where P=Percentage area of longitudinal street

As=area of the reinforcement which continue, at least one effective depth beyond the section under consideration.

B=width of the beam. D=effective depth of the beam. Design procedure for shear reinforcement :STEP 01:Calculate the shear force (v) at the critical section.

STEP 02:Find nominal shear stress (tv).

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STEP 03:Find shear strength of concrete (tC). STEP 05:Find net design shear force (Vus) for which shear reinforcement is to be designed.

Vus=v bd (where bd= shear resisted by concrete) Or vus=design shear stress x bd =( tv-tC) bd
STEP 06:If tc is much more than tc and/or tensile steel is available for shear, bend one or two bars from tensile steel at 45o, calculate shear taken up by bent-up bars. STEP 07:-

Calculate minimum area of steel (As) required by the relation:-

0.85bd As =-----fy
Calculate maximum relation=0.04D area of steel by the area

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COLUMN:Only those vertical members whose effective length is more than three times the lateral dimension are called column &those vertical members whose effective length is less than three times the least dimension are called pedestals. These are the verticals compression members used to transfer the loads of the structures such as buildings, factory floors, cinema balconies, auditorium halls, floors of the framed building etc. to the foundation below. The transfer of load may be:i)

Direct from the roof or floor slabs through the column to foundation. Indirect through a beam to the column and then to the foundation.

ii)

Columns from the most important parts of the structure, the failure of any parts of the structure may not cause so serious damages as that caused by the failure of the column. It can endanger even the whole structure. As such the columns must be designed carefully.

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CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLUMNS:1)

Materials of construction.

2) Line of action of loads. 3) Shape of columns. 4) Length of columns

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS:-

Masonary columns (generally called pillars or piers, used bridge).

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Timbers columns (generally called posts, used for lighter loads). Steel columns (generally called sanctions, used for heavy loads). R.C.C columns (used for the building).

CLASSICATION OF COLUMNS ACCORDING TO THE LINE OF ACTION OF LOADS:-

Axially loaded columns:-

Axially loaded columns are those in which the lines of action of the loads are in line with the longitudinal axis of the columns.

Such column is only subjected to compressive stresses only.

eccentrically loaded column:-

Eccentrically loaded columns are those in which the line of action of the loads acts away from the longitudinal axis of the column.

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Such columns are subjected to the bending stresses in addition to compressive stresses.

Classification according to the shape of the columns: Square.

Rectangular & hexagonal .

Circular.

Different shapes:-

type

of

columns

according

to

the

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Classification of columns according to the length :

Short Columns. Long Columns.

Types of R.C.C columns :

Columns with lateral ties. Columns with helical or spiral reinforcement . Composite columns. Columns concrete filled type.

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LONG & SHORT COLUMN:-

A column is considered to be short when both ratios are than or equals to 12 .When either or both the slenderness ratios are more than the 12, the columns is considered to be long column.

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FORMS WORK
GENERAL:-

The form work shall be designed and Constructed to the shapes, lines and dimension shown on the drawings. All the form work shall be sufficiently water tight to prevent the water leakage of mortar. It shall be constructed as to be removable In section. Timber for temporary work such as shuttering scaffolding, centering etc. shall be provided with any class of woods , but it should suitable long enough for purpose for which it is used should be preferably by 1st class soft wood and ply. The timber for form work shall be clean and when concrete may be finished without application of plaster the timber form work may be clean shown on the inside face .

CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORM WORK

All rubbish, particularly chipping, shaving and saw dust shall be removed from interior of the forms before the concrete is placed . The form work in contact with concrete shall be cleaned with approved composition to prevent adhesion between form work and concrete work. We use wire brush to clean the forms to keep them clean for next work of construction.
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STRIPPING TIME OF FORM WORK

Attain a strength at least the strength to which the concrete may be subjected.

At the same proportion and cured under the condition of the temperature and moisture similar to there existing on the work.

Forms Shall Not Be Struck Until The Concrete Has

Walls, Columns & Vertical Faces Slabs Beams Soffits Removal Of Props Under Slab Span 3mts

:- 2 DAYS :- 7 DAYS :-7DAYS :-14DAYS

REMOVAL OF PROPS UNDER BEAMS & ARCHES

Spanning Up To 3.60mts Spanning Up To 6.90mts

:-14DAYS :-21DAYS

REMOVAL OF FORM WORK

Form work should be removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock or vibration that damages the concrete.

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 Before removal of shuttering and props concrete shall be exposed hardened. to as certain that concrete has sufficiently

Whereas the shape of the element is such that form work reentrant alleges the form work shall be removed as soon as possible after the concrete has set.

All expose surfaces of R.C.C lintels, beams, columns shall be plastered to match with adjoining plastered faces of the wall.

CURING PROCESS
Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuous in a damp or wet condition by covering with a layer of sand for at least seven day compound may used in moist curing with the permission of architect.

Such as compound shall be applied to all exposed to surface of concrete as soon as possible after concrete has set.

IMPORTANCE OF CURING
It improves the wear resisting and weathering effect.

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 It increases impermeability and durability. It reduces shrinkage.

METHODS OF CURING
SHADING CONCRETE WORK COVERING CONCRETE SURFACES WITH HESSIONS SPRINKLING OF WATER PONDING METHOD MEMBRANE CURING STEAM CURING

SPRINKLING OF WATER
Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surfaces provides an efficiently curing.

It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed to set sufficiently before sprinkling is started.

SHADING OF CONCRETE WORK

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The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete surfaces as roads , slabs.

PONDING METHOD
This is best method of curing. It is suitable for curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof, slabs and field pavement. The horizontal taps surface of the beam can also be ponded. After 24 hours there is placed small bunds of clay and sand across the whole area is to be curved and water is filled in them to do proper curing.

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BIBLOGRAPHY
PROJECT MANAGER:ER. NISHANT CHADA
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DEPUTY PROJECT MANAGER:ER. SANDEEP DHIMAN ER. AMIT SHARMA

ARCHITECT:SHAH & ASSOCIATES, NEW DELHI

DETAILS PROJECT :LOCATION SOCIETY

OF

THE

AREA OF THE SITE 902 Sq. Mtr. OF ZIRAKHPUR,

MOHALI (PUNJAB) DISST.

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TYPE FOUNDATION USED

OF RAFT FOUNDATION
ISOLATED FOUNDATION

TYPE OF M-25 (1: 1 :2), CONCRETE USED M-35 TYPE SCAFFOLDING USED STAIRS CASE OF STEEL CUP LOCK
SCAFFOLDING

DOG- LEGGED

BUILDERS INFORMATION
NAME OF SOCIETY LOCATION THE SAVITRY
GREEN, ZIRAKHPUR, PUNJAB. ZIRAKHPUR (V.I.P ROAD) DISST. MOHALI (PUNJAB)

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BUILDERS NAME

N.K SHARMA GROUP OF COMPANIES

CONST. COMPANYS SURYA CONSTRUCTION PRIVATISATION LIMITED ADRESS CONTACT NO.

,AMRITSAR +183-2545626 +919876318000

DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

TYPE OF PROJECT PROJECT COST LOCATION OF PROJECT PROJECT STARTED ON PROJECT COMPLETION TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
RESIDENTIAL FLATS 65 CRORES ESTIMATED ZIRAKHPUR ,DISST. MOHALI (PUNJAB) FEBRUARY 2011 JULY 2012 RESIDENTIAL

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THE COVER SIZE OF REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS FOLLOWING BEAMS:Main bars 25mm thick or the size of the main bars whichever is greater. Binders and the links 12mm minimum. Where as the architect of the Delhi suggest the beam Cover of size 65mm for proper fixing of reinforcement

COVER SIZE OF COLUMN:The cover size of the column in project was 40mm and in case of slabs it was 15mm & in the f/n it was 50mm.

FLOORING :First of all 100m thick p.c.c of 1:8:16 and after it 150mm thick sand layers is constructed (mainly used in the ground flooring). In the project the concrete flooring of 50mm thickness of cement concrete of 1:2:4. Then the marble flooring is done . The kota stone is used in stairs cases.

AT THE ROOF:They have used tile terracing .First of all they used bitumen coat (25/85) in the 2 layers with 1.65 kg/sqm quantity. Then earth filling is done with mud plasters in which 1000:40(mud with bussa).

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1:4 layer of cement concrete is used. The tile used is 09x.46x16 in size Total layout size of the room tiles is 50 sqm.

CINDER FILLING
It is used to level the floor they have used light weight and which produce less effect on slab. It is used at bathroom to provide depression.

COLUMNS:These are constructed in rectangular and Square shape with M20 i.e. (1:1.5:3). The size of columns varies at different level:At ground floor the size is 300*600,300*750,300*715 At the upper level the size is :-230*900,300*1065,300*1165

SIZE OF BEAM:The size of the beam used in the project is 230*450 in thickness and 230*1555 and depth the beam are covered with 25 mm cement concrete and are seen clearly on the floor base. When it is casted and casting is completed it cannot be seen at the roof when watched from the lower stories.
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LAYING OF FOUNDATION CONCRETE:

For foundation preparation we use P.C.C.(fly ash & cement ) Layers to prepare a layer between earth work and R.C.C. work. It also work as DPC. After this work we use concrete layer of 150mm thickness. After this D.P.C coats are provided (40mm D.P.C 1:2:4). After this all work is done by R.C.C. Grade of concrete used is M-20.

Raft Foundation TYPE OF CEMENT CONCRETE IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS ARE UNDER SPECIFIED :The grade of concrete used is M-25& M-20 THE GRADE OF STEEL USED IS Fe-500. o cement concrete used under Masonary footing :Mixed in ratio 1:5:10 o Cement used in the floor:Cement concrete used shall be mixed in 1:2:4.

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o Cement concrete used in plinth protection, pavements, platforms PCC flooring for rain water pipes: It shall be in 1:3:6 The size of aggregate is 12mm.

CEMENT
Cement shall be Portland or Portland pozzolona cement and shall be stored in a dry water proof go down. Storage capacity shall be of 1000 bags at a time & it also depends upon the scale of project work.

Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a mechanical mixture) but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

(i)

Mixing by hand:- In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean, hard and water tight platform. Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by hand with the help of the shovel and a desired quantity of the water added to it and mix properly. This type of mixing carried out in the small work and unimportant work. Mixing in machine: - The machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical concrete mixer. There

(ii)

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are two main type of concrete mixer is commonly use namely: Continuous mixers are used in massive construction such as dams, bridges, etc., which involve the use of large masses of concrete and also required the continuous flow of concrete. Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with blades or baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired proportioned mix are fed into the hopper of the revolving drum on being rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is finally discharged from the drum and conveyed for used.

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Transportation

of

concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the mixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is mixed on the actual construction site and could require some significant travel. This is most common for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in transporting concrete is to ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or consistency, air content, homogeneity are not modified from there intended states. The concrete transport commonly by the steel pipes..
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Removal of the formwork

The period for which forms should be left in place depends upon the temperature of air, the shape and position of structural member (i.e. horizontal vertical or inclined), the nature of the loads likely to come and the character of the cement and cement paste. Generally, the use of rapid hardening cement, higher temperatures, low water cement ratio and lighter loads, will permit early removal of formwork.

Under normal conditions where temperature is above 20C and ordinary cement is use, forms may be removed after the expiry of the period given below: Particulars of the structural member period of removing of formwork

(a) Vertical slides of slabs, beams columns and wall (b) Slabs (props or vertical supporting member left under) (c) Beams soffits (props left under) (d) Bottom of slabs up to a span of 4.5 m. (e) Bottom of slabs above 4.5 m
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24 to 48 hours

3 days

7 days 7 days

14 days

span, bottom of the beams up to 6 m span, and bottom of arch ribs up to 6 m span (f) Bottom of beams over 6 m span and bottom of arch ribs over 6 m span 21 days

Common tests on the fresh concrete

Concrete is tested to ensure that the material that was specified and bought is the same material delivered to the job site. There are a dozen different test methods for freshly mixed concrete and at least another dozen tests for hardened concrete, not including test method unique to organization like the Army Corps of Engineers, the Federal Highway Administration, and State department of transportation.

Slump, air content, unit weight and compressive strength tests are most common tests.

Slump is a measure of consistency, or relative ability of the concrete to flow. If the concrete cant flow because the consistency or slump is too low, there are potential problems with proper consolidation. If the concrete wont stop flowing because the slump is too high, there are potential problems with mortar loss through the formwork, excessive formwork pressure, finishing delays and segregation. Air content measure the total air content in a sample of fresh concrete, but does not indicate what the final inplace air content will be, because a certain amount of air
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is lost in transportation Consolidating, placement and finishing. Three field tests are widely specified: the pressure meter and volumetric method are ASTM standards and the Chace Indicator is an AASHTO procedure. Unit weight measures the weight of a known volume of the fresh concrete. Compressive strength is testes by pouring cubes of fresh concrete and measuring the force needed to break the concrete cubes at prescribed interval as they harden. According to Building Code Requirements for reinforced concrete (ACI 318) as long as no single test more than 500 psi below the design strength and the average of three consecutive tests equals or exceed the design strength then the concrete is acceptable. If the strength tests dont meet these criteria, steps must be taken to raise the average.

Plastering: The joints of the brick work shall raked out to a depth of 12 mm and the surface of the wall washed and clean and kept wet for the two days before plastering. The material of mortar should be of standard specification. The thickness of the plastering shall be of 12mm to ensure uniform thickness of plaster; patches of 15 cm shall be applied first at about 2 m apart to act as guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a true smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel. Wall plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor,. Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster. All corner and edge shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days the surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost, etc.
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For wall plastering 1:5 cement mortar and for ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand is used.

FINE AGGREGATES:For the concrete work shall coarse sand/coarse stone dust conforming the relevant IS.

COARSE AGGREGATE:-

For all the concrete work shall be broken/crushed locally best available grade coarse aggregated size shall be as specified in structural drawing.

STEEL:TMT FE415/FE 500 Steels to be shall be factory rolled and should be processed only SAIL or any other ISI mark.

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FORM WORK
Forms shall not be struck until the concrete has attain a strength at least twice the strength to which the concrete may be subjected at the same proportion and cured under conditions of the temperature and moisture similar to there existing on the work. Stripping time 1. Walls, columns, & vertical faces days 2. Slabs
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2 7 days

3. Beam soffits 4. Removal of props under slab span 3 mts days 5. Removal of props under beams & arches days 6. Spanning up to 3.60 mts 7. Spanning up to 6.90 mts

7 days 14 14 14 days 21 days

& Form work for column

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