CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

The total area of the residential building is 693 Sq.fts. The building consists of the
following features Living , four bed rooms, kitchen, dinning, store room, sit out,
nadu muttram and etc..The rooms are named as per the direction basis.

Around the residential building there is a provision for Rainwater harvesting &
Septic tank is take place. There is also arrangement of garden area outside of the
building.

SITE LOCATION & DETAILS

It is lies at KULUMANI nearer to CAVERY COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH.

Build up area 360 Sq.fts

And the vacant area is 333 Sq.fts

1.2 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

In any building there are mainly two parts.

Sub-structure or Foundations.

Super structure.

Sub-structure is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground
level, which transmits the load of super structure to the soil.

Super structure is that part of the building which is build above the sub-structure
which serves the purpose of its intended use.

1
The various components constituting the super structure are:

1.2.1 Foundation

Foundation are the lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures which are in
direct contact with the ground and which transmit the loads of superstructure to the
ground.

1.2.2 Basement

It is the storey or floor of a building below ground level. It is generally used for car
park, storage of goods, etc.

1.2.2.1 Plinth

The portion of a structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and
surface of the floor, which is immediately above the ground. This is the surface
over which walls are constructed.

1.2.2.2 Damp proof course

A continuous layer of water proof material provided at plinth level to prevent

dampness on the wall.

1.2.2.3 Walls and columns

It is the vertical component of superstructure used to transfer the load of roof and
its self weight to the foundation.

1.2.2.4 Floor structures

Floors are provided to divide a building into different levels for creating more
accommodation one above the other. The bottom floor near the ground level is
called ground floor and other floors above it are termed as upper floors or first

2
floor, second floor,etc.The exposed top surface of a floor prepared with a covering
is called flooring .

1.2.2.5 Doors and windows

Door is an opening to the outside of the building as well as to connect inside rooms
of the building. Window is an opening to the outside of the building to provide
ventilation and natural light.

1.2.2.6 Beams and lintels

Beam is a horizontal structural member which carries floor slap or roof. Lintel is a
beam that supports the brick-work over opening of or door or window. Generally
the width of lintel is same as that of the brick wall.

1.2.2.7 Roof structures

Roof is the cover for the building, to protect it from rain, wind, snow, sunlight etc.,

1.2.2.8 Parapet

It is the short wall provided on the top of the roof of a building. The main purpose
of this wall is to give good architectural appearance to the building.

1.2.2.9 Sunshade

It is the horizontal projection provided outside the building at the top of doors and
windows to protect the rooms from sunlight and rain.

1.2.2.10 Weathering course

It is continuous layer provided over the roof slap to protect the roof from
sunlight,rain and wind.

3
1.2.2.11 Vertical transportation structures (stairs, lifts, ramp etc)

There are used to transport men and materials vertically from one floor to another
floor in a building.

1.2.2.12 Building finishes

The building finishes gives appearance to the building

1.3 GENERAL BUILDING MATERIAL

1.3.1 BRICK

The common brick is one of the oldest building materials and it is extensively used
at present as a leading building material in the construction because of its
durability, strength, low cost, easy availability etc.,

1.3.2 STONES

The coarse aggregate will influence significantly the strength and structural
properties of the concrete. For this reason, a coarse aggregate should be chosen that
is sufficiently hard, free of fissures or weak planes, clean and free of surface
coatings. Smaller size aggregates have been shown to provide higher strength
potential.

1.3.3 CEMENT

Cement is a substance which acts as a binding agent for material. It is obtained by

burning the mixture of calcareous material such as lime stone and argillaceous
material such as clay at a very high temperature.

1.3.4 CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete may be defined as a building material obtained by mixing cement, fine

and coarse aggregates and water in suitable proportions. The resultant plastic
4
mixture after curing becomes as hard mass. The course aggregates are broken
stone, broken bricks or gravel, the fine aggregate is sand or surki and the binding
material is lime or cement.

1.3.5 STEEL

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Depending upon the carbon the iron is
classified into the following three categories.

Wrought-iron

Steel

Cast iron

1.4 OBJECTIVES

Preliminary investigation is done and preliminary estimate is prepared

together with sketch plans.

Detailed survey is done as required depending on the nature of the project

and survey plans are prepared.

Design and analysis of the components are done

Requirement of materials are worked out and statement important materials

are prepared.

Collection of important materials such as cement, steel etc are started.

The execution of work is then started and the work is supervised, inspected
and got done strictly according to the specifications, plan and designs.

5
1.5 METHODOLOGY

1.5.1 Basis for Design

In the Limit State Design method, the structure shall be designed to withstand
safely all loads likely to act on it throughout its life.

It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations of deflection

and vibration and shall not collapse under accidental loads such as from explosions
or impact or due to consequences of human error to an extent not originally
expected to occur.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occurs is called a limit state. The objective of design is to achieve a structure that
will not become unfit for use with acceptable target reliability.

In other words, the probability of a limit state being reached during its lifetime
should be very low.

In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit
state and shall be checked for other limit states.

Steel structures are to be designed and constructed to satisfy the design

requirements for stability, strength, serviceability, brittle fracture, fatigue, fire, and
durability in such a way that they

a) Shall remain fit with adequate reliability and be able to sustain all actions
(loads) and other influences experienced during construction and use

b) Have adequate durability under normal maintenance

c) Shall not be seriously damaged or collapse under by accidental events like

explosions, impact or due to consequences of human error to an extent not

6
originally expected to occur. The potential for catastrophic damage shall be limited
or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the following:

i) Avoiding, eliminating or reducing exposure to hazards, which the structure is

likely to sustain.

ii) Choosing structural forms, layouts and details and designing such that

a) The structure has low sensitivity to hazardous conditions.

b) The structure survives with only local damage even after serious damage to any
one individual element by the hazard.

iii) By appropriate choice of suitable material, design and detailing procedure,

construction specifications, and control procedures for shop fabrication and field
construction, as relevant to the particular structure.

Structures designed for unusual or special functions shall comply with any relevant
additional limit state considered appropriate to that structure. Generally structures
and elements shall be designed by Limit State Method.

Where Limit State Method cannot be conveniently adopted Working Stress

Method may be used.

1.5.2 Limit State Design

For ensuring the design objectives, the design should be based on characteristic
values for material strengths and applied loads (actions), which take into account
the probability of variations in the material strengths and in the loads to be
supported.

The characteristic values should be based on statistical data, if available. Where

such data is not available, they should be based on experience.

7
The design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of
partial safety factors, both for material strengths and for loads.

In the absence of special considerations, these factors should have the values given
in this section according to the material, the type of load and the limit state being
considered.

The reliability of design is ensured by requiring that

Design Action < Design Strength.

Limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the
performance requirements specified. The limit states are classified as

a) Limit state of strength

b) Limit state of serviceability

The limit state of strength are those associated with failures (or imminent failure),
under the action of probable and most unfavourable combination of loads on the
structure using the appropriate partial safety factors, which may endanger the
safety of life and property. The limit state of strength include:

a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or any of its parts or components.

b) Loss of stability of the structure (including the effect of sway where appropriate
and overturning) or any of its parts including supports and foundations.

c) Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or

components.

d) Fracture due to fatigue

e) Brittle Fracture

8
The limit state of serviceability include

a) Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or,
effective, use of the structure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or
services or may cause damages to finishes and non-structural members.

b) Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to

people, damages to the structure, its contents or which may limit its functional
effectiveness. Special consideration shall be given to floor vibration systems
susceptible to vibration, such as large open floor areas free of partitions to ensure
that such vibrations is acceptable for the intended use and occupancy.

c) Repairable damage due to fatigue.

d) Corrosion and durability.

9
 CHAPTER 2

SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 Earth work excavation in foundation

Excavation foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation
concrete and the sides should be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit
vertical sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring.
Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m of the trench.

2.2 Cement concrete

Aggregate shall be of inert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound,
durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from
dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and
should be retained in a 5mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids does
not exceed 35%.

2.3 Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C)

Steel reinforcing bars shall be of HYSD steel of standard specification and shall be
free from corrosion, loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint, etc. The steel bar shall be
round and capable of being bent without fracture.

2.4 Brickwork

All bricks shall be of first class of standard specifications made of good brick earth
thoroughly burnt and shall be deep cherry red or copper colour. Bricks shall be
regular in shape and their edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ringing sound
on being struck and shall be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind.

10
Bricks shall not absorb water more 1/6th of their weight after one hour of soaking
by immersing in water. The standard size of the brick should be maintained.

2.5 Basement

The basement with R.R masonry in CM 1:5 using first class blue granite metal
with 450mm width 600mm height are proposed. The clear dry river sand is
proposed to fill the basement. The base concrete is also made with C.C 1:4:8 over
sand filling.

2.6 Damp proof course

At the top of basement structure, damp proof course is provided with 20mm thick
using crude oil 5% by weight of cement.

2.7 Super structure

The superstructure of the building with brick in CM1:5 mix using first class bricks
of size 19 x 9 x 9 cm for 230mm width and height up to 3m, with parapet at a
height of 600mm are provided.

2.8 Lintel & sunshade

Lintel cum sunshade is provided with 600mm projection with C.C 1:1.5:3 as per
provision of lintel.

2.9 Roofing

The roofing of the structure will be R.C.C slab 1:1.5:3 mix using 20mm I.S gauge
hard broken granite chips. Weathering course with brick jally and lime concrete 6
provided. Top finished with pressed tiles of 20 x 20 x 2cm size in 1:3 using crude
oil 10% by weight of cement.

11
2.10 Weathering course

Weathering course is provided over the R.C.C slab with 20mm brick jally in
slacked lime without sand finished to 10mm thick overlaid over one course of
pressed tiles of size 20 x 20mm in CM 1:3 mix with 10% crude oil and top pointed
with oiled mortar.

2.11 Parapet

Parapet is of brick masonry in CM 1:5 230 mm thick.

2.12 Doors and windows

All the doors are with T.W paneled doors. In the all windows are glazed and also
extra fittings like hinges, hooks and roller cushions are provided

2.13 Flooring

All the walls both inside and outside are finished with a plastering CM1:5mix,
12mm thick. All the outer wall are painted with cement paint and inside walls are
white washed with shell lime.

2.14 White washing & Colour washing

White washing of two coats with screened shell lime with required gum, for all
faces of the building and colour washing over the white washed surface for the
exterior walls of the building.

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 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN DETAILS

3.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.

When the slab are supported in two way direction it acts as two way supported
slab.
A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

I. SLAB 1

Given:

L=4m;

Ly=5m;

Fck=20N/mm

Fy=415N/mm

i. Type of slab,

L/L=5/4=1.25<2

Two way slab

ii. Depth of slab,

Eff.depth=Span/25=4000/25=160mm.

d=160mm

Over all depth=160+25=185mm.

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 iii. Effective span,

L=4+0.16=4.16m

iv. Load calculation,

Self weight of slab=B*D* =1*0.185*25

=4.625KN/m

Live load=3.00KN/m

Floor finishes=0.6KN/m

Total load=8.225KN/m

Ultimate load=12.34KN/m

v. Ultimate moment &shear force,

=0.091

=0.057

M=*W*l

=0.091*12.34*(4.16)=19.43KNm

M=*W*L

=0.057*12.34*(4.16)=25.67KNm

vi. Check for depth,

M max =0.138*Fck*bd

d = 19.43*10^6/0.138*20*1000

=83.90<160 mm Hence ok

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 vii. Main reinforcement,

Mx=0.87*Fy*Ast d[1-(Ast Fy/bd Fck)]

19.43*10^6 =0.87*415*Ast*160[1(415Ast/1000*160*20)]

Ast=352mm

Provide 10mm dia bars at spacing

S=1000ast/Ast=1000*78.53/352

S=230mm

My=0.87*Fy*Ast d[1-(Ast Fy/bd Fck)]

12.17*10^6=0.87*415*Ast*160[1-(415 Ast/1000*160*20)]

Ast=218mm

Provide 10mm dia bars at spacing

S=1000ast/Ast=1000*78.53/218

S=360mm

viii. Check for shear stress,

v=V/bd=[25.67*10^3/1000*160]=0.1604N/mm

Pt=100Ast/bd=[100*350/1000*160]=0.218

c=0.28N/mm

Design shear strength,

Kc=1.25*0.28=0.35N/mm

Kc>v Hence safe

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 ix. Check for deflection,

(l/d)basic=20

(l/d)max=20*Kc*Kt*Kf

=20*1.4*1*1=28

(l/d)prov=4160/160=26

(l/d)max > (l/d)prov

Hence safe

x. Check for crack,

a. Minimum percentage=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*185=222mm

b. S<3d =3*160=480mm

c. Diameter<D/8=185/8=23.125mm

Hence safe

xi. Torsional reinforcement,

Ast=1/5*span=1/5*4000=800mm

S=1000 ast/Ast=40mm

xii. Edge strip reinforcement,

Ast=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*185=222 mm

Provide 10mm dia bar at 300mm spacing.

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17
II. SLAB 2

Given data:

L=(6m*2.5m)

Fck=20 N/mm

Fy= 415 N/mm

i. Type of slab:

l/l=2.5/1=2.4 >2

one way slab.

ii. Depth of slab:

Effective depth (d)=span/25=2500/25=100mm

Overall depth(D)=100+25=125mm

iii. Effective span:

Effective span=2.5+0.10=2.60mm

iv. Calculation of load:

Self weight of slab=0.125*1*25=3.125KN/m

Live load=3KN/m

Floor finishes=0.6 KN/m

Total load(W)=6.725KN/m

Ultimate load(Wu)=1.5*6.725=10.10kN/m

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 v. Ultimate moment & shear force:

Mu=0.125*Wu l

=0.125*10.10*(2.60)=8.535KN.m

Vu=0.5 Wu l=0.5*10.10*2.60=13.13KN

vi. Limiting moment of resistance:

Mu lim=0.138*Fck*bd

=0.138*20*1000*100=27.6KN.m

Mu<Mu lim

The section is under reinforced section.

vii. Main reinforcement:

Mu=0.87*F Ast*d[1-(Ast F/bd Fck)]

8.535*10=0.87*415*Ast*100[1-(Ast*415/1000*100*20)]

Ast=250 mm

Use 10mm dia bars,

S=100ast/Ast=1000(*10/4)/250

S=300mm

viii. Distribution reinforcement,

Ast=0.12% bD

=0.0012*1000*125=150mm

Provide 8mm dia bars @ 250 mm

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 ix. Check for shear stress:

v=Vu/bd=13.30*103/(1000*100)

=0.13N/mm

Pt=(100Ast/bd)=(100*250/1000*100)

=0.25

From the table by interpolation method

c=0.36N/mm

K c=1.3*0.36=0.468/mm

Kc >v

Hence safe.

x. Check for deflection control:

(l/d)max=(l/d)basic*Kt*Kc*kf

=20*1.4*1*

=28

(l/d)act=2500/125=20

(l/d)act < (l/d)max

Hence safe

xi. Check for crack,

a. Minimum percentage=0.12% bd =0.0012*1000*185 =222mm

b. S<3d =3*160=480mm

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c. Diameter<D/8=185/8=23.125mm

Hence safe

xii. Torsion reinforcement,

Ast=1/5*span=1/5*4000=800mm

S=1000 ast/Ast=40mm

xiii. Edge strip reinforcement,

Ast=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*185=222 mm

Provide 10mm dia bar at 300mm spacing.

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22
III. ROOF SLAB DESIGN
Given data:
L=(3.50 m x 11.5 m)
Fck=20 N/mm
F= 415 N/mm
i. Type of slab:
l/l=3.5/11.5=3.28 >2
one way slab.
ii. Depth of slab:
effective depth (d)=span/25=3500/25=140mm
overall depth(D)=140+25=165mm
iii. Effective span:
effective span=3.5+0.14=3.64mm
iv. calculation of load:
Self weight of slab=0.165*1*25=4.125KN/m
Live load=2KN/m
Floor finishes=0.7 KN/m
Total load(W)=6.825KN/m
Ultimate load(Wu)=1.5*6.825=10.24kN/m
v. Ultimate moment & shear force:
Mu=0.125*Wu l
=0.125*10.24*(3.64)=16.95KN.m
Vu=0.5 Wu l=0.5*10.24*3.64=18.64KN
vi. Limiting moment of resistance:
Mu lim=0.138*F*bd

23
=0.138*20*1000*140=54 KN.m
Mu<Mu lim
The section is under reinforced section.
vii. Main reinforcement:
Mu=0.87*F Ast*d[1-(Ast F/bd F)]
16.95*10=0.87*415*Ast*140[1-(Ast*415/1000*140*20)]
Ast=354 mm
Use 10mm dia bars,
S=100ast/Ast=1000(*10/4)/354
S=200mm
viii. Distribution reinforcement,
Ast=0.12% bD
=0.0012*1000*165=254mm
Provide 8mm dia bars @ 250 mm
ix. check for shear stress:
v=Vu/bd=18.64*10^3/(1000*140)
=0.133N/mm
Pt=(100Ast/bd)=(100*354/1000*140)
=0.25
From the table by interpolation method
=0.36N/mm
K c=1.3*0.36=0.468/mm
Kc >v
Hence safe.

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 x. Check for deflection control:
(l/d)max=(l/d)basic*Kt*Kc*kf
=20*1.4*1*1
=28
(l/d)act=3500/165=21.2
(l/d)act < (l/d)max
Hence ok
xi. Check for crack,
a. Minimum percentage=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*165=198mm
b. S<3d =3*140=420mm
c. Diameter<D/8=165/8=20.625mm
Hence safe
xii. Torsion reinforcement,
Ast=1/5*span=1/5*3500=700mm
Dia 12mm
S=1000 ast/Ast=160
xiii. Edge strip reinforcement,
Ast=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*165= 198 mm
Provide 10mm dia bar at 300mm spacing.

25
26
3.2 DESIGN OF BEAM

Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and then
foundation to soil.

Beam is a tension member.

Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.

Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.

Dead load

Live load

Wind load

Given:

Span=4.2m

Width=230mm

Effective Depth=300mm

Load=12.5KN/m

Cover=50mm

Solution:

i. Ultimate moment & shear force

M=0.125 W l

=0.125*12*(4.2)

M=27.56KNm

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Shear force V=Wl/2=12*4.2/2

V=26.25KN

ii. Main reinforcement:

M lim = 0.138 Fck bd

=0.138*20*230*300

=57.132KNm

Since M < M lim

This section is under reinforced section

M = 0.87*f*Ast*d[1-(f Ast/bd Fck)]

27.56*10 = 0.87*415*Ast*300[1-(415 Ast/300*230*20)]

Ast = 280mm

Provide 3 bars of 16mm dia and 2 hanger bars of 10mm dia

Ast=*16/4=201.06

No.of bars required=280/201.06=1.39=2 bars

iii. check for shear stress

Nominal shear stress v=V/bd

=26.25*10/230*300=0.380

Pt=100 Ast/bd

Ast Provide=2**16/4=402mm

Pt=100*402/230*300=0.582

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Using code book

c=0.505

V< C

Nominal shear reinforcements are provided used 6mm dia bars 3 legged

stirrups

ASV =*6/4=28.27

1. SV=ASV*0.87Fy/0.4 b

=3*28.27*0.87*415/0.4*230 =332.83mm

2. SV=0.75d=0.75*230=172.5mm

3. SV > 300

iv. Check for deflection:

(l/d)max=(l/d)basic*Kt*K*Kf

(l/d)max=20*1.1*1*1

=22

(l/d)act=4200/230=18.26

(l/d)max > (l/d)act

Hence ok

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30
3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

Columns are compression members.

Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower stores of multi storied
buildings.

Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger
spans of beams shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the
deflection & cracking.

I. SQUARE COLUMN

Solution :

Self wt of slab = L*B / 2*t*

=4 *5 *0.23*25
= 115 KN
Self wt of beam = Eff span*B*D
= 4*0.23*0.35*25
=8 KN
Floor Finishes = 0.60
Brick work in wall = Eff length*wall ht*t*
=4*3.5*0.23*20
=64.4 KN
Stair case wt =15 KN
Self wt of column = column size*
=(0.23*0.23)*25
=1.3225
Live Load =3
Total Load,P =210 KN

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Axial load = 1.5*No of stories*T.L
= 1.5*2*210
=630 KN
Axial load P = 210 KN

Size of column B=230mm D=230mm

Fck=20N/mm2

fy=415N/mm2

i. Slenderness Ratio

L/D=3500/300 =11.6 <12

Hence the column is short column

ii. Factored Load

Pu=1.5P= 1.5x 210 x 2

=630 KN

iii. Minimum Eccentricity

emin=(L/500+D/30) = 25.45 mm

iv. Main Reinforcement

Pu = 0.4*fck*Ag+(0.67fy-0.4fck)Asc

630x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 41.547x103 + (0.6x415 -0.4x20) Asc

Ast= 1102 mm2

Ast min=0.8*Ag/100 =340mm2

Diameter of main bar=20mm

32
No.of.bars=8

Hence provide 4nos of 20mm diameter with 3 bars distributed on each face

v. Lateral Ties

Diameter=dia of main bar/4 = 3 <6mm

Diameter of tie bar=8mm

Hence provide 8mm dia lateral ties

vi. Pitch

Least Lateral Dimension=300mm

16times of dia of main bar=320mm

Minimum 300mm whichever is less

Hence adopt 6mm dia bar at 230mm.

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34
II. CIRCULAR COLUMN

Given data:

Length, L=3m

Diameter, D=300mm

Fck =20 N/mm

Fy =415N/mm

Axial service load =300KN

i. Slenderness ratio:

L/D =3000/300=10

Hence the column is designed as short column

ii. Minimum eccentricity:

Emin=[(L/500)+(D/30)]

[(3000/500)+(300/30)]=15mm<20mm

Also 0.05*D=(0.05*300)=15mm<20mm

iii. Main reinforcement:

Pu = 1.05[0.4FCK Ag+(0.67 Fy-0.4 Fck) ASC]

(300*10^3/1.05)=[(0.4*20**300/4)+{(0.67*415)-(0.2*20)Asc}]

Asc=683mm

ASC(minimum)=0.8 per cent 0f cross section

=0.008**300/4=565mm

35
Provide 6 bars of 22mm diameter (Asc=695mm)

iv. Helical reinforcement:

Adopting clear cover of 50 mm over spirals

Core diameter= [(300-(2*50)]= 200mm

Area of core, Ac=[(P*200)/4-700]=11495mm

Volume of core ,Vc=11495*103 mm3

Gross area of section, Ag=(P*300)/4=45000 mm

Using 8mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch p mm, the volume of helical

Spirals at the length is computed as,

Fus =((300-100-8)50*1000/P)mm3/m

=3011159.28*103 /p mm3/m

( Vus/Vc) < 0.36[(Ag/Ac)-1](Fck/Fy)

[30159.288*103/(29120*103)P] < 0.36[(70685/29120)-1] (20-415)

P=42mm

Specifications

P< {75mm

Core diameter/6=200/6=33.6mm

P> {25mm

3(diameter of helical reinforcement)

=3*8=24mm. Hence provide 8mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch of 30 mm

36
37
3.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

I. SQUARE FOOTING

i. Given Data

Axial Load =210kN

Size of Column=230 230mm

Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil =200kN/mm2

Fck= 20 N/mm2

fy=415 N/mm2

ii. Calculation Of Base Area Of Footing

Axial Load P= 210kN

Assume Self Weight of Footing of Back fill = 10% of Axial Load

W= (10/100) 210 =21.0

Total Load = P + w =210 + 21.0 = 231kN

Area Base Area of Footing =Total Load / Safe Bearing Capacity of soil

Area = 231/200 = 1.16m2

Size of Square Footing = 0.789m

Provide 0.8m 0.8 m Square Footing

iii. Bending Moment Calculations

Maximum Bending Moment occurs at the face of the column

Projected Length (x) = (Length of footing)-(column width)/2

38
 (x) =0.3m

Net upward Pressure (P) = P/Aprovided

= 173.61kN/m2

iv. Depth Of Footing Calculations

Consider 1m width Strip

Bending Moment @ face of the column = M=P x2 /2

M=17.57kNm

Factored Bending Moment Mu = 1.5M =26.37kNm

Effective Depth (dreq)=97.75mm

Provide Clear Cover of 50mm & diameter=16mm

Dreq = dreq+clear cover+diameter/2

Dreq =155.75mm

Provide Overall Depth =2 Dreq to avoid failure of footing in Purchasing Shear

=320mm

Dprovided= 262mm

v. Area Of Steel Calculations

Mu/bd2 = 0.384

Pt = 0.114 %

Ast = Pt b d =298.68mm2

Spacing=(ast/Ast) 1000 = 672.83mm

39
Provide 16mm diameter @ 670mm c/c both ways, since Bending Moment

along both direction are equal

As provided = 299.94mm2

Pt provided = 0.12%

vi. Check For One Way Shear

One Way Shear is critical @ the section d from face of the column

From table 19 of IS 456-2000

c = 0.28N/mm2

Shear Resisted by Concrete Vuc = c b d

Vuc =73.36kN

Vu = 1.5 (P Shaded Area per metre width)

Vu = 1.5 (17.361) (0.45 0.262)

Vu = 48.96kN

Vuc < Vu

Hence Safe in one way Shear

vii. Check For Two Way Or Punching Shear

P = 0.173N/mm2

Vu2 = P Shaded Area

Vu2 = 0.173 [(14002)-(500=262)2]

Vu2 = 238628.58N

40
Vu2 = 238.62kN

Actual Shear Stress v = Vu2/B2 d

v= 0.30

B2= 4 (b1 =d)

Clause 31.6.3.1., IS 456 2000

Allowable Shear Stress = Ks c

Ks = 1

c = 1.12N/mm2

Allowable Shear Stress = 1.12N/mm2

v < K c

Hence Safe in Two Way Shear

41
42
II. CIRCULAR FOOTING

Given:

D=300 mm

p=200 KN/m

pu=(1.5*200)=300 KN/m

Fck=20N/mm

Fy=415N/mm

i. Size of footing:

Load of column=750KN

Self weight of footing (10%)=75KN

Total load Wu=825KN

Let Df=Diameter of the footing

Af=Area of footing

Af=(*Df)/4=(Wu/Pu)=(825/300)=2.75m

Df=4*2.75/=1.87m

Adopt diameter of footing=Df=2m

Upward soil pressure =Pu=(750*4/*2)

=238.8KN/m<300KN/m

Centre of gravity of gravity of quadrant

Of footing obc fromo

43
=0.6[R+r+R.r/R+r]

=0.6[1000+150+(1000*150)/(1000*150)]

=610mm

Upward load on area bbcc is combuted as:

=[(1-0.15)238.8/4]=183KN

ii. Bending moment:

maximum bending moment at the face of the column quadrant is:

Mu=183(0.61-0.15)=84.2 KN.m

=84.2*10/(0.138*20*235)=360mm

Depth required from shear considerations will be nearly 1.5 times that for moment
considerations

Hence adopt effective depth=d=525mm

Overall depth=d=600mm

iii. Reinforcements:

M=0.87*F*Ast d[1-(AstF/bd Fck)]

(84.2*10)=(0.87*415Ast *525[1-415 Ast/(235*525*20)]

Ast=484mm

Minimum Ast=(0.0012*235*600)=169.2mm

Provide 12mm diameter ofbars at 150 mm centres(Ast=754mm) both ways

44
 iv. check for shear stress:

ultimate shear force at a distance of 0.525m from of column is combuted as

Vu=238.8(2-1.35)(/4)=408KN

Shear per metre width of perimeter is:

=(408/p*1.35)=96KN

v=(Vu/bd)=(96*10^3/10^3*525)=0.18N/mm

(100 Ast/bd)=(100*754/10^3*525)=0.143

( Ks tc)=(1*0.28)=0.28N/mm >0.18N/mm

Hence shear stresses are with in safe permissible limits.

45
46
3.5 LINTEL BEAM

Given data:

Depth=200mm

Thickness of wall=230mm

Effective depth=180 mm Fck=20 N/mm Fy=415 N/mm

i. Effective span:

=0.23+0.23+1.2=1.66m

ii. Load calculation:

Self weight of slab=1.66*0.23*18=6.87 KN/m

Load from sunshade=0.6*0.06*1.5=0.054KN/m

Self weight of lintel=B*D* =0.23*0.2*25=1.15KN/m

Total load=8.07KN/m

Factor load=1.5*8.06=12.09KN/m

iii.Ultimate moment & shear force:

Mu=Wu l/8=0.125*12.09*(1.66)=4.16KNm

Vu=0.5 Wu l=0.5*12.09*1.66=10.03KN

iv.Limiting moment:

Mu lim=0.138 Fck bd =0.138*20*230*d

d=4.16*10/0.138*20*230=80.95mm

80.95 mm < 180m Hence safe

47
v. Reinforcement:

Mu=0.87*Fy*Ast*d[1-(Ast Fy/ Fck bd)]

4.16*10=0.87*415*180*Ast[1-(Ast*415/1000*180*20)]

Ast=100 mm

Use 6mm dia bars

Number of bars=Ast/ast=100/(*6/4)=3.59=4 numbers

Provide 4 numbers of 6mm dia bars

vi. Check for shear:

u=Vu/bd=10.03*10^3/230*180=0.242N/mm

Pt=100Ast/bd=100*100/230*180=0.24

By interpolation method

c=0.352N/mm K=1.3 K c=1.3*0.352=0.457 N/mm

v < Kc Hence safe

48
3.6 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE

Given data:

Thickness =60mm

Length =0.6 m

Breath =1.4 m

Fck=20 N/mm

F=415 N/mm

Solution:

i. Load calculation:

Self weight of slab=B*D*

=1*0.06*25=1.15KN/m

Live load=1 KN/m

Floor finishes=0.7 KN/m

Total load=3.2KN/m2

Factor load=1.5*3.2=4.8KN/m2

iii.Ultimate moment:

Mu=Wu l/2=4.8*(0.6)/2=0.864KNm

Mu lim=0.138 Fck bd

=0.138*20*1000*60=9.94 KNm

Mu < Mu lim .. Under reinforced section

49
iv. Check for depth:

Mu lim=0.138 Fck bd

d=0.87*10/0.138*20*1000= 17.75mm

17.75 mm < 60mm

Hence safe

v. Reinforcement:

Mu=0.87*Fy*Ast*d[1-(Ast Fy/ Fck bd)]

0.87*10=0.87*415*60*Ast[1-(Ast*415/1000*60*20)]

Ast=430 mm

Use 8mm dia bars

s=1000*ast/Ast=1000*(*8/4) = 300 mm

provide 8mm dia & 300mm spacing

vi. Distribution reinforcement:

Ast=0.12% bd=0.0012*1000*60=72 mm

Provide 6 mm dia bars

50
51
3.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE

Given datas:

Number of Steps =15

Tread T = 300mm Riser R = 150mm

Width of Landing beams = 300mm Fck = 20N/mm2 fy = 415N/mm2

Width of staircase b = 1000mm

i. Effective Span

Effective span = (no.of steps tread) + Landing beam width

Effective span = 4800mm = 4.8m

Thickness of waist slab = span/20 = 240mm

Adopt overall depth D = 240mm

Effective depth d = 215mm

ii. Loads

Dead load of slab on slope Ws = D125

Dead load of slab on Horizontal span is

W = WS (R2+ T2)/T

W=6.71kN/m2

Dead load on one step = 0.5TR25 = 0.56kN/m2

Loads of steps per meter length =(DL on one step)b/T = 1.8kN/m2

52
Floor Finish = 0.53kN/m2

Total dead load =9.68kN/m2

Service Live Load = 3kN/m2

Total Load W = 12.68kN/m2

Factored load Wu = W1.5 = 19.02kN/m2

iii. Bending Moments

M=0.125 Wu L2 ..M=54.8kNm

iv. Check for depth of waist slab

Mu =0.138fckbd2 By Solving d=141mm < 216mm

Hence Safe

v. Main Reinforcement

Mu =0.87 fy Ast d [1-(Ast fy /bd fck)]

By solving ASt= 260.33mm2

Provide 12mm diameter bars at 200mm c/c as main reinforcement

No. of bars = 8

vi. Distribution Reinforcement

Distribution Reinforcement =0.12 percent of cross section

=0.00121000240 =288mm2

Provide 8mm diameter bars at 200mm c/c as distribution Reinforcement

No of bars = 6

53
54
3.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

i. Data

No. of persons = 20

Rate of water supply = 120 litre/head

ii. Quantity Of Water Supply

Quantity of water supply = per capita demand population

= 120 x 20 = 2400 lit/day.

Assume 80% water supply appears as sewage.

Quantity of sewage produced = quantity of water supply sewage water supply

= 2400(80/100) =1920 lit/day.

iii. Assuming Rate Of Deposite As 30 Lit/Capita/Year And Assuming

Period Of Cleaning As 3 Years.

Volume of sludge accumulated = Rate of sludge deposition population

= 30 x 20

= 600 litres.

iv. Total Capacity Of The Tank

total capacity = capacity for sludge + capacity for sludge

= 1920 + 600

= 2520 litres = 2.52m3

Assume depth of 1.2m

55
Surface area of tank = capacity of tank / depth

= 2.52 / 1.2

= 2.1 m3

Ratio of length to width 1:2 to 1:4

Assume L:B = 1:3

L =3B

Area = L B = 3B2

2.1= 3B2

B = 2.1/3 = 0.5m

L=3 x0.5

= 2.1 m

Assume freeboard = 0.3m

overall depth = 1.2 +0.3= 1.5m

Dimensions of tank = .7 2.1 1.5 m

v. Design Of Soak Pit

Assume percolating capacity of filter media of soak pit = 100 litre/m3 / day

Volume of soak pit = volume of tank/ percolating capacity

= 1.75 m3/ 0 .10

=17.5 m3

Depth of soak pit = 2 m .. Area of soak pit = 6.5 m2

56
57
DRAWINGS

58
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

By completing this project we have gained immense knowledge on the

requirements for a residential building. We have understood the research

philosophy & also a vast knowledge in designing of an economic RCC structures

and we have applied our understanding for the design.

59
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCE

Krishna Raju (1984) Design of reinforced concrete structures

N.Aravind Design of RC elements

S.Unnikrishna Pillai Reinforced concrete design

S.K.Arora,Limit state design of reinforced concrete

IS 456:2000 code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.

SP:16 Design Aids (for reinforced concrete)to IS 456:2000

SP:34 -1987 (Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing)

V.Shankara Subramaniyan Environmental Engineering II

AUTO CADD version 2012-softwere.

MS WORD 2013.

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