31 Radiation

“RADIATION”
1. Explain the term “ionizing radiation”.
IONIZING RADIATION: is a type of radiation with high-energy potential and general

ability to penetrate, ionize and damage body tissues and organs. Example is x-rays.
2. Outline the suitable measures for the control of ionizing radiation.
The suitable measures for the control of ionizing radiation are:
 Reducing time of exposure to ionizing radiation.
 Shielding (interposing material between radiation source and exposed persons):

materials of high mass number are chosen for shielding.
 Distance: increasing the distance between radiation source & those exposed will
reduce the radiation dose received.
 Automatic alarms: if radiation level exceeds certain limits.
 Monitoring external radiation dose: by use of film badges or thermoluminescent

dosimeters.
3. Identify TWO types of non-ionizing radiation giving an occupational source of EACH.
TYPE OF NON-IONIZING RADIATION OCCUPATIONAL SOURCE
Ultraviolet-rays -Physiotherapy –welding “are welding”
Infrared-rays -Furnaces-Glass blowing
Radio frequency -Radio, TV –Dryers, heaters
Microwaves -Ovens, cookers
-Radar
4. Identify the health effects associated with the exposure to non-ionizing radiation.
Health effects associated with exposure to non-ionizing radiation:
 Actinic keratitis (arc eye): due to welding arc and is manifested by eye pain,
lacrimation & photophobia.
 Eye cataracts.
 Erythema or burning of skin.
 Premature skin aging.
 Skin cancer.
5. Identify TWO workplace sources of ionizing radiation.
Workplace sources of ionizing radiation:

 Medical x-ray equipment
 Smoke detectors.
 X-ray for scrutiny of welds.
6. Outline the possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation are:

 Skin effects: reddening, blistering & ulceration.
 Loss of hair.
 Eye cataracts.
 Sterility.
7. Outline the suitable measures for the control of non-ionizing radiation.
 Unauthorized people should not gain access to the radiation area.

 Reduce the time of exposure to the minimal “ this require changing system of
work”
 Shielding to be suitable for the hazard (for example: metal in case of
microwaves).
 Working from a distance:
 Wearing the appropriate clothes:
8. a) Identify the persons that an employer may need to appoint to comply with the
ionizing radiations regulations, 1999.
b) Outline the TWO areas of radiation work specified by ionizing radiation regulation,
1999.
a). The persons are:
 The radiation protection adviser (RPA): to provide advice & guidance on

issue as local rules & system of work. Radiation monitoring etc.
 The radiation protection supervisor (RPS): to ensure that local rules are
complied with
b). The areas are:

 Controlled area: is an area in which it is likely that exposures exceeding
three tenths of a dose limit may be received. The dose might be received
from External or Internal radiation or a combination of both. Radioactive
material store is an example of a controlled area.
 Supervised area: is an area in which a worker could receive between one
tenth and three tenths of a dose limit. X-ray room is an example of a
supervised area.
9. Outline the means of controlling exposure to ionizing radiation.
 Enclosures: by a concrete and / or lead encasement of the use of a gloves box.

 Shielding: by barriers or screens.
 Segregation by distance (to increase the distance between radiation source &
receivers).
 Reducing time of exposure of employees to radiation.
 Ensuring appointment by the employer of radiation protection adviser & radiation
protection supervisor to assist in radiation control strategies.
 Monitoring of exposure to radiation (either environmental monitoring or personal
monitoring as for example by film badges).
10. For each of the following non-ionizing radiation identify the occupational sourced and
state the possible health effects of.
a). Ultraviolet rays.

b). Infrared rays.
c). Microwaves
d). Radio frequency.
OCCUPATIONAL SOURCE HEALTH EFFECTS

a. Ultraviolet -Physiotherapy –Arc welding -Effects on the eye: arc eye
rays (actinic keratitis).
*Erythema
*Premature aging
*Cancer
b. Infrared rays -Furnaces -Effects on the eye:

-Glass blowing -Eye cataract
-Effects on the skin:
-Skin burns, Skin irritation
c. Microwaves -Oven, cookers The major hazard is the absence
-Radar of pain on exposure thus deep-
seated burns may occur.
d. Radio -Radio, TV. The major hazard is the absence
frequency Dryers, heaters of pain on exposure thus deep-
seated burns may occur.
11. Enlist categories of people at risk from UV radiation.
 Nurses.
 Physiotherapists.
 Printing machine operators.
 Food and drink irradiators.
 Laboratory workers.
 Lighting technicians.

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“RADIATION”

1. Explain the term “ionizing radiation”.

IONIZING RADIATION: is a type of radiation with high-energy potential and general

2. Outline the suitable measures for the control of ionizing radiation.

The suitable measures for the control of ionizing radiation are:

 Reducing time of exposure to ionizing radiation.

 Shielding (interposing material between radiation source and exposed persons):

 Automatic alarms: if radiation level exceeds certain limits.

 Monitoring external radiation dose: by use of film badges or thermoluminescent

3. Identify TWO types of non-ionizing radiation giving an occupational source of EACH.

TYPE OF NON-IONIZING RADIATION OCCUPATIONAL SOURCE

Ultraviolet-rays -Physiotherapy –welding “are welding”

Infrared-rays -Furnaces-Glass blowing

Radio frequency -Radio, TV –Dryers, heaters

Microwaves -Ovens, cookers

Health effects associated with exposure to non-ionizing radiation:

5. Identify TWO workplace sources of ionizing radiation.

Workplace sources of ionizing radiation:

Possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation are:

7. Outline the suitable measures for the control of non-ionizing radiation.

 Unauthorized people should not gain access to the radiation area.

a). The persons are:

 The radiation protection adviser (RPA): to provide advice & guidance on

b). The areas are:

9. Outline the means of controlling exposure to ionizing radiation.

 Enclosures: by a concrete and / or lead encasement of the use of a gloves box.

a). Ultraviolet rays.

OCCUPATIONAL SOURCE HEALTH EFFECTS

b. Infrared rays -Furnaces -Effects on the eye:

11. Enlist categories of people at risk from UV radiation.

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