BRILLIANT LEARNING CENTRE

SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

STD TERM 2

BOTSWANA'S MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES

● Rivers
● Valleys
● Hills
● Delta's
● Pans
● Sand dunes
● Depression
MAP SHOWING MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES

THE USE OF BOTSWANA'S MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES

1. HILLS
● The Tsodilo hills are a tourists attraction.
● Some people enjoy climbing hills for fun and to keep fit.

2. PANS
● Tourists attraction - people visit the Ntwetwe pans to see wildlife.
● Soda ash and salt are mined at Sua pan.

3. VALLEYS
● Attracts tourists
● Farmers use water from Limpopo river to irrigate their crops.

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 4. RIVERS AND DELTA
● Fishing - People who live around the Okavango river and Delta catch fish.
● People use reeds from Okavango river to make huts, fences and mats.
● Attract tourists.
● Water from Okavango river is used for irrigating (watering) crops.

BOTSWANA'S MAJOR PHYSICAL ZONE

1. Kgalagadi Basin
2. Ghanzi Ridge
3. Eastern Hills
4. Limpopo Basin

1. Kgalagadi Basin
● The Kgalagadi Basin covers most of the Central part of Botswana.
● It has infertile sandy soils and receives low rainfall.
● A large part of the basin is covered by the Kgalagadi desert.
● The main physical features of Kgalagadi Basin are the Okavango Delta, Makgadikgadi
depression and the Mababe depression.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AT KGALAGADI BASIN
● Tourism
● Hunting and gathering
● Farming (people keep livestock at the cattle post)
● Mining (Soda ash and salt are mined at Sua pan)
● Fishing

2. Ghanzi Ridge
● The Ghanzi Ridge is high land on the Western side of the Kgalagadi Basin.
● It extends from the South West towards the North East.
● The Ghanzi Ridge is covered by grey sandy soil.
● On the north Western part of the ridge we find the Tsodilo, Aha and Koanaka hills.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AT GHANZI RIDGE
● Hunting and gathering
● Commercial farming

3. Eastern Hills
● The Eastern Hills are on the Eastern side of the Kgalagadi Basin.
● They stretch from Ramatlabama in the South to Francistown in the North East.
● Some of the hills that make up the Eastern Hills are Otse peak, Odi Hills, Kgale Hill,
Shoshong hills, Tswapong hills and Mokgware hills

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HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN EASTERN HILLS
● Farming-people grow crops and rear livestock.
● Mining - Copper nickels is mined in Selibe Phikwe and Coal is mined at Morupule
near Palapye.

4. Limpopo Basin
● The Limpopo Basin is the lowest part of Botswana.
● The Limpopo River flows within this basin.
● Other rivers such as Notwane, Mahalapye, Lobatse, Motloutse and Shashe, flow into
the Limpopo River.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN LIMPOPO BASIN
● Farming - People rear livestock and grow crops
● Tourism - The Mashatu Game Reserve attract lots of visitors.

MAP SHOWING MAJOR PHYSICAL ZONES

BOTSWANA'S NATURAL RESOURCE

What are natural resource?
● Natural Resources are things that we find in the environment that we use to meet our
needs.
● We must take good care of our natural resources because our live depend on them.

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EXAMPLES OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA
● Vegetation
● Animals
● Water
● Soil
● Minerals
RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
● Water
● Soil
● Animals
● Vegetation
● Renewable natural resources can be used over and over without being finished or they
can be replaced.
NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
● Minerals e.g diamonds, copper, coal, salt, nickels.
● A non renewable are ones that can not be replaced once it is used up.
USES OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA
1. WATER
● We use water to grow our crops.
● Our livestock need water to drink.
● People use water in their homes to clean, drink, cook and bath.

2. ANIMALS
● Livestock and animals are sources of meat.
● Source of income
● Attract tourists
● Animal hides are used to make things like shoes, belts, bags and jackets.
3. SOIL
● We grow our crops in the soil.
● We use soil as building materials.
● We use different coloured soil to decorate walls of our traditional homes.
● We use clay soil to make pots.
● We use gravel to build roads.
4. VEGETATION
● Livestock eat grass and some plants.
● We use grass and reeds to build our traditional homes.
● Reeds are used to make mats and fences.
● Palm leaves are used to weave baskets.
● We eat some wild fruits and plants.
● Some plants are source of medicine
● All lThey beautify the environment.
● Trees provide us with wood for cooking, heating, building, crafts, furniture and boats.

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 5. MINERALS
● Diamonds, copper and nickels are sold to other countries to earn money for Botswana.
● Coal is source of energy.
● Coal is used to produce electricity in Morupule.
● Coal is also used to smelt copper and nickels in Selibe Phikwe.

SOURCES OF WATER IN BOTSWANA

● The main sources of water in Botswana are: rivers, pans, dams, wells and borehole.
● Rivers, pans and dams are surface water sources.
● Wells and borehole are underground water sources.

CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES

● The Conservation of Natural resourses means using natural resources carefully so that
they are protected from damage or destruction.
WAYS OF CONSERVING WATER
● Reduce the amount of water you use. Example, take a shower instead of a bath.
● Do not over fill a bath when you take a bath.
● Repair leaking pipes or taps.
● Re use water.
● Collect rain water.
● Grow plants that need less water.
WAYS OF CONSERVING SOIL
● Plough across the slope.
● Avoid overstocking.
● Plant trees and grasses (aforestation).
● Practice crop rotation.
WAYS OF CONSERVING VEGETATION
● Plants more trees.
● Avoid veld fire.
● Practice rotational grazing.
● Use other source of energy.
● Avoid overgrazing.
● Make breaks to stop bush fires.
WAYS OF CONSERVING ANIMALS
● Hunting should be controlled. Only people with license are allowed to hunt.
● Endangered or rare animals are not allowed to be hunted.
● Animals are protected in game reserves and National parks.
● People who hunt without a license (poachers) should be punished or arrested.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES
● It is important to conserve natural resources because our lives depend on them.
● Natural resourses are source of food.
● They are sources of medicine.
● Natural resourses are source of water.
● Natural resourses are source of raw materials.
● They are source of income (money).
N.B: If we destroy or damage our natural resources, we will have non left to meet our need
now and in the future.

COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CBNRM)

What is CBNRM?
● Community Based Natural Resources Management is when communities are given the
responsibility of managing the natural resources in their environment.
● They use these resources to create jobs.
● They also use them as source of food or to earn money.
● The communities are expected to use the resources carefully so that they can still be
used by others in the future.
HOW CBNRM WORKS
● Communities are given the right to use resources within an area for their benefit.
● Most communities form a Community Based Organization (C.B.O) which manages
the natural resources on behalf of the community.
WAYS IN WHICH COMMUNITIES USE THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES
1. Some C.B.O's give permission to private companies to bring tourists to their areas to
hunt Wild animals or take photographs during the non hunting season. The company
pays the C.B.O's money.
2. Other C.B.O provide accommodation to tourists and offer them guided tours and show
them their culture. Tourists also buy handicrafts made by local people's.
3. Other C.B.Os collect veld products such as thatching grass, morula fruits, Palm leaves
and phane. Some sell these veld products.
THE BENEFITS OF C.B.N.R.M
● Communities and individuals earn money from the natural resources found in their
environment.
● It encourages people to protect Natural resourses because they directly benefit from
their use.
● It reduces the cost of conserving natural resources.
● It gives people opportunities to start different kinds of businesses.c Xvnm ct
● Tourists get to see the culture of people in Botswana.

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 ● Communities earn money from showing the tourists their communities.
● People learn new skills. For example, they learn how to plan and run a business.
● It helps create jobs in rural areas.
EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATION
1. D'kar kuru Trust
2. The Nqwaa Khobee Xeya Trust
3. Bukakhwe cultural conservation Trust
4. Kgwetsi ya tsie
5. Ngwao boswa women's cooperative
6. The Chobe Enclave conservation Trust
COMMUNITIES BENEFITTING FROM CBNRM AND SOME THEIR ACTIVITIES
D'KAR KURU TRUST
● Basarwa living in D'kar in Ghanzi.
● They run D'qae Qare game farm.

THE NQWAA KHOBEE XEYA TRUST

● Basarwa and Bakgalagadi in the villages of Ukhwi, Ncaang and Ngwatle in
Kgalagadi.
● The trust sells handicrafts and help the department of wildlife to monitor wild animals.
● Members of the communities are allowed to hunt for food.

BUKAKHWE CULTURAL CONSERVATION TRUST

● Basarwa in the village of Gudigwa.
● The trust runs the Gudigwa camp for tourists.
● They take tourists on hunting and gathering Trips.

KGWETSI YA TSIE
● Benefits 20 villages in the Tswapong hills.
● People collect, process and sell veld products such as morula fruits and thatching
grass.

NGWAO BOSWA WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE

● Villages of Gumare, Danega and Nokaneng.
● They weave and sells baskets.
● They make wood carvings.

THE CHOBE ENCLAVE CONSERVATION TRUST

● Villages of Kachikau, Mabele, Satau, Parakarungu and Kavimba.
● The trust allows a private companies to run hunting safaris for tourists.
● The trust runs a camping sites for tourists and produces crafts.

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CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS
● The are many local and international organisations that encourage people and
government to protect natural resources and to use them wisely.
LOCAL CONSERVATION ORGANISATIONS
1. Chobe wildlife trust
2. Kalahari conservation society
3. Okavango people's wildlife trust
4. Somarela tikologo/ Environment watch Botswana
5. Veld products Research and development.
AIMS OF THE LOCAL CONSERVATION ORGANISATIONAL
Chobe wildlife trust
● It helps to conserve the Chobe National park and it's immediate surroundings.
Kalahari conservation society
● It promotes knowledge of Botswana's rich wildlife and it's environment through
education, research and publicity.
● It promotes conservation of wildlife.

Okavango people's wildlife trust

● It helps to protect the natural resources of the Okavango region.
● It help to promote the development of local communities by encouraging the correct
use of natural resources.
● It encourages local people to benefit from the wildlife industries.

Somarela tikologo/ Environment watch Botswana

● It encourages people to take proper care of their environment.

Veld products Research and development.

● It encourages the cultivation of veld products such as Wild fruit trees.
● It carries out research to find out new ways of conserving veld products to earn
money.
INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION
1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
2. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWE)
3. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
4. International River Society (IRS)

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AIMS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
● The IUCN has been helping Botswana with conservation since 1984.
● The IUCN encourages and helps societies throughout the world to:
1. Conserve natural resources
2. Ensure Natural resources are used carefully so that they are still available in the future.
3. Ensure that natural resources benefits everyone fairly.

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWE)

● It ensure that natural resources are used wisely and for the benefit of all life on Earth.
● It ensure that people reduce pollution and they do not waste resources and energy.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
● It encourage countries to discuss problems facing the environment.
● It find ways of protecting the environment.
● It also sign agreement that protect the environment.
International River Society (IRS)
● The I.R.S works with communities in Botswana and Namibia to encourage them to
work together in caring for the Okavango river.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION

1. Conservation on International Trade in endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
2. The convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
3. The convention on wetlands of International Importance
4. The UN convention to combat Desertification (UNCCD)
5. The world Heritage Convention (WHC)
Conservation on International Trade in endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
● This agreement protects animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct or
dying out.
● Countries need permission to buy or sell such animals and plants.

The convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

● Countries that signed the C.B.D agreed to conserve and use natural resources in a way
that does not damage them so they can still be used in the future.
● They make sure that the benefits of using natural resources are shared fairly.
The convention on wetlands of International Importance
● This agreement also known as Ramsar Convention, aims to stop the loss of wetlands
(swamps and Delta's) and to protect them.
● Botswana signed this agreement in 1997.

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 ● The Okavango Delta is a Ramsar site.
● Other wetlands sites are the Makgadikgadi pan and the Linyanti Chobe river area.

The UN convention to combat Desertification (UNCCD)

● In 1992 the members of the United Nations signed this agreement to find ways to
support effort to stop desertification.

The world Heritage Convention (WHC)

● The world Heritage Convention was established by the United Nations Education
Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972.
● The aim of the WHC is to conserve and protect sites which are of value to the world.
● Member states choose sites of special cultural value to the world within their
countries.
● These sites are called World Heritage sites.
● Example of World Heritage sites in Botswana are Tsodilo hills.
WEATHER
what is weather?
● Weather is the conditions of atmosphere over a short period of time.
CONDITIONS/ ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
1. Rainfall
2. Temperature
3. Wind direction
4. Humidity
5. Wind speed
6. Air pressure
7. Sun shine
8. Cloud cover
MEASURING WEATHER CONDITIONS
1. RAINFALL
● Rainfall is measured with a rain gauge.
● It is measured in millimeters (mm)

2. TEMPERATURE
● Temperature is how cold or hot air is.
● Temperature is measured with thermometer.
● It is measured in degrees Celsius.

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3. WIND DIRECTION
● We use wind vane to show wind direction.
● Cardinal points are used to show wind direction. Example; North, South, East and
West.

4. HUMIDITY
● Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air.
● Humidity is measured with hygrometer.
● It is measured in degrees Celsius.

5. WIND SPEED
● Wind speed is how fast the wind is blowing.
● Wind speed is measured with anemometer.
● Wind speed is measured kilometers per hour (km/h)

6. AIR PRESSURE
● Air pressure is measured with barometer.
● It is measured in millibars.

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 7. SUN SHINE
● Sun shine is measured with sun shine recorder.
● It is measured in hours and minutes.

8. CLOUD COVER
● Cloud cover is the amount of cloud in the sky.
● Cloud cover can only be measured through observation.

WEATHER CHART DESCRIBING WEATHER CONDITIONS

MORNING AFTERNOON EVENING

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

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 Thursday

1. It was rainy in Wednesday afternoon.

2. It was sunny 🌞 in Thursday afternoon.
3. It was partly cloudy in Monday afternoon and on Wednesday evening.
TYPES OF RAINFALL
1. Relief rainfall
2. Convectional rainfall
3. Cyclonic rainfall (frontal rainfall)

RELIEF RAINFALL
● Relief rainfall happens when warm moist air is forced to rise over hills and mountains.

CONVECTIONAL RAINFALL
Convectional rainfall happens when it is hot.

CYCLONIC RAINFALL (FRONTAL RAINFALL)

● Cyclonic rainfall (frontal rainfall) happens when warm and cold air meet.
● The boundary where the warm and cold air meet is called a front.

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THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL ON THE ENVIRONMENT
● When it rains, vegetation turns green.
● People plant their crops.
● Rivers and dams fill up with water.
● Too much rainfall causes floods.
● 2Floods can destroy crops, houses, roads and bridges.
● Floods can also kill people and animals.
● Too little rainfall results in drought and femine. People and animals will not have
enough water and food to eat.
CLIMATE
1.What is the climate?
● Climate is the condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time.
THE CLIMATE OF BOTSWANA
● Botswana has four seasons in a year and these are Summer, Autumn, Winter and
Spring.
● Each season lasts for three months.

1. NOVEMBER, DECEMBER AND JANUARY

● It is hot during the summer months.
● December and January are the hottest months. The average December and January
temperature are between 29 degree celcius and 35 degree celcius.
● Most of the rain that Botswana receive comes during summer.
● The most common types of rain fall Botswana receives is convectional rainfall.
● Often there is lightning and thunder when it rains. Botswana's rainfall is unreliable.
● Most of country receives less than 500mm per year.
● The low rainfall makes Botswana a fairly dry or semi-arid country.
● The south west and Western parts receive the least amount of rainfall.

2. FEBRUARY, MARCH AND APRIL

● Autumn months are cool and usually dry.
● This is a time when the leaves of some trees turn yellow and begin to fall.
3.MAY, JUNE AND JULY

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 ● Winter is cold and dry.
● The coldest months are June and July.
● The coldest areas are in the south west part of Botswana.
● In some parts of the country temperature drops below Zero degree celcius.(0)
4. AUGUST, SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER
● The Spring season is hot with some rain.
● This is a time of new plants growth.
● In August winds blow from the West across the Kgalagadi desert causing dust storms.

CLIMATE CHANGE
● Climate changes from one season to the next.

CHANGING SEASONS
● Seasons are caused by the earth moving around the sun.

1. As the earth moves around the sun, the southern hemisphere is closer to the sun.
● The sun shines directly above areas along the Tropic of Capricorn on 23 December.
● The Southern hemisphere receives more heat than the Northern hemisphere.
● It is summer in the southern hemisphere when, it is winter in the northern hemisphere.
2. Around March as the Northern hemisphere gets closer to the sun and the season
changes from Spring to Summer.
● At the same time, the Southern hemisphere begins to receive less heat and the season
changes from Autumn to Winter.
3. Between June, July and August, the northern hemisphere is closer to the sun and it is
summer. The southern hemisphere has Winter.
4. By September, the southern hemisphere is beginning to be closer to the sun and the
season changes from Winter to Spring.
● The Northern hemisphere begins to receive less heat and the season changes from
Summer to Autumn.
GLOBAL WARMING
● The atmosphere contains gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and Ozone.

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 ● This gases trap heat from the sun and keep the earth warm.
● This is called green house effects.
● The more of these gases in the atmosphere the more heat is trapped.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE (GLOBAL WARMING)y
1. Farming
2. Clearing of forests
3. Pollution from industries
4. Smoke from machines
N.B: This human activities increase the amount of gases that trap the sun's heat.
5. EL-NINO
● El-nino is the heating up of Pacific ocean which affect the whole world.
● Every few years, the cold water of the Pacific ocean along the north west coast of
South America become warmer. This then, make the whole world warm.
El-nino causes some areas of the world to experience drought while others receive heavy rains
and have floods.

6. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
● The ash and gases from a large volcanic eruption block out sunlight.
● This can make the earth cooler for several years, if the ash and dust stay in the
atmosphere for a long time.
● For example, the eruption of mountain Pinatubo in 1991 spread ash and gases
around half of the earth.
● This made the climate of the earth cooler of at least 2 years.
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Drought and femine
2. Flooding
3. The spread of some disease
4. Some animals and plants die out
DROUGHT AND FEMINE
● Climate change can lead to droughts happening more often.
● Drought makes life very difficult for people and animals
● Drought usually leads to famine.
FLOODING
● Climate change can lead to flooding as more rain falls.
● Floods destroy crops and livestock
● Floods can also damage property such as houses and roads
THE SPREAD OF DISEASES
● Diseases that are found in warm climate such as malaria, may spread to other areas
that are becoming warmer.
SOME ANIMALS AND PLANTS DIE

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 ● Some plants and animals that survive well in cool climate may die because of global
warming.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVE OF BATSWANA
● Most farmers depends on rain fall to grow crops and rear livestock.
● Farmers are happy when there is plenty of rain fall and when it comes on time.
● Their crops will grow well and produce a good harvest.
● Poor rains or drought means crops and livestock die due to lack of water.
● Sometimes heavy rains damage roads, bridges and buildings.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT HELPS WITH PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CLIMATE
CHANGE
1. DROUGHT
● During drought people are employed to work on public projects such as repairing
roads. They earn money to buy food.
● Animal feeds are also subsidized.(subsidy)

2. WATER SHORTAGE
● The government helps farmers to build rain water collection tanks at the lands.
● The Ministry of Agriculture build small dams for watering livestock.
● The department of water utilities corporation supplies piped water to most villages.

3. FLOODING
● When floods damage people's homes and property the government helps them by
giving them food, clothing and shelter.
DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN BOTSWANA
● The people of Botswana belong to different ethnic groups.
EXAMPLES OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN BOTSWANA
● Babirwa
● Baherero
● Bahurutshe
● Bakalanga
● Bambukushu
● Bangwato
● Basarwa
● Batawana
● Batswapong
● Bakgalagadi
● Bakgatla
● Bakwena
● Balete
● Bangwaketse
● Barolong
● Basubia

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 ● Bahei (Wayei)

THE ORIGINS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS IN BOTSWANA

1. The ancestors of the Basarwa are the first people to have lived in Botswana
2. The Baherero and Ovambanderu came from Namibia. The earliest groups settled
around Lake Ngami and Tsabong.
● Another groups of Baherero came in 1900 and settle around the Okavango.
3. The ancestors of the Bakalanga groups like Balilima and Banyayi, came from
Zimbabwe. Others like the Nswazwi came from areas around the Drankensberg
mountain in South Africa.
4. The Wayei, Basubia and Bambukushu came from areas around Zambezi river in
Zambia. They settled around Okavango river and Chobe river.
5. The Bakgalagadi, Bahurutshe, Bangwato, Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Batawana and
Bakgatla came from South Africa.
6. The ancestors of the Batlokwa lived near Potchefstroom in South Africa before they
moved and settled in Tlokweng.
7. The Babirwa and Batswapong moved from the area around the Drankensberg
mountain to the Tswapong hills.
8. The Barolong lived South of the Molopo River. One section of the Barolong led by
Tshidi, moved and settled North of the Molopo River.
9. The Balete also came from South Africa and settled in Ramotswa.
WHY DID THE ANCESTORS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS MOVED TO
NEW AREAS.
● Some groups ran away from wars and conflicts. For example, the Bangwato moved
from Dithejwane to Shoshong after their Chief Ngwato, quarrelled with his brother
Kwena and Ngwaketse.
● Other people moved after the disagree as to who should be the next chief. For
example, after Kgosi Mathiba of the Bangwato chose Khama and not Tawana to be the
next chief after his death, Tawana and his supporters moved to Ngamiland. They
became known as Batawana.
● Some people moved because they wanted to rule themselves.
ADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS LIVING TOGETHER
● People can share ideas, knowledge and skills. They can learn from each other.
● People get to know and learn to accept cultures that are different from their own.
● A country can use the different cultures to attract tourists.

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 ● It makes the country a more interesting place to live in.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS LIVING TOGETHER
● Ethnic groups may not be treated equally. This may lead to war and conflicts.
● Some ethnic groups may feel that they are better than others and look down up on
them.
● The culture of larger or more powerful ethnic groups may replace the culture of
smaller or weaker ethnic groups.
● It is difficult for citizens to develop a sense of national identity when they feel that
they are loyal to their ethnic groups and put their country second.

A MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS IN

BOTSWANA.

TRIBALISM
What is tribalism?
● Tribalism is to identify oneself by tribe one belongs to and being loyal to that tribe.
● It also means being proud of belonging to your tribe.
THE CAUSES OF TRIBALISM
1. Tribes that defeated others in times of war in the past may feel they are better
or more powerful than the tribes they defeated.

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 2. Different tribes living together in one country.
3. Being proud of the culture of one's tribe and wanting to show how proud one is
of that culture.
4. Government laws and policies may encourage tribalism. For example:
● It may require citizens to state the tribe they belong to in an official
documents such as identity card and application form.
● Laws may favour some ethnic groups and make them feel they are
important than others.
● If some tribes are benefitting more from the wealth of the Country than
others, it may lead to tribalism.
THE DANGER OF TRIBALISM
1. Civil war
2. Corruption
3. Uneven and unequal development
4. Violation of human Rights
5. Lack of national unity.
CIVIL WAR
● Tribalism can make people of different ethnic groups hate each other.
● Sometimes this may lead to conflict or war in the country.
CORRUPTION
● Tribalism may make leader favour people belonging to their tribe.
UNEVEN AND UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT
● Development, for example schools, hospitals or good roads maybe concentrated in
areas belonging to some tribes only.
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
● Some tribes may feel they are better, superior or more important than others.
● This can lead to abuse of the rights of other tribes. For example, their land may be
taken away.
LACK OF NATIONAL UNITY
● Citizens may find it difficult to work together for the good of their country.
● Time and money could be wasted trying to settle tribal conflicts instead of focusing on
the development of the country as a whole.
SOLVING PROBLEMS CAUSED BY TRIBALISM
1. Education
2. Promoting tolerance
3. Government laws and policies
4. Promoting national unity and identity.
EDUCATION

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 ● Everyone should be taught about the dangers of tribalism.
● People should be taught about the benefits of unity and tolerance.
● Schools, television, newspapers and radio could be used to teach people.
PROMOTING TOLERANCE
● Religious and political leaders should promote tolerance.
● People should be encouraged to accept and live peacefully with people from different
ethnic groups.
● Leaders should lead by example by treating all people equally and fairly.
GOVERNMENT LAWS AND POLICIES
● All tribes should be treated equally and fairly by the government.
● The country's wealth should be used to benefit all it's citizens, regardless of the tribe
they belong to.
● Natural resources such as land and water should be shared fairly.
● The Constitution and laws of the country should not allow discrimination against some
tribes.
PROMOTING NATIONAL UNITY AND IDENTITY
● The government and people should work together to encourage national unity.
● National unity can be promoted by:
1. Encouraging citizens to be loyal to their country first.
2. Indentifying citizens by their country first and not their tribe.
3. Having national symbols that all citizens respect and identify with.
4. Respect and promote human Rights.
THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
● It helps to bring different ethnic groups together.
● It leads to national unity, peace and harmony.
● A country may avoid the dangers of tribalism by encouraging national identity over
ethnic identity.
THE MFECANE
● The mfecane mean a time of trouble, crushing or scattering.
● Mfecane happened between 1819 and 1840 in Southern Africa.
● The mfecane started among the Nguni.
● This time of trouble and war was called Mfecane by the Nguni.
WHERE THE MFECANE BEGAN
● The mfecane wars began amongst the Nguni.
● They lived in the area between the Drankensberg mountain and the Indian Ocean
in South Africa.
● Around 1800, Nguni chief doms were those of the Ndwandwe led by Zwide, the
Mthethwa led by Dingiswayo and the ngwane led by Sobhuza.
● There were smaller Chief doms such as the Zulu, Khumalo, Ngwane of Matiwane and
the Hlubi.

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 ● The three main Nguni groups fought each other.
● The Nguni led by Sobhuza and later the Mthethwa led by Dingiswayo were defeated
by Ndwandwe led by Zwide.
● Zwide's power was then challenged by Shaka, the leader of the Zulu, a smaller Nguni
Chief dom.
● Around 1819, Zwide attacked the Zulu.
● The Ndwandwe were defeated and Shaka bacame the most powerful king in the area.
● He attacked many neighbouring groups such as Khumalo led by Mzilikazi.
● The Khumalo later came to be known as the AmaNdebele.
● Shaka did this to increase the size and strength to his kingdom.

HOW THE MFECANE SPREAD TO OTHER AREAS.

● Many people ran away from Shaka s attacks, for example, the Baphuting, the
Bokololo led by Sebitwane and the AmaNdebele led by Mzilikazi.
● As the fled, they attacked other groups of people too, and as a result, the wars spread
to other areas.
● The Bakololo and AmaNdebele reached the land of Botswana and attacked them.
CAUSES OF THE MFECANE
1. Increasing population
2. Drought and hunger
3. Competition to control the ivory trade.
4. Competition to have more cattle and people.
5. The rise of the Zulu kingdom.

INCREASING POPULATION
● The Nguni people were farmers who lived in an area which received a lot of rain.
● Good rains meant people had plenty of food and there was also plenty of pasture for
livestock. As a result, the population of both people and livestock grew.
● As the population grew, more land was needed to grow crops and graze livestock.
DROUGHT AND HUNGER
● There was a time when there was no rain for a long time. There was a femine.
● Some groups began to attack other groups in order to get food, water and pasture.
COMPETITION TO CONTROL THE IVORY TRADE
● The Portuguese traders brought ivory (elephant tusks) from the Nguni.
● To get more ivory, more elephants had to be killed.
● Competition to control trade and the hunting areas led to many fights between the
Nguni groups.
COMPETITION TO HAVE MORE CATTLE AND PEOPLE

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 ● Nguni Kings attacked smaller and weaker groups so that they could get more cattle
and make the defeated people part of their kingdom.
THE RISE OF THE ZULU KINGDOM
● In 1819, Shaka defeated the Ndwandwe led by Zwide and became the most powerful
king in the area.
● He began attacking neighbouring people and made them part of his kingdom.
● As a result, the Zulu kingdom grew bigger and stronger.
ATTACKED ON BATSWANA DURING THE MFECANE WARS
1. The Baphuting attacks
2. The Bakololo attacks
3. The AmaNdebele attacks
THE BAPHUTING ATTACKS
● The Baphuting attached the Barolong and Bahurutshe. They also attacked the
Bangwaketse in the Kgwakgwe hills.
● The Bangwaketse proved to be too strong and managed to defeat them. The
Baphuting then went to Ditlhakong and attacked the Batlhaping.
THE BAKOLOLO ATTACKS
● When the Bokololo fled from Shaka s attacks, they eventually settled at Dithubaruba
near the place we now call Molepolole. From there they attacked the Bakwena,
Bangwaketse and the Bangwato.
THE AMANDEBELE ATTACKS
● Mzilikazi of the AmaNdebele also fled from Shaka's attacks and settled at Mosega.
● From this strong hold he sent his armies in every direction attacking different tswana
groups, capturing cattle and people.
● In 1837, he was defeated by the Boers and the AmaNdebele moved across Sikwane
and attacked the Bakwena, Balete and Bangwato. They settled near Bulawayo in 1840.
THE EFFECTS OF THE MFECANE ON BATSWANA
1. People were captured or killed.
2. Lack of peace.
3. People became poorer
4. Communities broke up
5. Some communities became stronger
6. Batswana began buying more guns.
PEOPLE WERE CAPTURED OR KILLED
● Some people were forced to Join the groups that captured them.
● Young men became soldiers in the army of the AmaNdebele and Bakololo.
● Other people were killed during the attacks, example, the Bakololo killed Kgosi
Makaba of the Bangwaketse.
LACK OF PEACE

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 ● People lived in fear because they could be attacked at any time.
● It was not safe to go to the lands and grow crops or to keep their livestock at the cattle
post.
PEOPLE BECAME POORER
● As people fled from their attackers they left behind their homes, crops and
cattle which were then destroyed or taken by the attackers.
COMMUNITIES BROKE UP
● During these wars, many communities had to run away from the groups that
were attacking them.
● The Bakwena went to live among the Bangwaketse.
● Some Bangwato went to live around the Bakgalagadi.
BATSWANA BEGAN BUYING MORE GUYS
● Some Batswana groups had been defeated by traders who had guns.
● Many dikgosi started buying guns to protect their people.
SOME COMMUNITIES BECAME STRONGER
● Groups such as Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Bakwena organised themselves into
stronger communities.
● Kgosi Kgari of the Bangwato introduced the kgamelo system.
● The Kgamelo system involved cattle being given by the dikgosi to some of their
people in order to gain their support.

CITIZENSHIP
● Citizenship means belonging to a country.
WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP IN BOTSWANA

⮚ By birth

⮚ By adoption

⮚ By registration

⮚ By descent

⮚ By naturalisation

CITIZEN BY BIRTH
● Its when you were born in Botswana or one of the parents is a motswana
CITIZEN BY DESCENT

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 ● Born outside Botswana but your parents are Batswana
CITIZEN BY ADOPTION
● A child less than 3 years becomes a motswana on the day he or she is adopted by a
citizen of Botswana.

CITIZEN BY NATURALISATION
● If you are from other countries and you have lived in Botswana for more than 10 years
you are allowed to apply for citizenship from the government.

● A person who is married to a citizen of Botswana may apply for naturalisation after
living in Botswana for at least 5 years.
CITIZEN BY REGISTRATION
● Achild who is over 3 years and adopted by a motswana may apply.
● Foreigners who worked hard and showed commitment may be given citizenshipo by
the president as an honour.
WAYS OF IDENTIFYING CITIZENS OF BOTSWANA

⮚ National identity card

⮚ Botswana passport

⮚ Birth certificate

⮚ Drivers license

WAYS OF IDENTIFYING A CITIZEN IN BOTSWANA

1. A national identity card (Omang)
2. Passport
A NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD
● This card is known as Omang.
● All citizens of Botswana who are sixteen years old must have Omang.
A BOTSWANA PASSPORT
● A passport is a document that allows you to travel to other countries.
● The Botswana passport is only given to citizens.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN

● Protect countries from enemies

● Pay tax

● Respect constitution

● Show love for the country

● Vote during elections

● Participate in national activities e.g litter picking

● Obey and uphold laws of the country

NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF BOTSWANA

● The National colours

● The National flag

● The coat of Arms

● The National Anthem

COLOURS OF NATIONAL FLAG

⮚ SKY BLUE represent water

⮚ BLACK AND WHITE represent equality, unity and harmony among all races.

THE COAT OF ARMS

● The three cog wheels

● The bulls head

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 ● The three wavy blue bands and the word "Pula meaning rain".
● The black and white striped of Zebra.
● The two Zebra and the elephant tusk.
● The head of sorghum.
THE THREE COG WHEELS
● They represent industries.
● Botswana's industries such as manufacturing and mining.
THE BULLS HEAD
● Represent cattle farming.
THE THREE WAVY BLUE BANDS AND THE WORD PULA
● The blue bands represent water.
THE BLACK AND WHITE STRIPED OF ZEBRA
● They represent equality and loyalty of all races.
THE TWO ZEBRA AND THE ELEPHANT TUSK
● They represent wildlife.
THE HEAD OF SORGHUM
● It represent Agriculture.
● Sorghum is the staple food of most Batswana.
PHILOSOPHY OF THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

⮚ It was written by Mr Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete

⮚ The song thanks God and ancestors for giving them the land

⮚ It encourages citizens to work together

⮚ It indicates that Botswana is a peaceful country

PATRIOTISM
What is patriotism?m) ll
● Patriotism is a feeling of love, repect, devotion and loyalty to one’s country.
IMPORTANCE OF PATRIOTISM

⮚ It hepls unite the nation

⮚ Citizens show support to their country

⮚ Citizens solve their disagreement peacefully

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 ⮚ Creates a spirit of helping those in need

WAYS OF SHOWING PATRIOTISM

⮚ By respecting human rights

⮚ By respecting the country’s national symbols

⮚ By displaying the national flag and wearing national colours during national events

⮚ By learning how our government works to serve the country

⮚ By doing things that benefit the nation e.g charity

PEACE
What is peace?
This is when there is no war and human Rights are respected.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PEACEFUL NATION

⮚ Citizen do not fight each other

⮚ The nation is not at war with other nations

⮚ Human rights are respected and protected

⮚ It encourages and supports freedom

⮚ People live according to the law of the country

WAYS OF PROMOTING PEACE

⮚ Respect one another

⮚ Follow the country’s laws

⮚ Respecting human rights

⮚ Treating all citizens equally

⮚ Allow people to choose their leaders

⮚ Solve disputes peacefully

⮚ Share the wealth and natural resources of the country fairly

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 ⮚ Practice tolerance

BOTSWANA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

What is economic development?
● Economic development is when Resources are used to improve people's lives.
THE SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

1. Agriculture

2. Manufacturing

3. Mining

4. Tourism

5. Trade

6. Construction

7. Transport

8. Finance

9. Communication

ADVANTAGES OR FACTORS THAT HELP BOTSWANA'S ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

⮚ Very low tax rates

⮚ Minerals and tourism

⮚ Fairly developed infrastructure

⮚ Good relationship with the world in trade

⮚ Peace in Botswana

⮚ Low crime rate

FACTORS THAT HINDER BOTSWANA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

(DISADVANTAGES)

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 1. Low and unreliable rainfall

2. Small population

3. Poor Sandy soil in the western part of the country.

4. HIV/AIDS affected large number of people

5. The high cost of service e.g electricity

6. Position of Botswana(land locked)

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON SOCIAL LIFE OF

BATSWANA

⮚ Source of employment

⮚ Access to quality products

⮚ There is improved standards of living

⮚ Colleges and schools are built

⮚ HIV/AIDS patients receives drugs for free

⮚ Many dams are built to supply water

⮚ There are tarred roads all over the country

⮚ People afford to use gas or electricity instead of wood

⮚ People over 65 years gets pension.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

⮚ Urban areas are crowded because people moved from village to live and work in
towns.
⮚ There is a lot of crime (theft and rape)

⮚ People abuse drugs and alcohol

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 ⮚ More waste is produced and damages the environment

SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

The Sustainable use of natural resources means using natural resources wisely for them to
last long.

1. Planting trees

2. Not burning the bush

3. Using water carefully

4. Controlling hunting and Protecting animals in game reserves

5. Controlling mining

6. Using good farming methods.

FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS OF ECONOMY

1. FORMAL SECTORS: They are registered businesses run by big business or
government e.g banks,hotels.
⮚ Civil servants – workers for government

⮚ People working for private companies

⮚ Parastatals(BHC,WUC,BPC)

2. INFORMAL SECTOR: They are small businesses not registered.

⮚ Hawkers and street vendors

⮚ Self employeed

⮚ Done at homes

⮚ Some have license from the council

⮚ Very small businesses

CONTRIBUTIONS OF INFORMAL SECTOR TO BOTSWANA’S ECONOMY

⮚ People create jobs

⮚ People pay value added tax(VAT)

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 ⮚ People gain experience to run a business

EFFECTS OF INFORMAL SECTOR ON THE ENVIRONMENT

⮚ Lack of proper business building makes the environment look untidy

⮚ There are no toilets and it will lead to pollution of the environment

⮚ People cut down trees to sell fire wood and leads to soil erosion

WAYS IN WHICH BUSINESSES IN INFORMAL SECTORS CAN BE

ASSISTED/HELPED

1. Training people in business skills(e.g record keeping,marketing)

2. Give people loans to expand their business

3. Creating business centres to get help

4. Making sure they have proper place to sell their goods and services.

AGRICULTURE
What is Agriculture?
● Agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of animals.

1. SUBSISTANCE FARMING

⮚ What is subsistence farming?

⮚ This is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for family use.

⮚ Farmers produces for family consumption

⮚ Farmers grow crops at the lands and keep their animals at the cattlepost

⮚ They use simple tools and implements e.g hoews ox drown plough

⮚ Family members do the work

⮚ Farms are small

⮚ They produce low crop yield

⮚ They grow maize,millet,beans,sorghum

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 ⮚ They use traditional farming methods e.g broad casting

⮚ They do not use fertilisers

⮚ They depend on rainfall

2. COMMERCIAL FARMING
What is commercial farming?

⮚ Its producing products for sale

⮚ Farmers grow crops rear animals for selling

⮚ Farmers grow crops in large farms and keep animals in ranches

⮚ Use machines like tractors,harvestors

⮚ They employ workers and pay them

⮚ They grow crops like cotton,sunflower,sorghum

⮚ They use modern farming methods e.g raw planting

⮚ They practice crop rotation

⮚ They use chemicals to control crop diseases and pests

1. PASTORAL FARMING
● Pastoral farming is rearing of livestock e.g sheep,cattle,goats.
2. ARABLE FARMING
● Arable farming is growing of crops e.g maize,millet,beans
PROBLEMS FACING AGRICULTURE IN BOTSWANA

⮚ Poor soils

⮚ Unreliable rainfall

⮚ Pests and diseases

⮚ Lack of money

⮚ Use of poor farming methods

⮚ HIV and AIDS

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM FACING AGRICULTURER IN BOTSWANA

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 ⮚ Build dams

⮚ Grow crops that need little water

⮚ Encourages farmers to use manure

⮚ Chemicals should be made cheaper

⮚ Government should lend farmers money

⮚ Agriculture schools should be opened to train farmers with skills and farming methods

⮚ Condoms should be available to farmers

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

⮚ Source of food

⮚ Provides employment

⮚ Source of money

⮚ Source of raw materials

GOVERNMENT POLICIES/SCHEMES FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE

NAMPAAD

⮚ Increases production of dairy and arable

CEDA

⮚ It helps citizens to start a business

⮚ It provides loans or money

BAMB (Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board)

⮚ Its a market which buys crops

BMC (Botswana Meat Commission)

⮚ Pastoral farmers sell the livestock to BMC

AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATORS AND VETERINARY ASSISTANTS

⮚ Guide farmers on how to improve their farming methods.

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MODES OF TRANSPORT USED IN BOTSWANA
There are 4 modes of transport which are:

⮚ Road

⮚ Rail

⮚ Air

⮚ Water

ROAD TRANSPORT
● Transport people and goods from one place to another e.g truck,cars,bicycles,buses
and donkey carts.
● It is the common mode of transport in Botswana.
RAIL TRANSPORT
● It carries people and goods.
● Its found in the Eastern e.g its a train
● The main railway line runs from Mafikeng in South Africa, through Ramatlabama and
Ramokgwebana to Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.
AIR TRANSPORT
● It carries goods and people e.g Aeroplane.
● There are airports in Gaborone,F/town,Orapa,Kasane,Maun,Jwaneng,Gantsi and
Selibe-Phikwe.
WATER TRANSPORT
● Its most used where there are rivers in Okavango and Chobe river.
● People use boats,canoes and pantoon or ferry.
● A ferry at Kazungula carries people, cars and trucks at Zambezi river from Botswana
to Zambia.
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
There are 2 types of transport which are:

⮚ Modern transport

⮚ Traditional transport

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL TYPE OF TRANSPORT

MODERN TRANSPORT TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT
They are fast They are slow
They need tarred roads They do not need tarred roads

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They carry many goods at a time They carry few goods
They fly on air e.g aeroplane and helicopters They move on land and water only

EXAMPLES OF MODERN TRANSPORT EXAMPLES OF

TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT
⮚ Buses, cars, aeroplane,boats, bicycles, trains, ⮚ Donkey carts, sledges,
motor cycles, lorries canoes(mekoro)

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT IN BOTSWANA

⮚ Goods can be moved from one place to another safely and quickly

⮚ Botswana can move goods into and out of the country.

⮚ People can travel to different places safely and quickly

⮚ Tourists can visit parts of Botswana easily

EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTION

⮚ Vehicles produce harmful fumes which pollute air

⮚ Vehicles cause dust when moving on gravel roads

⮚ Some trucks make noise and disturbs people that is noise pollution

⮚ Old tyres and cars make a place to look ugly and untidy

VEGETATION IS CLEARED

⮚ When roads,airports are built vegetation is cleared.Trees are cut.

⮚ Canoes(mekoro)are made from trees and trees can get finished.

ANIMAL HABITAT IS DESTROYED

⮚ When land is cleared homes of animals may be damaged e.g trees with nests

SOIL EROSION

⮚ Sledges looses soil

⮚ Vehicles travelling on gravel cause soil erosion

1. ROAD TRANSPORT

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ADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT

⮚ People reach most place in Botswana

⮚ They are fast so you can travel long distances in a short time

⮚ People can buy their own cars and travel when ever they want

⮚ Road is cheaper than air transport

DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT

⮚ Accidents may occur

⮚ Traditional methods are slow

⮚ Sledges cause soil erosion

⮚ Needs a lot of land to build roads

⮚ Fumes cause pollution

2. RAIL TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES OF RAIL TRANSPORT

⮚ Its cheaper than air and road

⮚ It can carry large goods and people

⮚ Its safer than road transport

DISADVANTAGES OF RAIL TRANSPORT

⮚ Its slow

⮚ Its only available where there is a railway line and train stations

3. AIR TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT

⮚ It is faster than road or rail transport

⮚ It is safer than road or rail transport

DISADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT

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 ⮚ Its expensive

⮚ Its available at places where there is an airport

⮚ They make noise when taking off and landing

⮚ A large area is needed for the airport

4. WATER TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT

⮚ Its cheap because water do not need to be repaired like roads

DISADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT

⮚ Its available in few places where they are perennial rivers

⮚ Fuel used in boat engines pollute water

COMMUNICATION
What is communication?
● Communication is the sending and receiving of messages.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

⮚ It makes people to share information

⮚ We keep in touch with far friends

⮚ Businesses communicate by advirtising through fax,computers,radio,television and

news papers
⮚ People knw what happens in the world

⮚ Educating programmes are broadcast on radio and tv

⮚ Everyone send and receive information

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION USED IN BOTSWANA

⮚ Public meetings

⮚ Mail

⮚ Radio

⮚ Television

⮚ Newspapers

⮚ Magazines

⮚ Billboards

⮚ Telephones

⮚ Cellphones

⮚ Telegraps

⮚ Telex

⮚ Facscimile(fax)

⮚ Electronic mail

PUBLIC MEETINGS
● Leaders meet with many people at the kgotla and communicate information at the
same time.
MAIL
● It is letters,parcels and packages sent through post offices.
● Mail is sent by air mail or surface mail.
● Surface mail means by road, rail or by ship
● Air mail is faster than surface mail.
MASS MEDIA
● Radio,television,magazines,newspapes and billboards are mass media.
● It communicates with the public.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MASS MEDIA

● It tells us about things that are happening around us.
● Schools programmes on the radio help us to learn.

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 ● Provide entertainment.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
● Messages can be sent by copper wires,optical fibres or satellite and radio signals.
● Its called telecommunication.
● Messages are sent using telephones, cellphones, fax machines and computers.

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