PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

MANGINGISDA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
SECOND SEMESTER, S.Y. 2019-2020

INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING

Meaning of Inquiry
Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or
events. You do this by investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about, and examining
such data carefully.
 Inquiry elevates your thinking power. It makes you think in different ways, enabling you to arrive at a particular idea
or understanding that will motivate you to create something unique, new, or innovative for your personal growth as
well as for the world.
 Inquiry, as a problem-solving technique, includes cooperative learning because any knowledge from members of the
society can help to make the solution. Whatever knowledge you have about your world bears the influence of your
cultural, sociological, institutional, or ideological understanding of the world (Badke, 2012).
Benefits of Inquiry-based Learning
1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills 6. Encourages cooperative learning
2. Improves student learning abilities 7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
3. Widens learners’ vocabulary 8. Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
4. Facilitates problem-solving acts 9. Hastens conceptual understanding
5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
NATURE OF RESEARCH

Research is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the
accuracy or truthfulness of the claim or conclusion…(Litchman 2013).
It requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage
yourself in top-level thinking strategies if interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you
to discover truths about the many things you tend to wonder.

Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy- it must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately
documented or acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness- it must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions or conclusions.
3. Timeliness- it must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society.
4. Relevance- its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a
community.
5. Clarity- it must take place in an organized or orderly manner
6. Systematic – It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
Importance of Research
1. Research improves quality of life – It has led man to search for ways for improving
processes and means which man love and find interesting.
2. Research improves instruction – Modern teacher introduces innovations and integrates the 3Rs (rational
thinking, right conduct, and research) in all subject areas in his teaching.
3. Research improves students’ achievement – The students’ achievement could be improved if the modern
teacher keeps himself updated on issues and trends about the modern methods and strategies in teaching.
4. Research improves teachers’ competence – research oriented teacher always conducts research to improve his
competence and produce graduates who respond to the socioeconomic development of the country and can
compete with other graduates of the world.
5. Research satisfies man’s needs – modern facilities that satisfy man’s needs are all products of research.
6. Research reduces the burden of work
7. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects – It challenges man to get rid of the danger of stagnation. It is an open door to a better
tomorrow and it guides him in his efforts to obtain good results which contribute to his satisfaction and self- fulfillment.
8. Research improves the exportation of food products – Some international research agencies provide financial support for the researches in
the Philippines.
9. Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measures of the country – Research outputs are converted to income generating
projects to train students to earn while they learn.
10. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic development of the country and compete globally.
Types of Research
Based on application of research method
1. Pure research- deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things

2. Applied research- applying your chosen research to societal problems or issues; finding ways to make positive changes in society.
Based on purpose of the research
1. Descriptive research- aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, situation, etc.
Descriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting, or relationship.
The major purpose of descriptive research, as the term implies, is to describe characteristics of a population or
phenomenon. Descriptive research seeks to determine the answers to who, what, when, where, and how questions.
Labor Force Surveys, Population Census, and Educational Census are examples of such research.
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 Descriptive study offers to the researcher a profile or description of relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest. Look at the
class in research methods and try to give its profile ¬ the characteristics of the students. When we start to look at the relationship of the
variables, then it may help in diagnosis analysis.
Goals of Descriptive Research
1. Describe the situation in terms of its characteristics i.e. provide an accurate profile of a group;
2. Give a verbal or numerical picture (%) of the situation;
3. Present background information;
4. Create a set of categories or classify the information;
5. Clarify sequence, set of stages; and
6. Focus on `who,' `what,' `when,' `where,' and `how' but not why?
A great deal of social research is descriptive. Descriptive researchers use most data ¬gathering techniques ¬ surveys, field
research, and content analysis

2. Correlational research- shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances or agents called variables, that affect the
research.

3. Explanatory research- elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such
relationship exists.
When we encounter an issue that is already known and have a description of it, we might begin to wonder why things are the
way they are. The desire to know "why," to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research. It builds on exploratory and descriptive
research and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs. Explanatory research looks for causes and reasons. For example,
a descriptive research may discover that 10 percent of the parents abuse their children, whereas the explanatory researcher is more
interested in learning why parents abuse their children.

Goals of Explanatory Research

1. Explain things not just reporting. Why? Elaborate and enrich a theory's explanation.
2. Determine which of several explanations is best.
3. Determine the accuracy of the theory; test a theory's predictions or principle.
4. Advance knowledge about underlying process.
5. Build and elaborate a theory; elaborate and enrich a theory's predictions or principle.
6. Extend a theory or principle to new areas, new issues, new topics:
7. Provide evidence to support or refute an explanation or prediction.
8. Test a theory's predictions or principles

4. Exploratory research- its purpose is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic.
You may be exploring a new topic or issue in order to learn about it. If the issue was new or the researcher has written little on it,
you began at the beginning. This is called exploratory research. The researcher's goal is to formulate more precise questions that future
research can answer. Exploratory research may be the first stage in a sequence of studies. A researcher may need to know enough to
design and execute a second, more systematic and extensive study. Initial research conducted to clarify the nature of the problem. When a
researcher has a limited amount of experience with or knowledge about research issue, exploratory research is useful preliminary step that
helps ensure that a more rigorous, more conclusive future study will not begin with an inadequate understanding of the nature of the
management problem. The findings discovered through exploratory research would the researchers to emphasize learning more about the
particulars of the findings in subsequent conclusive studies. Exploratory research rarely yields definitive answers. It addresses the "what"
question: "what is this social activity really about?" It is difficult to conduct because there are few guidelines to follow.
Specifically there could be a number of goals of exploratory research.

Goals of Exploratory Research:

1. Become familiar with the basic facts, setting, and concerns;
2. Develop well-grounded picture of the situation;
3. Develop tentative theories, generate new ideas, conjectures, or hypotheses;
4. Determine the feasibility of conducting the study;
5. Formulate questions and refine issues for more systematic inquiry; and
6. Develop techniques and a sense of direction for future research.

For exploratory research, the researcher may use different sources for getting information like (1)experience surveys, (2)
secondary data analysis, (3) case studies, and (4) pilot studies.
As part of the experience survey the researcher tries to contact individuals who are knowledgeable about a particular research
problem. This constitutes an informal experience survey.
Another economical and quick source of background information is secondary data analysis. It is preliminary review of data
collected for another purpose to clarify issues in the early stages of a research effort.
The purpose of case study is to obtain information from one or a few situations that are similar to the researcher's problem
situation. A researcher interested in doing a nationwide survey among union workers, may first look at a few local unions to identify the
nature of any problems or topics that should be investigated.
A pilot study implies that some aspect of the research is done on a small scale. For this purpose focus group discussions could
be carried out.

5. Action research- studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring
improvements in the system.
Based on types of data needed
1. Qualitative research- requires non- numerical data. it uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry or investigation
about people’s thoughts, beliefs, views, etc

2. Quantitative research- involves measurement of data. it presents findings in numerical forms (percentage, fractions, numbers)

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Types of data:
1. Primary data - obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, painting, etc.
2. Secondary data – such data that have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes.
Approaches to Research
1. Scientific or Positive Approach – discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an
impersonal manner. It allows control of variables. The data gathering techniques appropriate for this approach are
structured interviews, questionnaires, and observational checklists. Data given by these techniques re expressed
through numbers, which means this method is suitable for quantitative research.
2. Naturalistic Approach – it uses words. It directs to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward
their surroundings. These are non-numerical data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand the
world. Since people look at their world in a subjective or personal basis in an uncontrolled or unstructured manner so it
happens in a natural setting.
3. Triangulation Approach – combining the two approaches in designing research. In this case, you are free to gather
and analyze data using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or mix up research approaches, research types, data
gathering, and data analysis techniques. It gives opportunity to view every angle of research from different perspectives.
(Badke, 2012; Silverman, 2013)
Codes and Policies for Ethics in Research
1. Honesty 8. Responsible PublicationPublish in order to advance research and
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful
report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication and duplicative publication.
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not 9. Responsible Mentoring
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote
2. Objectivity their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data 10. Respect for colleagues
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is 11. Social Responsibility
expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research. social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
3. Integrity 12. Non-Discrimination
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
for consistency of thought and action. basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific
4. Carefulness competence and integrity.
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and 13. Competence
critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep Maintain and improve your own professional competence
good records of research activities, such as data collection, and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to
research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. promote competence in science as a whole.
5. Openness 14. Legality
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
criticism and new ideas. governmental policies.
6. Respect for Intellectual Property 15. Animal Care
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual Show proper respect and care for animals when using
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed
permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all animal experiments.
contributions to research. Never plagiarize. 16. Human Subjects Protection
7. Confidentiality When conducting research on human subjects, minimize
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity,
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable
secrets, and patient records. populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of
research fair

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Research type that puts premium or high value on people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal traits.
 Primarily exploratory research
 Used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. human understanding 5. contextualization
and interpretation 6. diversified data in real-life situations
2. active, powerful, and forceful 7. abounds with words and visuals
3. multiple research approaches and methods 8. internal analysis
4. specificity to generalization
Difference with qualitative and quantitative research
Qualitative Research - A method of inquiry employed in many different academic, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and
further context
Quantitative Research - Refers to the systematic investigation of social pheomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational
techniques
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make
Purpose To understand & interpret social interactions.
predictions.
Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected.
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Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied
Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics.
Qualitative data such as open- ended responses,
Quantitative data based on precise measurements using
Form of Data Collected interviews, participant observations, field notes, &
structured & validated data-collection instruments.
reflections.
Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, themes. Identify statistical relationships.
Objectivity and
Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical.
Subjectivity
Researcher & their biases may be known to participants in Researcher & their biases are not known to participants in the
Role of Researcher the study, & participant characteristics may be known to study, & participant characteristics are deliberately hidden
the researcher. from the researcher (double blind studies).
Generalizable findings that can be applied to other
Results Particular or specialized findings that is less generalizable.
populations.
Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher generates a new Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests the
Scientific Method
hypothesis and theory from the data collected. hypothesis and theory with the data.

View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal. Regular & predictable.
Most Common Research
Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict.
Objectives
Wide-angle lens; examines the breadth & depth of
Focus Narrow-angle lens; tests a specific hypotheses.
phenomena.
Study behavior under controlled conditions; isolate causal
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment.
effects.
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective.
Narrative report with contextual description & direct Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, &
Final Report
quotations from research participants. statistical significance of findings.
Data gathering Methods include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and Surveys, structured interviews & observations, and reviews of
reviews of documents for types of themes records or documents for numeric information
Primarily inductive process used to formulate theory or Primarily deductive process used to test pre-specified
Theories
hypotheses concepts, constructs, and hypotheses that make up a theory
Data interpretation More subjective: describes a problem or condition from the More objective: provides observed effects (interpreted by
point of view of those experiencing it researchers) of a program on a problem or condition
Outcome
Text-based Number-based
Less in-depth but more breadth of information across a large
Data interpretation More in-depth information on a few cases
number of cases
Response Unstructured or semi-structured response options Fixed response options
Test No statistical tests Statistical tests are used for analysis
Can be valid and reliable: largely depends on skill and Can be valid and reliable: largely depends on the
Result
rigor of the researcher measurement device or instrument used
Time expenditure on Time expenditure lighter on the planning end and heavier Time expenditure heavier on the planning phase and lighter
planning during the analysis phase on the analysis phase
Conclusion/ Result Less generalizable More generalizable

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Case study- takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education etc. this involves a long- time study of
a person, group, organization or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Interviews, questionnaires,
observations and documentary analysis are used in a case study.
2. Ethnography- is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set- up, internal operation and lifestyle.
3. Phenomelogy- refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful.
4. Content and Discourse Analysis - Content analysis is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or examination of the
substance or content of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings etc) used by a person or organization in
communicating.
5. Historical analysis - Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the
connection of past events to the present time. the results of your content analysis will help you specify phenomenological changes in unchanged
aspects of society through the years. Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test
hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.
6. Grounded theory- takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the same time of data collection and analysis. It is
developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant- observer

ADVANTAGES/STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study.

1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter. 7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or
personality traits in their natural setting. DISADVANTAGES/WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes. 1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality 2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social 3. Its open- ended questions yield “data overload” that requires
interactions. longer analysis.

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 4. It is time- consuming.
5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on
the researcher’s views or interpretation

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Step One: Define Research Problem Research purpose may be grouped into four categories, viz.,
There are two types of research problem, namely: (1) Exploration, (2) Description, (3) Diagnosis, and (4)
 those relate to states of nature Experimentation.
 relationship between variables.
Step Five: Data Collection
Essentially two steps are involved in define research problem, Primary data can be collected through:
namely: • By Observation
 understanding the problem thoroughly and • Through personal interview
 rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an • Through telephone interview
point of view. • By mailing of questionnaires
• Through Schedules
Step Two: Review of Literature
Once the problem is define, a brief summary of it should be written Step Six: Data Analysis
down. It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for a Ph.D. The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
degree to write a synopsis of topic and submit it to necessary operations such as establishment of categories.
committee or the research board for approval. This stage mainly include :
1. Coding
Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis 2. Editing
Formulate hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw 3. Tabulation
out and test its logical or empirical consequences. Hypothesis should
Step Seven: Interpretation and Report Writing
be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it
Researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by
has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher
him.Writing of report includes:
by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track.
1. the preliminary pages;
2. the main text, and
Step Four: Preparing the Research Design
3. the end matter.
The function of research design is to provide for the collection of
relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

SUBJECT MATTER OF THE RESEARCH

 Interest in the subject matter- your real interest in a subject pushes you to research, investigate, inquire about it with full motivation,
enthusiasm, and energy.
 Availability of information- in choosing a research topic, visit the library to check the availability of reading materials on your chosen topic.
 Timeliness and relevance of the topic- the topic is relevant if it yields results that are instrumental in societal improvement. it is timely if it is
related to the present.
 Limitations on the subject- it limits your freedom if you chose a topic just for course requirements, not because you are interested to it.
 Personal resources- assess your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities
and time allotment to complete your research.

RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED

 Controversial topics- these are topics that depend greatly on the writer’s opinion, which may tend to be biased or
prejudicial. Facts cannot support topics like this.
 Highly technical subjects- for a beginner, researching on topics that require an advanced study, technical
knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult task
 Hard- to- investigate subjects- no available or up to date materials
 Too broad subjects- it prevents you from giving concentrated or an in- depth analysis of the subject matter of the
paper
 Too narrow subjects- so limited or specific that an extensive or thorough searching or reading for information about these is necessary
 Vague subjects- choosing topics like these will prevent you from having a clear focus n your paper. (Some remarkable traits, Several
people’s.. are vague examples)

PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND / INTRODUCTION

 Background of the Study – includes purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study. (What made you conduct the study?)
Also serves as the introduction.
 presents a general statement about the study (can be an issue or claim)
 presents support about the general statement (organization or beneficiaries can be introduce also)
 last paragraph contains either the aims or problems that the study would want to achieve or solve
 Statement of the Problem – the main problem that the research is trying to solve. It follows the formulation of the title and should
be faithful to it. It specifically points the important questions that the study needs to answer. It also serves as the bases of the
questionnaire.
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  Significance of the Study – (Why conduct the study?) You have to identify who will benefit from the research and how they will be
benefitted. This should match with the Recommendations.
 Assumptions of the Study – the expected outcome of the research.
 Null hypothesis (H0): It is also known as statistical hypothesis & is used for statistical testing & interpretation of
statistical outcomes. It states the existence of no relationship between the independent & dependent variables. For
example, ‘there is no relationship between smoking &the incidence of coronary artery disease’.
 Alternative hypothesis (H1): It states the existence of relationship between two or more variables. For examples, ‘there
is relationship between smoking &incidence of lung cancer.
 Scope and Limitations of the Study – determines the coverage of the study and all the things that it will not cover in order to be
specific.
 actual place where the study will only be conducted
 duration of the conduct of the study
 inclusions of the study (only specific aspect of the study or topic)
 limit of the number of respondents
 area limit (if applicable)
 Definition of Terms – defines technical terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically in the title. This aims to
provide the readers or future researches with the basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 This is where you will use your note cards and will serve as the foundation of your research.
 This is your own work and therefore should not directly lift words from other sources. This will require your command of language
and writing skills such as summarizing, paraphrasing and writing indirect speeches.
Step 1 – Organize your note cards on how you would want them to appear in the chapter.
Step 2 – Begin writing the chapter while including the surnames of authors who provided sources for your study and
the publication date of their work in parentheses.
Step 3 – Edit. Rewrite.
 Theoretical or conceptual frameworks: The most important sources of hypotheses are theoretical or conceptual frameworks
developed for the study. Through a deductive approach these hypotheses are drawn from theoretical or conceptual frameworks
for testing them. For example, Roy’s adaptation Model is used in a research study, where a hypothesis can be drawn from a
concept of the theoretical mode that ‘patient’s adaptation to a chronic illness depends on availability of social support for them.
 Definition of Terms – defines technical terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically in the title. This aims to provide
the readers or future researches with the basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
 Method of Research – the kind of research used by your study. This answers why the method used is appropriate for the study.
 Subjects of the Study – describes your respondents: who they are, what their profile is, where they are from, etc.
 Description of Research Instrument – describes your instrument which is the questionnaire.
 Data Gathering Procedure – narrates the process undergone by the study that eventually leads to the findings.
 Statistical Treatment Applied - The statistical treatment that you will use which includes your sampling method and formulas to
come up with findings out of the data gathered.

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 Results of the Study – presents all the data gathered using the questionnaire by tabulating all the gathered information. Aside
from the tables, an interpretation of each presented data should follow. These will serve as the bases of your Summary of
Findings.

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 Summary of Findings – summarizes the interpretation of data given in Chapter 4. These should directly answer your statement of
the problem.
 Conclusions – Out of your findings, your conclusions are based. This provides the answers for every statement of the problem.
This is where you will prove your hypotheses and assumptions.
 Recommendations – should be directly based on the significance of the study. This also includes the recommended actions that
should be done after the conduct of the study such as further assessment of the subject, focus on other factors, etc.

OTHER PARTS
1. Title page – consists of the research title, names of the researchers and name of the teacher.
 Your title must give a concise indication of the nature, particularity, and scope of your research. It has to be informative and
comprehensive and must honestly represent the research.
2. Acknowledgement – a personal page where the researchers are given the privilege to extend gratitude to all people who helped in
accomplishing the research.
3. Abstract – is NOT an introduction to your paper. In 200-250 words, it is simply a brief description of your entire project, including the
purpose, method of research, and what conclusions you expect.
4. Table of Contents – contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper.

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 5. List of Tables/Figures – contains the accurate paging of the tables/figures used in the study.
6. Bibliography – where you will use your source cards. Presents the sources using APA or MLA format.
7. Appendix (e.g., survey questionnaire, interview questions) – attachments

Research is not rearrangement of known knowledge “If we knew what it was we

were doing, it would not be called research, would it?” ----Albert Einstein

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