A.

Definition
Pronouns are small words that take the place of noun. The word or
pharase replaced by a pronoun is called an antecedent. For example:

When Robert was fixing the car, he cut his hand.

(Robert is a noun. He is a pronoun that refers to the antecedent. Robert )

When can use a pronoun instead of a noun .pronouns are words like :
he,you,ours,themselves,some,each,etc. If we didn’t have pronouns,we
would have to repeat a lot nouns.We would have to say things like:

 Do you like the president? I don’t like the president. The president is too
pompous.

With pronouns, we can say:

 Do you like the president ? I don’t like him. He is too pompous.

B. Function

Pronoun are used to:

 Refer to a noun (called ITS antecedent) that usually comes before the
pronoun
 Make your writing clearer,smoother,and less awkward

conclusion

Function of Personal Pronoun The main function of the personal

pronoun is to take the place of a noun in a sentence. It can be used as a subject
or an object (direct, indirect, object of the preposition) in a text/speech, and
can serve as a good way to help you avoid repetition of specific nouns. Thus,
it can be considered as a tool that can help ease the flow of words and
sentences in your speech or writing.

C. Kinds
1. Personal Pronoun
Personal pronoun represent specific people or things. They are used
depending on:
 Number:singular (e.g.:I) or plural (e.g.:we)
 Person:1st person (eg:I). 2nd person (eg:you) or 3rd person (eg:he)
 Gender: male (eg: he), female (eg:she) or neuter (eg:it)
 Case: subject (eg:we) or object ( eg:us )

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 There are two cases of personal pronoun. They are subject pronoun
and object pronoun. Subject pronouns are the subject of a verb. They generally
appear BEFORE the verb or after llinking verb. For examples:

She went to the store.

The winner is he

Object pronouns are the receiver of the action of the verb or for
whom after action was performed. They generally appear AFTER the verb
after preposition. For examples:

Joko bought her roses

Rahmat gave the ball to him

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentence:

Number person gender personal pronouns

Subject object

Singular 1st male/female I Me

2nd male/female you you

3rd male he Him

Female she Her

Neuter it It

Plural 1st male/female we Us

2nd male/female you You

3rd male/female/neuter they Them

Examples (in each case. The first example shows a subject pronoun, the
second an object pronoun):

 I like coffe.
 Jhon helped me.
 Do you like coffe?
 Jhon love you.
 He runs fast.

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  Did ram beat him?
 She is clever.
 Does mary know her?
 It doesn’t work.
 Can the engineer repair it?
 We went home.
 Anthony drove us.
 Do you need a table for three?
 Did jhon and mary beat you at doubles?
 They played doubles.
 Jhon and mary beat them.

When you are talking about a single thing, you almost always use it. However,
there are a few exceptions. You may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or
she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships ( and some other
vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and
referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:

 This is our dog rusty. He’s an alsation.

 The titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
 My first car was a mini and I treated her like my wife.
 Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.

For a single person. Sometimes you don’t know whether to use he or she.
There are everal solutions to this:

 If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal.

 If a teacher needs help, he shold see the principal.
 If a teacher needs help, she should see the principal.

To introduce a remark. It is often used. See the examples below:

It

 It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.

 It is important to dress well.
 It’s difficult to find a job.
 Is it normal to see them together?
 It didn’t take a long to walk here.

It is also often used to talk about the weather,temperature,time,and

distance:

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  It’s raining
 It will probably be hot tomorrow.
 Is it nice o’clock yet?
 It’s 50 kilometers from here to bukitinggi.
2. Demonstrative

A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that represents a noun and

expresses its position as near or far (including in time). The demonstrative
pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those."

More about Demonstrative Pronouns

Example

Like all pronouns, demonstrative pronouns replace nouns or noun phrases.

More specifically, a demonstrative pronoun stands in for something that has been
previously mentioned or is understood from context (called its antecedent).

Do you remember the lobster with the blue claw? Can I have that please?

(Here, "that" stands in for something previously mentioned. The

antecedent of "that" is the noun phrase "the lobster with the blue claw.")

This is delicious.

(Here, the context tells us what "this" represents. The antecedent of "this"
is "lobster" or "meal.")

Do you remember the two lobsters holding claws? Can I have those please?

(The antecedent of "those" is shown in bold.)

These are delicious.

(Remember that, with demonstrative pronouns, the antecedent does not

always appear in nearby text. The antecedent is often understood from the context
of the speaker's surroundings.)

The singular demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" stand in for singular
things (e.g., "the lobster with the blue claw"). The plural demonstrative pronouns
"these" and "those" stand in for plural things (e.g., "the two lobsters holding
claws").

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As well as telling us whether its antecedent is singular or plural, a demonstrative
pronoun also tell us whether its antecedent is near or distant. "That" and "those"
stand in for distant things (e.g., "the lobsters in the tank"). "This" and "these"
stand in for near things (e.g., "the lobsters on the plate").

Paint this but not that. Remove these but not those.

(Demonstrative pronouns are pretty efficient. They tell us what, how

many, and where. These two short sentences convey the following information:
"Paint the nearby wall I'm pointing to but not the distant wall I'm pointing to.
Remove the picture hooks I'm pointing to but not those distant picture hooks I'm
pointing to.")

Remember that demonstrative pronouns stand in for things. (Typically,

they stand in for a noun phrase or a previously expressed idea.) Demonstrative
pronouns do not modify nouns. When "this," "that," "these," and "those" modify
nouns, they are demonstrative determiners (called demonstrative adjectives in
traditional grammar). In the four examples below, we have demonstrative
determiners modifying nouns (shown in bold). In the first four examples above,
the demonstrative pronouns stood in for these nouns.

This idea is ludicrous.

Is that bike yours?

Eat these crumpets tonight.

Throw those rolls away

3. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to refer to a specific person/people or

thing/things (the antecedent) belonging to a person/people (and sometimes
belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things.)

We use possessive pronouns depending on;

 Number: singular (e.g:mine) or plural (e.g:ours).

4. Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.the interrogative pronoun

represents the thing no known (what we are asking quation about). There are four
main interrogative pronouns: who,whom,what,which. Notice that the possessive

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pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive
pronoun).

Subject object

Person who whom

Subject object

Thing what

Person/thing which

Person whose (possessive)

Notice that whom is the correct form when the pronoun is the object of
the verb, as in “whom did you see?” (“I saw john.”). however, in normal, spoken
English whom is rarely used. Most native speakers would say (or even
write):”who did yo see?”

Look at these example questions.in the sample answers,the noun pharase

that the interrogative pronoun represents is shown in bold.

Question answer

Who told you? John told me subject

Whom did you tell? I told mary. Object

What’s happened? An accident’s happened. subject

What do you want? I want coffe. Object

Which came first? The Porsche 911 came subject

First.

Question answer

Which will the doctor see first? The doctor will see object

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 The patient In blue first

There’s one car missing. John’s (car) hasn’t arrived.

Subject

Note that suffix “-ever” is sometimes used to make compounds from some
of these pronouns ( mainly whoever,whatever,whichever). When “-ever” is
added,it is used for emphasis. Often to show confusion or surprise. Look at these
examples:

 Whoever would want to do such a nasty thing?

 Whatever did he say to make her cry like that?
 They’re all fantastic!whichever will you choose?
5. Reflexive pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a subject pronoun that is used to indicate that the

subject and object are the same person or thing.

Reflexive Pronouns Are Direct or Indirect Objects

A reflexive pronoun can be a direct object in a sentence when the subject

and the direct object are one and the same.

Example

 Jack decided to reward Mary with a dinner out.

 Jack decided to reward himself with a dinner out.

In the first sentence, Mary is the object of reward. Jack, the subject, is the
object of reward in the second sentence, so we use the pronoun himself.

Reflexive pronouns can also play the indirect object role in a sentence

Example

 Cynthia pours a cup of tea for me every morning.

 Cynthia pours a cup of tea for herself every morning.

It is worth noting that referring twice to the same noun as subject and
object (rather than using a reflexive pronoun for the object) sounds just a bit
creepy. “Jack decided to cook Jack a special supper,” for example, sounds
unnerving to a native English speaker.

6. Reciprocal Pronoun

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 Reciprocal pronoun is used when each of two or more subjects is acting in
the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking
to A. Therefore the two sentences can be combined as follows:

 A and B are talking to each other

 A and B are talking to one another

The action is reciprocated, john talks to mary and mary talks to john, I
give you a present and you give me a present. The dog bites the cat and the cat
bites the dogs.

There are only two reciprocal pronouns and they are both two words.

 Each other
 One another

When these reciprocal pronouns are used:

 There must be two or more people, things or groups involved (sowe

cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you, (singular), she/he/it and
 They must be doing the same thing

Look at other examples below

 John and mary love each other

 Peter and david hate each other
 The ten prisioners wre all blaimming one another.
7. Indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun does not fever to sny specific person, thing or
amount. It is vague and “not definite”. Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
 All, another,any, anybody/anyone. Anything, each,
everybody/everyone,everything,few,many,nobody,none,one,several,some,
somebody/someone.

Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech.
Look at “ another” in the following sentences:

 He has one job in the day and another at night.(pronoun)

 I’d like another drink, please.(adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of

them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common
indfinite pronouns are listed below,with examples. As singular,plural or
singular/plural.

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 Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that many
personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look these examples:

 Each of th layers has a doctor.

 I met two girls.one has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

 Many have expressed their views.

Some people say that “none” should always take a singular verb, even
when talking about countable nouns (e.g. five friends). They argue that “ none”
means “ no one”, and “one” is obviously singular. They say that “I invited five
friends but none has come” is correct and “ I invited five friends but none have
come “ is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this
view . ”none” has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a
plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required.

8. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are pronouns that are used to connect two sentences and
explain nouns. Nouns here can be people, things, animals, and so on. Examples of
Indonesian as follows.

For example, there are two sentences:

Sentence 1: The cake was very good.

Sentence 2: I bought the cake yesterday.

When combined, the sentences can become:

 The cake I bought yesterday was really good.

The word 'yang' here can be considered as a pronoun that connects the two
sentences. It's the same in English. Example:

1st sentence: That cake is very delicious.

2nd sentence: I bought it yesterday.

When combined, the sentences become:

 That cake which I bought yesterday is very delicious.

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 The word 'which' here is a relative pronoun to replace the word 'that cake'
in the second sentence and connect the two sentences into one sentence. Besides
which, there are other types of relative pronouns with different functions. Here's
the explanation.

Types of Relative Pronouns

Who

Who is used to replace the subject or object in the form of a person and
cannot be used to replace an object or animal. Example:

The man wanted to buy the red car. He came yesterday. (The man wants to buy
the red car. He came yesterday.)

= The man who came yesterday wanted to buy the red car. (The man who
came yesterday wants to buy the red car.)

I just talked with my brother. He is in Singapore. (I just talked to my sister. She is

in Singapore.

= I just talked with my brother, who is in Singapore. (I just talked to my

sister who is in Singapore.)

which

Which is used to replace the subject and object in the form of an animal or object.
Example:

I like this song. It is very romantic. (I love this song. It's very romantic.)

= I like this song, which is very romantic. (I love this romantic song.)

The jacket is new. I wore it yesterday. (The jacket is new. I wore it yesterday.)

= The jacket, which I wore yesterday, is new. (The jacket I wore yesterday
is a new jacket.)

9. Pronoun case

Pronouns (and nouns) in English display case according to there in the sentence.
Their function can be

 Sujective (They acts as the subject)

 Objective (they acrt as object)
 Possessive (They show possessive of something else)

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Everybody/everyone (all people)

We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived

Some people say that”none” should always take a singular verb, even
when talking about countable nouns (e.g. five friends). They argue that “no one”,
and “one” is previously singular. They say that “I invited five friends but none has
come” is correct and I invited five friends but none have come is incorrect.
Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. “none” has been
used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the
context and the emphasis required.

Somebody/someone (an unspecified or unknown person)

Clearly somebody murdered him, it was not suicide.

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